Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

OF

NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM,

AND

NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE.

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VOL. II.

NEWCASTLE:

PRINTED BY T. & J. HODGSON, UNION STREET,

FOR EMERSON CHARNLEY,

AND LONGMAN & CO., LONDON.

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1838

HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY

INGRAHAM FUND

CONTENTS.

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		PAGE.
I.	Flora of Northumberland and Durham, by Nathaniel John Winch, F.G.S„ &c.,	1
II.	Remarks on a peculiar Colouring Matter in Decayed Wood, by W.C. Trevelyan, V.P., F.G.S.,&c., of Wallington,	150
III.	An Account of the Method of Smelting Lead Ore and Refining Lead, practised in the Mining Districts of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Durham, in the Year, 1831, by H.L. Pattinson,	152
IV.	Notes of a singular Transformation of the Seams of Coal into Stone, at Crummock Colliery, by Williamson Peile, F.G.S., &c.,	178
V.	Notice of some rare Birds recently killed in the Counties of Northumberland and Durham, by G.T. Fox, V.P., F.L.S., &c.,	181
VI.	On the Stratiform Basalt associated with the Carboniferous Formation of the North of England, by Wm. Hutton, F.G.S., &c.,	187
VII.	Notice of the Island of St. Kilda, on the North-west Coast of Scotland, by G. C. Atkinson,	215
VIII.	Narrative of the Sinking of Preston Grange Engine Pit, from the Surface of the Great Seam, Seventy Fathoms, situate in the Parish of Preston Pans, near Edinburgh, by Matthias Dunn,	226
IX.	On the Lepidodendron Harcoxirtii, by Henry T.M. Witham, V.P., F.G.S., &c.,	236
X.	A Descriptive Catalogue of the recent Zoophytes found on the Coast of North Durham, by George Johnston, M.D., Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh,	240
XI.	An Account of two rare British Birds, by Prideaux John Selby, V.P., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., &c.,	272
XII.	On the Application of Isometrical Projection to Geological Plans and Sections; with Descriptive Notices of the Mining District at Nentsberry, in the County of Cumberland, by T. Sop with, F.G.S.,	277

		PAGE.
XII.	Notice on the Gravel Bed of St. Lawrence Colliery, by Matthias Dunn,	285
XIV.	On the Quadrupeds and Birds inhabiting the County of Sutherland, observed there during an Excursion in the Summer of the Year 1834, by P.J. Selby, V.P., F.B.S.E., F.L.S., &c., &c.,,	288
XV.	Observations on the Young of Salmon, and some Bemarhs on the Migration of Eels, by The Hon. H.T. Liddell, M.P., V.P.	304
XVI.	On making the Society a Place of Deposit for the Mining Records of the District, by John Buddie, V.P., F.G.S., &c.,	309
XVII.	Supplement to a Catalogue of the Land and Fresh-water Testaceous Mollusca, found in the Vicinity of Newcastle, by Joshua Alder,	337
XVIII.	On the Effects produced by a Greenstone Dyke upon the Coal, in passing over Cockfield Fell, in the County of Durham, by Henry T.M. Witham, V.P., F.G.S., &c.,	343
XIX.	Narrative of the Explosion which occurred at Wallsend Colliery on the 18th of June, 1835, by John Buddie, V.P., F.G.S., &c.,	346
XX.	Chemical Examination of the Fire Damp from the Coal Mines near Newcastle, by Edward Turner, M.D., F.B.S., Lond. and Edinb., V.P.G.S., Professor of Chemistry in the University of London,	384
XXI.	Description and Analysis of Hatchetine, found in Urpeth Colliery, near Newcastle, by James F. W. Johnston, A.M., F.R.S., Lond. and Edinb., F.G.S., &c.,	394
XXII.	Researches upon the Composition of Coal, by Thos. Richardson,	401
	List of Presents, from August, 1831, to December, 1837,	414
	Explanation of the Plates,	433

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ADVERTISEMENT.

The Committee, in their capacity of Editors of the Transactions of the Natural History Society, beg to make known to the public, that the authors alone are responsible for the facts and opinions contained in their respective papers.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

&c. &c. &c.

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No. I.—Flora of Northumberland and Durham. By Nathaniel John Winch.

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PART I.

PHAENOGAMOUS PLANTS.

MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

1. SALICORNIA Salicornia

I. S. herbacea Salicornia europaea. Marsh Samphire, Jointed-glasswort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 2; Hook. Fl. Scot. 1; Berwick Flora, 2; S. annua, Eng. Bot. 413.

β S. procumbens. Procumbent Jointed-glasswort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 2; Eng. Bot. 2475.

α On the muddy sea shores and salt marshes of Tyne, Wear, Tees, &c., also at Holy Island. β in salt marshes at Saltholme, Hartlepool, D.—Mr. J. Backhouse.

In the north, where the true Samphire is not known, the Glasswort is sold under that name.

2. HIPPURIS Hippuris.

1. H. vulgaris Hippuris vularis. Mare's-tail.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 4; Eng. Bot. 763; With. ii. 6; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 1; Gr. Fl. Eds. 1.

At Prestwick Carr, N. In the Skern near the bridge at Darlington, and at Hell-kettles, D. In stells about Thorp, Norton, and Stockton, D.—John Hogg, Esq.

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DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

3. LIGUSTRUM Ligustrum.

1. L. vulgare Ligustrum vulgare. Privet, Print.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 13; Eng. Bot. 764; With. ii. 11; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 1; Hook. Fl. Scot. 3; Berwick Flora, 5.

In woods and hedges between Sunderland and Castle Eden, and on Limestone rocks on the coast, D.— About Greatham and Thorpwood, D.—John Hogg, Esq. Naturalized in hedges about Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

The Privet is truly indigenous only in our Magnesian Limestone district, though straggling plants may be occasionally met with throughout the north of England.

4. FRAXINUS Fraxinus.

1. F. excelsior Fraxinus excelsior. Common Ash.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 14; Eng. Bot. 1692; Hook. Fl. Scot. 3.

β F. hetrophylla Fraxinus excelsior. Simple-leaved Ash.

Sm. Eng. Fl. 14; Eng. Bot. 2476.

α In woods and hedges. β in plantations.

A variety of the ash with leaves mostly simple.

5 CIRCAEA Circaea.

1. C. lutetiana Circaea lutetiana. Common Enchanter's-nightshade.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 15; Eng. Bot. 1056; With. ii. 11; Hook. Fl. Scot. 4; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 3; Berwick Flora, 6.

In moist shady woods and hedges, but not very common, N. and D. Near Wooler and below Langley Ford, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. At Wallington, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

2. C. alpina Circaea alpina. Mountain Enchanter's-nightshade.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 16; Eng. Bot. 1057; With. ii. 12; Hook. Fl. Scot. 4; C. lutetiana β, Gr. Fl. Eds. 2.

Near Featherstone Castle.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. In Hulne Woods near Alnwick.—Mr. J. Embleton. By the Roman Wall, near Haltwhistle, N. —Miss Dale, Sp.

Differing from Circaea lutetiana by its heart-shaped leaves.

6. VERONICA Veronica (plant).

1. V. serpyllifolia Veronica serpyllifolia. Smooth Speedwell, Paul's Betony.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 20; Eng. Bot. 1075; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 3.

β V. humifusa Veronica serpyllifolia subsp. humifusa, Dicks. Linn. Tr. ii. 288; With ii. 18.
In meadows, pastures, gardens, &c. β by rivulets on the sides of Cheviot, N.

2. V. Beccabunga Veronica beccabunga. Brooklime.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 20; Eng. Bot. 655; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 8; Hook. Fl. Scot. 6.
In rivulets and ditches.

3. V. Anagallis Veronica anagallis-aquatica. Water Speedwell, Long-leaved Brooklime.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 21; Eng. Bot. 781; With. ii. 18; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 2; Gr. Fl. Eds. 3; Berwick Flora, 6.
In the Ousebourn, in ditches near Tynemouth, and at Prestwick Carr, N. In ditches near West Boldon and Harton, D. In Whitburn Moor Lane. — Rev. J. Symons; and near Norton, D.—John Hogg, Esq.

4. V. scutellata Veronica scutellata. Narrow-leaved Marsh Speedwell.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 21; Eng. Bot. 782; With. ii. 19; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 2; Gr. Fl. Eds. 3; Berwick Flora, 7.
In bogs at Prestwick Carr, and on Newcastle Town Moor, N. Below Calf Hill.—Thompson's Berwick Plants. In ditches near Twizell House. — Mrs. Selby. In Purdies Bog.—Miss Forster, delin.; and by ponds on Alnwick Moor, N.—Mr. J. Davison. At West Boldon, Harton, East Morton, Beamish, and by the Whey Syke and Cauldron Snout, Teesdale, D. Hill Close Carr Mr. E. Robson. Near Castle Eden, D.—Rev. J. Symons.

5. V. officinalis Veronica officinalis. Male or Common Speedwell.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 22; Eng. Bot. 765; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 1; Hook. Fl. Scot. 6; Berwick Flora, 7. On heaths, dry banks, &e. frequent.

6 V. Chamaedrys Veronica chamaedrys. Germander Speedwell, Wild Germander.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 23; Eng. Bot. 623; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 2; Hook. Fl. Scot. 7; Berwick Flora, 7.
In meadows, pastures, gardens, &c.

7. V. montana Veronica montana. Mountain Speedwell, Mountain Madwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 23; Eng. Bot. 786; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 2; Gr. Fl. Eds. 4.
In woods, but not very common.

8. V. agrestis Veronica agrestis. Green Procumbent Speedwell, Germander Chickweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 24; Eng. Bot. t. 783 and t. 2603; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 1; V. pulchella, Lam. and De Cand. v. 388, according to specimens from Thomas of Bex.
On cultivated ground everywhere.
Fries, a German Botanist, as well as the authors of the Supplement to the English Botany, have separated Veronica agrestris into two species (see 763 and 2603) though the plant with blue flowers, and the other with the lower petals variegated with white, are found constantly growing together, and can scarcely be considered as varieties. The seeds of both vary in number. Veronica polita Veronica polita is the name assigned by them to the plant figured at 763.

9. V . filiformis Veronica filiformis. Long-stalked Speedwell.

Lam. and De Cand. Fl. Fr. v.388 (excluding Sm. in Linn. Tr. ii. 195); Berwick Flora, 252, f. 1; V. agrestis β, Sm. Fl. Graec. t. 8; Prod. i. 9; V. Buxbaumii, Tenore Fl. Neap. i. p. 7, t. 10; Linn. Syst. Veg. Spreng. i. 75.
Naturalized in the dene near Twizell House, N. Indigenous at Whiterig, in Berwickshire, eight miles from Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

10. V. arvensis Veronica arvensis. Wall Speedwell, Speedwell Chickweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 24; Eng. Bot. 734; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 2; Hook. Fl. Scot. 7.
On dry banks, walls, &c.

11. V. hederifolia Veronica hederifolia. Ivy-leaved Speedwell, Small Henbit.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 25; Eng. Bot. 784; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 1; Hook. Fl. Scot. 7; Berwick Flora, 7. On cultivated ground, frequent.

7. PINGUICULA Pinguicula.

1. P. vulgaris Pinguicula vulgaris. Common Butterwort, Yorkshire Sanicle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 28; Eng. Bot. 70; Hook. Lond. t. 140; Fl. Scot. 88; Berwick Flora, 8. In bogs on moors. There is a variety in mountainous boggy meadows, with a very large flower of a duller purple, and a remarkably long spur Wallis's Northumberland, vol. i. p. 222.

8. UTRICULARIA Utricularia.

1. U. vulgaris Utricularia vulgaris. Common Bladderwort, Hooded Milfoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 30; Eng. Bot. 253; Gr. Fl. Eds.; Berwick Flora, 8; With. ii. 24. At Prestwick Carr, N. In the pond-field above Spindlestone. — Dr. G. Johnstone. In Newham Lough near Bamborough, N — Miss Pringle, Sp. At Hell. kettles and Polam, near Darlington, D. At Hardwick, near Sedgefield, D. — J. Hogg, Esq.

2. U. intermedia Utricularia intermedia. Intermediate Bladderwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 30; Eng. Bot. 2489; Hook. FI. Scot. 9.
At Prestwick Carr and in Bromley Lough, N. But never observed to flower.

3. U. minor Utricularia minor. Lesser Bladderwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 31; Eng. Bot. 254; Hook. Fl. Scot. 9; Gr. Fl. Eds. 5; With. ii. 24. In bogs on Plainmeller Fell, opposite Haltwhistle, N. —Miss Dale, Sp.

9. LEMNA Lemna.

1. L. trisulca Lemna trisulca. Ivy-leaved Duckweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 32; Eng. Bot. 926; Hook. Lond. t. 119; Fl. Scot. 10; Berwick Flora, 9.
In clear stagnant pools near Newcastle. In ditches near Sunderland, and at Hell-kettles near Darlington, D. In stells in the Billingham Vale, D John Hogg, Esq. In ditches on Boldon Hills. — Rev. J. Symons.

2. L. minor Lemna minor. Lesser Duck-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 32; Eng. Bot. 1095; Hook. Lond. t. 120; Fl. Scot. 11.
In ponds and ditches, everywhere.

10. LYCOPUS Lycopus.

1. L. europaeus Lycopus europaeus. Water Horehound, Gypsywort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 34; Eng. Bot. 1105; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 2; Hook. Fl. Scot. 9. At Prestwick Carr, and in the Ouse-bourn, N. On the banks of Team, near Urpeth Mill, Team Bridge, and Lamesley, D. ====11. SALVIA Salvia. ====

1. S. verbenaca. Wild English Clary.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 35; Eng. Bot. 154; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 1; With. ii. 27; Gr. Fl. Eds. 6; Berwick Flora, 9.
By the waggon-way near Newburn, and on the banks below Tynemouth Castle. On the ruins of the Abbey of Lindisfern and Norham Castle, N., where it was noticed by Wallis, who mistook it for Salvia pratensis Salvia pratensis. On ballast hills below Gateshead, and on the banks of Hawthorn Dene, near Sailor's Hall, D.

12. CLADIUM Cladium.

1. C. Mariscus. Prickly Twig-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 3G; Hook. Fl. Scot. 11; Schoenus Mariscus, Eng. Bot. 950; Robson's Flora, 238; With. ii. 119.
In Hell kettles near Darlington, D.
Very rare in the north of England, and but one locality for it mentioned in Hooker's Flora Scotica.

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DIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

13. ANTHOXANTHUM.

1. A. odoratum Anthoxanthum odoratum. Sweet-scented Spring-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 37; Eng. Bot. 647; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 4; Hook. Fl. Scot. 11.
In meadows, pastures, &c.

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

14. VALERIANA.

1. V. rubra Centranthus ruber. Red Valerian.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 42; Eng. Bot. 1531; With. ii. 98; Hook. Fl. Scot. 14. Naturalized on the walls of Hulne Abbey near Alnwick, N.

2. V. dioica Valeriana dioica. Small or Marsh Valerian.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 43; Eng. Bot. 028; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 3; Hook. Fl. Scot. 15; Berwick Flora, 13.
In boggy meadows.

3. V. officinalis Valeriana officinalis. Great Wild Valerian.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 43; Eng. Bot. 698; Curt. Fasc. vi.t. 3; Hook. Fl. Scot. 15; Berwick Flora, 13.
In marshes and on the banks of rivers.

15. FEDIA.

1. F. olitoria Valerianella locusta. Corn-salad, Lamb's Lettuce.

Sm. Eng. Fl.i. 45; Hook.Fl. Scot. 15; Valeriana Locusta, Eng. Bot. 811; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 4; Berwick Flora, 13.
In Heaton Dene, and in corn fields near Benwell, N. Below the Union Bridge, and above Waren.—Dr. G. Johnston. About Alnwick, N.— Mr. J. Davison. Near Whitburn and Boldon, D. At Norton, Wynyard, and Seaton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq.

2. F. dentata Valerianella dentata. Oval-fruited Corn-salad.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 45; Gr. Fl. Eds. 8; Valeriana dentata, Eng. Bot. 1370; With. ii. 101.
On Fulwell Hills and at Cocken, D. Fields near Crowhall, opposite Ridley Hall, N.— Mr.J. Thompson. Near Twizell House, N.—Mrs. Selby.

16. IRIS Iris.

1. I. Pseud-acorus Iris pseudacorus. Yellow Iris, Water Flower-de-luce.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 48; Eng. Bot. 578; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 4; Hook. Fl. Scot. 16; Berwick Flora, 14.
In ditches, pools, and by rivers.

2. I. foetidissima Iris foetidissima. Stinking Iris, Gladwyn.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 49; Eng. Bot. 596; With. ii. 106.
At Jolby, D.—Mr. E. Robson.
Its most northern British locality, no mention being made of the plant in Hooker's Flora Scotica.
Blue-flowered Iris, Iris germanica, Wallis's Northumberland, i. 241. Robson's Flora, 144. In boggy places, but not common. What plant Wallis mistook for so showy a species it is difficult to imagine, but the error began with the historian of Northumberland, and was copied by Stephen Robson in his Flora.

17. SCHOENUS Schoenus.

1. S. nigricans Schoenus nigricans. Black Bog-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 51; Eng. Bot. 1121; Hook. Fl. Scot. 16; Berwick Flora, 14; Cyperus nigricans, With. i. 118.
On the heath at Prestwick Carr, N. On moors and boggy places near Berwick, frequent. — Dr. G. Johnston. In hogs near Hartlepool, to the S.E. of Coatham near Darlington, and near Murton Moor, D. Near Norton, D.—John Hogg, Esq.

18. RHYNCHOSPORA Rhynchospora.

1. R. alba Rhynchospora alba. White Beak-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 52; Schoenus albus, Eng. Bot. 985; With. ii. 122; Hook. Fl. Scot. 16.
On the heath at Prestwick Carr, N. On Beamish Moor, D.

19. SCIRPUS Scirpus.

1. S. caespitosus Trichophorum caespitosum. Scaly-stalked Club-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 55;" Eng. Bot. 1029; Hook. Fl. Scot. 16.
On turfy moors, common.

2. S. pauciflorus. Few-flowered Club-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 55; Eng. Bot. 1122; With. ii. 112; Hook. Fl. Scot. 17; Berwick Flora, 14; S. baeothryon, Roth. Germ. ii. 54.
In bogs at Willington Quay, and at Prestwick Carr, N. Bog in a field adjoining Spring Gardens near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. Below Hilton Castle and near Darlington, D.

3.S. fluitans Eleogiton fluitans. Floating Club-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 56; Eng. Bot. 216; With. ii. 113; Hook. Fl. Scot. 18; Berwick Flora, 15; Robson's Flora, 240.
In ditches near Cleadon and Darlington, D. At Prestwick Carr, and in the pond at Forest Hall, N. In Roadley Lake. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. On the moor west of Belford, N.—Thompson's Berwick Plants.

4. S. lacustris Schoenoplectus lacustris. Bull-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 56; Eng. Bot. 666; Hook. Fl. Scot. 18; Lond. t. 91.
β S. glaucus. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 57; Eng. Bot. 2321; S. lacustris β, Hudson. 19; Sm. Fl. Brit. 52; Hook. Fl. Scot. 18. α By rivers, lakes, and ponds. β in marshes near Dyke House, in the neighbourhood of Hartlepool, D.— Mr. J. Backhouse.

5. S. setaceus, Least Club-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 58; Eng. Bot. 1693; Hook. Lond. 97; Fl. Scot. 19; Berwick Flora, 15; Isolepis setacea, R. Br. Lindley Syn. 283.
On boggy moors, frequent.

6. S. caricinus. Compressed Club-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 58; Berwick Flora, 15; Schoenus compressus, Eng. Bot. 791; With. ii. 121; Hook. Fl. Scot. 16.
On the banks of Tyne at Chollerford and Low Park End, and on the Links at Holy Island and Bamborough, N. Near Gallowhill. — Thompson's Berwick Plants. In bogs at Ryehope, and on the banks of Tees near Middleton, D. Near Darlington. — Robson's Flora.

7. S. rufus. Brown Club-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 59; Schoenus rufus, Eng. Bot. 1010; Hook. Fl. Scot. 17; With i. 122.
In marshes on the Wear below Southwick, D. Near Hartlepool, D — Rev. J. Dalton.

8. S. carinatus. Blunt-edged Club-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 60; Eng. Bot. 1983; Hook Lond. t. 79; S. lacustris β, Hudson, 19.
By the Tees near Stockton, D.—G. T. Fox, Esq.

9. S. maritimus. Salt-marsh Club-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 61; Eng. Bot. 542; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 4; Hook. Fl. Scot. 19; Berwick Flora, 16.
On the salt marshes of Tyne, Wear, Tees, N. and D. Sea coast near Beal, N. — Thompson's Berwick Plants.

10. S. sylvaticus. Wood Club-rush, or Millet Cyperus-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 62; Eng. Bot. 919; With. ii. 116 Hook. Fl. Scot. 19; Berwick Flora, 16.
On the banks of Pont and of Till, also in Scotswood, Denton, and Walbottle Denes, N. By the Tweed between the Union Bridge and Horncliffe. — Dr. G. Johnston. On the banks of Team, and in Ravens- worth and Cawsey Woods, D.

20 ELEOCHARIS.

1. E. palustris. Creeping Spike-rush. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 63; Scirpus palustris, Eng. Bot.131; Hook. Fl. Scot. 18.
By rivulets, lakes, and on boggy ground.

2. E. multicaulis. Many-stalked Spike-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 64; Scirpus multicaulis, Eng. Bot. 1187; With. ii. 111, S. palustris β, Hook. Fl. Scot. 18; Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 14.
On the heath at Prestwick Carr, N.

21. ERIOPHORUM.

1. E. vaginatum. Hare's-tail Cotton-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 66; Eng. Bot. 873; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 10; Hook. Fl. Scot. 20; Berwick Flora, 16.
On turfy bogs, on moors, &c.

2. E. angustifolium. Narrow-leaved Cotton-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 69; Eng. Bot. 564; Berwick Flora, 17; E. polystachion, Hudson, 21; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 9. β E. polystachion, Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 67; Eng. Bot 563; Berwick Flora, 16; E. nivale, G. Don. Sp.
On turfy moors and in boggy meadows. β on moors with var. α, not rare. Below Allerton Mill near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.
In β the stalks of the spikes are long as represented by the figure in Eng. Bot., and the stem frequently puts out lateral branches from the sheathes of its leaves.

3. E. pubescens. Downy-stalked Cotton-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i 68; Berwick Flora, 17; Hook. Br. Fl. 25; E. polystachion, Northumberland and Durham Guide, i. 6; E. latifolium, Schrad. Germ. 154.
β E. gracile, Sm. Eng. Fl. 69; Eng. Bot. 2402; Wahl. Fl.Lapp. 19; E. triquetrum, Hoppe, Fasc. 1800. α Near the Widdy Bank, on Teesdale Moors, and in Waskerly Park near Wolsingham, also on boggy ground below Hilton Castle, D. Near Haly pike Lough, N. On the Wallington Moors. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. Near Berwick, N. — Dr. G. Johnston. β on the Teesdale and Wolsingham Moors. D. On Redpath Moors, N.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.
This species of Cotton-grass is easily recognised by its soft grass-like leaves and the downy stalks of its spikes. β is only a slender variety. I suspect that slender specimens both of Eriophorum angustifolium, and Eriophorum pubescens pass under the name of Eriphorum gracile. For the correctness of the quotations of the synonyms from Wahlenberg's Fl. Lapp, and Hoppe Fasc., I rest upon the authority of specimens from the late Dr. Swartz and Mr. Thomas of Bex.

22. NARDUS.

1. N. stricta. Mat-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 70; Eng. Bot. 290; Hook. Fl. Scot. 21; Berwick Flora, 18.
On moors and commons.

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TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

23. PHALARIS.

1. P. canariensis. Manured Canary-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 74; Eng. Bot, 1310; Berwick Flora, 18; Hook. Fl. Scot. 23.
On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D.

2. P. arundinacea. Reed Canary-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 74; Eng. Bot. 402, and 2160, f. 2; Arundo colorata, Sm. Fl. Brit. 147; Hook. Fl. Scot. 23; Berwick Flora, 18.
On the banks of rivers and margins of pools.

24. PHLEUM.

1. P. pratense. Common Cat's-tail-grass, Timothy-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 75; Eng. Bot. 1076; Hook. Fl. Scot. 23.
γ P. nodosum, Linn. Sp. Pl. i. 88; Alopecurus bulbosus, Dick. Hort. Sic. Fasc. xii. 4.
α In moist meadows; γ on dry barren ground.

2. P. arenarium. Sea Cat's-tail-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 78; Hook. Lond. t. 7; Hook. Fl Scot, 24; Berwick Flora, 19; Phalaris arenaria Eng. Bot. 222; With. ii. 166. On the sea-coast of N. and D., frequent. On the links at Holy Island, N.

25. ALOPECURUS.

1. A. pratensis. Meadow Fox-tail-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 79; Eng. Bot. 759; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 5; Hook. Fl. Scot. 21; Berwick Flora, 19.
One of the best and most abundant of the meadow grasses.

2. A. agrestis. Slender Fox-tail-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 80; Eng. Bot. 848; Hook. Fl. Scot. 22.
In cultivated fields, chiefly in the Magnesian Limestone district.

3. A. bulbosus. Bulbous Fox-tail-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 81; Eng. Bot. 1249; With. ii.; Hook. Br. Fl. 28.
Near Seaton and Hartlepool, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

4. A. geniculatus. Floating Fox-tail-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 82; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 6; Eng. Bot. 1250; Berwick Flora, 19; Hook. Fl. Scot. 22.
By ditches, ponds, &c.

26. POLYPOGON.

1. P. monspeliensis. Annual Beard-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl i. 85; Agrostis panicea, Eng. Bot.; Alopecurus monspeliensis, With. ii. 177.
On Sunderland ballast hills, D.—W. Weighell's Herb.

27. MILIUM.

1. M. effusum. Millet-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 87; Eng. Bot. 1106; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 12; Hook. Fl. Scot. 24.
In shady woods, common.

28. AGROSTIS.

1. A. Spica-venti. Silky Bent-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 89; Eng. Bot. 951; With. ii. 180.
On the Windmill Hills, near Gateshead; and close to Beamish mill, D. In Heaton Dene, near Rennoldson's mill; also by the road side near St. Anthon's, and North Shields, N. Introduced among corn. This grass is not mentioned in Hooker's Flora Scotica.

2. A. canina. Brown Bent-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 90; Eng. Bot. 1856; Hook. Fl. Scot. 24. β Hudson 30; A. tenuifolia, Curtis Br. Gr. 42.
On the heath at Prestwick Carr, N. On Gateshead Fell, and in Waskerly Park, D. At Birch Barr, near Darlington.—Mr. Backhouse.
In autumn this grass puts out long shoots, which take root at every joint. In this state it is Agroslis fascicularis of Curtis and Davy's Agricultural Chemistry, 2d Ed. p. 162. In common with other stoloniferous grasses it produces but few seeds.

