Sanskrit Grammar
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| Sanskrit Grammar by |
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| A description of the Sanskrit language of the Indian subcontinent. |
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[ iii ]
SANSKRIT GRAMMAR
CONTENTS.
Including both the Classical Language, and the older Dialects, of Veda and Brahmana
BY
WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY
[ xxiii ]| Chap. | Page. | |
|---|---|---|
| Preface | v | |
| Introduction | xi | |
| I. | Alphabet | 1–9 |
| II. | System of Sounds; Pronunciation Vowels, 10; Consonants, 13; Quantity, 27; Accent, 28. |
10–34 |
| III. | Rules of Euphonic Combination Introductory, 34; Principles, 37; Rules of Vowel Combination, 42; Permitted Finals, 49; Deaspiration, 53; Surd and Sonant Assmiliation, 54; Combinations of Final s and r, 56; Conversion of s to ṣ, 61; Conversion of n to ṇ, 64; Conversion of Dental Mutes to Linguals and Palatals, 66; Combinations of Final n, 69; Combinations of Final m, 71; the Palatal Mutes and Sibilant, and h, 72; the Lingual Sibilant, 77; Extension and Abbreviation, 78; Strengthening and Weakening Processes, 81; Guṇa and Vṛddhi, 81; Vowel-lengthening, 84; Vowel-lightening, 85; Nasal Increment, 86; Reduplication, 87. |
34–87 |
| IV. | Declension Gender, Number, Case, 88; Uses of the Cases, 89; Endings of declension, 103; Variation of Stem, 107; Accent in Declension, 108. |
88–110 |
| V. | Nouns and Adjectives Classification etc., 111; Declension I., Stems in a, 112; Declension II., Stems in i and u, 116; Declension III., Stems in Long Vowels (ā, ī, ū): A. Root-words etc., 124; Stems in Diphthongs, 130; B. Derivative Stems etc., 131; Declension IV., Stems in ṛ and ar, 137; Declension V., Stems in Consonants, 141; A. Root-stems etc., 143; B. Derivative Stems in as, is, us, 153; C. Derivative Stems in an, 156; D. in in, 161; E. in ant or at, 163; F. Perfect Participles in vāṅs, 169; G. Comparatives in yāṅs or yas, 172; Comparison, 173. |
111–176
[ xxiv ] |
| VI. | Numerals Cardinals, 177; Ordinals etc, 183. |
177–185 |
| VII. | Pronouns Personal, 185; Demonstrative, 188; Interrogative, 194; Relative, 195; other Pronouns: Emphatic, Indefinite, 196; Nouns used pronominally, 197; Pronominal Derivatives, Posessives etc., 197; Adjectives declined pronominally, 199. |
185–199 |
| VIII. | Conjugation Voice, Tense, Mode, Number, Person, 200; Verbal Adjectives and Nouns, 203; Secondary Conjugations, 203; Personal Endings, 204; Subjunctive Mode, 209; Optative, 211; Imperative, 213; Uses of the Modes, 215; Participles, 220; Augment, 220; Reduplication, 222; Accent of the Verb, 223. |
200–226 |
| IX. | The Present-System General, 227; Conjugations and Conjugation Classes, 228; Root-Class (second or ad-class), 231; Reduplicating Class (third or hu-class), 242; Nasal Class (seventh or rudh-class), 250; nu and u-Classes (fifth and eight, or su- and tan-classes), 254; nā-Class (ninth or krī-class), 260; a-Class (first or bhū-class), 264; Accent á-Class (sixth or tud-class), 269; ya-Class (fourth or div-class), 271; Accented yá-Class or Passive Conjugation, 275; So-called tenth or cur-class, 277; Uses of the Present and Imperfect, 278. |
227–278 |
| X. | The Perfect-System Perfect Tense, 279; Perfect Participle, 291; Modes of the Perfect, 292; Pluperfect, 295; Uses of the Perfect, 295. |
279–296 |
| XI. | The Aorist-Systems Classification, 297; I. Simple Aorist: 1. Root-Aorist, 299; Passive Aorist 3d sing., 304; 2. the a-Aorist, 305; II. 3. Reduplicated Aorist, 308; III. Sibilant Aorist, 313; 4. the s-Aorist, 314; 5. the iṣ-Aorist, 320; 6. the siṣ-Aorist, 323; 7. The sa-Aorist, 325; Precative, 326; Uses of the Aorist, 328. |
297–330 |
| XII. | The Future-Systems I. The s-Future, 331; Preterit of the s-Future, Conditional, 334; II. The Periphrastic Future, 335; Uses of the Futures and Conditional, 337. |
330–339
[ xxv ] |
| XIII. | Verbal Adjectives and Nouns: Participles, Infinitives, Gerunds Passive Participle in tá or ná, 340; Past Active Participle in tavant, 344; Future Passive Participles, Gerundives, 345; Infinitives, 347; Uses of the Infinitives, 351; Gerunds, 355; Adverbial Gerund in am, 359. |
340–360 |
| XIV. | Derivative or Secondary Conjugation I. Passive, 361; II. Intensive, 362; Present-System, 365; Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc., 370; III. Desiderative, 372; Present-System, 374; Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc., 376; IV. Causative, 378; Present-System, 380; Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc., 383; V. Denominative, 386. |
360–391 |
| XV. | Periphrastic and Compound Conjugation The Periphrastic Perfect, 392; Participial Periphrastic Phrases, 394; Composition with Prepositional Prefixes, 395; Other Verbal Compound, 400. |
391–403 |
| XVI. | Indeclinables Adverbs, 403; Prepositions, 414; Conjuctions, 416; Interjections, 417. |
403–417 |
| XVII. | Derivation of Declinable Stems A. Primary Derivatives, 420; B. Secondary Derivatives, 454. |
418–480 |
| XVIII. | Formation of Compound Stems Classification, 480; I. Copulative Compounds, 485; II. Determinative Compounds, 489; A. Dependent Compounds, 489; B. Descriptive Compounds, 494; III. Secondary Adjective Compounds, 501; A. Possessive Compounds, 501; B. Compound with Governed Final Member, 511; Adjective Compounds as Nouns and as Adverbs, 512; Anomalous Compounds 514; Stem-finals altered in Composition, 514; Loose Construction with Compounds, 515. |
480–515 |
| Appendix | 516–520 | |
| A. Examples of Various Sanskrit Type, 516; B. Example of Accentuated Text, 518; Synopsis of the conjugation of roots bhū and kṛ, 520. | ||
| Sanskrit Index | 521–539 | |
| General Index | 540–551 | |
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This work published before January 1, 1923 is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago. |