3. A. vulgaris. Common Bent-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 91; Eng. Bot. 1671. Hook. Fl. Scot. 25; Berwick Flora, 19.
β Fl. Brit. i. 80.
γ Fl. Brit. i. 80, A. pumila, Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 371; Lightfoot, 1081.
δ Fl. Brit. i. 80.
α In fields, frequent. β and δ in fields, &c. less common. γ in Teesdale Forest, and alpine pastures near Knitsley and Hamsterley, D. Probably a distinct species.

4. A. alba. Marsh Bent-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 93; Eng. Bot. 1139; Hook. Fl. Scot. 25; Berwick Flora, 20. β A. stolonifera, Linn. Sp. Pl. i. 93; Eng. Bot. 1532; Fl. Brit. 80; Florin Grass of Dr. Richardson. γ A. sylvatica, Hudson, 1st Ed. 28; Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 371.
α In wet meadows, β by the Tyne, Wear, and Tees. γ in woods, but not common.
When growing in salt marshes, but especially by springs close to the sea, as at the foot of Tynemouth Castle rock, this grass attains a remarkable size, and in that state it used to be considered a distinct species, and described under the name of Agrostis stolonifera.

29. DIGITARIA.

I. D. sanguinalis. Cock's-foot Finger-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 96. Panicum sangninale, Eng. Bot. 489; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 7; Hook. Fl. Scot. 21; With. ii. 169.
On Sunderland ballast hills, D.-W. Weighell's Herb.

30. PANICUM.

1. P. verticillatum. Rough Panick-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 98; Eng. Bot. 874; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 6; With. ii. 168.
On Sunderland ballast hills, D.-W. Weighell's Herb.

2. P. viride. Green Panick-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 99; Eng. Bot. 875; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 5; With. ii. 168.
On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D.

31. AIRA.

1. A. cristata. Crested Hair-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 101; Eng. Bot. 648; Hook. Fl. Scot. 29; Berwick Flora, 20; Poa cristata, With. ii. 205.
In Castle Eden Dene; in Limestone pastures near Sunderland; at Baydales, near Darlington; and near Eglestone, D, Near the Spanish Battery, at Tynemouth, and on the Links at Dunstanborough, Bamborough, and Holy Island, N. Near Berwick, not uncommon.—Dr. G.Johnston.

2. A. aquatica. Water Hair-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 101; Eng. Bot. 1557; Berwick-Flora, 20; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 5; Hook. Fl. Scot. 29.
By ditches, pools, and rivers.

3. A. caespitosa. Turfy Hair-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 102; Eng. Bot. 1453; Hook. Fl. Scot. 29; Berwick Flora, 20.
In woods and on the borders of fields, abundant.

4. A. alpina. Smooth Alpine Hair-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 103; Hook. Fl. Scot. 29; A. laevigata, Eng. Bot. 2102.
On the banks of Wear above Low Pallion, D. The viviparous variety.—Mr. Wilkinson, Sp.

5. A.flexuosa. Wavy Mountain Hair-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 104; Eng. Bot. 1519; Hook. Fl. Scot. 30; Berwick Flora, 21.
On moors and hilly pastures.

6. A. praecox. Early Hair-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 105; Eng. Bot. 1296; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 7; Hook, Fl. Scot. 30; Berwick Flora, 21.
On moors and in barren pastures.

7. A. caryophyllea. Silver Hair-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 105; Eng. Bot. 812; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 6; Hook. Fl. Scot. 30; Berwick Flora, 21.
In barren pastures, and on moors.

32. HOLCUS.

1. H. lanatus. Meadow Soft-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 107; Eng. Bot. 1169; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 1 1; Hook. Fl. Scot. 28.
In meadows and pastures, abundant.

2. H. mollis. Creeping Soft-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 108; Eng. Bot. 1170; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 8; Hook. Fl. Scot. 28.
In woods and hedges.

2. H. avenaccus. Oat-like Soft-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 108; Eng. Bot. 813; Hook. Fl. Scot. 28.
In hedges, fields, and woods.

33. MELICA.

1. M. uniflora. Wood Melic-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 112; Eng. Bot. 1058; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 10; Hook. Fl. Scot. 31; Berwick Flora, 22.
In woods, frequent.

2. M. nutans. Mountain Melic grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 112; Eng. Bot. 1059; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 4; Hook. Fl. Scot. 30; With. ii. 196.
In Tecket-wood near Simonburn, N. On the banks of Irthing at Gilsland, N.—Mr. J. Thompson. In Castle Eden Dene, and woods near Middleton in Teesdale, D, In Cocken woods, D.—Rev. J. Symons.

3. M. caerulea. Purple Melic-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 113; Eng. Bot. 750; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 11; Hook. Fl. Scot. 31; Berwick Flora, 22.
On moors and heathy places, common.

34. SESLERIA.

1. S. caerulea. Blue Moor-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 114; Eng. Bot. 1613; With. ii. 198; Hook. Fl. Scot. 31.
On Limestone rocks and in dry pastures, on both sides of the Wear, above Sunderland, and on the banks of Tees, from Eglestone to the Cauldron Snout, D.

35. GLYCERIA.

1. G. aquatica. Reedy Sweet-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl.i. 116; Poa aquatica; Eng. Bot. 1315; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 12;; Hook. Fl. Scot. 32.
By rivers, pools, &c., frequent.

2. G.fluitans. Floating Sweet-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 116; Br. Prod. N. Holl. 179; Berwick Flora, 22; Poa fluitans, Eng. Bot. 1520; Hook. Fl. Scot. 32; Festuca fluitans, Curt. Fasc. i. t. 7.
In pools and slow streams.
One of the few British plants which is also indigenous in Australia.

3. G. distans. Reflexed Sweet-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 118; Poa distans, Eng. Bot. 986; Hook. Fl. Scot. 33; With. ii. 199; Poa retroflexora (an excellent name), Curt. Fasc. vi. 1. 10.
In lanes near Darlington, and in fields near Painsher and Whitburn; also by the road side near Castle Eden, and on walls at Hartlepool, D. On the sea coast at Cullercoats, and on St. Anthon's ballast quay, N.

4. G. maritima. Creeping Sea Sweet-grass.

Sm. Eng. i. 118; Berwick Flora, 23; Poa maritima, Eng. Bot. 1140; With. ii. 207; Hook. Fl. Scot. 33.
On the shores of Tyne and Wear; near the sea. Rocks at Dunstanborough Castle and Landisfern, N. On the coast near Berwick, and by the Tweed above the bridge.—Dr. G. Johnston. On the Fern Islands —P.J. Selby, Esq. At Hartlepool, D. By the Tees at Portrack, D.—J. Hogg, Esq.

5. G. procumbens. Procumbent Sea Sweet-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 119; Berwick Flora, 23; Poa procumbens, Eng. Bot. 532; Hook. Fl. Scot. 33; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. ii.; Poa rupestris, With. ii. 207, t. 26.
On the sea coast near Cullercoats, N. Between Hendon Lodge and the sea near Sunderland, and on Sunderland Moor; also at Fulwell, in Byers's quarry near Whitburn, and on the quay above South Shields, D. Near Hartlepool, D.— Mr. E. Robson. On the Fern Islands, N.—P.J. Selby, Esq.

6. G. rigida. Hard Sweet-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 119; Berwick Flora, 23; Poa rigida, Eng. Bot. 1371; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 4; With. ii. 206; Hook. Fl. Scot. 33.
On the Magnesian Limestone in the vicinity of Sunderland and Hartlepool, and at the Lizards, near Whitburn, D. On the Heugh at Holy Island, N.

36. POA.

1. P. compressa. Flat-stalked Meadow-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 121; Eng. Bot. 365; With. ii. 206; Hook. Fl. Scot. 34.
Near the White-lead Factory, W. of Newcastle, N.—Mr. Win. Robertson. At Hartlepool, and between East Boldon and Cleadon, D.

2. P. trivialis. Roughish Meadow-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 124; Eng. Bot. 1072; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 6; Hook. Fl. Scot. 35.
In meadows and pastures. An excellent pasture-grass.

3. P. pratensis. Smooth-stalked Meadow-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 125; Eng. Bot. 1073; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 6; Hook. Fl. Scot. 35.
γ P. subaerulea, Eng. Bot. 1004; P. humilis, With, ii. 202.
α. An excellent grass, common in meadows, &c. γ on Fulwell Hills, and on the coast north of Sunderland Pier, D. Near Benton, N.

4. P. annua. Annual Meadow-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 127; Eng. Bot. 1141; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 6; Hook. Fl. Scot. 35.
In lowland situations everywhere.

5. P. nemoralis. Wood Meadow-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 129; Eng. Bot. 1265; Hook. Fl. Scot. 35.
In woods near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson. Cocken Woods, D.—Rev. J. Symons. Tecket Wood, N.
A rare grass in these counties.

37. TRIODIA.

1. T. decumbens.

Decumbent Heath-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 131; Berwick Flora, 24; Poa decumbens, Eng. Bot. 792; Hook. Fl. Scot. 36; Festuca decumbens, Linn. Sp. Pl. i. 110; Hudson, 47.
On moors and barren heaths, frequent. On Gateshead Fell, D., and Newcastle Town Moor, N. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

38. BRIZA.

1. B. media. Common Quaking-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl i. 133; Eng. Bot. 340; Hook. Fl. Scot. 37; Berwick Flora, 25.
In pastures, &c., frequent.

38. DACTYLIS.

1. D. glomerata. Rough Cock's-foot-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 134; Eng. Bot. 335; Hook. Fl. Scot. 37.
In meadows, pastures, and by hedges. A productive, but coarse grass.

40. CYNOSURUS.

1. C. cristatus. Crested Dog's-tail-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl i. 137; Eng. Bot. 316; Hook. Fl. Scot. 37.
In meadows and pastures on a dry soil everywhere.

2. C. echinatus. Rough Dog's-tail-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 137; Eng. Bot. 1333; With. ii. 212.
On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D., rare. On St. Anthon's ballast hills, N Mr. John Thornhill and Mr. R. Waugh.

41. FESTUCA.

1. F. ovina. Sheep's Fescue-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 139; Eng. Bot. 585; Hook. Fl. Scot. 38.
β F. rubra, With. ii. 153, according to Smith.
γ F. caesia, Eng. Bot. 1917.
δ F. tenuifolia, Sibth. 44.
In upland pastures, and on moors. δ at Prestwick Carr, N.

2. F. vivipara. Viviparous Fescue-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 140; Eng. Bot. 1355; Berwick Flora, 25 . With. ii. 216; F. ovina β, Gr. Fl. Eds. 25; F. ovina γ, Hook. Br. Fl. 45.
Near Eglestone, D. Near Crow Hall, opposite Ridley Hall, on the Tyne. — Mr. J. Thompson. On Cheviot, N.
Most probably a variety of Festuca ovina.

3. F. duriuscula. Hard Fescue-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 141; Eng. Bot. 470; Hook. Fl. Scot. 38.
β F. dumctorum, Linn. Sp. Pl. i. 109.
α In dry meadows. β in woods.

4. F. rubra. Creeping Fescue-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 141; Eng. Bot. 2056.
δ F. qlauca. Sm. Eng. FL 142; Northumberland and Durham Guide, vol. ii. Preface 2 and 19, No. 1102; Berwick Flora, 26.
α. On the coast at Holy Island, N. δ on rocks below Tynemouth Castle, and at Hartley, N. At Whitburn and Hartlepool, D. On Spittle Sands. — Thompson's Berwick Plants.

5. F. bromoides. Barren Fescue-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 142; Eng. Bot. 1411; Hook. Fl. Scot. 39; Berwick Flora, 26.
On walls and in sterile places.

6. F. Myurus. Wall Fescue-grass.

Sm. Eng. FL i. 143; Eng. Bot. 1412; Hook. Fl. Scot. 39.
Not common about Newcastle. On St. Anthon's ballast hills, N. On Hebburn and Sunderland ballast hills, D. On dykes about Berwick, frequent.— Dr. G. Johnston.

7. F. gigantea. Giant Fescue-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 144; Eng. Bot. 1820; Hook. Fl. Scot. 39; Bromus giganteus, Curt. Fasc. v. t. 7.
In moist woods and hedges.

8. F. loliacca. Spiked Fescue-grass.

Sm. Fl. i. 146; Eng. Bot. 1821; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 9; Hook. Fl. Scot. 40; Berwick Flora, 26.
In meadows near Team; near Darlington; and in Lambton Park, D. By the sides of the Tweed, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

9. F. pratensis. Meadow Fescue-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 147; Eng. Bot. 1592; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 7; Hook. FL Scot. 40.
A valuable grass, but not very abundant in our mea- dows and pastures.

10. F. elatior. Tall Fescue-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 148; Eng. Bot. 1593; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 8; Berwick Flora, 27.
In damp woods and moist meadows, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

11. F. sylvatica. Slender Wood Fescue-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 149; Hudson, 1st ed. 38; Hook. Fl. Scot. 40; Berwick Flora. 27; Bromus sylvaticus, Eng. Bot. 729; Fl. Brit. i. 136.
In woods and hedges, common.

42. BROMUS.

1. B. secalinus. Smooth Rye Brome-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 151; Eng. Bot. 1171; With. ii. 224; Hook. Fl. Scot. 41.
In corn fields near Gateshead and Sunderland, D. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. Backhouse. Near Reedsmouth, N.

2. B. velutinus. Downy Rye Brome-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 152; Hook. Fl. Scot. 41; B. multiflorus, Eng. Bot. 1884; With. ii. 225.
Near Seaton, D.—Mr. Backhouse. In fields at Norwood, near Ravensworth, D.

3. B. mollis. Soft Brome-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 153; Eng. Bot. 1078; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 8; Hook. Fl. Scot. 41.
In fields, common.

4. B. racemosus. Smooth Brome-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 154; Eng. Bot. 1079; Hook. Fl. Scot. 41; With. ii. 226; B. pratensis, Eng. Bot. 1984, at the bottom. Sm. Comp. 19. B. arvensis, Eng. Bot. 920.
In fields near Sunderland, Hartlepool, and Darlington, D. On St. Anthon's ballast hills, N.

5. B. arvensis. Taper Field Brome-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 156; Eng. Bot. 1984; Hook. Fl. Scot. 42. B. spiculi-tenuata, Knapp. t. 81.
At Hartlepool, towards Seaton, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

6. B. asper. Hairy Wood Brome-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 158; Eng. Bot. 1172; Hook. Fl. Scot. 42. B. B. hirsutus, Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 8.
In damp woods and hedges.

7. B. sterilis. Barren Brome-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 159; Eng. Bot. 1030; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 9; Hook. Fl. Scot. 43.
In fields, hedges, and on old walls.

8. B. diandrus. Upright Annual Brome-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 160; Eng. Bot. 1006; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 5; With. ii. 228; Hook. Fl. Scot. 43.
On Sunderland ballast hills, D.—W. Weighell's Herb.

43. AVENA.

1. A. fatua. Wild Oat, or Haver.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i 162; Eng. Bot. 2221; Berwick Flora, 28; With. ii. 233; Hook. Fl. Scot. 43.
In corn fields on the Magnesian Limestone, near Sunderland, Easington, and Castle Eden, D. About Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse. In corn fields, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.
About Newcastle, not frequent.

2. A. strigosa. Bristle-pointed Oat.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 163; Eng. Bot. 1266; With. ii. 234.
In corn fields near Sunderland, Castle Eden, Tanfield, and Burnupfield, D. Near West Pitts, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

3. A. pubescens. Downy Oat-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 164; Eng. Bot. 1640; With. ii. 233; Hook. Fl. Scot. 43; Berwick Flora, 28.
On the Magnesian Limestone near Whitburn, Fulwell, Sunderland, and Castle Eden, and on the Encrinal Limestone near New House, Weardale, D. In fields near Haddrick's Mill, N. On the sea coast and the banks of the Tweed, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. A. pratensis. Narrow-leaved Oat-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 164; Eng. Bot. 1204; Berwick Flora, 28; With. ii. 234; Hook. Fl. Scot. 43.
In Magnesian Limestone pastures about Cleadon, Sunderland, and Castle Eden, D. Near Spittal, Gull-hole, and by the river banks near Berwick on the Encrinal Limestone. —Dr. G. Johnston.

5. A. flavescens. Yellow Oat-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 166; Eng. Bot. 952; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 5 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 44.
In every field.

44. ARUNDO.

1. A. Phragmites. Common Reed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i, 168; Eng. Bot. 401; Hook. Fl. Scot. 27.
In marshy places, by rivers, &c.

2. A. epigejos. Wood Reed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 169; Eng. Bot. 403; With. ii. 236; A. Calamagrostis, Lightfoot, 106; Hook. Fl. Scot. 27 Calamagrostis lanceolata, Hook. Br. Fl. 32.
At the foot of the north branch of Castle Eden Dene, and by the Tyne above Hebburn Quay, D. On the banks of North Tyne, near Warden Mill, and in woods near Gilsland wells, N.

3. A. arenaria. Sea Reed, Marram, Sea Mat-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 171 ; Eng. Bot. 520; Hook. Fl. Scot. 27; Berwick Flora, 29. Ammophila arundinacea, Lindley Syn. 303.
On the sea beach of Northumberland and Durham.

45. LOLIUM.

1. L. perenne. Perennial Darnel, Red Darnel, Raygrass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 173; Eng. Bot. 315; Hook. Fl. Scot. 45; Lond. Fasc. i. t. 18.
β L. tenue, Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 462.
δ Sm. i. 173.
α In meadows and pastures every where. β and δ much less common.

2. L. temulentum. Bearded Darnel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 174 ; Eng. Bot. 1124 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 45 ; Berwick Flora, 30.
In corn fields near Cleadon, Sunderland, Castle Eden, and Darlington, D. Less frequent in Northumberland. On Shoreswood farm near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. L. arvense. White Darnel, Annual Beardless Darnell.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 174 ; Eng. Bot. 1125; Hook. Fl. Scot. 45; With. ii. 239; Berwick Flora, 30.
In fields between Darlington and Conniscliffe. — Mr. Backhouse. On the borders of corn fields at Whickham, D. In corn fields at Easington, near Belford, N. —Dr. G. Johnston.

46. ROTTBOLLIA.

1. R. incurvata. Sea Hard-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 175; Eng. Bot. 760; With. ii. 240; Hook. Fl. Scot. 46.
In Seaton pasture, D.— Mr. Backhouse. In the salt marshes of Tyne, Wear, and Tees, N. and D.

47. ELYMUS.

1. E. arenarius. Upright Sea Lime-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 177; Eng. Bot. 1672; Hook. Fl. Scot. 46; With. ii. 241.
On the coast near Castle Eden, Sunderland North Pier, and South Shields, D. At Seaton Snook.— John Hogg, Esq. South of Sunderland, D. — Mr. John Thornhill. At Cullercoats and Newbiggen, N.

2. E. europaeus. "Wood Lime-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 178; Eng. Bot. 1317; With. ii. 242: Hordeum sylvaticum, Hudson, 57; Knapp. t. 107
In Ramshaw Wood and Scotswood Dene, N. On the east bank of Wescrow Bourn, four miles north of Wolsingham, D. Between Rushyford and Ferry Hill, D.— Mr. E. Robson. This plant is not mentioned in Hooker's Flora Scotica. It appears more nearly allied to the genus Hordeum than to Elymus.

48. HORDEUM.

1. H. murinum. Wall Barley, Mouse Barley, Way Bennet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 179; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 9; Eng. Bot. 1971; Hook. Fl. Scot. 46.
On old walls, and by way sides, common.

2. H. pratense. Meadow Barley.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 180; Eng. Bot. 409; Hook. Fl. Scot. 46 ; Berwick Flora, 31.
In meadows near Jarrow and Monkton, D. Near Ponteland, N. By no means a common grass in the north of England. In moist meadows near Berwick, rare.—Dr. G. Johnston.

5.H. maritimum. Sea Barley, Squirrel-tail-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 180; Eng. Bot. 1205; With. ii. 244; Hook. Lond. i. t. 43; Fl. Scot. 46.
Near Seaton, D.—Mr. Backhouse. At Hartlepool, D.—Rev. J. Dalton. On Holy Island, opposite St. Cuthbert's Island, N.?—Thompson's Berwick Plants.

49. TRITICUM.

1. T.junceam. Sea Rushy Wheat-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 182; Eng. Bot. 814; Hook Fl. Scot. 44; Berwick Flora, 31.
On the sea shores of N. and D. abundant. Not very common on the coast near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. T. repens. Creeping Wheat-grass, Couch-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 182; Eng. Bot. 909; Hook. Fl. Scot. 44.
In hedges and fields, every where.

3. T. caninum. Fibrous-rooted Wheat-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 184.; Eng. Bot 1372; Hook. Fl. Scot. 44; Berwick Flora, 32.
In moist woods and hedges.

4. T. loliaccum. Dwarf Sea Wheat-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 185; Eng. Bot. 221; Hook. Fl. Scot. 45; With. ii. 246.
Near Seaton, D. — Mr. E. Robson; and Hartlepool, D Rev. J. Dalton. On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D.

TRIANDRIA TRIGYNIA.

50. MONTIA.

1. M. fontana. Water Chickweed, Blinks. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 187; Eng. Bot. 1206; Curt. Fasc. iii. 8; Hook. Fl. Scot. 47; Berwick Flora, 32.
In springs and clear rills.

TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

51. DIPSACUS.

1. D. fullonum. Manured or Fuller's Teasel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 192; Eng. Bot. 2080; Hook. Fl. Scot. 49.
On Sunderland ballast hills, D.—W. Weighell's Herb.

2. D. sylvestris. Wild Teasel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 193; Eng. Bot. 1032; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 9; Hook. Fl. Scot. 49; Berwick Flora, 35.
In moist hedges, &c., frequent. By road sides near Berwick, rare. —Dr. G. Johnston.

3. D. pilosus. Small Teasel, Shepherd's Staff.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 193; Eng. Bot. 877; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 10; With. ii. 255; Hook. Fl. Scot. 49.
On the ballast hills, west of Bishopwearmouth, D.—Rev. J. S. Symons.

52. KNAUTIA.

1. K. arvensis. Field Knautia.

Hook. Br. Fl. 60; Scabiosa arvensis, Sm Eng. Fl. i. 195; Eng. Bot. 659; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 13; Hook. Fl. Scot. 49; Berwick Flora, 35.
In corn fields and pastures, common.

53. SCABIOSA.

1. S. succisa. Devil's-bit Scabious.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 194; Eng. Bot. 878; Curt. Fasc. iii. 10; Hook. Fl. Scot. 49; Berwick Flora, 35.
In moist meadows, and by the edges of woods.

2. S. columbaria. Small Scabious.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 195; Eng. Bot. 1311; Hook. Fl. Scot. 50; Berwick Flora, 35.
In limestone fields near Fulwell, Sunderland, and Castle Eden, D. Near Durham, and in Embleton Dene, D. — John Hogg, Esq. Near Old Park, Weardale, D. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. On Warden hills, near Hexham, N. On the banks of Tweed, near West Ord House, on Spindlestone hills and above New Farm, near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.
Indicative of a calcareous soil.

54. SHERARDIA.

1. S. arvensis. Blue Sherardia, or Little Field-Madder.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 196; Eng. Bot. 891; Curt. Fasc. v. 13; Hook. Fl. Scot. 50; Berwick Flora, 36.
Among corn, and in fallow fields.

55. ASPERULA.

1. A. odorata. Sweet Woodruff, or Woodroof.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 197; Eng. Bot. 755; Curt. Fasc. iv. 15; Hook. Fl. Scot. 50.
In every wood.

56. GALIUM.

1. G. cruciatum. Cross-wort, Mug-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 199; Eng. Bot. 143; Valantia Cruciata, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1491; Hudson, 441; Lightfoot, 663.
In hedges, and the borders of woods, frequent.

2. G. palustre. White Water Bed-straw.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 199; Eng. Bot. 1857; Hook. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 20; Gr. Fl. Eds. 36; Berwick Flora, 36. β Hook. Br. Fl. 62; G. Witheringii, Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 200; Eng. Bot. 2206; Hook. Fl. Scot. 51; With. ii. 261, t. xxviii; Berwick Flora, 37.
α In ditches and pools. β in situations comparatively dry, by no means common. At Polam, D.—Mr. J. Backhouse. At the base of Cheviot, below Langley-ford, N.—Dr. G. Johnston.

3. G. saxatile. Smooth Heath Bed-straw.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 201; Eng. Bot. 815; Hook. Fl. Scot. 51; Berwick Flora, 37; G. montanum, Hudson, 67; G. procumbens, With. ii. 261.
On moors and fells, abundant.

4. G. uliginosum. Rough Marsh Bed-straw.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 201; Eng. Bot. 1972; Hook. Fl. Scot. 51; Berwick Flora, 37; Lond. Fasc. i 21; With. ii. 262.
On the heath at Prestwick Carr, N. Near Berwick, not rare — Dr. G. Johnston. On Beamish Moor, near Medomsley, and near Winch-bridge, in Teesdale, D.

5. G. tricorne. Corn Bed -straw, Three-flowered Goose-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 205; Eng. Bot. 1641; With. ii. 264; G. spurium, Hudson, 68.
On Fulwell Hills.— Mr. E. Robson. In corn fields, near Seaton, and the mouth of Tees, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

6. G. verum. Yellow Bed-straw, Cheese-rennet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 208; Eng. Bot. 66O; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 13; Hook. Fl. Scot. 50; Berwick Flora, 36.
In dry hilly situations, and on the sands of the sea shore, common.

7. G. Mollugo. Great Hedge Bed-straw.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 208; Eng. Bot. 1673; With. ii. 264; Hook. Fl. Scot. 53.
In hedges and denes, frequent.

8. G. boreale. Cross-leaved Bed-straw.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 209; Eng. Bot. 105; Hook. Fl. Scot. 53; With. ii. 267.
On the banks of Tyne at Bywell, Wylam, Low Park End, and Warden-mill, and on the banks of the Irthing, near Wardrew, N. On the banks of Tees, at Winch Bridge, and near Eglestone, on the banks of the Skern, near Darlington, and in Cliffwood, D.

9. G. Aparine. Goose-grass, or Cleavers.

Sm. Eng. Fl.i. 210; Eng. Bot. 816; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 9; Hook. Fl. Scot. 53.
In hedges, common.

57. PLANTAGO.

1. P. major. Greater Plantain.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 213; Eng. Bot. 1558; Hook. Fl. Scot. 53; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 11.
In meadows and pastures, everywhere.

2. P. media. Hoary Plantain.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 214; Eng. Bot. 1559; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 14; Hook. Fl. Scot. 53; Berwick Flora, 38.
In pastures on the Magnesian Limestone, common. On dry pastures near Berwick, upon the Encrinal Limestone.

3. P. lanceolata. Rib-wort Plaintain.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 214; Eng. Bot. 507; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 10; Hook. Fl. Scot. 54; Berwick Flora, 38.
In meadows and pastures, frequent. I have gathered the panicled variety mentioned by Smith, in meadows at Beamish, D.

4. P. maritima. Sea Plantain.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 215; Eng. Bot. 175; Hook. Fl. Scot. 54; Berwick Flora, 38.
On the sea coast, common. On Newcastle Town Moor, and near Bavington, N. Near the High Force of Tees, D. In the neighbourhood of Barnard Castle, D. — Mr. E. Robson.

5. P. Coronopus. Bucks-horn Plantain, Star of the Earth.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 216; Eng. Bot. 892; Hook. Fl. Scot. 54; Berwick Flora, 38.
On the sea coast, common.

58. SANGUISORBA.

1. S. officinalis. Great Burnet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 218; Eng. Bot. 1312; Hook. Fl. Scot. 54.
In moist meadows and pastures, frequent.

59. CORNUS.

1. C. sanguinea. Wild Cornel-tree, Dog-wood.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 221; Eng. Bot. 249; Hook. Fl. Scot. 55.
On the Magnesian Limestone, in woods and hedges about Hetton-le-Hole and Castle Eden, D. Near Norton, D. — John Hogg, Esq.

2. C. Succica. Dwarf Cornel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 221; Eng. Bot. 310; Hook. Fl. Scot. 55; With. ii. 278; Gr. Fl. Eds. 39; Berwick Flora, 39.
On the Cheviot Hills, N., first discovered by Dr. Penny, who died in 1568; again noticed by Thos. Willisellin 1670. — Ray's Letters, p. 68. Re-discovered by Dr. G. Johnston in 1828; on the east side of the mountain, two-thirds from the base, and close to the spring, where persons ascending generally rest themselves.

60. PARIETARIA.

1. P. officinalis. Pellitorv of the Wall.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 222; Eng. Bot. 879; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 63; Hook. Fl. Scot. 56; Berwick Flora, 39.
On Newcastle town walls, Durham Abbey, and on the ruins of most old castles, N. and D. Also on the Magnesian Limestone rocks near Southwick, D. On the ramparts of Berwick, and dyke below the chain bridge. — Dr. G. Johnston.

61. ALCHEMILLA.

1. A. vulgaris. Common Ladies' Mantle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 223; Eng. Bot. 597; Berwick Fl. 39; Hook. Fl. Scot. 56; β A. minor, Hudson, i. 59.
α In woods, meadows, and pastures; β in mountainous situations.

2. A. arvensis. Field Ladies' Mantle, Parsley-piert.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 224; Eng. Bot. 1011; Hook. Fl. Scot. 56; Berwick Flora, 39.
In barren situations, fallow fields, &c.

TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.

62. ILEX.

63. I. Aquifolium. Holly-tree.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 227;"Eng. Bot. 496; Hook. Fl. Scot. 56; Berwick Flora, 39.
Remarkably luxuriant in the woods of Northumberland and Durham.

63. POTAMOGETON.

1. P. natans. Broad-leaved Pond-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 228; Eng. Bot. 1822; Hook. Fl. Scot. 57; Berwick Flora, 41.
In ponds and rivulets.

2. P. heterophyllum. Various-leaved, Pond-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 229; Eng. Bot. 1285; With. ii. 293; Hook. Fl. Scot. 57; Berwick Flora, 41.
In Prestwick Carr, N. In pools near Wescrow Bourn, in Waskerley Park, D.

3. P. perfoliatum. Perfoliate Pond-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 229; Eng. Bot. 168; Br. Prod. 343; Hook. Fl. Scot. 58; Berwick Flora, 41.
In a lake at Dudley Shield, near Netherwitton, N. In the Skern, near Darlington.— Mr. E. Robson. In the Tweed, and in large ponds near Berwick —Dr. G. Johnston. This appears to be a native of Australia by Brown's Prodromus.

4. P. densum. Close-leaved Pond-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 230; Eng. Bot. 397; Hook. Fl. Scot. 58.
In ponds at Walker, N. In a spring near Manhaven, on the coast north of Whitburn, also in ponds at Hebburn, and the Skern, near Darlington, D.

5. P. fluitans. Long-leaved floating Pond-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 230; Eng. Bot. 1286; Hook. Fl. Scot. 57; With. ii. 293; Gr. Fl. Eds. 40; P. rufescens, Hook. Br. Fl. 75.
In Whey Syke, on Teesdale Forest, D. In ditches communicating with Hell Kettles, near Darlington. Mr. E. Robson. In ponds on Alnwick, moor, N. — Mr. John Davison.

6. P. lucens. Shining Pond-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 231; Eng. Bot. 376; Hook. Fl. Scot. 58; Gr. Fl. .Eds. 41; Berwick Flora, 41.
In Prestwick Carr, Crag Lake, and the lake at Dudley Shield; also in the mill-race at Hexham, in the Tweed above the Union Bridge, and a little below Coldstream, N. In the Whey-syke on Teesdale Forest, the river Skern, and ponds near Darlington, D.

7. P. crispum. Curled Pond-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 233; Eng. Bot. 1012; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 15; Hook. Fl. Scot. 58; Berwick Flora, 41.
In ponds and rivulets.

8. P. compressum. Flat-stalked Pond-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 233; Eng. Bot. 418; Hook. Fl. Scot. 58; With. ii. 295.
In ponds at Wide-haugh, near Dilston, N. In stells near Seaton, and in a pond near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

9. P. pusillum. Small Pond-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 235; Eng. Bot. 215; With. ii. 297; Gr. Fl. Eds. 41; Berwick Flora, 41.
In the loch at Holy Island, and in Prestwick Carr, N. In ponds at Lambton, and in Mordent Carr, D. About Norton and Stockton, D. — John Hogg, Esq. In the Aln, near Alnwick, N. — Mr. J. Davison.

10. P. pectinatum, Fennel-leaved Pond-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 236; Eng. Bot. 323; Gr. Fl. Eds. 41; Berwick Flora, 42; With. ii. 295; Hook. Fl. Scot. 59; P. marinum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 184; Hudson, 76.
At Hell Kettles, near Darlington; in the river Wear at Chester New Bridge, near Lambton Ferry, and above Sunderland, D. In salt-water ditches near the Tees. — John Hogg, Esq. In salt marshes near Hilton, D. — Rev. J. Symons. In a salt-water ditch called Meggy's Bourn, north of Seaton Sluice, N. In the Tweed and the lough at Holy Island, N Dr. G. Johnston.

64. RUPPIA.

1. R. maritima. Sea Ruppia, Tassel Pond-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 237; Eng. Bot. 136; Hook. Lond. t. 50; FL Scot. 59; Gr. Fl. Eds. 42; With. ii. 297.
In Meggy's Bourn, north of Seaton Sluice, N. Near Tees Mouth, D Mr. E. Robson.

65. SAGINA.

1. S. procumbens. Procumbent Pearl-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 238; Eng. Bot. 880; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 12; Hook. Fl. Scot. 59; Berwick Flora, 42.
On walls and waste places, common. On the Fern Islands, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. S. maritima. Sea Pearl-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 239; Eng. Bot. 2195; Hook. Lond. t. 115; Gr. Fl. Eds. 42; Berwick Flora, 42.
On Hartlepool Pier, D. On Seaton Moor, D. — Mr. Janson. Between Holy Island Castle and the Heugh, N. On the Fern Islands. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. S. apetala. Annual Small-flowered Pearl-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 240; Eng. Bot. 881; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 14; Hook. Fl. Scot. 60; Berwick Flora, 43.
Near Sunderland, D. At Blackwell, D Mr. Backhouse. On the heights between Belford and Bamborough. — Thompson's Berwick Plants. On the walls at Fisher's Fort, Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

66. MOENCHIA.

1. M. erecta. Upright Moenchia.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 241; M. glauca. Hook. Fl. Scot.; Sagina erecta. Eng. Bot. 609; Curt. Fasc. ii. 12; With, ii. 299.
In gravel pits on Durham Moor. — Rev. J. Symons. On Limestone hills, near Sunderland, D. — W. Weighell.

67. RADIOLA.

1. R. millegrana. Thyme-leaved Flax-seed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 24 - 3; Eng. Bot. 893; Berwick Flora, 43; Hook. Fl. Scot. 60; Linum Radiola, With. ii. 435; Linn. Sp. PI. 402.
On Newcastle Town Moor, by the road leading to Benton, N. — Rev. Jas. Birkett, Sp. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

---

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

68. MYOSOTIS.

1. M. palustris. Great Water Scorpion-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 249; Hook. Fl. Scot. 67; Berwick Flora, 51; Eng. Bot. 1973; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. 13.
In rivulets, mill-pools, ditches, &c.

2. M. caespitosa. Tufted Water Scorpion-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 250; Berwick Flora, 51; Eng. Bot. t. 2661; Hook. Br. Fl. 83.
In dry ditches, and by ponds near Wallington, N. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. In the lane below Unthank Colliery, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. M. sylvatica. Upright Wood Scorpion-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 251; Hook. Fl. Scot. 66; Dill. Ray's Syn. 229, t. ix. f. 3 (good). Berwick Flora, 52.
In Castle Eden Dene, and near Middleton in Teesdale, D. Near Whitfield, also in Scotswood Dene and Twizell Castle woods N. In Wallington woods, N. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. In Horncliff Dene, N.— Dr. G. Johnston.

4. M. arvensis. Field Scorpion-grass.

Eng. Bot. 2629; Hook. Br. Fl. 85; Fl. Scot. 67; M. scorpioides α arvensis, Sm. Fl. Brit. i. 212.
β M. collina, Hook. Br. Fl. 85; M. arvensis, Eng. Bot. 2558; Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 252.
α On hedge banks, and in woods, frequent. β on walls and basaltic rocks, frequent.

5. M. versicolor. Yellow and blue Scorpion-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 253; Eng. Bot. 2558 and 480, f. i.; Hook. Fl. Scot. 67; Berwick Flora, 52.
On walls, and in fields near Newcastle, but not common. On Cloudy crags near Alnwick, N. — Mr. J. Davison.

69. LITHOSPERMUM.

1. L. officinale. Common Gromwell, Grey Mill, Grey Miller.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 254; Eng. Bot. 134; Hook. Fl. Scot. 68; With. ii. 308.
In Castle Eden and Hawthorn Dene, and Hilton woods, on the Magnesian Limestone, D.

2. L. arvense. Corn Gromwell, Bastard Alkanet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 255; Eng. Bot. 123; Hook. Fl. Scot. 68.
In corn fields, frequent.
Linnaeus remarks, that the girls of the north of Europe paint their faces with the juice of the root, upon days of festivity.

3. L. maritimum. Sea Gromwell.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 256; Hook. Fl. Scot. 68; Gr. Fl. Eds. 44; Pulmonaria maritima, Eng. Bot. 368; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 18.
At Scremmerston Mill, between the Salt Pans and Berwick. — Lawson. Dill, Ray's Syn. 228.
This elegant plant has not been observed on the coast of Northumberland for many years past. On the shores of Cumberland and Wales, it is by no means rare, and I have specimens from Fifeshire.

70. ANCHUSA.

1. A. officinalis. Common Alkanet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 258; Eng. Bot. 662; With. ii. 310.
Naturalized on the links near Hartley Pans, N. Brought here in ballast from the Continent.

2. A. sempervirens. Evergreen Alkanet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 258; Eng. Bot. 45; With. ii. 310; Berwick Flora, 53; Hook. Lond. t. 94; Fl. Scot. 68.
Naturalized near Berwick, in a hedge behind Ramsay's barn — Dr.Thompson. Near the Grieve's House. — Dr. G. Johnston.

71. CYNOGLOSSUM.

1. C. officinale. Common Hound's-tongue.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 260; Eng. Bot. 921; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 16; Hook. Fl. Scot. 69; Berwick Flora, 53.
By road sides and on rubbish, particularly near the coast, but by no means common, N. and D. On the links at Scremmerston and Holy Island, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

71. PULMONARIA.

1. P. officinalis. Common Lung-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. 261; Eng. Bot. 118; With. ii. 312; Gr. PI. Eds. 46.
In Cliff Wood, six miles west of Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson. Near the gate of the Slocking, in the neighbourhood of Alnwick, N. — Miss Pringle, Sp. In a wood near Howick. — Rev. J. Dodd. Probably naturalized in all these habitats.

72. SYMPHYTUM.

1. S. officinale. Common Comfrey.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 263; Eng. Bot. 817; Curt. Fasc. iv. 18; Hook. Fl. Scot. 69.
β S. patens, Sib. Fl. Ox. 70; With. ii. 315.
On the banks of Pont near Ponteland, in lanes at Benwell; and in Wall's End Dene, N. By hedges between South Shields and Jarrow, D. At Polam, near Darlington, D. — Mr. J. Backhouse. β On the banks of Pont, near Ponteland, N.

2. S. tuberosum. Tuberous-rooted Comfrey.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 263; Eng. Bot. 1502; Lightfoot, 1091; Gr. Fl. Eds. 46; With. ii. 315; Hook. Brit. Fl. 81.
Durham. — Mr. E. Robson, in Hooker's Flora. By the side of the Whiteadder, half-way between its mouth and the bridge within Berwick bounds.— Dr. G. Johnston.

73. BORAGO.

1. B. officinalis. Common Borage.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 264; Eng. Bot. 36; With. ii. 315; Hook. Fl. Scot. 70; Berwick Flora, 53.
Naturalized on the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. On the links between Hartlepool and the second wind-mill, D.— John Hogg, Esq. In fields at Hallidon, N.— Mr. A. Baird.

74. ASPERUGO.

1. A. procumbens. German Mad-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 265; Eng. Bot. 661; Hook. Fl. Scot. 70; Gr. Fl. Eds. 46; Berwick Flora, 54; With. ii. 316.
In the Holy Island, N.— Dill. Ray's Syn. 228. On Bamborough Castle, and on rubbish by the road side below it, N. — Miss Nevison and Miss Forster, Sp.

75. LYCOPSIS.

1. L. arvensis. Small Bugloss.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 267; Eng. Bot. 938; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 7; Hook. Fl. Scot. 70.
In corn-fieids and the links of the sea coast.

76. ECHIUM.

1. E. vulgare. Common Blue Viper's Bugloss.

Sm. Eng. Fl i. 268; Eng. Bot. 181; Hook. Fl. Scot. 70; Berwick Flora, 54.
In fields, on waste ground, and on the links on the sea coast, not very frequent.
I have gathered an elegant variety with white flowers, (not noticed by SMITH or WITHERING), on the western extremity of Box Hill, Surrey.

2. E. italicum. White Viper's Bugloss.

Sm. Fl. Brit. i. 221; Eng. Bot. 2081; With. ii. 371.
On Sunderland ballast hills, D.: at one time far from rare, but imported from the Continent, I make no doubt.

77. PRIMULA.

1. P. vulgaris. Primrose.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 270; Eng. Bot. 4; Hook. Fl. Scot. 71; P. acaulis, Curt. Fasc. vi. 16; Berwick Flora, 54.
β P. elatior. (Oxlip.) Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 270; Eng. Bot. 513; With. ii. 319; Hook. Fl. Scot. 71. γ P. veris. (Cowslip.) Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 271; Eng. Bot. 5; Hook. Fl. Scot. 71; Berwick Flora, 55.
α. In groves and thickets, and on the banks of hedges. Var. I; flowers of a brownish or dusky red. In Felton woods, on the banks of the Coquet, N. In Swansfleld plantations near Alnwick, N. — Bliss Pringle. Near Harperley, D. — John Hogg, Esq. β on the banks of Team near Urpeth, in meadows near Chester-le-street and Lambton, and in Dalton Dene, D. At Snipperley. — Rev. J. Symons. Near Norton and Stockton, D. — John Hogg, Esq. In Hulne woods, near Alnwick, N. Mr. J. Davison. Var. I; flowers tinged with red. In meadows near Castle Eden Dene, D. γ in meadows and pastures. Var. I; With. ii. 390; Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 271. The outside of the corolla scarlet. Near Brunton Mill, N.
However singular it may appear, yet the experiments of the Hon. and Rev. W. HERBERT, detailed in the 4th vol. of the Horticultural Transactions, at p. 19, clearly prove the suspicions of LINNAEUS, that the Primrose, Ox-lip, Cowslip, and Polyanthus, were only varieties of the same species, to be well grounded. On this subject, so interesting in a Botanic point of view, Professor HENSLOW'S paper, published in Loudon's Magazine for September, 1830, throws additional light.

2. P. farinosa. Bird's-eye Primrose.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 272; Eng. Bot. 6; Hook. Lond. t. 133; With. ii. 320; Gr. Fl, Eds. 48; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 9.
In bogs and wet pastures near Easington, Painsher, Hilton Castle, Castle Eden, East Murton, and Dalton-le-Dale; also near Eglestone, and in Teesdale Forest, D. Near Ovingham, N. Near Durham, Norton, to the west of Stainton, and in Close wood, near Embleton, D. — John Hogg, Esq. This pretty Primula follows the Wear and Tees from the sea-coast to the Sub-Alpine mountains, in which these rivers have their sources.

78. MENYANTHES.

1. M. trifoliata. Buckbean Marsh-Trefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 274; Eng. Bot. 495; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 17; Woodv. t. 2; Hook. Fl. Scot. 71; Berwick Flora, 55.
In marshes and bogs, not rare.

79. VILLARSIA.

1. V. nymphoeoides. Fringed Water-Lilly.

Vent. Lindley Br. Syn. 180; Hook. Br. Fl. 92; Menyanthes nymphoeides, Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 275; Eng. Bot. 217.
This elegant plant, a native of the Thames, near Hampton Court, Walton, and Windsor, has become naturalized in the ponds at Wallington, N.

80. HOTTONIA.

1. H. palustris. Feather-foil Water Violet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 276; Eng. Bot. 364; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 11; With. ii. 322.
At Mainsforth Carr near Rushyford, in a pool below East Boldon, and near Cocken, D. In ditches near Darlington. — Rev. J. Harriman. Also near Norton, D. — John Hogg, Esq.
This plant does not appear in Hooker's Flora Scotica, nor has it been met with north of the Tyne.

81. LYSIMACHIA.

1. L. vulgaris. Yellow Loosestrife.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 277; Eng. Bot. 761; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 19; Hook.Fl. Scot. 72; Robson's Fl. 73; Berwick Flora, 56; With. ii. 323.
By the side of a pond at the south-west end of Widehaugh near Dilston, by the road to Hexham, and on the banks of North Tyne at Low Park-end near Nunwick, N. — Wallis i. 157. I have not been able to find it in these localities. At Sow-mire near Swinton, Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. By the Drop-well on the banks of Skerne near Darlington, where it was noticed by S. Robson. — Rev. John Harriman, from whom I have specimens.

2. L. punctata. Four-leaved Loose-strife.

Hook. Brit. Fl. 88; Jacq. Aust. iv. 366.
"I have gathered this plant twenty-five years ago on the banks of the Skerne, in abundance; the plant grew both above and below the Railway-bridge. A botanist from Richmond of the name of WARD gathered it three or four years since in the same situation." — Mr. Backhouse, MSS.

3. L. nemorum. Wood Loosestrife, Yellow Pimpernel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 278; Eng. Bot. 527; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 18; Hook. Fl. Scot. 72; Berwick Flora, 56.
In moist woods, and on bogs.

4. L. Nummularia. Creeping Loosestrife, Money-wort, Herb Twopence.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 279; Eng. Bot. 528; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 14; Hook. Fl. Scot. 72; With. ii. 325.
On Hebburn ballast hills, D. St. Anthon's ballast hills, N.

82. ANAGALLIS.

1. A. arvensis. Scarlet Pimpernel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 280; Eng. Bot. 529; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 12; Hook. Fl. Scot. 72; Berwick Flora, 56.

β A. coerulea. (Blue Pimpernel.)

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 280; Eng. Bot. 1823; Hook. Fl. Scot. 72; A. arvensis, γ Sm. Fl. Brit. 230; With. ii. 325, var. 2d.
α. In fallow fields, but not very frequent in the north. β on Hebburn and Sunderland ballast hills, D. Near Mitford on the Wansbeck, N.— Capt. Mitford. In the corn fields about Alnwick, sparingly. — Wallis, i. 207. Two miles west of Norton among tares and beans, D. — J. Hogg, Esq.
In a communication to Loudon's Magazine, for November, 1830, p. 537, Professor HENSLOW observes, "that he received last year from the Rev. E. WILSON some specimens and seeds of Anagallis coerulea, gathered in Yorkshire; from these seeds he raised a dozen plants, nine of which had blue flowers, and three red." This experiment proves Anagallis arvensis and Anagallis coerulea, to be merely varieties of the same species.

2. A. tenella. Bog Pimpernel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 281; Eng. Bot. 530; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 15; Hook. Fl. Scot. 73; With. ii. 326; Berwick Flora, 57; Gr. Fl. Eds. 49.
In bogs near Urpeth, and at Kyo Heugh, also in Ryhope Dene, D. On wet ground by the Tees near Eglestone. — Rev. J. Harriman. Between Darlington and Haughton, and by the Link House near Hartlepool, D. — Mr. Backhouse. On the north side of the streamlet by Acomb smelting mill near Hexham. — Wallis, i. 206. Point near Bamborough. — Thompson's Berwick Plants. Near Crow Hall opposite Ridley Hall. — Mr. J. Thompson. On Alnwick Moor, N. — Miss Pringle.

83. CONVOLVULUS.

1. C. arvensis. Small Bind-weed.

Sm. Eng. FL i. 284; Eng. Bot. 312; Curt. Fasc. ii. 13; Hook. Fl. Scot. 73; Berwick Flora, 57.
In fields near the sea coast of Northumberland and Durham. Not very common in the north of England.

2. C. sepium. Great Bindweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i- 284; Eng. Bot. 313; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 13; Hook. Fl. Scot. 74; Berwick Flora, 57; Calystegia sepium, R. Br. Lindley Syn. 167.
In moist woods and hedges, but by no means common. In hedges behind St. Anthon's ballast hills, N.

3. C. Soldanella. Sea Bind-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 285; Eng. Bot. 314; Hook. Fl. Scot. 74; With. ii. 828; Calystegia Soldanella, R. Br. Lindley Syn. 167.
On the links near South Shields below the Bent House, D. July 11, 1828. First noticed there by Mr. A. Hancock.

84. CAMPANULA.

1. C. rotundifolia. Round-leaved Bell-flower.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 287; Eng. Bot. 866; Curt. Fasc. iv. 21; Hook. Fl. Scot. 74.
α. On the borders of fields, heaths, &c. frequent. β flore albo, in Heaton Dene, N.

2. C. Rapunculus. Rampion Bell-flower.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 289; Eng. Bot. 283; Hook. Lond. t. 80; With. ii. 330.
In a grassy field of the Glebe at Norton, D. — John Hogg, Esq.
Probably the outcast of some garden, the root having long been used as a table vegetable.

3. C. latifolia. Giant Bell-flower.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 290; Eng. Bot. 302; Hook. Fl. Scot. 75; With. ii. 331.
In moist woods and hedges, not rare.

4. C. glomerata. Clustered Bell-flower.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 292; Eng. Bot. 90; Hook. Fl. Scot. 75; Gr. Fl. Eds. 51.
On the banks of Tyne near Wylam, near St. Oswald's and Chollerford, N. In a field by the lime-kilns at Wall near Chollerford-bridge, in woody banks near Netherwarden, near Hexham, and by the banks of Tyne, in the meadow near Bywell, also Crag-close near Barwesford, N. — Wallis, i. 162. In Hulne woods near Alnwick. — Miss Pringle. All these localities are in the Encrinal Limestone district. In woods at Cocken, near Chester-le-Street, D. On Barbara Riggs, near Barnardcastle, and near Gainforth, D. — Rev. J. Harriman. In meadows near Croft, D.—J. Hogg, Esq.

5. C. hybrida. Corn Bell-flower.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 293; Eng. Bot. 375; With. ii. 334.
In corn fields near Norton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. In corn fields on Tunstal-hills, and on Sunderland ballast-hills, D. Not met with in Scotland.
Tunstal-hills and Norton, are in the Magnesian Limestone district.

85. JASIONE.

1. J. montana. Sheep's-bit, Sheep's Scabious.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 296; Eng. Bot. 882; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 58; Hook. Fl. Scot. 76.
On the banks of hedges near Gilsland, Hexham and Haltwhistle, N. Near Hamsterley and Witton-le-Wear, D.— Mr. E. Robson.

86. VIOLA.

1. V. hirta. Hairy Violet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 301; Eng. Bot. 894; Curt. Fasc. i. 64; Hook. Fl. Scot. 76; Gr. Fl. Eds. 51; With. ii. 353; Berwick Flora, 58.
On banks near Bywell, Ovingham, and Wylam, N. Near Jarrow, Whitburn, and in Castle Eden dene, D. New Mill banks, near Berwick, — Dr. Thompson. On Ratcheugh Crags, near Alnwick, N. — Mr. J. Davison.

2. V. odorata. Sweet Violet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 301; Eng. Bot. 619; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 63; Hook. Fl. Scot. 77; Gr. Fl. Eds. 51; With. ii. 354.
Near Prudhoe Castle, Ovingham, and Hexham, N. Near Finchall Abbey, Chester-le-Street, Hetton-le-Hole, and Dalton-le-Dale, D. Near Hilton Castle, and at Bede's Well, near Jarrow. — Mr. J. Thornhill, jun.

3. V. palustris. Marsh Violet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 302; Eng. Bot. 444; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 58; Hook. Fl. Scot. 77; With. ii. 355; Gr. Fl. Eds. 52; Berwick Flora, 58.
In boggy ground, in East Common wood, near Hexham, and at Prestwick Carr, N. On Teesdale Forest, in Ravensworth woods, near Urpeth, Beamish, and Witton-le-Wear, D. Near Murton Craggs, and below Shoreswood Hall. —Dr. Thompson.

4. V. canina. Dog's Violet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 303; Eng. Bot. 620; Curt. Fasc. ii. 61; Hook. Fl. Scot. 77.
In groves, by hedges, and on heathy ground, common.

5. V. tricolor. Pansy Violet Heart's-ease.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 305; Eng. Bot. 1287; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 65; Hook. Fl. Scot. 77; Berwick Flora 58; β V. arvensis, Sibthorp 84; Symon's Syn. 61.
α. In corn fields, and by road sides; β more frequent than α in similar situations.

6. V. lutea. Yellow Mountain Pansy.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 306; Eng. Bot. 721; Hook Fl. Scot. 77; With. ii. 357; Gr. Fl. Eds. 52; Berwick Flora, 59; V. grandiflora, Hudson, 380; Lightfoot, 508.
On mountainous pastures in Weardale, and in Teesdale Forest, D. At Housesteads, near the Roman Wall, and on the banks of Beldon Bourn, near Blanchland, N.

87. VERBASCUM.

1. V. Thapsus. Great Mullein, High Taper.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 307; Eng. Bot. 549; Woodv. t. 125; Hook. Fl. Scot. 78; Grev. Fl. Eds. 53; Berwick Flora, 59.
On the Ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. Near Jesmond, and in the bed of Till, near Wooler, N. Near Pierce Bridge. — Mr. Backhouse. By road sides near East Harrington. — Rev. J. Symons. Near Norton. — J. Hogg, Esq. At Castle Eden, D.
Frequently the out-cast of cottage gardens. =====2. V. nigrum. Dark, or Black Mullein.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 311; Eng. Bot. 59; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 103; Hook. Fl. Scot. 73; Gr. Fl. Eds. 53; With. ii. 342; Berwick Flora, 59.
On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. — Naturalized on waste ground at Ord, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

88. DATURA.

1. D. Stramonium. Thorn-apple.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 314; Eng. Bot. 1288; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 17; Woodv. t. 124; With.ii. 344.
On the Ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. Near Darlington. — Mr. Backhouse. Durham and Norton, D. — J. Hogg, Esq.
A naturalized exotic, and not mentioned in the Flora Scotica by Hooker.

89. HYOSCYAMUS.

1. H. niger. Common Henbane.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 315; Eng. Bot. 591; Woodv. t. 52; Hook. Fl. Scot. 78; Berwick Flora, 60; Gr. Fl. Eds. 53.
On sandy waste ground, particularly near the sea coast.
Hyoscyamus albus, is admitted by Withering into his Arrangement, in consequence of specimens having been gathered on the Sunderland Ballast. hills, by Mr. E. Robson; upon similar grounds Hyoscyamus aureus, and fifty other exotics, might have been inserted in this catalogue.

90. ATROPA.

1. A. Belladonna. Dwale, or Deadly Nightshade.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 316; Eng. Bot. 592; Woodv. t. 1; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 16; Hook. Fl. Scot. 78; Gr. Fl. Eds. 53; With. ii. 346; Berwick Flora, 60.
By the Waggon-way side, between Walbottle and Newburn, and on the banks of Wooler Water, N. On the banks of Wear, near Durham Abbey, below Mr. Fox's garden, where it was observed by Mr. S. Robson. See Fl. p. 75. Near Pierce-bridge. — Mr. E. Robson; and near the Old Mill, in the parish of Conniscliff, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

91. SOLANUM.

1. S. Dulcamara. Woody Nightshade, Bitter-sweet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 317; Eng. Bot. 365; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 14; Woodv. t. 33; Hook. Fl. Scot. 79; Berwick Flora, 60; Gr. Fl. Eds. 54.
In hedges and woods, but not very common.

2. S. nigrum. Common or Garden Nightshade.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 318; Eng. Bot. 566; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 14; Woodv. t. 226; Hook. Fl. Scot. 79.
On the Ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. Near Chester-le- Street, D. Between Shincliffe and Durham.—J. Hogg, Esq. Rare in the north of England.

92. ERYTHRAEA.

1. E. Centaurium. Common Centaury.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 320; Hook. Fl. Scot. 79; Gr. Fl. Eds. 54; Berwick Flora, 61; Chironia Centaurium, Curt. Fasc. iv. 22; Woodv. t. 157.
β E. latifolia, Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 321; Hook. Br. Fl. 93.
α On barren pastures, heaths, and the sea coast. β on the Links between Marsdon Hall and South Shields, D. Near Cullercoats, N.

2. E. littoralis. Dwarf-tufted Centaury.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 320; Hook. Fl. Scot. 80; Berwick Flora, 61; Gr. Fl. Eds. 54; Chironia littoralis, Turner and Dillwyn's Guide, 469; Northumberland and Durham Guide, vol. i. No. 223, and v. ii. preface, iii; With. ii. 350. Centaurea maritima florum laciniis obtusis.—Linnaei Spolia Botanica, t. 3. f. 3. MSS., 1729.
On the Links south of Bamborough Castle, and on Holy Island, N.— July the 19th and 20th, 1804.
On the Links at Holy Island I have noticed thousands of the Dwarf Centaury, without finding one plant approximating in the shape of its leaves to the Common Centaury, even whose variety β, the Broad leaved Centaury of Smith, still retains its elliptical leaves on our sea beach; those of Erythraea littoralis, on the other hand, are with us invariably linear, but obtuse. Still cultivation alone can determine whether it should rank as a species. The rough sketch above quoted, drawn by the pen of Linnaeus, is very characteristic.

93. SAMOLUS.

1. S. Valerandi. Brookweed, Water Pimpernel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 323; Eng. Bot. 703; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 20; Hook. Fl. Scot. 80; Gr. Fl. Eds. 55; Br. Prod. 428; Pursh. 158; Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 927; With. ii. 337; Berwick Flora, 62.
In bogs at Willington Quay, and Prestwick Carr, on the coast at Holy Island, near the Snook, and on the beach at Bamborough, N. In the marsh below Southwick, and on the coast between Sunderland and Ryhope, also near Hartlepool, and Castle Eden, D. About Darlington. — S. Robson. See Flora, p. 72. Near Norton, and on the sea banks near Blackwell Halls, D.- J. Hogg, Esq.
A very widely disseminated plant, appearing to be indigenous in the four quarters of the globe, and found even in Australia.

94. LONICERA.

1. L. Periclymenum. Common Honeysuckle, or Woodbine.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 326; Eng. Bot. 800; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 15; Hook. Fl. Scot. 80; Berwick Flora, 62.
In woods and hedges, common.

2. L. Xylosteum. Upright Honeysuckle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 326; Eng. Bot. 916; With. ii. 338; Hook. Br. Fl. 103.===== Naturalized in hedges by the turnpike road, south of Alnwick, also in the wood called the Stocking, N. On the rocks under the Roman wall, on the west side of Shewing Shields, and by Crag Lake. — Wallis, North, i. 149. Stunted plants of the common Woodbine, grow in these two localities.

95. RHAMNUS.

1. R. catharticus. Buckthorn.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 327; Eng. Bot. 1629; Hook. Fl. Scot. 80; Woodv. t. 114; With. ii. 351.
In Ryhope dene, D. — W. Weighell's Herb.

96. EUONYMUS.

1. E. europaeus. Spindle-tree, Prickwood.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 329; Eng. Bot. 362; Hook. Fl. Scot. 81; Grev. Fl. Eds. 55; With. ii. 353; Berwick Flora, 63.

In Heaton and Scotswood denes, and in Tecket wood, N. In Ashwood, near Belford — Thompson's Berwick Plants. At Capon Cleugh, near Allerwash, also in the Brush wood, on the banks of south Tyne, N. — Wallis, i. 141. In the Darlington-lane, one mile from Norton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. In Ryhope and Castle Eden denes, D. In Shipley wood, near Eglestone.—Rev. J. Harriman.

97. RIBES.

1. R. rubrum. Common Currants.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 330; Eng. Bot. 1289; Woodv. t. 74; Hook. Fl. Scot. 81; With. ii. 359.
In woods, and on the banks of rivulets, N. and D. In Teesdale, near Eglestone, D. — Rev. J. Harriman. In Hulne woods, near Alnwick, N. — Mr. J. Davison.

2. R. petraeum Rock Currants.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 331; Eng. Bot. 705; Hook. Fl. Scot. 81.
In Ravensworth woods, and hedges near Harperly, also near Conniscliffe, and Eglestone, and in Teesdale Forest, D. Near Pierce bridge.— Mr. Backhouse. In Scotswood dene, N. In Heaton dene, N.—Mr. J. Thornhill.

3. R. spicatum. Acid Mountain Currants.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 331; Eng. Bot, 1290; Linn. Tr. iii. 240, t. 21; With ii.' 360.
Between Pierce bridge and Gainford, D. — Mr. E. Robson. At present extinct, E. R. MSS.
From its mode of flowering the spikes being upright; this Currant appears very different from the preceding species, but whether specifically distinct, I will not pretend to say. It is still in cultvation in curious gardens at Darlington, and with Mr. J. Backhouse, at York.

4. R. alpinum. Tasteless Mountain Currants.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 332; Eng. Bot. 704; Hook. Fl. Scot. 81; With. ii. 359.
In Felton wood, N. In hedges near Murton House, near Chester-le-Street, D. In woods near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson. And in Cliff wood, D. — Mr. Backhouse. On the west bank of the wood called the Stocking, near Alnwick. — Mr. F. Manisty. Also in Hulne woods, N. — Mr. J. Davison.

5. R. nigrum. Black Currants.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 332; Eng. Bot. 1291; Woodv. t. 75; Hook. Fl. Scot. 32; With. ii. 360.
On the banks of Pont, near Prestwick Carr, N. In Ravensworth, and most other woods near Newcastle. On the banks of Skerne, near Darlington D.—Mr. E. Robson.

6. R. Grossularia. Rough Gooseberry.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 333; Eng. Bot. l292; Berwick Flora, 63; Hook. Fl. Scot. 32; β With. ii. 361, 2d variety; R. Uva-crispa, Eng. Bot. 2057.
α. In woods and hedges. β near Lamesley, D.

98. HEDERA.

1. H. Helix. Common Ivy.

Sm. Eng. Fi. i. 334; Eng. Bot. 1267; Curt. Fasc. i. 1. 16; Hook. Fl. Scot. 82. On old buildings, and in woods and hedges.

99. GLAUX.

1. G. maritima. Black Salt-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 336; Eng. Bot. 13; Hook. Fl. Scot. 82; Gr. Fl. Eds. 56; With. ii. ?63; Ber- wick Flora, 64. In salt marshes on Tyne, Tweed, Blyth, Wear, Tees, &c.

98. VINCA.

1. V. minor. Lesser Periwinkle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 338; Eng. Bot. 917; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 16; Hook. Fl. Scot. 82; Gr. Fl. Eds. 57; With. ii. 365. At Blackwell. — Mr. Backhouse. In Hylton-lane, D. — Rev. J. Symons. Naturalized in Wallington woods, and in Swansfield plantations, near Alnwick, N.

---

PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.

100. CHENOPODIUM.

1. C. Bonus-Henricus. Perennial Goosefoot, Mercury Goosefoot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 9; Eng. Bot. 1. 1033; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 17; Hook. Fl. Scot. 83; Berwick Flora, 65.
On rubbish, and by way sides.

2. C. urbicum. Upright Goosefoot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 10; Eng. Bot. 717; Hook. Fl: Scot. 83; Gr. Fl. Eds. 58; With. ii. 367.
On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. — Near Darlington. — Mr. Backhouse. Near Field Houses, D. — Rev. J. Symons.

3. C. rubrum. Red Goosefoot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. II; Eng. Bot. 1721; Berwick Flora. 65; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 21; Gr. Fl. Eds. 58; Hook. Fl. Scot. 34.
By road sides near Chirton, N. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. Near Berwick, frequent, and on the Fern Islands. — Dr. G. Johnston. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

4. C. botryodes. Many spiked Goosefoot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 1 1; Eng. Bot. 2247; Hook. Br. Fl. 138.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D W. Weighell's Herb.

5. C. murale. Nettle-leaved Goosefoot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 11; Eng. Bot. 1722; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 20; Hook. Fl. Scot. 34; With. ii. 370; Berwick Flora, 65.
On rubbish, and by road sides near Gateshead, Chester-le-Street, and Hartlepool, D. Near the Castle on Holy Island, N.

6. C. hybridum. Maple-leaved Goosefoot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 12; Eng. Bot. 1919; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 23; Hook. Fl. Scot. 34; Gr. Fl. Eds. 58; With. ii. 369. On St. Anthon's ballast-hills, N. On the Sunderland ballast-hills, D.

7. C. album. White Goosefoot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 13; Eng. Bot. 1723; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 15; Hook. Fl. Scot. 84; γ C. viride, Linn. Sp. Pl. i. 319.
On waste and cultivated ground, common. ===== 8. C. ficifolium. Fig-leaved Goosefoot. ===== Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 13; Eng. Bot. 1724; C. viride. Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 16; C. serotinum, Hudson, 106.
On St. Anthon's, and Sunderland ballast-hills, also by road sides, and on dunghills, N. and D.

9. C. glaucum. Oak-leaved Goosefoot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 14; Erg. Bot. 1454; With. ii. 370.
By road sides near Ponteland, at Chirton, and on St. Anthon's ballast-hills, N. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson. On Sunderland ballast-hills, D. — W. Weighell's Herb.

10. C. olidum. Stinking Goosefoot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 14; Eng. Bot, 1034; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 20; Hook. Fl. Scot. 83; With ii. 370; C. Vulvaria, Hudson, 107; Woodv. t. 145.
On rubbish at Friar's Goose, near Gateshead, and by road sides near Westoe, D.

11 . C. acutifolium. Sharp Entire-leaved Goosefoot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 15; Eng. Bot. 1481; C. polyspermum. Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 17; Northumberland and Durham Guide, i. 25; With. ii. 371.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.—W. Weighell's Herb.

12. C. maritimum. Sea Goosefoot, Sea Blite.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 16; Eng. Bot. 633; Gr. Fl. Eds. 59; With. ii. 371; Berwick Flora, 65.
On the coast, and in the salt marshes of Tyne, Wear, Tees, &c. N. and D. On Holy Island, and the coast near Beal.—Dr. G. Johnston.

13. C.fruticosum. Shrubby Sea-side Goosefoot.

Hook. Br. Fl. 136; Salsola fruticosa, Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 18; Eng. Bot. 634; With. ii. 377.
On Willington ballast-hills, N.

101. BETA.

1. B. maritima. Sea Beet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 17; Eng. Bot. 285; Hook. Fl. Scot. 84; Gr. Fl. Eds. 59.
On the Sea coast near Hartley Pans and Newbiggin, N. On the shore near Ryhope and Sunderland, D.

102. SALSOLA.

1. S. Kali. Prickly Salt-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 18; Eng. Bot. 634; Woodv. t. 143; Hook. Fl. Scot. 85; Berwick Flora, 66.
On the sandy sea beach, common.

103. ULMUS.

1. U. campestris. Common Small-leaved Elm.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 20; Eng. Bot. 1836.
In plantations, but not a native of the north of England.

2. U. subcrosa. Common Cork-barked Elm.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 21; Eng. Bot. 2161; U. campestris, Woodv. t. 197.
In woods and hedges, probably indigenous.

3. U. major, Dutch Cork-barked Elm.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 21; Eng. Bot. 2542.
In plantations and hedge rows, but not indigenous. Possibly a cultivated variety of U. suberosa.

4. U. montana. Broad-leaved Elm, Wych Hasel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 22; Eng. Bot. 1887; Hook. Fl. Scot. 85; Gr. Fl. Eds. 60; Berwick Flora, 66.
In woods and hedges, truly indigenous.

5. U. glabra. Smooth-leaved, or Wych Elm.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 23; Eng. Bot. 2248; U. montana, β, Sm. Fl. Brit. 282.
Near the edges of the moors, N. and D. Probably a variety of the preceding species. I doubt whether our plant be Ulmus glabra, of Lindley.— Syn. 226.

104. CUSCUTA.

1. C. Epithymum. Lesser Dodder.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 25; Eng. Bot., at p. 378; Hook. Fl. Scot. 86; With. ii. 269; C. europaea, Eng. Bot. t. 55.
Plentiful in 1822, in two clover fields, half a mile west of Stanton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq.
In 1805 and 1814, this proved a destructive weed among the Heaths in Mr. Falla's green-houses, near Gateshead.

105. GENTIANA.

1. G. verna. Spring Gentian.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 29; Eng. Bot. 493; With. ii. 381.
In Teesdale Forest, particularly near Wheysyke House, and between it and Widdy-bank, upon the slope that borders the Tees, D. First pointed out to me in 1799, by the Rev. J. Harriman. It also grows in Birkdale, Westmorland, and on Cronkley-fell, Yorkshire, in the same range of mountains.

2. G. Amarella. Autumnal Geutian.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 30; Eng. Bot. 236; Hook. Loud. t. 33; Fl. Scot. 86; Gr. Fl. Eds. 60; With. ii. 382; Berwick Flora, 66.
On limestone pastures, from Sunderland to Castle Eden, and on the Lizard-hills, near Ryhope, in fields near Greencroft, Butsfield, and in Teesdale Forest, D. To the west of Norton, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. In Crag Close, near Barwesford. — Wallis, 217. On the Links below Scremmerston. — Thompson's Berwick Plants. On Holy Island, near Barnborough, Beadnal, Twizell, Hexham, Chollerford, and Hartley, N. β Var. flore albo. In Crag Close, near Barwesford.—Wallis,218.

3. G. campestris. Field Gentian.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 31; Eng. Bot. 237; Hook. Fl. Scot. 86; Gr. Fl. Eds. 60; With. ii. 383; Berwick Flora, 66.
Near Hexham, and on the west sideof Shewing Shields, on the Wallington moors and Cheviot, also on the coast at Newbiggin, N. On the banks beyond Spital, on the links at Goswick, and below Budle. — Thompson's Berwick Plants. In Crag Close, near Barwesford, N.—Wallis, 218. In barren pastures at Butsfield, and in Teesdale, D. Near Teesmouth, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. β Var. flore albo. Near Winch-bridge, Teesdale, D.

106. ERYNGIUM.

1. E. maritimum. Sea Eryngo, Sea Holly.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 35; Eng. Bot. 718; Woodv. t. 102; With. ii. 384; Gr. Fl. Eds. 61.
On the beach near South Shields Law, and at Castle Eden, D. At Seaton, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

2. E. campestre. Field Eryngo.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 35; Eng. Bot. 57; With. ii. 385. Between the Glass-houses and Dent's-hole, and on St. Peter's Quay, below Newcastle, N.— Wilson's Syn. 75. Observed by Mr. Lawson, on the shore called Friar's Goose, below Gateshead, D. — Dill. Ray's Syn. 222. On the north end of Jarrow ballast-hills, abundant, and on Sunderland ballast hills, D.
The plant still grows in all these localities, but I make no doubt was originally imported from the continent with ballast.

107. SANICULA.

1. S. europaea. Wood Sanicle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 36; Eng. Bot. 98; Gr. Fl. Eds. 61; Berwick Flora, 66.
In woods, frequent.

108. DAUCUS.

1 . D. Carota. Wild Carrot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 39; Eng. Bot. 1174; Wodv. t. 161; Gr. Fl. Eds. 71; Berwick Flora, 67.
In pastures, and on the borders of fields; near the Sea coast, abundant.

109. CAUCALIS.

1. C. daucoides. Small Bur-parsley.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 41; Eng. Bot. 197; With. ii. 389.
In fields, on Fulwell hills near Sunderland, D., its most northern locality. In corn fields near Norton, D. — J. Hogg, Esq.

110. TORILIS.

1. T. Anthriscus. Upright Hedge-parsley.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 43; Caucalis Anthriscus, Eng. Bot. 987; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 22; Hook. Fl. Scot. 87.
In hedges and on the borders of fields, everywhere.

2. T. nodosa. Knotted Hedge-parsley.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 44; Berwick Flola, 67; Caucalis nodosa, Eng. Bot. 199; Hook. Fl. Scot. 88.
At Holy Island, on the Heugh and Castle Rock, N. On rubble, east of Holy Island Castle. — Thompson's Berwick Plants. In corn fields near Whitburn, Castle Eden, Darlington, and Hartlepool, D. Between Billingham and Portrack, D. —J. Hogg, Esq.

111. ANTHRISCUS.

1. A. vulgaris. Common Beaked-parsley.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 45; Hook. Fl. Scot. 93; Scandix Anthriscus, Eng. Bot. 818; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 19.
On hedge banks and waste ground, common.

112. SCANDIX.

1. S. Pecten-Veneris. Needle Chervil, Venus's Comb, Shepherd's Needle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 46; Eng. Bot. 1397; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 21; Hook. Fl. Scot. 92; Berwick Flora, 67.
In corn fields, frequent.

113. CHAEROPHYLLUM.

1. C. sativum. Garden Chervil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 48; Hook. Fl. Scot. 93; Scandix Cerefolium, Eng. Bot. 1268; With. ii. 415; Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hook. Br. Fl. 131.
Naturalized not far from the Red Heugh, near Gateshead, D. Near Hexham, N.

2. C. sylvestre. Wild Chervil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 48; Eng. Bot. t. 752; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 25; Hook. Fl. Scot. 931; Anthriscus sylvestris, Hook. Br. Fl. 131.
On the banks of hedges, and in fields and pastures, common.

114. MYRRHIS.

1. M. odorata. Sweet Cicely.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 50; Scandix odorata, Eng. Bot. 697; Lightfoot, 166; With. ii. 413.
In Dalton Dene, in Cawsey, Beamish, Urpeth, and every other wood on the Team; on the banks of Browney, near Coldpig-hill, and ruins of Finchall Abbey, also in Weardale, frequent, D. In the vicinity of Darlington and Eglestone, D. — Rev. J. Harriman. In Tecket wood, N, In the woods at Wallington, and at Netherwitton, N. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.

2. M. temulentum. Rough Cicely, Rough Cow-parsley.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 51; Chaerophyllum temulentum, Eng. Bot. 1521; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 24; Hook. Fl. Scot. 93.
In hedges, common.

115. BUNIUM.

1. B. flexuosum. Common Earth-nut, Kipper, or Pig-nut.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 54; Eng. Bot. 988; Bunium Bulbocastanum, Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 24; Hook. Fl. Scot. 88; Conopodium flexuosum, Hook. Br. Fl. 126.
In pastures, &c., frequent.

116. SIUM.

1. S. latifolium. Broad-leaved Water-parsnep.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 56; Eng. Bot. 204; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 110; Hook. Fl. Scot. 90; With. ii. 403; Gr. Fl. Eds. 64.
In a pond near the Friar's Goose, east of Gateshead, D.

2. S. angustifolium. Narrow-leaved Water-parsnep.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 56; Eng. Bot. 139; Gr. Fl. Eds. 65; With. ii. 404; Berwick Flora, 68.
In the River Team, and a rivulet near Boldon. D. In Prestwick Carr, and the Ouse Burn, N. Near Carding mill, Wooler. — Dr. G.Johnston.

3. S. nodiflorum. Procumbent Water-parsnep.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 57; Eng. Bot. 639; Woodv. t. 182; Hook. Fl. Scot. 90; Berwick Flora, 69.
In rivulets, springs, and ditches.

4. S. inundatum. Least Water-parsnep.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 58; Berwick Flora, 69; Sison inundatum, Eng. Bot. 227; Hook. Fl. Scot. 91.
In marshy places on Gateshead Fell, in ditches near West Boldon, Cleadon, and Harton-down-hill, D. At Cockerton. — Mr. J. Backhouse. Near Bear's Park, D. — Rev. J. Symons. In a spring near High Elswick, N. Below Calf-hill, near Berwick. — Thompson's Berwick Plants. Near Hexham, N. — Mr. J. Thompson.

117. SISON.

=====1. S. Amomum. Hedge Honewort, Bastard Stone-parsley. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 60; Eng. Bot. 954; With. ii. 405.
On the Southwick and Sunderland ballast-hills, D. On a gravelly bank by the road on the S. E. side of the bridge at Barwesford, also in the lane between the Edge-house and Chollerton road, N. — Wallis, 184.

118. CICUTA.

1 . C. virosa. Water Cowbane, Water-hemlock.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 02; Eng. Bot. 479; Woodv. Sup. t.268; Hook. Fl. Scot. 92; With, ii. 410; Gr. Fl. Eds. 66.
On the banks of North Tyne, at Low Park-end, near Nunwick, N. — Wallis, 178.
I have looked for it there in vain.

119. AETHUSA.

1. A. Cynapium. Fool's-parsley, Lesser Hemlock.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 64; Eng. Bot. 1192; Curt. Fasc i. t. 18; Hook. Fl. Scot. 92; Berwick Flora, 69.
In gardens and fields, frequent.

120. CONIUM.

1. C. maculatum. Common Hemlock.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 05; Eng. Bot. 1191; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 17; Woodv. t. 22; Hook. Fl. Scot. 88.
In hedges, and on rubbish, frequent.

121. CORIANDRUM.

1. C. sativum. Common Coriander.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 07; Eng. Bot. 07; Woodv. 181; With. ii. 412.
On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. Near Warley hill, D.
A naturalized exotic.

122. OENANTHE.

1. O. fistulosa. Common Water-dropwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 08; Eng. Bot. 303; With ii. 407; Gr. Fl. Eds. 62.
In marshy places, on the banks of rivers and streams, but not very common.

2. O. pimpinelloides. Parsley Water-dropwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 69; Eng. Bot. 347; Hook. Fl. Scot. 91; With. ii. 408.
Near Hartlepool, D. — Mr. Backhouse. By the Tees at Stockton, D. — G. T. Fox, Esq.

3. O. peucedanifolia. Sulphur-wort Water-dropwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 70; Eng. Bot. 348; With ii. 409.
By the road side between Harrington and Barrmoor, N. — Thompson's Berwick Plants. In marshes on the banks of Wear, between Hilton and Southwick, D.

4. O. crocata. Hemlock Water-dropwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 70; Eng. Bot. 2313; Gr. Fl. Eds. 62; Woodv. Sup. t. 2G7; With. ii. 407; Berwick Flora 70.
On the banks of rivers, and in rivulets, not rare.

5. O. Phellandrium. Fine-leaved Water-dropwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 71; Phellandrium aquaticum, Eng. Bot. 684; Woodv. Sup. t. 266; Hook. Fl. Scot. 92; With. ii. 409.
In bogs at Prestwick Carr, N. In Ponds near Cocken and Durham. At Mordent Carrs, D. — Mr. Backhouse. In swamps near Bear's Park, D.—Rev. J. Symons.

123. CRITHMUM.

1. C. maritimum. Sea Samphire.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 73; Eng. Bot. 819; With. ii. 393; Hook. Fl. Scot. 89.
On the sea rocks near Alemouth, plentiful. — Wallis, 173. I could not find it there, nor did I ever hear of its being gathered on our coast.

124. SMYRNIUM.

1. S. Olusatrum. Alexanders.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 74; Eng. Bot. 230; Gr. Fl. Eds. 70; With ii. 118; Berwick Flora, 70.
On the banks near Tynemouth Castle, plentiful, where it was observed in the time of Wilson. — See Syn. 67. Behind the town walls, above the Close Gate, Newcastle, and on the ruins of Dunstanborough Castle, N. In Hurworth Church Yard, D.

126. APIUM.

1. A. graveolens. Smallage, Wild Celery.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 76; "Eng. Bot. 1210; Hook.Fl. Scot. 95; With. ii. 423.
In salt marshes on the rivers Blyth, Tyne, Wear, and Tees, N. and D.

126. AEGOPODIUM.

1. A. Podagraria. Gout-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 77; Eng. Bot. 940; Hook. Fl. Scot. 95; With. ii. 424; Berwick Flora, 70.
On the banks of Wear, common, D. On the banks of Reed, near Otterburn, N. In Pella wood, near Durham. —Wilson's Syn. 66. Near Berwick, under hedges, frequent. — Dr. G. Johnston.

127. IMPERATORIA.

1. I. Ostruthium. Masterwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 78; Eng. Bot. 1380; Woodv. t. 35; Lightfoot, 168; With ii. 417; Peucedanum Ostruthium, Hook. Br. Fl. 119.
At Newbiggen, near Middlelon, and in Teesdale Forest. — Rev. J. Harriman. On the banks of Dadree Burn, between Dadree Shield and the Wear, D.—26th June, 1803. At Cotterton, near Barnardcastle, D.— Mr. E. Robson.

128. ANGELICA.

1. A. Archangelica. Garden Angelica.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 80; Eng. Bot. 2561; Woodv. t. 50; With. ii. 402. On the banks of the Skern, near High St. Helen's, and at Birch Carr, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

2. A. sylvestris. Wild Angelica.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 81; Eng. Bot. 1128; Woodv. Sup. t. 265; Hook. Fl. Scot. 90.
By the banks of rivers, and in damp woods.

129. LIGUSTICUM.

1. L. scoticum. Scottish Lovage.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 82; Eng. Bot. 1207; With. ii. 400; Gr. Fl. Eds. 64; Berwick Flora, 70.
Among the rocks on the north side of the ruins of Dunstanhorough Castle, N.— July 18, 1804. Its most southern locality. On the beach, a quarter of a mile south of Bamborough Castle, N. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

130. MEUM.

1. M. athamanticum Meum athamanticum. Spignel-meum, or Bald-money.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 84; Eng. Bot. 2249; Aethusa Meum, With ii. 412; Ligusticum Meum, Hook. Fl. Scot. 80.
On a hill by the village of Thockrington, N. — Wallis, 176. On a basaltic height, a quarter of a mile north from Thockrington. — Rev. J. Hodgson, Sp. 1819.

2. M. Foeniculum. Common Fennel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 85; Anethum Foeniculum, Eng. Bot. 1208; Woodv. 160; With. ii. 419; Foeniculum vulgare, Hook. Br. Fl. 122.
Naturalized on the ballast-hills at St. Anthon's and Willington, N. On the ballast-hills at Ayre's quay, near Sunderland, D.

131. CARUM.

1. C. Carvi. Common Caraway.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 86; Eng. Bot. 1503; Woodv. t. 45; Hook. Fl. Scot. 95; With. ii. 420.
In corn fields, but not very common.

132. PIMPINELLA.

1. P. saxifraga. Common Burnet-saxifrage.

Sm. Eng. FL ii. 89; Eng. Bot. 407; Hook. Fl. Scot. 95; With. ii. 421; Berwick Flora, 71.
In barren pastures, frequent.

2. P. magna. Great Burnet-saxifrage.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 90; Eng. Bot. 408; With. ii. 422.
In Chester-lane, at High Barns, near Sunderland, D. Near Hartlepool, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. Under the hedges at Fairflow and Long Rigge, near Nunwick, also on a bank on the north-east side of the bridge at Barwesford, near Chipchase, N. — Wallis, 182.

133. CNIDIUM.

1. C. Silaus. Meadow Pepper-saxifrage.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 91; Berwick Flora, 71; Peucedanum Silaus, Eng. Bot. 2142; Hook. Fl. Scot. 88; Silaus pratensis, Hook. Br. Fl. 121. In moist meadows and pastures, by no means rare; though, from Hooker's Flora Scotica, it appears scarce in Scotland; in Berwickshire, however, Dr. Johnston mentions it as common.

2. BUPLEURUM.

1. B. rotundifolium. Common Hare's-ear, Thorow-wax.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 93; Eng. Bot. 99; With. ii. 386.
In corn fields to the north and west of Norton, and about Carleton and Redmarshall, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. Its most northern localities.

2. B. tenuissimum. Slender Hare's-ear.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 94; Eng. Bot. 478; With. ii. 387.
By the Tees near Stockton. — Mr. E. Robson. On Seaton moor, D.— Mr. J. Backhouse.

135. HYDROCOTYLE.

1. H. vulgaris Hydrocotyle vulgaris. Common White-rot, Marsh Pennywort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 96; Eng. Bot. 751; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 19; Hook. Fl. Scot. 87; Berwick Flora 71.
In marshy places and on moist heaths, frequent.

136. PASTINACA.

1. P. sativa. Wild Parsnep.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 101; Eng. Bot, 550; With. ii. 418.
In the Magnesian Limestone district, abundant, especially near the coast; its most northern locality.

1. HERACLEUM.

1. H. Sphondylium. Common Cow-parsnep.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 1 02; Eng. Bot. 939; Hook. Fl. Scot. 89.

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PENTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.

138. VIBURNUM.

1. V. Opulus Viburnum Opulus. Common Guelder Rose, Water Elder.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 107; Eng. Bot. 332; Hook. Fl. Scot. 96; Berwick Flora, 72.
In moist woods and hedges, frequent.

139. SAMBUCUS.

1. S. Ebulus Sambucus ebulus. Dwarf Elder, Dane-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 108; Eng. Bot. 475; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 18; Woodv. Sup. t. 260; With. ii. 426; Gr. Fl. Eds. 72.
In hedges near Deckham Hall, Gateshead, between Blaydon and Stella, D. — Mr. R. B. Bowman. In the old church-yard at Benwell, N. At Bamborough and Ingram, N. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. On the west side of the church yard wall at Chatton, by the river Till, and at Purley Green, near Shitlington Hall, in Tynedale.— Wallis, 141. At the Crooks, near Hump's Hall, N. — Mr. J. Thompson.

2. S. nigra Sambucus nigra. Common Elder.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 109; Eng. Bot. 476; Berwick Flora, 72; Woodv. t. 78; Hook. Fl. Scot. 96; Var. γ S. laciniatus, Ray's Syn. 461.
α In woods and hedges, γ In hedges near Earsdon, N.—Mr. R. Waugh.

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PENTANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.

140. PARNASSIA.

1. P. palustris. Grass of Parnassus.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 114; Eng. Bot. 82; Hook. Lond. t. i; Gr. Fl. Eds. 73; With. ii. 429; Berwick Flora, 73.
In boggy places near Greencroft, Castle Eden, on the coast near Sunderland, and in Teesdale Forest, D. About Norton and Stockton, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. On bogs in Heaton wood, in marshy places on the highest parts of Northumberland, and on the links at Bamborough and Holy Island. On the links between Druridge and Cresswell, and at the east end of Bromley lake, N Wallis, 225.

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PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.

141. STATICE.

1. S. Armeria. Thrift., Sea Gilliflower.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 115; Eng. Bot. 226; Hook. Fl. Scot. 97; Berwick Flora, 73; Armeria maritima, De Cand Lindley's Br. Syn. 170.
In salt marshes, and on the rocks by the coast, also on the Sub-alpine hills, in Teesdale Forest, D.
It may be noticed, that the Grass of Parnassus ranges the whole way from the sea beach to our highest grounds; the Thrift occurs only at the extremities of the line.

2. S. Limonium. Sea Lavender.

Sm. Eng Fl. ii. 116; Eng. Bot. 102; Hook. Fl. Scot. 97; With. ii. 431; Berwick Flora, 74.
On the north shore of Wear at Hilton, near Sunderland, also near Tees mouth, and at Hartlepool, D. On St. Cuthbert's Island, a rock at Holy Island, N.

142. LINUM.

1. L. usitatissimum. Common Flax.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 118; Eng. Bot. 1357; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 22; Woodv. t. 111; Gr. Fl. Eds. 74; With. ii. 432.
In corn fields, and on the ballast-hills, N. and D.

2. L. perenne: Perennial Blue Flax.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 118; Eng. Bot. 40; With. ii. 433.
In fields, on the sea coast near Marsden cottage, and among furze on a bank behind the house, also at Baydales, near Darlington, D.; in which habitat it was noticed by S. Robson. — See Syn. p. 128.
The vicinity of Marsden appears to be its northern boundary, for the Perennial Flax is not mentioned in Hooker's Flora Scotica.

3. L. catharticum. Purging Flax, Mill-mountain.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 119; Eng. Bot. 382; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 19; Hook. Fl. Scot. 97; Berwick Flora, 74.
In dry barren pastures, frequent. {rule}

PENTANDRIA HEXAGYNIA.

143. DROSERA.

1. D. rotundifolia. Round-leaved Sun-dew.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 122; Eng. Bot. 807; Hook. Fl. Scot. 98; Berwick Flora, 74.
On bogs, common, N. and D. On the Rabbit banks above Gateshead, D.

2. D. longifolia. Long-leaved Sun-dew.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 123; Eng. Bot. 868; Hook. Fl. Scot. 98; With. ii. 436.
In a bog on the north side of Slaterfield, near Simonburn, N. — Wallis p. 221.
Probably Drosera anglica. I never met with Drosera longifolia in the north.

3. D. anglica. Great Sun-dew.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 123; Eng. Bot. 809; Hook. Fl. Scot. 98; With. ii. 437. In bogs on the Muckle Moss, and at Prestwick Carr, N. {rule}

PENTANDRIA POLYGYNIA.

144. MYOSURUS.

1. M. minimus. Mouse-tail.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 125; Eng. Bot. 435; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 26; Hook. Fl. Scot. 98; With. ii. 439.
In fields near Darlington, D. On St. Anthon's ballast hills, N. On the Cowhill, Newcastle Town Moor, N Mr. R. B. Bowman.

HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

145. GALANTHUS.

1. G. nivalis. Snowdrop.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii, 129; Eng. Bot. 19; Hook. Loud. t. 14; With. ii. 442; Gr. Fl. Eds. 75.
In Scotswood dene, and on the Lamshield bank near Hexham. Naturalized on banks in the upper part of Heaton dene, N. Near Conniscliffe and Blackwell, D.—Mr. E. Robson.
Leucojum aestivum (the Summer Snowflake) formerly grew in tolerable abundance in a mill-pond near Goldspink Hall in Heaton dene. The pool is now filled up, and the plant exterminated, which in all likelihood had been thrown out of some garden, and brought down by the bourn.

146. NARCISSUS.

1. N. biflorus. Pale Narcissus, Primrose-peerless.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 132; Eng. Bot. 276; With. ii. 444; N. poeticus, Hudson, 141. Near Dinsdale, D., probably the outcast of a garden. — Mr. E. Robson.

2. N. Pseudo-narcissus. Common Daffodil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 132; Eng. Bot. 17; Gr. Fl. Eds. 75; With. ii. 444.
In Witton-le-Wear, Cocken,and Ravensworth woods, in meadows near Butsfield, and in Barley Haugh near Ebchester, D. Near Pierce Bridge.—Mr. Backhouse. On the south side of the Wear at Butterby near Durham John Hogg, Esq. On the banks of the Derwent, near Allan's-ford, N.

147. ALLIUM.

1. A. arenarium. Sand Garlick.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 134; Eng. Bot. 1358 (bad); Hook. Fl. Scot. 100; With. ii. 445; Berwick Flora, 76.
In the upper part of Castle Eden dene, above the Gunner's pool, D. On the banks of Tyne at Low Elswick, near the Fishery, N.

2. A. oleraceum. Streaked Field Garlick.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 136; Eng. Bot. 488; Gr. Fl. Eds. 75; With. ii. 447; Berwick Flora, 77.
In meadows on the banks of Tyne near Wylam, on the Heugh at Holy Island, and rocks at Harnham, N. On the banks of the Hart between Hartburn Grange and the Moor, N Miss Emma Trevelyan. On rocks at Spindlestone, N. — Dr. G. Johnston. In meadows at Silksworth, near Sunderland, and on the walls at Durham Peth. At Baydales near Darlington. — Mr. Backhouse. Near Middleton in Teesdale, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

3. A. vineale. Crow Garlick.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 137; Eng. Bot. 1974; Gr. Fl. Eds. 75; With. ii. 446; Berwick Flora 77.
On Chapel Hill, and the heights between it and Belford, also on Windmill, Bastion, and other parts of the ramparts of Berwick. — Thompson's Berwick Plants. Near Hexham Mr. ft Scott. On Gunnerton Crags, N. — Mr. W. Robertson. At Durham Peth. — Rev. J. T. Fenwick. At Baydales near Darlington.— Mr. Backhouse. =====4. A. ursinum. Broad-leaved Garlick, Ramsons.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 137; Eng. Bot. 122; Hook. Fl. Scot. 101; Berwick Flora, 77.
In shady moist woods, frequent.

5. A. Schaenoprasum. Chive Garlick.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 138; Eng. Bot. 2441; Hook. Fl. Scot. 101; With. ii. 448; Berwick Flora, 77.
On Walltown Crags. — Mr. J. Thompson, Sps. On Copping Crags by the Wansbeck near Kirkwhelpington, N. — Rev. J. Hodgson, Sp.
These localities are both on Basaltic rocks, and where the plant could never have been cultivated.

148. TULIPA.

1. T. sylvestris. Wild Tulip.

Sm. Eng.Fl. ii. 141; Eng. Bot. 63; Hook. Lond. t. 19; Fl. Scot. 101; With. ii. 449.
Naturalized near Blackwell, D. — Mr. James Backhouse.

149. ORNITHOGALUM.

1. O. luteum. Yellow Star of Bethlehem.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 142; Eng. Bot. 21; Gr, Fl. Eds. 76; With. ii. 450; Gagea lutea, Ker. Lindley Br. Syn. 268.
On the banks of Tees near Eglestone and Wycliffe, and in fields near Bishop Auckland, D. In Barbara Riggs, near Barnardcastle, and near Whorlton. — Rev. J. Harriman. Near Pierce Bridge, D. — Mr. Backhouse. At Butterby near Durham. — John Hogg, Esq. Near Greta Bridge and Brignal. — Johnson in Ray's Syn. 166. Near Hexham. —Mr. F. Scott. In the wood bottom at the west end of the Rectory dene at Simonburn. — Wallis 226. On the banks of the Hart below Rothley mill. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. In the dene near Twizell House, N. — P. J. Selby, Esq.

2. O. nutans. Drooping Star of Bethlehem.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 144; Eng. Bot. 1997; Hook. Lond. t. 44; With. ii. 452.
Naturalized near Blackwell, D.— Mr. J. Backhouse.

150. SCILLA.

1. S. verna. Vernal Squil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 145; Eng. Bot. 23; With. ii. 453; Berwick Flora, 77; Hook. Fl. Scot. 102; S. bifolia, Lightfoot, 121.
Naturalized in woods at Burn Hall, near Durham. — Miss Dale, Sp.
This elegant plant having been found on the sea banks above Gunn's-green in Berwickshire, by the Rev. A. Bairt, hopes may be entertained of its being detected in Northumberland. Our Basaltic rocks in the vicinity of the coast are likely localities for it.

2. S. nutans. Hare-bell Squill, Wild Hyacinth.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 147; Eng. Bot. 377; Berwick Flora, 78; Hyacinthus non-scriptus, Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 18; Hook. Fl. Scot. 102.
In denes, woods, and under hedges.

151. NARTHECIUM.

1. N. ossifragum. Lancashire Bog-asphodel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 151; Eng. Bot. 535; Hook. Lond. t. 139; Gr. Fl. Eds. 77; With. ii. 455; Berwick Flora, 78.
In bogs on moors and heaths, not rare.

152. CONVALLARIA.

1. G. majalis. Lily of the Valley.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 154; Eng. Bot. 1035; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 24; Gr. Fl. Eds. 77; With. ii. 456.
In Gibside woods, Castle Eden dene, and near Winchbridge, Teesdale, D. In Scotswood and Denton denes, and at Warden mill near Hexham, N.— Among the bushes above the scar at Netherwarden, N.— Wallis, 152.

2. C. Polygonatum. Angular Solomon's Seal.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 155; Eng. Bot. 280; Woodv. t. 44; Hook. Lond. t. 38; With. ii. 457; Berwick Flora, 78.
On Kyloe rocks a few miles south of Berwick, N. — Mr. A. Bruce, in Sm. Eng. Fl.

3. C. multiflora. Common Solomon's Seal.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 156; Eng. Bot. 279; Hook. Lond. t. 37; Fl. Scot. 105; With. ii. 458.
In the lane between Stockton and Stainton, D. — Mr. E. Robson.

153. JUNCUS.

1. J. maritimus. Lesser Sharp Sea Rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 159; Eng. Bot. 1725; With. 463; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 299.
Near Seaton, D. — Mr. Backhouse. Its most northern locality.

2. J. glaucus. Hard Rush.

Sm, Eng. Fl. ii. 160; Eng. Bot. 665; Hook. Fl. Scot. 105; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 390.
In wet pastures and on commons.

3. J. conglomeratus. Common Rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 161; Eng. Bot. 835; Hook. Fl. Scot. 105; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 302.
By road sides and in pastures.

4. J. effusus. Soft Rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 162; Eng. Bot. 836; Hook. Fl. Scot. 105; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 303.
In wet pastures and by road sides.

5. J. squarrosus. Moss Rush, Goose Corn.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 164; Eng. Bot. 933; Hook. Fl. Scot. 105; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 306.
On moors and wet turfy heaths.

6. J. compressus. Round-fruited Rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 165; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 307; J. bulbosus, Eng. Bot. 934; Hook. Fl. Scot. 107.
β J. caenosus. (Mud Rush.)
Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 166; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 309; Eng. "Bot. 2680; Berwick Flora, 79; J. bulbosus, β. Hook. Fl. Scot. 107; J. compressus β, Br. Fl. 163; J. bottnicus, Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 82 t. 5, according to specimens from SWARTZ.
α in Teesdale forest D. β on the muddy shores of Tyne below Gateshead park, and of Wear near Southwick, D. Near Elswick, N. On the banks of Tweed, and on Goswick links, N. — Thompson's Berwick Plants.

7. J. bufonius. Toad Rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 168; Eng. Bot. 802; Hook. Fl. Scot. 108; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 311; Berwick Flora, 79.
In marshy ground on moors, &c.

8. J. uliginosus. Little Bulbous Rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 169; Eng. Bot. 801; Hook. Fl. Scot. 108; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 315; Berwick Flora, 80; β, Fl. Brit 300. On wet moors, frequent. In var. β the flowers are viviparous.

9. J. triglumis. Three-flowered Rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 173; Eng. Bot. 899; Lightfoot, 186, t. 9, f. 2; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 319; With. ii. 466.
Half a mile north of the Cauldron Snout, D. —W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. On Meldon Fell, Teesdale.—Rev. Jno. Harriman.

10. J. castaneus. Clustered Alpine Rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 173; Eng. Bot. 900; Hook. Fl. Scot. 106; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 321; With, ii. 467.
In the county of Durham.—Rev. J. Harriman, Smith's English Flora.
There is a specimen of this very rare plant in the late Sir J. E. Smith's Herbarium, marked as coming from the county of Durham.

11. J. acutiflorus. Sharp-pointed Jointed Rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 174; Eng. Bot. 2143, at the bottom; Berwick Flora, 80; Hook. Fl. Scot. 109; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 323; J. articulatus, Eng. Bot. 238; β, Fl. Brit. 379.
In wet meadows and on moors, frequent.

12. J. lampocarpus. Shining-fruited Jointed Rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 175; Eng. Bot. 2143; Berwick Flora, 80; Hook. Fl. Scot. 109; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 325; J. articulatus α, Fl. Brit. 379.
In wet meadows and boggy places.

13. J. obtusiflorus. Blunt-flowered Jointed Rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 176; Eng. Bot. 2144; Hook. Fl. Scot. 109; With. ii. 464; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 327; J. articulatus, β, Fl. Brit. 379.
At Prestwick Carr, N. At Polam, D.— Mr. James Backhouse.

154. LUCIOLA.

1. L. pilosa. Broad-leaved Hairy Wood-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 178; Hook. Fl. Scot. 110; Berwick Flora, 80; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 329, t. 9, f. 1; Juncus pilosus, Eng. Bot. 736; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 25.
In denes and woods, frequent.

2. L. sylvatica. Great Wood-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 180; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 131, t. 9, f. 3; Berwick Flora, 80; Luzula maxima, Hook. Fl. Scot. 110; Juncus sylvaticus, Eng. Bot. 737; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 26.
In woods and denes, common.

3. L. campestris. Field Wood-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 181; Br. Prodr. 591; Bicheno Linn. Tr. xii. 334, t. 9, f. 4; Hook. Fl. Scot. 110; Berwick Flora, 81; Juncus campestris, Eng. Bot. 672; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 19.
On moors and in barren pastures.
Another of the British plants found in Australia.

4. L. sudetica. Tall Bog Wood-rush.

Berwick Flora, 81, f. 2; L. congesta, Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 131; Forster's Tonb. 44; Luzula sudetica, Spr. Syst. Veg. ii. 111; L. campestris, γ Gr. Fl. Eds. 81; Juncus campestris, β Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 87; Bicheno, Linn. Tr. xii. 334; Hook. Fl. Scot. 110; Fl. Brit. 386; With. ii. 462 J. sudeticus, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 221; J. liniger, Purton's Sup. 352, t. 9.
On the heathy part of Prestwick Carr, and on the Muckle Moss, N. In Beamish Park, and near Tanfleld, D.

155. BERBERIS.

1. B. vulgaris. Barberry.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 184; Eng. Bot. 49; Woodv. Supp. t. 234; Gr. Fl. Eds. 82; With. ii. 470; Berwick Flora, 81.
In Heaton woods, N. In hedges near Witton-le-Wear, Darlington, Picktree, and Chester-le-Street, D. At Bear's Park, D. — Rev. J. Symons. Between Richardson's Stead and Scremmerston, N. Dr. G. Johnston.

156. FRANKENIA.

1. F. laevis. Smooth Sea Heath.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 186; Eng. Bot. 205; With. ii. 472.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.—W. Weighell's Herb.

157. PEPLIS.

1. P. Portula. Water Purslane.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 187; Eng. Bot. 121 1; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 27; Hook. Fl. Scot. 111.
In marshy places and on wet heaths.

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HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA.

158. RUMEX.

1. R. sanguineus. Bloody-veined Dock.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 190; Eng. Bot. 1533; Gr. Fl. Eds. 83; With. ii. 473; Berwick Flora, 82.
By hedge sides near Houghton-le-Spring, on banks at Friar's Goose, near Gateshead, and in pastures near Murton House, D.

2. R. crispus. Curled Dock.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 191; Eng. Bot. 1998; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 20; Hook. Fl. Scot. 112; Berwick Flora, 82.
In pastures and by road sides.

3. R. acutus. Sharp Dock.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 192; Eng. Bot. 724; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 21; With. ii. 474; Berwick Flora, 82.
In moist meadows and near rivers.

4. R. obtusifolius. Broad blunt-leaved Dock.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 192; Eng. Bot. 1999; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 22; Hook. Fl. Scot. 113; Berwick Flora, 83.
By road sides and on waste ground.

5. R. pulcher. Fiddle Dock.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 193; Eng. Bot. 1570; Hook. Fl. Scot. 113; With. ii. 476.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D W. Weighell's Herb. On Willington and St. Anthon's ballast-hills, N.

6. R. maritimus. Golden Dock.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 193; Eng. Bot. 725; Gr. Fl. Eds. 83; With. ii. 477.
On Willington and St. Anthon's ballast-hills, N. On Sunderland ballast-hills, D. — Rev. J. Symons.

7. R. palustris. Yellow Marsh Dock.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 194; Eng. Bot. 1932; Hook. Fl. Scot. 113; With. ii. 476. On Sunderland and Hebburn ballast-hills, D. On St. Anthon's and Wellington ballast-hills, N.

8. R. Hydrolapathum. Great Water Dock.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 195; Woody, t. 178; R. aquaticus, Eng. Bot. 2104; Lightfoot, 190; With. ii. 475; R. Britannica, Hudson, 1st ed. 135.
Near Preston on the Skerne, and Polam. — Mr. E. Robson. In rivulets, near Stockton and Norton, D. —J. Hogg, Esq.

9. R. Acetosa. Common Sorrel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 196; Eng. Bot. 127; Woodv. t. 69; Hook. Fl. Scot. 113; Berwick Flora, 83.
In meadows and pastures, frequent.

10. R. Acetosella Sheep's Sorrel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 197; Eng. Bot. 1674; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 29; Hook. Fl. Scot. 113; Berwick Flora, 83.
In barren pastures and on heaths, common.

159. TOFIELDIA.

1. T. palustris. Scottish Asphodel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 198; Eng. Bot. 536; Hook. Lond. 100; Fl. Scot. 114; With. ii. 480; Berwick Flora, 83; Anthericum calyculatum, Lightfoot, t. 8, f. 2.
Near Widdy bank on Teesdale Forest, D. Near the Black Ark on Cronkley Fell.
Juxta rivulum non procul Bervico in Scotia. Dill. Ray's Syn. 375.

160. TRIGLOCHIN.

1. T. palustre. Marsh Arrow-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 200; Eng. Bot. 366; Hook. Fl. Scot. 114; Lond. t. 98; Berwick Flora, 83.
In bogs and marshy places, but not very common.

2. T. maritimum. Sea Arrow-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 201; Eng.'Bot. 255; Hook. Fl. Scot. 114; Lond. t. 99; Berwick Flora, 83.
In salt marshes on the Tweed, Blyth, Tyne, Wear, and Tees; also on the sea coast, N. and D.

161. COLCHICUM.

1. C. autumnale. Meadow Saffron.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 202; Eng. Bot. 133; Woodv. t. 177; Hook. Fl. Scot. 114; With. ii. 481.
On the banks of Tees, opposite Eglestone ,N. — Rev. J. Harriman. At Sand-hills, near Darlington, D.— W. Weighell's Herb. On the banks of Wear at Butterby, near Durham. — Mr. John Fox.

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HEXANDRIA POLYGYNIA.

162. ALISMA.

1. A. Plantago. Greater Water-plantain.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 203; Eng. Bot. 837; Curt. Fasc. v. t.27; Hook. Fl. Scot. 114; Berwick Flora, 84.
On the margins of rivers, and in pools and ditches, frequent.

2. A. ranunculoides. Small Water-plantain.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 205; Eng. Bot. 326; Hook. Lond. t. 28; Gr.Fl. Eds. 85; With. ii. 485; Berwick Flora, 84.
In boggy places near East Morton, and ponds near Horton, also at Fawdon Slate, D. In clay pits near Barnardcastle, D. — Rev. J. Harriman. At Hill Close Carr. — S. Robson's Fl. 198. In Whitburn-moor lane, D — Rev. J. Symons. In bogs at Prestwick Carr, and by the Lough on Holy Island, N. In the pond near Spindlestone, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

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HEPTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

163. TRIENTALIS.

1. T. europaea. Chickweed Winter-green.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 238; Eng. Bot. 15; Hook. Fl. Scot. 115; With. ii. 436.
On moors a mile and a half east of Rothbury, N. Beyond the Roman Wall, five miles north of Hexham, and on moors west of Harbottle, N. — T. Willisel, Ray's Syn. 162. In a fir plantation at Catcherside, four miles west of Wallington, on moors about Green Leighton, and by Rothley Lake, N. — Miss Emma Trevelyan. In the plantation surrounding Brislie Tower, N. — Mr. F. Manisty. Near Bassington, three miles west of Alnwick, N. — Miss Pringle, Sp. Near Butsfield and Spring houses, D. In Waskerley Park, near Wolsingham, D. Mr. J. Thornhill. On the wooded hill above Hepburn, at Chillingham, and on Hedgehope, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

164. OENOTHERA.

1. OE. biennis. Common Evening-primrose.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 211; Eng. Bot. 1534; With. ii. 492; Hook. Br. Fl. 178.
On South Shields ballast-hills, D. Originally from North America, and not yet naturalized beyond the Tyne.

165. EPILOBIUM.

1. E. angustifolium. Rosebay Willow-herb, French Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 212; Eng. Bot. 1947; Hook. Fl. Scot. 116; With. ii. 489; Berwick Flora, 86.
On the banks of Derwent, near Blanchland, upon rocks on the west side of Shewing Shields, near Crag Lake, where it was observed by Wallis, and by a rocky rivulet above Langley Ford, at the foot of Cheviot, N. On the banks of South Tyne, by Slaggy Ford, in Knaresdale. — Wallis 154. On the rocks above Folden lead mill, near Edmondbyers; also near Barnardcastle, Eglestone, and the High Force of Tees, D. In Irehope dene, Weardale, D. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.
A sub-alpine plant, and merely naturalized in its localities in the southern counties of England.

2. E. hirsutum. Great Hairy Willow-herb, Codlings and Cream.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 213; Eng. Bot. 838; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 21; Hook. Fl. Scot. 117; Berwick Flora, 86.
By ditches, rivulets, and on the banks of rivers, frequent. =====3. E. parviflorum. Small-flowered hoary Willow-herb.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 214; Eng. Bot. 795; Hook. Fl. Scot. 117; Gr. Fl. Eds. 86; Berwick Flora, 86; E. villosum, Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 22; E. hirsutum, Hudson, 161.
In watery places, and on the banks of rivers.

4. E. montanum. Broad smooth-leaved Willow-herb.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 214; Eng. Bot. 1177; Hook. Fl. Scot. 117; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 24; Berwick Flora, 87.
In dry, stony, and rocky places, and on old walls, frequent.

5. E. tetragonum. Square-stalked Willow-herb.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 215; Eng. Bot. 1948; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 23; Hook. Fl. Scot. 117; Berwick Flora, 87.
In watery places, not uncommon.

6. E. palustre. Round-stalked Marsh Willow-herb.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 216; Eng. Bot. 346; Berwick Flora, 87; Hook. Fl. Scot. 117; β lapponicum, Wahl. Fl. Eapp. 25; Linn. Lapp. N. 149.
α By ditches and on boggy ground; β by rivulets near Wolsingham, D. On Cheviot, N.

7. E. alsinifolium. Chick-weed-leaved Willow-herb.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 216 Eng. Bot. 2000; With. ii. 492; Berwick Flora, 87; Villars Dauph. iii. 511; Hook. Fl. Scot. 117; Northumberland and Durham Guide, i. 36 and ii. preiace 4; E. origanifolium, Lam. and De Cand. iv. 424; Turner and Dillwyn's Guide, see note v. ii. p. 471.
In a rivulet near the summit of Cheviot, N. — July 22, 1804. On Cronkley Fell, Teesdale.

8. E. alpinum. Alpine Willow-herb.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 217; Eng. Bot. 2001; Lightfoot, 199; t. 10, f. 1; With. ii. 491.
Near the Cauldron Snout in Teesdale, D. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. The only English locality Curtis's station at the head of Long-sleddale, Westmor- land, is occupied by Epilobium alsinifolium, as proved by specimens gathered there by Mr. Joseph Woods.

166. CHLORA.

1. C. perfoliate. Perfoliate Yellow-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 218; Hook. Lond. t. 2; Eng. Bot. 60; With. ii. 494.
In dry hilly pastures about a quarter of a mile west of Honeycleugh Crag, near Chester Wood, and Whinetly, on South Tyne, N. — Wallis, 217.
No other botanist has been so fortunate as to find this elegant plant in Northumberland or Durham.

167. VACCINIUM.

1. V. Myrtillus. Bilberry or Bleaberry.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 219; Eng. Bot. 456; Hook. Fl. Scot. 118; Berwick Flora, 87. On heaths and in woods, not rare. Meaton Dene, near Newcastle, N.

2. V. uliginosum. Great Bilberry.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 220; Eng. Bot. 581; Hook. Fl. Scot. 118; With. ii. 496.
Near Wardrew, and on the north side of Wall-town Crags, N. Near an ancient camp on the south banks of Tyne, opposite Lambley, N— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. In bogs at Moor-rigs, near Middleton-in- Teesdale, D. — Mr. James Backhouse. On Meldon Fell, Teesdale. — Rev. J. Harriman. In the Duke of Portland's wood, called East Common Wood, near Hexham, N Wallis, 147. I could never find it there.

3. V. Vitis-Idaea. Red Whortle-berry, Cow-berry.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 220; Eng. Bot. 598; Gr. Fl. Eds. 87; With. ii. 490; Berwick Flora, 88.
On tufty heaths at Butsfield, Stanhope in Weardale, and in Teesdale Forest; in woods at Witton-le-Wear, and Howns near Medomsley; and on the heath at the source of a Roman aqueduct west of Woodland, near Butsfield, D. On Cheviot and Hedgehope; also in Allendale; in the wood at Roadley, and on the moors near Wallington; in East Common Wood, and on the banks at West Dipton, near Hexham, N. On rocks at Long Crag, near Watling-street, by the road to Thockrington from Gunnerton; also on the moor edge near Diligate Hall, N — Wallis, 147. On the hill at Hepburn near Chillingham, N. Dr. G. Johnston.
An indifferent substitute for the Cranberry.

4. V. Oxycoccus. Cranberry.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 221; Eng. Bot. 319; Gr. Fl. Eds. 87; "With. ii. 497; Berwick Flora, 88.
On the Beamish, Urpeth, Weardale, and Teesdale moors, D. On Framwellgate Carr, near Durham. — J. Hogg, Esq. On mosses north of Gunnerton Crags. — Mr. F. Scott. On moors between Belford and Wooler, N. — Thompson's Berwick Plants. On the Wallington moors, the Muckle Moss, Blanchland moors, and the heath at Prestwick Carr, N.

168. CALLUNA.

1. C. vulgaris. Common Ling.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 225; Hook. Fl. Scot. 119; Berwick Flora, 88; Erica vulgaris, Eng. Bot. 1013; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 30.
β flore albo. α On dry moors if the soil be not calcareous, and occasionally in denes and woods; β on the Teesdale and Wallington moors, D. and N.

169. ERICA.

1. E. Tetralix. Cross-leaved Heath, Heather.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 226; Eng. Bot. 1014; Berwick Flora, 89; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 21; Hook. Fl. Scot. 119.
β flore albo.
α on boggy heaths; β on the Wallington moors, N. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.

2. E. cinerea. Fine-leaved Heath, Heather.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 226; Eng. Bot. 1015; Berwick Flora, 89; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 25; Hook. Fl. Scot. 119.
β flore albo.
α On wet turfy moors; β at Cow-close near Cockfield, D.— Mr. J. Backhouse.

170 DAPHNE.

1. D. Mezereum, Common Mezereon, Spurge-olive.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 228; Eng. Bot. 1381; Woodv. t. 23; With. ii. 503.
Naturalized in a wood among the Tunstal hills, south of Sunderland, D. — Mr. T. Robson.

2. D. Laurcola. Spurge-laurel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 229; Eng. Bot. 119; Hook. Fl. Scot. 119; Gr. Fl. Eds. 88; With. ii. 504; Berwick Flora, 90.
Small textIn woods and hedges near Hilton Castle, and in Dalton and Castle Eden Denes, D. Near Norton and Wynyard. — J. Hogg, Esq. In Whorlton wood, D. — Rev. J. Harriman. Between Bilton Bank and the Long Dyke, near Alnwick N — Mr. J. Davison.
Usually confined to limestone soils.

171. ACER.

1. A. Pseudo-platanus. Greater Maple, Sycamore.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 230; Eng. Bot. 303; Hook. Fl. Scot. 120.
In woods and hedges, also on the edges of many of our high moors, where it certainly is indigenous.

2. A. campestre. Common Maple.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 231; Eng. Bot. 304; Hook. Fl. Scot. 120; With. ii. 494.
In hedges near Sunderland, Norton, and Darlington, and in plantations at Beamish, D. Rare in the north of England, probably not indigenous beyond the Tyne.

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OCTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.

172. POLYGONUM.

1. P. amphibium, Amphibious Persicaria.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 232; Eng. Bot. 435; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 28; Hook. Fl. Scot. 121; Berwick Flora, 90.
In ditches, ponds, and by rivulets.

2. P. Persicaria. Spotted Persicaria.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 233; Ens. Bot. 750; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 23; Hook. Fl. Scot. 121; Berwick Flora, 90.
In ditches and watery places.

3. P. lapathifolium. Pale-flowered Persicaria.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 234; Eng. Bot. 1382; Berwick Flora, 90; Hook. Fl. Scot. 121; P. pennsylvanicum, Curt. Fasc. i. 24, 25; P. pallidum, With, ii. 508.
On cultivated ground and about dung hills.

4. P. Hydropiper. Biting Persicaria.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 235; Eng. Bot. 989; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 26; Hook. Fl. Scot. 121; Berwick Flora, 91.
By ditches and watery places.

5. P. minus. Small Creeping Persicaria.

Sm Eng. Fl. ii. 235; Eng. Bot. 1043; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 28; With. ii. 507; Hook. Fl. Scot. 121.
At Mordent Carr near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

6. P. Bistorta. Great Bistort, or Snakeweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 236; Eng. Bot. 509; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 22; Woodv. 34; With. ii. 509; Hook. Fl. Scot. 120.
In moist, meadows and woods on Tyne, Wear, Tees, Team, and Derwent, N. and D. Near Wallington, N.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. In the King's Meadows, near Newcastle. — Wilson's Syn. 21. Where it still grows. In the wood called the Stocking, near Alnwick, N. — Mr. J. Davison.

7. P. viviparum. Viviparous, or Alpine Bistort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 237; Eng. Bot. 669; Hook. Lond. t. 81; Fl. Scot. 120; With. ii. 510.
In alpine pastures near Eglestone and Middleton, also in Teesdale Forest, on the banks of Wear, at Burtree-ford, Weardale, D.

8. P. aviculare. Knot-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 238; Berwick Flora. 91; Eng. Bot. 1252; Hook. Fl. Scot. 122; Curt. Lond. i. t. 27; Sm.; P. marinum, Ray's Syn. 147.
α By paths and on cultivated ground; close by Cullercoats near Tynemouth, N. — Wilson's Syn. 21.

9. P. Fagopyrum. Buck-wheat.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 239; Eng. But. 1044; Hook. Fl. Scot. 122.
On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D.

10. P. Convolvulus. Climbing Buck-wheat, Black Bindweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 239; Eng. Bot. 941; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 29; Hook. Fl. Scot. 122; Berwick Flora, 91.
In corn fields, gardens, &c.

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OCTANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.

173. PARIS.

=====1. P. quadrifolia. Herb Paris. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 241; Eng. Bot. 7; With. ii. 513; Gr. Fl. Eds. 91.
In Hawthorn and Castle Eden Denes, and Raby Park; also in Urpeth, Beamish, and Ravensworth woods, D. In Scotswood and Heaton Denes, and in woods on the Coquet, at Felton and Meldon; also near Hexham. N. Wallington woods, N. — Miss Emma Trevelyan. In Cottingwood near Morpeth, where Dr. Turner observed it; and at the west end of the Rectory wood, Simonburn. — Wallis, 150. In Twizell dene. — P.J. Selby, Esq. In Rugeley wood. — Mr. F. Manisty. At Break-back, on the way to Huln Abbey near Alnwick, N. — Dr. Cope.

174. ADOXA.

1. A. Moschatellina. Tuberous Moschatell.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 242; Eng. Bot. 453; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 26; Hook. Fl. Scot. 123; With. ii. 514.
In woods, denes, and under hedges.

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ENNEANDRIA HEXAGYNIA.

175. BUTOMUS.

1 B. umbellatus. Flowering-rush.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 245; Eng. Bot. 651; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 29; Hook. Fl. Scot. 123; Gr. Fl. Eds. 92; With. ii. 522.
In the river Skerne near Darlington, D. In rivulets near Norton. — J. Hogg, Esq. In the Browney, D. — Rev. J. Symons. Naturalized in the ponds at Wallington. In a small pond near Howick, N — Mr. J. Embleton's MSS. Most likely planted there.
I consider the south of the county of Durham as the northern limit of Butomus umbellatus, for thirty years since the late Mr. M'Kay assured me that this elegant aquatic had been planted in Duddingston Lough; and Loch Clunie, bordering on the highlands, is a still more unlikely original habitat for it. —See Hook. Fl. Scot, and Lightfoot, 1139.

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DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

176. MONOTROPA.

1. M. Hypopitys. Yellow Bird's-nest.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 249; Eng. Bot. 69; Hook. Lond. t. 105; Fl. Scot. 125; With. ii. 525.
Not unfrequent in the woods near Wark, in Tynedale, and in Ramshaw wood, by the road side near the mill; also on the east side of the ostium of Wark burn, N.—Wallis, 234.
No other botanist has found this rare plant in these counties.

177. ANDROMEDA.

1. A. polifolia. Marsh Andromeda, or Wild Rosemary.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 251; Eng. Bot. 713 (bad); Hook. Fl. Scot. 125; With. ii. 526; Fl. Lapp. 2nd ed. 131, t. l, f. 2 (good).
On the heathy part of Prestwick Carr, and on the Muckle Moss north of the Roman Wall and west of Shewing Shields; also on the Wallington moors, N. On Green Leighton Moss, and at Dardon Lough, N. — Miss Emma Trevelyan.

178. ARBUTUS.

1. A. Uva-ursi. Red-berried trailing Arbutus.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 253; Eng. Bot. 71-4; With. ii. 527; Light. Fl. Scot.21G, t. 11, fed.; Woodv. t. 70; Stephenson and Churchill's Med. Bot. t. 91, (good); Fl. Lapp. 129, t. G, f. 3.
In the Scar above the High Force, and in Cronkley Scar, Teesdale, D. On the heath on the south side of East Common Wood near Hexham, where it was noticed by Lightfoot; and on Acton Cleugh, five miles north of Blanchland, N. — On Little Waney-house Crag, sparingly, N. — Wallis, 148.

179. PYROLA.

1. P. rotundifolia. Round-leaved Winter-green.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 255; Eng. Bot. 213; Hook. Loud. t. 20; Gr. Fl. Eds. 92; With. ii. 528; Berwick Flora, 93.
In Castle Eden dene, particularly in the north branch, and in Hawthorn dene, D. At Birch Carr, D. — Mr. Janson. In Allerton dene about four miles from Berwick, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.
"Round-leaved Winter. green. On the hedge bank by the road up the hill to Simonburn Castle, and in the bank of wood opposite the west end of the Rectory dene at Simonburn, on the north-east side of the freestone quarry; also on the borders of Ramshaw wood, by the way side near Wark in Tynedale, on the edge of the moor by Diligate Hall near Hexham, and in the Duke of Portland's wood (East Common wood) near that town, N."—Wallis, 223. Both Pyrola media and P. minor, grow at the latter habitat; what species occupy the other localities I have not been able to ascertain.

2. P. media. Intermediate Winter-green.

Sm. Eng.Fl. ii. 256; Eng. Bot. 1945 (very good); Hook. Fl. Scot. 127; Fl. Lond. t. 30; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 19; Berwick Flora, 94.
In Scotswood dene three miies west of Newcastle. —July 16, 1797. Also in East Common Wood near Hexham, N. Near Roadley Lake by the side of the road — Miss Emma Trevelyan. In Longridge dene six miles from Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. In Ancroft dene. — Mr. J. Manners, in Berwick Flora. In Howns' wood near Medomsley, and Blackston-bank Wood, four miles north of Wolsingham; also on the edge of the woodland plantations on Lanchester Fell, D. In Skull Wood, D Mr. Jas. Backhouse.

3. P. minor Lesser Winter-green.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 257; Eng. Bot. 158 (very bad); Gr. Fl. Eds. 92; With. ii. 529; P. rosea, Eng. Bot. 2543 (good).
In Gibside woods near the Friar-side gate; also near the Swalwell gate, and on Teesdale Forest, D. In Cocken woods, D. — W. Weighell's Herb. Near Prudhoe Castle, N.— Mr. J. Thornhill, jun. In Arngill, Cow-close- gill, and Hyndon-gilis, which form the Gaunless; also in Skull Wood near south Hamsterley, D. — Mr. J. Backhouse. At Wallington House, and at Roadely; also in East Common Wood, near Hexham, N. In a fir plantation at Catcherside four miles west of Wallington, N.—Miss Emma Trevelyan. In Willymoteswick Dene.— Mr. J. Thompson, Sp. In Callas Wood near Alnwick, N. —Miss Pringle, Sp.

4. P. secunda. Serrated Winter-green.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 257; Eng. Bot. 517; Hook. Fl. Scot. 127; With. ii. 530.
On the borders of Ramshaw Wood by the road side, N. — Wallis, 224. In 1804 I sought it there in vain, and never gathered it in England, except in Ashnessgill above Barrow Force, near Derwentwater, Cumberland.

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DECANDRIA DIGYNIA.

180. CHRYSOSPLENIUM.

1. C. alternifolium. Alternate-leaved Golden-saxifrage.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 260; Eng. Bot. 54; Gr. Fl. Eds. 93; With. ii. 531.
In Causey Wood, Ravensworth woods above Mill Green, in woods near EgIestone,and by Pont-burn near Hamsterley, D. — At Baydales near Darlington, D.—Mr. E. Robson. On the banks of Wear opposite Cocken, D. — Mr. J. Thornhill. By St. Mungo's well, at Hall-barns near Simonside —Wallis, 212. In Stamp's plantations between Burrell's cottage and Alnwick moor—Mr. F. Manisty; at Barbary's-bank — Miss Pringle; at Breakback — Miss Forster, delin.; and in Edington Wood near Alnwick, N. — Mr. J. Davison.

2. C. oppositifolium. Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 260; Eng. Bot. 490; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. 27; Hook. Fl. Scot. 128; Berwick Flora, 94; With. ii. 531.
In watery places, especially in woods.

181. SAXIFRAGA.

1. S. stellaris. Hairy Saxifrage.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 264; Eng. Bot. 167; Hook. Lond. t. 69; Pl. Scot. 128; Don. in Linn. Tr. xiii. 356; With. ii. 532; Berwick Flora, 94.
By Eglesbourn, and rills in Egleshope, D. In bogs near Allenheads, Coal Cleugh, Kilhope Law, and near Riddlehamhope above Blanchland; also on Cheviot, N. On the moors near Beldon-bourn, N. and D. At the head of Cauledge-bourn, N. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

2. S. Hirculus. Yellow Marsh Saxifrage.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 267; Eng. Bot. 1009; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 26; Don. in Linn. Tr. xiii. 372; With. ii. 535.
On Cotherstone Fell, in a moss about half a mile south-east of the place where the Balder is joined by the Blackbeck. — Mr. James Backhouse. Said to have been first found by John Binks, a miner.

3. S. aizoides. Yellow Mountain Saxifrage.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 268; Eng. Bot. 39; Don. Trans. Linn. xiii. 375; Hook. Fl. Scot. 129; With. ii. 535; S. autumnalis, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii 650; Lightfoot, 222; Hudson, 180.
Near Widdy Bank on Teesdale Forest, D. It still grows where it was observed by Wallis, on rocks by the river Inning, above Wardrew, N.

4. S. granulata. White Saxifrage.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 269; Eng. Bot. 500; Woodv. Sup. t. 232; Don. Linn. Tr. xiii. 362; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 30; Gr. Fl. Eds. 93; With. ii. 536; Berwick Flora, 95.
In Ravensworth woods near Mill Green, near Witton-le-Wear, and Finchall Abbey, D. — On Widehaugh banks near Hexham; also near Alnwick, in Scotswood Dene, and on the banks near Wooler-haugh- head, N. Near Bavington. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. On the Heugh at Holy Island, and on Chapel hill, near Belford — Thompson's Berwick Plants. On the banks of the rivulet opposite to Burn-house, near Simonburn, and at Barwesford by the road to Chipchase, N. — Wallis, 213. In the wood above the Union bridge. — Dr. G. Johnston. In Swarland and Newton woods, N. — Mr. J. Davison.

5. S. tridactylites. Rue-leaved Saxifrage.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 271; Eng. Bot. 501; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 28; Don. Tr. Linn. 441; Gr. Fl. Eds. 94; With. ii. 537.
On walls at Eglestone, in Teesdale, on Boldon and Cleadon hills, and near Dalton field-houses, D. On walls near Barnardcastle and Darlington, D. — Rev. J. Harriman. Near Shewing-shields, and on Rat cheugh Crag, near Alnwick, N.

6. S. hypnoides. Mossy Saxifrage, or Ladies' Cushion.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 277; Eng. Bot. 454; Don. Linn. Tr. xiii. 447; With. ii. 539; Gr. Fl. Eds. 94.
On rocks at Falcon-clint Scar, below Cauldron Snout, D. At the head of Cauledge-bourn, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

182. SCLERANTHUS.

1. S. annuus. Annual Knawel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 282; Eng. Bot. 351; Hook. Fl. Scot. 133; Berwick Flora, 95.
In dry fields and on walls, frequent.

2. S. perennis. Perennial Knawel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 283; Eng. Bot. 352; Hook. Fl. Scot. 133; With. ii. 540.
On Durham moor.— Rev. J. Symons. Very different in appearance from the preceding species, though its decumbent mode of growth and clustered flowers, afford but trivial specific distinctions between them; I have never seen specimens gathered in the north of England; in the south it is not rare on sandy commons, such as Ryegate, in Surrey.

183. SAPONARIA.

1. S. officinalis. Soapwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 284; Eng. Bot. 1060; Curt. Fasc. ii. 29; Woodv. t. 251; Gr. Fl. Eds. 95; With. ii. 541.
On the banks of Tyne near Friar's Goose, and of Wear at Newbridge, near Chester-le-Street, and Low Lambton, D. By the Wear, half a mile below Finchall Abbey. — Mr. J. Thornhill, jun. Near Darlington. —Rev. J. Harriman. By the Tees at Croft Bridge, and at Middleton-one row, D.—Mr. E. Robson.

184. DIANTHUS.

1. D. Armeria. Deptford Pink.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 286; Eng. Bot. 317; Hook. Lond. t. 134; Fl. Scot. 134; With. ii. 542; Sm. Tr. Linn. ii. 299.
On Pallion ballast-hills above Sunderland, D.—W. Weighell's Herb.

2. D. deltoides. Maiden Pink.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 288; Eng. Bot. 61; Tr. Linn, ii. 300; Gr. Fl. Eds. 95; With. ii. 543; Berwick Flora, 95.
On Ratcheugh Crag near Alnwick, and on hedge banks between Wooler and Earl, N. In high pastures above Gunnerton Crags. —Mr. F. Scott. At Budle, Spindlestone, Great Bavington, and Hombleton. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. On the furze bank, in the Rectory glebe at Embleton, on Chapel-hill at Belford, on the banks of a rivulet at Swinburne Castle, and at Wooler-haugh-head.— Wallis, 215. On crags at Craig mill. — Thompson's Berwick Plants.

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DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA.

185. SILENE.

1. S. anglica, English Catchfly.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 291; Eng. Bot. 1178; Curt. Lond. iv. t. 30; With. ii. 546.
On Sunderland ballast-hills. — W. Weighell's Herb.

S. brachiata. Bladder Campion, or Catchfly.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 292; Berwick Flora, 96; Hook. Fl. Scot. 134 α; Cucubalus Behen, Eng. Bot. 164; With. ii. 545.
In fields, pastures, and on the sea banks. This plant continues unaltered in its habit, when growing on the sea banks at Cullercoats, Newbiggin, and other places.

3. S. maritima. Sea Campion, or Catchfly.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 293; Eng. Bot. 957; Berwick Flora, 96; With. ii. 548; S. amoena, Lightfoot, 227; Hudson, 188; S. inflata β, Hook. Fl. Scot. 135; Gr. Fl. Eds. 96.
On the sea coast at Whitburn, and on Fulwell hills, D. Near Hartley, and on Holy Island, N. On banks beyond Hudshead. — Thompson's Berwick Plants. On the Fern Islands, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.
Dr. Hooker considers this a variety of the preceding species.

4. S. conica. Striated Corn Catchfly.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 294; Eng. Bot. 922; With. ii. 550.
On Hebburn ballast-hills, D.—Mr. R. Waugh. On Willington ballast-hills, N.

5. S. noctiflora. Night-flowering Catchfly.

Sm. Eng. El. ii. 295 ; Eng. Bot. 291 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 135; With. ii. 550.
In fields near Gateshead, Cleadon, Whitburn, and South Shields.

186. STELLARIA.

1. S. nemorum. Wood Stitchwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 300 ; Eng. Bot. 92 ; With. ii. 551 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 97.
In Eglestone, Lambton, Cawsey, Beamish, and Ravensworth woods; and in hedges at Witton-le-Wear, and Baydales, near Darlington; also on the banks of Wear, at Chester-le-Street new bridge, D. Near Westonhope, Weardale, — W.C. Trevelyan Esq. In Cocken woods, D.— W. Weighell's Herb. On the island near Hazle-side stream, Alnwick.— Mr. J. Davison. By the brook at Simonburn, N. —Wallis, 215.

2. S. media. Common Chickweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 301 ; Eng. Bot. 537; Hook. Fl. Scot. 135; Alsine media, Curt. Fasc. i. t. 20 ; Hudson, 131.
On cultivated ground, everywhere.

3. S. holostea. Greater Stichwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 301 ; Eng, Bot. 511 ; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 30; Hook. Fl. Scot. 136.
In woods and by hedges, frequent.

4. S. graminea. Lesser Stitchwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 302 ; Eng. Bot. 803 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 136; Berwick Flora, 97.
On heaths among bushes, not rare.

5. S. glauca. Glaucous Marsh Stitchwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 303 ; Eng. Bot. 825 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 98 ; With. ii. 555 ; Berwick Flora, 97.
At Rice Carr, near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse. Among furze at Prestwick Carr. — Mr. R. B. Bowman. By the side of a pond above Spindlestone, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

6. S. uliginosa. Bog Stitchwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 303; Eng. Bot. 1074; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 28; Hook. Fl. Scot. 136.
By ditches, springs, and rivulets, frequent.

187. ARENARIA.

1. A. peploides. Sea Chickweed, or Sandwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 306; Eng. Bot. 189; Hook. Fl. Scot. 137; With. ii. 557 ; Berwick Flora,. 97.
On the sands of the sea shore, frequent. Spittal sands near Berwick. — Dr. Thompson.

2. A. trinervis. Plantain- leaved Chickweed, or Sandwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 307 ; Eng. Bot. 1483 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 31; Hook. Fl. Scot. 137; Berwick Flora, 97.
In bushy moist places.

3. A. serpyllifolia. Thyme-leaved Sandwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 307 ; Eng. Bot. 923 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 32 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 138 ; Berwick Flora, 98.
On old walls and dry ground.

4. A. verna. Vernal Sandwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 309; Eng. Bol. 512; Gr. Fl. Eds. 99 ; With. ii. 559 ; Berwick Flora, 98.
On old mine heaps in Allendale, N. On the banks of Tyne near Crow-hall, N. — Mr. J. Thompson, Sp. Upon the wolds near Cauldron Snout, Teesdale, and on the moors in Weardale, D. On Cronkley Fell, Teesdale.

5. A. rubra. Purple Sandwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 311 ; Eng. Bot. 852; Hook. Fl. Scot. 138; Berwick Flora, 98.
In sandy fields and barren places.

6 A. marina. Sea Spurrev Sandwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 311 ; Eng. Bot. 958; Hook. Fl. Scot. 139 ; Berwick Flora, 98 ; A. rubra β, Hudson, 193.
On the sandy sea coast, not rare.

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DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.

188. SEDUM.

1. S. Telephium. Orpine, or Live-long.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 315; Eng. Bot. 1319; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 25; Gr. Fl. Eds. 100; With, ii. 562 ; Berwick Flora, 98.
By the road side near Urpeth, by hedges near Lanchester Ford, and near Durham, in Hag Crag wood near the High Force, and on Falconclint Scar, Teesdale, D. By the mill at Shincliffe, and wood at Butterby, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. On the banks of Tyne below Paradise near Elswick, and on hedge banks near Hexham, N. Near Belsay, — Miss Emma Trevelyan. On Banks between Simonburn and Nunwick, also at Rodham, N. — Wallis, 174.

2. S. anglicum. White English Stonecrop.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 317; Eng. Bot. 171 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 140; With. ii. 505; Berwick Flora, 99.
On the Heugh and about the Castle at Holy Island, N. — Thompson's Berwick Plants; observed also by Dr. G. Johnston. A rare visitant on the north-east coast of England, though frequent on the west.

3. S. acre. Biting Stonecrop, Wall Pepper.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 317; Eng. Bot. 839; Berwick Flora, 99 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 32 ; Woodv. Sup. t. 231 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 140.
On walls and in sandy places, particularly near the sea coast.
There is a variety among the rocks on the brink of Crag Lake, hardly to be distinguished, but by the cauline leaves in the time of flowering, which then appear in an imbricated six-fold series on the stalks. — Wallis, 175. Can this be Sedum sexangulare?

4. S. villosum. Hairy Stonecrop.

Sm. Eng, Fl. ii. 319; Eng. Bot. 394; Gr.Fl. Eds. 101; With. ii. 563; Berwick Flora, 99.
By the Whey Syke in Teesdale Forest, and near Widdy Bank by the road that leads to Harwood Chase; also by ditches near Burtree Ford, Weardale, D. By rivulets both at the foot of Cheviot, and running into the Coquet near the mill, south-east of Rothbury, N. Near Great Bavington. — Miss Emma Trevelyan. On Basaltic heights between Belford and Bamborough, N. — Thompson's Berwick Plants.

5. S. album. White Stonecrop.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 319; Eng. Bot. 1578; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 31; With. ii. 564; Hook. Fl. Scot. 140.
On the Abbey Bridge near Barnardcastle, D.— Mr. E. Robson. Probably naturalized there.

6. S. reflexum. Crooked Yellow Stonecrop.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 320; Eng. Bot. 695; Hook. Fl. Scot. 141; Berwick Flora, 99.
On walls and roofs of houses near Wycliffe and Witton-le-Wear, D. On rocks at Cocken, D. — Rev. J. Symons. On walls at Crook-oak and the ruins of Alnwick Abbey, N. On old walls at Lipwood, near Haydon-bridge, and on rocks at Tecket waterfall. — Wallis, 174. On the dyke at Kyloe Manse and at Easington, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

7. S. rupestre. St. Vincent's Rock Stonecrop.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 321; Eng. Bot. 170; With. ii. 566.
On walls about Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson. Certainly not indigenous. On precipices on the western Borders, by the rivulet of Irthing, near Wardrew Spa, N.— Wallis 175.
I suspect this to be a mistake.

189. OXALIS.

1. O. Acetosella. Common Wood-sorrel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 323; Eng. Bot. 762; Berwick Flora, 99; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 31; Woodv. t.20; Hook. Fl. Scot. 141; β Dill. Ray's Syn. 281; With. ii. 567.
α as In woods and shady places; β in Ravensworth woods, D. In woods about Hexham, N. — Wallis, 200.

190. AGROSTEMMA.

1. A. Githago. Corn Cockle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 325; Eng. Bot. 741; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 27; Hook. Fl. Scot. 141; Berwick Flora, 101.
In corn fields, not rare.

191. LYCHNIS.

1. L. Flos Cuculi. Ragged Robin, Meadow Lychnis

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 326; Eng. Bot. 573; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 33; Hook. Fl. Scot. 141; Berwick Flora, 100.
In moist meadows, frequent.

2. L. diurna. Red Campion.

Sibthorp, 145; Sym. Syn. 112; Berwick Flora, 100; L. dioica α, Eng. Bot. 1579; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 32; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 328; With. ii. 569; Hook. Fl. Scot. 142.
In hedges, woods, and denes, frequent.

3. L. vespertina. White Campion.

Sibthorp, 146; Sym. Syn. 112; Berwick Flora, 100; L. sylvestris, Lindley, 47; L. dioica β, Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 328; Eng. Bot. 1580; With. ii. 569; γ Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 329; flowers flesh-coloured.
In hedges and fields, seldom in woods.
Both Lychnis diurna and Lychnis vespertina are occasionally found with hermaprodite flowers, particularly the variety γ of Smith.

192. CERASTIUM.

1. C. vulgatum. Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 330; Eng. Bot. 789; Lightfoot, 240; Berwick Flora, 101; C. viscosum, Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 35; Hudson, 200.
On walls and dry banks, but not very common near Newcastle, N. and D. In the bed of Wooler Water, and on dykes at Earl, N. — Dr. Thompson.

2. C. viscosum. Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear Chick-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 330; Eng. Bot. 790; Lightfoot, 240; Berwick Flora, 101; C. vulgatum, Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 34; Hudson, 200.
On walls and in pastures, very common.

3. C. semidecandrum. Little Mouse-ear Chick-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 331; Eng. Bot. 1630; Berwick Flora, 101; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 33; Hook. Fl. Scot. 143.
β C. pumilum, Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 30; With. ii. 574.
α On walls and sandy ground, not rare; β on walls at the Long Bank, near Gateshead Fell, D. On walls at Tynemouth, and in Gallowgate, Newcastle, N.

4. C. tetrandrum. Four-cleft Mouse-ear Chick-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 332; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 31; Berwick Flora, 101; Hook. Fl. Scot. 143; Sagina cerastoides, Eng. Bot. 166; With. ii. 299.
On the banks at Tynemouth, near the Spanish Battery, and on the links at Hartley, Bamborough, and Holy Island, N. On the links below Scremmerston, — Thompson's Berwick Plants. On the Fern Islands and Spittal Links, N.— Dr. G. Johnston. On walls about Hartlepool, and on the coast at Shields Law, Whitburn, and near Sunderland north Pier, D.

5. C. arvense. Field Chick-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 333; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 29; Eng. Bot. 93; With. ii. 573; Gr. Fl. Eds. 104; Berwick Flora, 102.
At Friar's Goose near Gateshead, on dry banks and heaths near Darlington, on Fulwell Hills, Marsden Rocks, and near Chester Bridge, D. On banks near the Chain Bridge over the Tweed, at Horncliffe, and near Coldstream, and on St. Peter's Quay, N., where it was observed by Wilson — See Syn. 232. Near King's Mount Bastion, and Castle Bank, Berwick. — Dr. Thompson. On Spittal and Scremmerston Links. — Dr. G. Johnston. On Alnwick Moor. — Mr. J. Davison. Near Walk on Tweed, N.— Lightfoot, i. 241.

6. C. aquaticum, Water Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 335; Eng. Bot. 538; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 34; Hook. Fl. Scot. 144; With. ii. 575.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.—W. Weighell's Herb.

193. SPERGULA.

1. S. arvensis. Corn Spurrey.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 336; Eng. Bot. 1535; Berwick Flora, 102; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 31; Hook Fl. Scot. 144.
β S. pentandra, Eng. Bot. 1536. α In corn fields, frequent; β on the sea coast south of Sunderland, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

2. S. nodosa. Knotted Spurrey.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 338; Eng. Bot. 694; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 34; Hook. Fl. Scot. 145; With. ii. 576; Berwick Flora, 102.
In bogs near Urpeth, near Fulwell-gate, and at Allansford, D. At Prestwick Carr, and Willington Quay, on the links at Bamborough, and by the Lough at Holy Island, N. At the east end of Bromley Lake, N. — Wallis, 214. On Goswick Links, N.—Dr. Thompson.

3. S. subulata. Fringed All-shaped Spurrey.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 339; Eng. Bot. 1082; With. ii. 576; Berwick Flora, 103; Hook. Fl. Scot. 145; S. laricina, Lightfoot, 244; Hudson, 203; S. saginoides, Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 35.
On Spindlestone and Easington rocks, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. On Whinneyfield Bank by Cullercoats near Tynemouth, N.—Lawson, Dill. Ray's Syn. 345.

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DODECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

194. ASARUM.

1. A. europaeum. Common Asarabacca.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 342; Eng. Bot. 1083; Woodv. t. 86; Hook. Fl. Scot. 146.
At Middleton, near Alnwick, N. — Miss Forster, delin.
Probably not originally indigenous.

195. LYTHRUM.

1. L. Salicaria. Spiked Purple Loosestrife.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 343; Eng. Bot. 1061; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 28; Hook. Fl. Scot. 147; Berwick Flora, 105.
On the banks of rivers and streams, by no means rare, N. and D. In the mill race in Heaton Dene, below Sandyford, N. On the banks of Tweed above Norham. —Dr. G. Johnston.

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DODECANDRIA DIGYNIA.

196. AGRIMONIA.

1. A. Eupatoria. Common Agrimony.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 346; Eng. Bot. l335; Woodv. Sup. t. 258; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 32; Hook. Fl. Scot. 147; Berwick Flora, 105.
In meadows, and on the borders of corn fields, but not very common.

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DODECANDRIA TRIGYNIA.

197. RESEDA.

1. R. Luteola. Dyer's-weed, Yellow-weed, or Weld.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 347; Eng. Bot. 320; Hook. Fl. Scot. 147; Berwick Flora, 105; AVith. ii. 585.
On the banks of hedges, and the rubbish about old coal pits, frequent.

2. R. lutea. Wild Mignonette, or Base Rocket.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 348; Eng. Bot. 321; With. ii. 586; Gr. Fl. Eds. 105.
β Dill. Ray's Syn. 366.
α At the Salt Meadows below Gateshead, and between South Shields, and Monkwearmouth, D. By road sides near Hartley, Cullercoats, and Tynemouth, N. β on the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D.

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DODECANDRIA DODECAGYNIA.

198. SEMPERVIVUM.

1. S. tectorum. Common Houseleek.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 350; Eng. Bot. 1320; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 29; Hook. Fl. Scot. 149; Berwick Flora, 106.
On walls and cottage roofs.

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ICOSANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

199. PRUNUS.

1. P. Padus. Bird Cherry.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 354; Eng. Bot. 1383; With. iii. 598; Gr. Fl. Eds. 137; Berwick Flora, 108.
In woods and hedges, frequent. In woods about Hound Wood and Benton Inn, N. —Dr. G. Johnston.

2. P. Cerasus. Wild Cherry-tree.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 354; Eng. Bot. 706; Berwick Flora, 109; Gr. Fl. Eds. 108; With. iii. 599.
γ Ray's Syn. 2nd ed., 302.
δ P. avium. With. iii. 600.
α In woods and hedges, N. and D. Near Flemington, N. — Dr. G. Johnston, γ on the banks of Tees about Barnardcastle. — Johnson in Ray. At Chowden, near Gateshead Fell, D. δ in woods about Darlington, D. — Rev. J. Symons.

3. P. domestica. Wild Plumb-tree.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 355; Eng. Bot. 1783; Woodv. t. 85; Gr. Fl. Eds. 108; With. ii. 600.
In hedges near Morpeth and Alnwick, N. In the neighbourhood of Urpeth, D. Near Witton Gilbert, D. — Rev. J. Symons.
Probably not originally indigenous in the north of England.

4. P. insititia. Wild Bullace-tree.

Sm. Eng, Fl. ii. 356; Eng. Bot. 841; With. iii. 600; Gr. Fl. Eds. 108.
In Ryehope Dene, and in hedges between Durham and Chester-le-Street, D.

5. P. spinosa. Sloe-tree, Black-thorn.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 357; Eng. Bot. 842; Woodv. t. 84; Hook. Fl. Scot. 151; Berwick Flora, 109.
In hedges and thickets.

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ICOSANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.

200. MESPILUS.

1. M. Oxyacantha. Hawthorn, White-thorn, May.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 359; Eng. Bot. 2504; Berwick Flora, 109; Crataegus Oxyacantha, Hook. Fl. Scot. 151; Crataegus monogyna. Sibth. 156.
In woods and hedges, everywhere. ====201. PYRUS.====

1 P. communis. Wild Pear-tree, Iron Pear.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 301 ; Eng. Bot. 1784; With. iii. 607.
In hedges near Cocken, D.— W. Weighell's Herb. Probably not truly indigenous.

2. P. Malus. Wild Apple-tree, Crab-tree.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 362 ; Eng. Bot. 179 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 151; Berwick Flora, 110.
In woods, denes, and hedges, common.

3. P. aucuparia. Mountain Ash, Quicken-tree.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 364 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 151 ; Berwick Flora, 110; Sorbus aucuparia, Eng. Bot. 337 ; With. iii. 604.
In woods and plantations, common. Near the High Force, and Winch Bridge in Teesdale, D. ; and at the foot of Cheviot. N. Certainly wild.

4. P. Aria. White Beam-tree, White Wild Pear-tree.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 365; Eng. Bot. 1858; Gr. Fl. Eds. 110; Crataegus Aria, With. iii. 602.
β P. pinnatifida, Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 365 ; Eng. Bot. 2331; P. hybrida, Fl. Brit. 534. α In Castle Eden Dene, on rocks of Magnesian Limestone, and near Winch Bridge, Teesdale, on Encrinal Limestone and Basalt, D. β in plantations.
A variety usually raised by cultivation, and called the Bastard Mountain Ash.

202. SPIRIA.

1. S. salicifolia. Willow-leaved Spiraea.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 367 ; Eng. Bot. 1468; Hook. Fl. Scot. 152; With. iii. 609.
Naturalized in woods at Wallington, and by Roadley Lake, N. In Gibside woods near the Chapel, D. ; but not indigenous as Dr. Smith was erroneously informed. — See Eng. Fl. ii. p. 369.

2. S. Filipendula. Common Dropwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 368; Eng. Bot. 284; With. iii. 610; Hook. Fl. Scot. 152.
At Baydales, and Conniscliffe near Darlington, and in Byer's Quarry field near Whitburn, D. In Crag Close near Barwesford, N.
This plant flourishes both on the Magnesian and Encrinal Limestone.

3. S. Ulmaria. Meadow-sweet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 368; Eng. Bot. 960; Hook. Fl. Scot. 152; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 33; Berwick Flora, 110.
On the banks of rivers and in moist meadows, frequent.

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ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA.

203. ROSA.

1. R. rubella. Red-fruited Dwarf Rose.

Fruit oval, somewhat bristly. Flower stalks, bristly. Stem spreading, clothed with straight slender spines. Leaflets elliptical, smooth, singly serrated. Segments of the calyx entire.
Eng. Bot. 2521 and 2601, Fruit f.3; With. iii. 613; Sm. Com. 78 ; Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. 177; Lindley, Mon. 40; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 374; Winch, Geog. Pl. 2nd ed., No. 1, App.; Hook. Br. Fl. 225.
Flowers white tinged with pink. Fruit, when ripe, pear-shaped, scarlet, and pendant. Calyx permanent.
On the sands of the sea coast near South Shields, D., mixed with the dwarf variety of the Burnet Rose, rare July 17, 1797.
This shrub appears a link between Rosa spinosissima and Rosa alpina; the latter of which it greatly resembles in habit. It is not Rosa pimpinellifolia of the Swiss Botanists, as Mr. Woods conjectures; for, by a specimen procured from Schleicher, that plant appears to be Rosa spinosissima. Nor is it Rosa spinosissima, var. 3, of Withering, as I am assured by that gentleman.

2. R. spinosissima. Burnet Rose.

Fruit globose, smooth as well as the flower stalks. Stem clothed with numerous straight slender spines. Leaflets singly serrated, smooth and round.
Eng. Bot. t. 187; With. iii. 612; Winch, Geog. Pl., 2nd ed., No. 2, App.; Berwick Flora, 111; Hook. Br. Fl. 226; Fl. Scot. 154; Gr. Fl. Eds. 111; Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 178; Fl. Brit. ii. 537; Lindley Mon. 50; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 375; R. pimpinellifolia, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed., 1062; Schleicher's Catalogue, 24.
Flowers yellowish white. Fruit first reddish brown, as coloured in English Botany, and then turning black. Calyx permanent.
γ pusilla, Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 179; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 376.
Flower stalks short. Fruit large, depressed.
The Burnet Rose is a shrub of a very diminutive growth on the sea beach (var. γ), but rises to a tall bush in woods and hedges distant from the coast. It is not very common, but occasionally to be found even in our sub-alpine vallies; and in the woods bordering the Lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland. It may be met with about Newcastle, Corbridge, the Crag Lake, and on the coast at Holy Island, N. At Hebburn Quay, on the links near South Shields, at Norton; also in Weardale and Teesdale, D.

3. R. gracilis. Tall Bristly Rose.

Flower stalks bristly, generally bracteated. Branches, fruit and calyx bristly. Leaflets doubly serrated, hairy on both sides.
Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 186; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 379; Winch, Geog. Pl., 2nd ed., No. 4, App.; R. villosa, Eng. Bot. t. 583.
β R. Sabini, Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 188; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 380 ; Lindley Mon. 59; Hook. Fl. Scot. 155; Gr. Fl. Eds. 112; Hook. Br. Fl. 229; Eng. Bot. 2594; R. Doniana, Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 185; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 378; Eng. Bot. 2601; R. nivalis, Hort. Cant. 7th ed., 155. R. involuta. Winch, Geog. Pl., 2nd ed., No. 3, App.
γ R. involuta, Eng. Bot. 2068 ; Fl. Brit. ii. 398; With iii. 613; Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 183; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 380; Hook. Fl. Scot. 154; Br. Fl. 229.
Flowers pink; generally one, but sometimes two or three together. Petals yellowish at the base. Fruit globular scarlet. Calyx permanent, entire.
α At Baydales, near Darlington, D. β in Heaton Dene, below Benton Bridge, and near Goldspink Hall, N. Near Middleton-one-Row, D.— Mr. J. Backhouse. In α gracilis the large prickles are somewhat falcate; this is all the difference I can observe in the plants growing between Keswick and Lorton, from which Woods drew up his specific character, and β Sabini the variety found in Heaton Dene. We have not the elegant white variety with red glands, abundant in Ennerdale. With γ involuta, I am acquainted by specimens and plants procured on the shores of Arran by the late Mr. G. Don. It is merely a dwarf variety from growing on the sands of the sea coast, as is the case with Rosa spinossissima and its petals are occasionally involute, which in dry situations happens to most other roses.

4. R. villosa. Soft-leaved round-fruited Rose.

Fruit globose, half as long as the segments of the calyx, bristly as well as the flower-stalks. Prickles of the stem straight. Leaflets elliptic, ovate, downy on both sides. Calyx permanent. R. villosa, Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 189; Winch, Geog. Pl. 2nd ed. No. 5 App.; Hook. Br. Fl. 230; With. iii. 612; Var. 2, Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 311; R. villosa, β Fl. Brit. ii. 538; R. mollis, Eng. Bot. t. ii. 459; Winch, Geog. of Plants, 1st ed., 42; Lindley, Br. Syn. 100; R. tomentosa, Lindley, Mon. 77; Hook. Fl: Scot. 156; R. villosa β, mollissima, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 1070.
Very common about Newcastle, in hedges and woods. When this shrub grows on a sterile soil, or in a bleak exposed situation, it assumes the stunted habit and full red flower, as delineated in Eng. Bot. t. ii. 459. The fruit varies from smoothness to a considerable degree of roughness. Rosa villosa, of Dr. Swartz and other foreign botanists, is the Apple Rose of our gardens, which I believe is not indigenous in Britain. Its fruit is very large, and leaves pointed.

5. R. tomentosa. Downy-leaved Dog Rose.

Fruit ovate, bristly as well as the flower stalks. Prickles of the stem slightly curved. Leaflets doubly serrated, ovate, downy on both sides. Divisions of the calyx permanent.
Eng. Bot. t. 990; Fl. Brit. ii. 539; With. iii. 615; Woods, Linn. Tr. xii. 197; Lindley, Mon. 27; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 383; Berwick Flora, 111; Winch, Geog. PI. 2nd ed., No. 6 App.; Hook. Br. Fl. 231.
Flowers bright red, paler at the base.
In woods and hedges about Newcastle, by no means rare.

6. R. scabriuscula. Rough-leaved Dog Rose.

Fruit, roundish, ovate, bristly as well as the flower stalks. Prickles awl-shaped, as well as the flower stalks. Leaflets doubly serrated, elliptical, with minute hairs. Divisions of the calyx permanent.
Eng. Bot. t. 1896; Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 193; Sm. Compend. 78; With. iii. 615; Berwick Flora, 111; Winch, Geog. Pl., 2nd ed., No. 7, App.; R. tomentosa α? Hook. Br. Fl. 231; R. tomentosa β, Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 383.
Fruit red. Bristles on the fruit and flower-stalks ending in minute glands; but there is a variety with smooth fruit. Leaflets are more pointed than represented in Eng. Bot. and covered with a hoary, velvety down.
In hedges near Benwell (1797), Paradise, Scotswood, Fenham, Jesmond, Ponteland, and Heaton Dene, N. Near Ravensworth, the High and Low Team, and Tanfield, D. Near Wallington.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. On the banks of Tweed, above the Union Bridge, and in hedges near Berwick, N.— Dr. G. Johnston.
The buds are peculiarly handsome when sufficiently expanded to shew the bright red tints with which the outer edge of the snow-white petals is marked. Probably Sir J.E. SMITH is right in considering this rose a variety of Rosa tomentosa; but I shall let it stand as a species, till the contrary be proved by sowing its seeds.

7. R. Eglanteria. Sweet Briar.

Fruit ob-ovate, bristly as well as the flower-stalks. Leaves doubly serrated. Prickles of the stem hooked, clothed beneath with rusty-coloured glands. Segments of the calyx deciduous.
Huds. Fl. Ang. 218; Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 206; Winch, Geog. Pl., 2nd ed., No. 8, App.; R. rubiginosa, Eng. Bot. 991; Fl. Brit. ii. 540; With. iii. 616; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 385; Lindley, Mon. 86; Hook. Fl. Scot. 157; Gr. Fl. Eds. 113; Hook. Br. Fl. 234; Berwick Flora, 112.
Flower pale red, fruit scarlet.
ln hedges near the Friar's Goose and Hebburn Hall, also on rocks below Westoe, D. In Rocoe Lane near Monkwearmouth. — Rev. J. Symons. Near High Conniscliffe.—Mr. Janson. In Raby Park, D.—Mr. J. Backhouse. On the edge of the military road by the twelfth mile stone, also on the north side of the Coquet at Warkworth, almost opposite the church, N.—Wallis, 143. Naturalized about Scremmerston and Broom House.—Dr. G. Johnston.

8. R. Borreri. Downy-stalked Dog Rose.

Fruit ovate, smooth. Flower-stalks villous, somewhat bristly, clustered. Prickles of the stem hooked. Leaflets ovate, doubly serrated, slightly hairy beneath. Foot-stalks very downy.
Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 210; Winch, Geog. Pl., 2nd ed., No. 9, App.; R. dumetorum, Eng. Bot. t. 2579; Sm. Compend. 79; With. iii. 618; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 388; R. inodora, Hook. Br. Fl. 233; R. rubiginosa inodora, Hook. Fl. Lond. t. 117.
ς Lindley Mon. 88.
Fruit scarlet, ovate. Petals pale pink, yellowish at the base.
In a hedge on Friar's Goose Quay, probably brought with ballast from the south of England.
This rose is accurately delineated in the English Botany, but the calyx remains long on the fruit. Like Rosa canina, it frequently throws out long leading shoots, which soon overtop the bunches of flowers. In all likelihood Lindley was not in error in making it a variety of the Eglantine.

9. R. dumetorum. Thicket Rose.

Fruit elliptical, smooth, as tall as the bracteas. Flower-stalks aggregate, slightly hairy. Calyx pinnate. Prickles numerous, scattered, hooked. Leaves simply serrated, hairy on both sides.
Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 217; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 392; Lam. and De Cand. Fl. Fr. iv. 534; Eng. Bot. 2610; Winch, Geog. Pl. 2nd ed., No. 11, App; R. caesia, Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 389; Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 212; Eng. Bot. 2367; Hook. Br. Fl. 239; R. canina ζ, Hook. Fl. Scot. 157; R. bractescens, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. 216; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 391. Bracteas serrated, pointed and leafy, longer than the flower-stalks, which are short and stout, sometimes four or five together. Tube of the calyx roundish. Segments pinnate, permanent. Flowers pale red. Styles prominent, hairy. Stigmas forming a round head. Fruit, red, globular.
In Heaton Dene, and hedges near Sandyford, N. Between Middleton and Langley Ford, N., and near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

10. R. canina. Common Dog Rose.

Fruit ovate, smooth as well as the flower-stalks. Prickles of the stem hooked. Leaflets ovate, pointed, very smooth, singly serrated.
Eng. Bot. 992; Fl. Brit. ii. 540; With. ii. 617; Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 223; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 394; Hook. Fl. Scot. 157; Gr. Fl. Eds. 113; Winch, Geog. PI. 2nd ed., No. 12, App.; Berwick Flora, 113.
Flowers pale pink, clustered, soon out-topped by the leading shoots of the shrub. Fruit scarlet, oval. Calyx deciduous. Leaves dark shining green. The young shoots very strong, armed with large hooked prickles.

β R. Forsteri. Downy-ribbed Dog Rose.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 392; Eng. Bot. 2611; Berwick Flora, 113; R. collina β and γ, Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 219; R. canina ε, Hook. Br. Fl. 236.
Ribs of the leaflets hairy.
α In every hedge. β near Berwick — Dr. G. Johnston.

11. R. sarmentacea. Glaucous-leaved Dog Rose.

Calyx permanent. Fruit egg-shaped, smooth. Leaflets ovate, doubly serrated, glaucous.— Prickles hooked. Calyx deciduous.
R. sarmentacea. Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 213; Swartz. MSS.; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 390; Eng. Bot. 2595; Berwick Flora, 112; Winch, Geog. Pl., 2nd ed., No. 13, App.; R. canina β, Hook. Br. Fl. 236; R. glaucophylla, Winch, Geog. Pl., 1st ed., 45; With. iii. 619.
In every hedge near Newcastle, both in Northumberland and Durham. This is a much slenderer, though less trailing Briar than Rosa canina; its flowers pale pink, growing in pairs or single, and its fruit large. It also further differs in habit, by not having young shoots sprouting beyond the blossoms, so as to give them the appearance of being axillary; and from Rosa sentriosa of Acharius (Stockholm Transactions) in the fruit being ovate, not globular. The leaves of the shrub are glaucous — peculiarly so in the spring of the year; and with reluctance I relinquish the name given to it in the first edition of the Geog. of Plants, for the less appropriate one of my late friend, Dr. Swartz. This rose stands exactly in the same predicament as R. scabriuscula, and I leave it as a species till ascertained to be a variety of R. canina, to which, it must be owned, it bears a strong resemblance.

12. R. arvensis. White-trailing Dog Rose.

Style united. Fruit globose, smooth as well as the flower-stalks. Leaves unequally serrated. Stem and leaf-stalks prickly. Flowers generally clustered. Prickles hooked.
Eng. Bot. t. 188; Fl. Brit. ii. 538; With. iii. 611; Woods, Linn, Trans, xii. 232; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii 396; Lindley, Mon. 112; Hook. Fl. Scot. 158; Gr. Fl. Eds. 114; Winch, Geog. Pl., 2nd ed., No. 14, App.; Hook. Br. Fl. 241; Var. β Hudson, 219, with only one flower.
Flowers white. Germen oblong. Fruit globose, deep red, terminated by the simple base of the styles. Calyx deciduous. Stems glaucous, sometimes the colour of mahogany.
In woods and hedges at Friar's Goose, near Gateshead, at Cocken, and between Norton and Sadberge, also near Marsden, D. At St. Authon's, and in Elswick Dene near Newcastle, N. Between Broom House and Haggerstone, N.—Thompson's Berwick Plants.
The foreign Botanists do not seem to be well acquainted with this species, some of them considering it the same as Rosa sempervirens, from which it is easily distinguished by the more oval form and colour of its leaves, and the calyx being quite smooth. From Dr. Swartz I have received specimens of a rose named Rosa arvensis, but which resembled a small variety of Rosa canina, and is Rosa agrestis of Schleicher's Catalogue of Swiss Plants. The Ayrshire Rose, which may frequently be seen trained against walls, is scarcely a variety. When the plant grows upon a poor soil, and is weak, its flowers are not clustered, and it then becomes the var. β of Hudson's Flora Anglica and Ray's Synopsis.

204. RUBUS.

1. R. fruticosus. Common Bramble.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 399; Eng. Bot. 715; With. ii. 622; Gr. Fl. Eds. 115; Berwick Flora, 114.
In hedges, but not very common.

2. R. glandulosus. Glandular Bramble.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 403; Berwick Flora, 114; R. Kohleri, Eng. Bot. 2605; Lindley, Br. Syn. 94.
In Heaton Dene and hedges near Jesmond, N, not rare. Hedges near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. R. idaeus. Raspberry.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 407; Eng. Bot. 2442; Woodv. t. 138; With. iii. 620; Hook. Fl. Scot. 159; Berwick Flora, 114.
In denes, woods, and by rivulets, not uncommon, N. and D. Among the Cheviot mountains, N. On Alnwick Moor, near Brislie Tower. —Mr. J. Davison. By the brook below Tecket, N. — Wallis, 143.

4. R. corylifolius. Hazel-leaved Bramble.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 408; Eng. Bot. 827; Hook. Fl. Scot. 160; With. iii. 621; Berwick Flora, 114; R. vulgaris, Lindley, Br. Syn. 93.
The most common bramble in Northumberland and Durham. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnson. In woods and sheltered denes this shrub becomes almost an evergreen, and is then Rubus macrophyllus of Lindley's Synopsis, 93, and the Eng. Bot. t. 2625.

5. R. caesius. Dew-berry.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 409; Eng. Bot. 826; Hook. Fl. Scot. 160; With. iii. 620; Berwick Flora, 114.
In woods, hedges, and denes, but not common. On the banks of Tweed, beyond Ord Mill.—Dr. Thompson. The double-flowered variety, in Tecket Wood, by the path leading westward from the Rectory Dene Simonburn, N.— Wallis, 144.

6. R. saxatilis. Stone Bramble.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 410; Eng. Bot. 2233; Gr. Fl. Eds. 115; With. iii. 623.
In Castle Eden Dene, on the banks of Tees at the High Force, in Hown's Wood near Butsfield, and near Eglestone and Middleton, D. In Allendale, on the banks of Irthing, and on the rocks at Shewing Shields, N. In plantations north of Wallington, and about Hartburn banks.—Miss Emma Trevelyan. Near Whinetly Mill, at West Dibden, Hexhamshire, N.—Wallis, 144.

7. R. Chamaemorus. Mountain Bramble, or Cloudberry.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 412; Eng. Bot. 716; Gr. Fl. Eds. 115; Hook. Lond. t. 136; With. ii. 624; Berwick Flora, 115.
On Knoutberry Fell near Eglestone, D. In mosses above Allen Heads, on Kilhope Law, Hedgehope, and Cheviot, N. Above Knaresdale and Coan Wood, N. — Mr. J. Thompson. On Simonside, N.—Miss Emma Trevelyan. On Cronkley Fell in Teesdale.

205. FRAGARIA.

1. F. vesca. Wood Strawberry.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 414; Eng. Bot. 1524; Hook. Fl. Scot. 162; Berwick Flora, 115.
In woods and denes.

2. F. calycina. Calycene Strawberry.

Loiseleur, Lindley, Br. Syn. 96; F. grandiflora, Thuil. i. 254; F. vesca γ, Lam. and De Cand. Fl. Fr. iv. 468; Hook. Br. Fl. 250.
In Northumberland. — Lindley.
I know nothing of this strawberry.

206. POTENTILLA.

1. P.fruticosa. Shrubby Cinquefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 416; Eng. Bot. 88; With. iii. 626; Ray's Syn. 256.
On the banks of Tees at Eglestone Abbey, at Winch Bridge, and at the High Force, Teesdale, D., where it was observed in Ray's time by Mr. Lawson.
The banks of Tees is the only part of the kingdom where this ornamental shrub grows wild, except in a ravine called the Devil's Sledge-gate in Wastdale Screes, in Cumberland; it was there detected by Mr. Bicheno.

2. P. anserina. Silver-weed, Wild Tansey.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 417; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t.31; Eng. Bot. 861; Hook. Fl. Scot. 162; Berwick Flora, 115.
By road sides and on barren ground.

3. P. argentea. Hoary Cinquefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 418; Eng. Bot. 89; With. iii. 628; Gr. Fl. Eds. 116.
Between Sunderland and South Shields, and on Sunderland ballast-hills, D. Near Beaufront, Hexham, N.

4. P. alpestris. Orange Alpine Cinquefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 418; Hook. Br. Fl. 252; P. aurea, Eng. Bot. 561; Hook. Fl. Scot. 163; With. ii. 630.
On basaltic rocks at Winch Bridge, and near the Cauldron Snout, Teesdale, D. Near Corbridge Mill, N.

5. P. verna. Spring Cinquefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 420; Eng. Bot. 37; Gr. Fl. Eds. 117; With. ii. 630; Berwick Flora, 116.
On Spindlestone hills, N— Dr. G. Johnston.

6. P. reptans. Common Creeping Cinquefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 423; Eng. Bot. 862; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 37; Woodv. t. 59; Hook. Fl. Scot. 163; Berwick Flora, 116.
By way sides and in pastures.

7. P. Fragariastrum. Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 425; Berwick Flora, 116; P. Fragaria, Gr. Fl. Eds. 116; Fragaria sterilis, Eng. Bot. 1785; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 30.
On hedge banks and in dry pastures.

207. TORMENTILLA.

1. T. officinalis. Common Tormentil, or Septfoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 427; Eng. Bot. 863; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 35; Hook. Fl. Scot. 164; Berwick Flora, 116; T. erecta, Woodv. t. 9; Hudson, 225; Potentilla Tormentilla, Gr. Fl. Eds. 116.
On heaths, and barren pastures.

2. T. reptans. Trailing Tormentil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 428; Eng. Bot. 864; Hook. Fl. Scot. 164; With. iii. 632; Berwick Flora, 116; Potentilla procumbens, Gr. Fl. Eds. 117.
In the lane leading to Lumley Ford, D. — Rev. J. Symons. On a bank about a hundred yards west from Anick Grange, on the north side of the lane that leads to Hexham, N.— Wallis, 199.

208. GEUM.

1. G. urbanum. Common Avens, Herb Bennet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 429; Eng. Bot. 1400; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t.36; Hook. Fl. Scot. 165; Berwick Flora, 117; Woodv. Supp. 259.
β G. intermedium, With. iii. 634; G. rivale β, Sm. Fl. Brit. 555; G. urbanum β, Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 429.
α In thickets, denes, and by hedges, not rare; β in Scotswood and Heaton Denes, N. Near Norton, and in woods at the Friar's Goose below Gateshead, also near Saltwellside, D. Near St. Helen's Well by Darlington, D.—Mr. E. Robson. In the vicinity of Wallington, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

2. G. rivale. Water Avens.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 430; Eng. Bot. 106; Berwick Flora, 117; Hook. Fl, Scot. 165; β proliferus, 2nd. var., With. iii. 634; G. rivale γ, Sm. Fl. Brit. 555.
α In damp woods and by the sides of rivulets; β in woods on the Irthing, near Wardrew, N. At Wallington, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. In Castle Eden Dene, D. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. E. Robson.

209. DRYAS.

1. D. octopetala. Mountain Avens.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 432; Eng. Bot. 451; Hook. Fl. Scot. 165; With. iii. 635.
Near the Black Ark on Cronkley Fell, Teesdale.

210 COMARUM.

1. C. palustre. Marsh Cinquefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 433; Eng. Bot. 172; Hook. Fl. Scot. 165; With. iii. 635; Berwick Flora, 117.
In bogs, frequent.

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POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

211. CHELIDONIUM.

1. C. majus. Celandine.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 4; Eng. Bot. 1581; Woodv. Sup. t. 263; With. iii. 630; Hook. Fl. Scot. 167; Berwick Flora, 119.
In hedges near farm houses and villages.

212. GLAUCIUM.

1. G. luteum. Yellow Horned-Poppv.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 6; Hook. Lond. t. 56; Gr. Fl. Eds. 119; Berwick Flora, 119; Chelidonium Glaucium, Eng. Bot. 8; C. luteum, With. iii. 640.
A sea-side plant, but now completely naturalized on the ballast-bills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. On Wellington ballast-hills, N., where Wallis observed it. At Seaton, D.— Mr. Backhouse.

213. PAPAVER.

1. P. hybridum. Mongrel Poppy.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 9; Eng. Bot. 43; With. iii. 642.
In corn fields on the Magnesian Limestone about Whitburn, Cleadon, Fulwell, and Sunderland, D. Near Alnwick, D.— Miss Forster, delin.
This plant is not mentioned in the Flora Scotica.

2. P. Argemone. Long Rough, headed Poppy.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 1; Eng. Bot. 643; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 38; Hook. Fl. Scot. 168; Berwick Flora, 120.
In corn fields.

3. P. dubium. Long Smooth-headed Poppy.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 10; Eng. Bot. 644; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 37; Hook. Fl. Scot. 168; Berwick Flora, 120.
In corn fields, not rare.

4. P. Rhoeas. Common Red Poppy, Corn Rose.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 11; Eng. Bot. 645; Berwick Flora, 120; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. 32; Woodv. t. 186; Hook. Fl. Scot. 168.
β Var. flore albo. α In corn fields, common. β near Norton. —J. Hogg, Esq.

5. P. somniferum. White Poppy.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. U; Eng. Bot. 2145; Woodv. t. 185; Hook. Fl. Scot. 168; With. iii. 645.
On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. Near Seaton. — Mr. J. Backhouse; and Norton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq.
A native of the Levant, with but slight claim to be enumerated as an English plant.

214. NYMPHAEA.

1. N. alba. White Water-lily.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 14; Eng. Bot. 160; Hook. Lond. t. 140; With. iii. 647; Gr. Fl. Eds. 120.
In Greenley and Broomley Lakes, near Shewing Shields, N. In Grinden Lake.— Wallis, 23S. Naturalized in the ponds at Wallington, N.

215. NUPHAR.

1. N. lutea. Common Yellow Water-lily.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 15; Hook. Lond. t. 141; Fl. Scot. 169; Berwick Flora, 120; Nymphaea lutea, Eng. Bot. 159; With. iii. 646.

β N. pumila. Least Yellow Water-lily.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 16; Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 151; Hook. Lond. t. 165; N. minima, Eng. Bot. 2292; N. Kalmiana, Hook. Fl. Scot. 169; Nymphaea lutea, var. 2, With. iii. 647.
α. In the Pont, Ouse Burn, and in ponds at Widehaugh, near Dilston, also in the Loughs near Shewing Shields: naturalized in ponds at Wallington, N. In ponds at Park House, and in the Skerne near Darlington, D. Near Norton J. Hogg, Esq. β in Chartner's Lough, on the Wallington moors, N.—Sir John Trevelyan, Bart.
Some years since the Least Yellow Water-lily was transplanted from the Sub-alpine moors into the ponds at Wallington, where it now scarcely differs from the common Water-lily; in both varieties, at least I consider them as such, the stigma is entire when young, but becomes toothed as it grows older.

216. TILIA.

1. T. europaea. Lime-tree, Linden-tree.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 17; Eng. Bot. 610; Lightfoot, 280.
In woods and plantations, scarcely indigenous.

2. T. grandifolia. Broad-leaved Downy Lime-tree.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 18; Hook. Br. Fl. 259; T. europaea δ Sm. Fl. Br. 571.
At Wallington, N.−W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. Probably planted there.

3. T. parvifolia. Small-leaved Lime-tree.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 20; Hook. Br. Fl. 259; Eng. Bot. 1705; T. europaea β, Sm. Fl. Brit. 571, var. 2; With. iii. 648.
At Wallington, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. Probably planted there.

217. CISTUS.

1. C. marifolius. Hoary Dwarf Cistus.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 23; Eng. Bot. 396; With. iii. 649; Hook. Lond. t. 171; Davies' Welsh Bot. 53; Helianthemum canum, Dunal. Lindley, Br. Syn. 36; Hook. Br. Fl. 257.
Near the Black Ark on Cronkley Fell, Teesdale; its northern limits.

2. C. Helianthemum. Common Dwarf Cistus.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 26; Eng. Bot. 1321; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 36; With. iii. 651; Hook. Fl. Scot. 170; Berwick Flora, 120; Helianthemum vulgare, Hook. Br. Fl. 258.
On limestone hills at the Lizards, and near Sunderderland, also in Castle Eden Dene, and at Winch Bridge in Teesdale, D. On the moor to the north of Hartlepool, and in Close Wood, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. On the banks of Tyne at Whitley Point, by the road side near Walbottle Dene, on the Basaltic rocks and on the Roman wall at Shewing Shields, above Crag Lake (C. marifolius of Wallis, 208), near Warden Mills, at Dunstanborough, and on the Heugh at Holy Island, N. East side of the bridge at Barwesford, near Chipchase. — Wallis, 208. On the Chapel Hill at Belford, and on Basaltic heights between it and Bamborough, N.—Thompson's Berwick Plants.

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POLYANDRIA TRIGYNIA.

218. DELPHINIUM.

1. D. Consolida. Field Larkspur.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 30; Eng. Bot. 1839; With. iii. 655; Hook. Br. Fl. 261. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. In a clover field near the Lough on Holy Island, N.; probably introduced from the Continent. In corn fields at Norton. — J. Hogg, Esq. In a limestone quarry near Bishopwearmouth, D. — Mr. Backhouse.
Not truly indigenous in the north of England, nor mentioned in the Flora Scotica by Hooker.

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POLYANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.

219. AQUILEGIA.

1. A. vulgaris. Common Columbine.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 33; Eng. Bot. 297; With. iii. 657; Gr. Fl. Eds. 121; A. alpina, Hudson, 235.
By the Ousebourn in Heaton Dene (probably the outcast of a garden), and on the banks of the river Derwent near Allans ford, N. In Willington Dene, by the path from Wallsend, and in Dilston Park near Hexham, N. — Wallis, 165. In the dene below Dalton-le-Dale, near Middleton-in-Teesdale, at Baydales near Darlington, in Castle Eden Dene, by Pontburn near Medomsley, and at Barley Haugh near Ebchester, D. In Hesledon Dene and in Portrack Lane, half way to Norton, D. — John Hogg, Esq.
So truly distinct did the Columbine, in its wild state, appear to Hudson from the cultivated variety that he mistook it for Aquilegia alpina of Linnaeus. His Aquilegia vulgaris, I suspect, must have been intended for the garden plant which is not rare in the south of England, but generally found in the vicinity of cottages.

220. STRATIOTES.

1. S. aloides. Water Aloe, Water-soldier.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 34; Eng. Bot. 379; With. iii. 657; Hook. Fl. Scot. 171.
Naturalized in the ponds at Wallington and north of Cambo, N. Brought from the south of England.

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POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.

221. ANEMONE.

1. A. nemorosa. Wood Anemone.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 36; Eng. Bot. 355; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 38; Hook. Fl. Scot. 171; Berwick Flora, 121.
In woods and denes frequent.

222. CLEMATIS.

1. C. Vitalba. Traveller's Joy.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 39; Eng. Bot. 612; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 37; Hook. Fl. Scot. 171; With. iii. 662.
Naturalized on St. Anthon's and Willington ballast hills, N. On Hebburn ballast hills, D.—Mr. J. Thornhill, jun.
This elegant plant does not appear to be a native of the north of England, even on the Magnesian Limestone, where it might be expected. — See Dr. Hooker's remarks in the Fl. Scot. 171.

223. THALICTRUM.

1. T. alpinum. Alpine Meadow Rue.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 40; Eng. Bot. 262; Lightfoot, 286 t. xiii. f. 1; With. iii. 662.
Near Cauldron Snout by the path that leads from thence to Widdy Bank, D. Also upon Cronkley Fell, Teesdale.

2. T. minus. Lesser Meadow Rue.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 41; Eng. Bot. 11; Gr. Fl. Eds. 123; With. iii. 663; Berwick Flora, 121.
On the links of the sea coast at Tynemouth, Cullercoats, Hartley, Blyth, Newbiggin, Holy Island, and Berwick, N. At South Shields, Castle Eden, Hartlepool, and Seaton, also on Limestone Crags at Hilton Ferry, D. On the banks of Tweed opposite Spring Gardens, on Spittal Links, and banks beyond Hudshead. — Thompson.

3. T. majus. Greater Meadow Rue.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 42; Eng. Bot. 611; With. iii. 664; Berwick Flora, 121.
On the banks of Tees near Barnardcastle, and a little above the foot of Middleton Beck, also near Eglestone, and at Baydales in the vicinity of Darlington, and at Coatham, D.

4. T. flavum. Common Meadow Rue.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 42; Eng. Bot. 367; Berwick Flora, 121; Hook. Fl. Scot. 172; With. iii. 663.
On the banks of Tyne above Ovingham, N. On the banks of Wear near Ayre's Quay, and of Team near Lamesley, D. In moist meadows near Hell Kettles, Darlington, D. — John Hogg, Esq.

1, ADONIS.

1. A. autumnalis. Corn Pheasant's-eye or Adonis flower.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 43; Eng. Bot. 308; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 37; Hook. Fl. Scot. 172; With. iii. 665.
In a potatoe-field near Norton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq.
This pretty annual has but slight claim to be considered indigenous in the north of England.

225. RANUNCULUS.

1. R. flammula. Lesser Spear-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 45; Eng. Bot. 387; Berwick Flora, 122; With. iii. 667; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 37; Hook. Fl. Scot. 174; δ reptans, Lightfoot, 289; fig. in title page.
α In marshy places frequent. δ by the Loughs at Shewing Shields and Holy Island, N. On Alnwick Moor. — Mr. J. Davison.

2. R. Lingua. Great Spear-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 46; Eng. Bot. 100; Berwick Flora, 122; Hook. Fl. Scot. 173; Lond. t. 171; With. iii. 668; Robson's Flora, 199.
In ditches at Prestwick Carr, in ponds at Wide Haugh near Dilston, and in bogs at the west end of Little Cow Lake, N. In the pond at Spindlestone, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. At Newham Lough, N. —Miss Forster, delin. Near Darlington, D.

3. R. Ficaria. Pilewort, Lesser Celandine.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 47; Eng. Bot. 584; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 39; Hook. Fl. Scot. 174; Berwick Flora, 122; Ficaria ranunculoides, Gr. Fl. Eds. 126.
In woods and on the banks of hedges, frequent.

4. R. auricomus. Wood Crow-foot, Goldilocks.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 47; Eng. Bot. 624; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 41; Hook. Fl. Scot. 174.
In woods and shady places, not rare. =====5. R. sceleratus. Water Crow-foot, Celery-leaved Crow-foot.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 48; Eng. Bot. 681; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 24; Hook. Fl. Scot. 174; Berwick Flora, 122.
In watery places, frequent.

6. R. bulbosus. Bulbous Crow-foot, Butter-cups.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 49; Eng. Bot. 515; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 38; Hook. Fl. Scot. 175; Berwick Flora, 123.
β flore pleno. α In meadows and pastures everywhere. β in Hulne Park, Alnwick, N.— Miss Forster, delin.

7. R. hirsutus. Pale Hairy Crow-foot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 50; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 40; Eng. Bot. 1504; Hook. Fl. Scot. 175; With. iii. 672; R. Philonotis, Ehrh. Lindley, Brit. Syn. 11.
On St. Anthon's ballast hills, N. On Sunderland ballast hills, D.

8. R. repens. Creeping Crow-foot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 51; Eng. Bot. 516; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 38; Hook. Fl. Scot. 175; Berwick Flora, 123.
In moist meadows and near ditches, everywhere.

9. R. acris. Upright Bleadow Crow-foot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 51; Eng. Bot. 052; Berwick Flora, 123; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 39; Hook. Fl. Scot. 174; Woodv. Supp. t. 246.
β flore pleno.
α In meadows and pastures everywhere. β in meadows at Mill-green near Ravensworth, D.

10. R. arvensis. Corn Crow-foot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 52; Eng. Bot. 135; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 36; Hook. Fl. Scot. 175; Berwick Flora, 123.
In corn-fields, not uncommon.

11. R. parviflorus. Small-flowered Crow-foot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 53; Eng. Bot. 120; With. iii. 670.
By the road side between Cockerton and Norton, D. —Mr. Backhouse. Its most northern locality.

12. R. hederaceus. Ivy Crow-foot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 54; Eng. Bot. 2003; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 39; Hook. Fl. Scot. 173; Berwick Flora, 123.
In rivulets and ditches.

13. R. aquatilis. Water Crow-foot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 54; Eng. Bot. 101; Hook. Fl. Scot. 173; Berwick Flora, 124.
β, Ray's Syn. 249; δ 250; R. pardothrix, De Cand. Lindley, Brit. Syn. 12.
α and β In ponds and ditches, δ in rivers.

226. TROLLIUS.

1. T. europaeus. Globe-flower.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 56; Eng. Bot. 28; With. iii. 675; Gr. Fl. Eds. 127; Berwick Flora, 124.
In Ravensworth woods, Heaton Dene, and Shipley woods, in Teesdale; also near Belford, Alnwick, and Morpeth, and in most of the moist woods, and on the banks of numerous rivulets in N. and D. In moist mountainous woods, abundant. — Wallis. At Catcherside, Roadley, and Long-witton, N. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. Near Norton, D.—John Hogg, Esq. In moist meadows in the vicinity of Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston.

227. HELLEBORUS.

1. H. viridis Green Hellebore.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 57; Eng. Bot. 200; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 34; Hook. Fl. Scot. 176; With. iii. 675.
Upon the banks of the Tees near Whorlton Rev. J. Harriman. Near Piercebridge, D. — Mr. Backhouse. In the Abbey grounds at Alnwick, N.—Miss Forster, delin.

2. H. foetidus. Stinking Hellebore, Bear's-foot, Setter-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 58; Eng. Bot. 613; Woodv. t. 19; Gr. Fl. Eds. 127; With. iii. 676.
Upon the banks of Tees a little below Winston Bridge, D. — Rev. J. Harriman. In a wood on the north side of Tyne a little above the Chain Bridge near Hexham, N.—Mr. A. Hancock, Sp.

228. CALTHA.

1. C. palustris. Marsh Marygold.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 59; Eng. Bot. 506; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 40; Berwick Flora, 125; Hook. Fl. Scot. 176.
β De Cand. Syst. i. 309; C. radicans, Hook. Fl. Scot, and Gr. Fl. Eds. 127; but not of Forster in Linn. Tr. viii. 324 t. 17, nor of Smith in Eng. Bot. 2175.
α In marshy meadows, and by ponds and rivers. β on the margins of the Loughs near Shewing-shields, N. On Eglestone Fell, Teesdale, D.
I believe the late James Dickson was the only botanist who ever found Caltha radicans wild; but in what part of Scotland I know not. It still keeps its habit, and the triangular shape of its leaves, in the Botanic Gardens of Edinburgh and Cambridge, and with Edward Forster, Esq. in Essex; and certainly is entitled to rank as a species. Our plant is only a small variety of C. palustris.

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DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA.

229. AJUGA.

1. A. reptans. Common Bugle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 65; Eng. Bot. 489; Hook. Fl. Scot. 179; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 43; Berwick Flora, 129.
In woods and moist pastures, common.
Ajuga alpina was never found in the county of Durham. — See Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 66.

230. TEUCRIUM.

1. T. Scorodonia. Wood Germander, Wood Sage.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 68; Eng. Bot. 1543; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 10; Hook. Fl. Scot. 180; Berwick Flora, 129.
In dry woods and on hedge banks, not rare.

2. T. Chamaedrys. Wall Germander.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 69; Eng. Bot. 680; Woodv. Supp. t. 243; With iii. 684; Hook. Fl. Scot. 180.
On old hedge banks near Gateshead Park engine, D.

231. NEPETA.

1. N. cataria. Nep, or Cat-mint.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 70; Eng. Bot. 1. 137; Hook. Fl. Scot. 180; With. iii. 686. On hedge banks at Ovingham, Bywell, the Riding, and Tyne Green near Hexham; also in the neighbourhood of Chirton, N. In a hedge at Netherwarden, and about Hexham, N Wallis, 168. On the ruins of Langley Hall near Witton Gilbert, at West Boldon, and in lanes near Sunderland and Haughton, D.

232. VERBENA.

1. V. officinalis. Common Vervain.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 71; Eng. Bot. 767; Woodv. Supp. t. 218; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 41; With, iii. 687; Hook. Fl. Scot. 190.
On the banks of Tyne at Bywell, where it was observed by Wallis (p. 168), at Corbridge Mill, and the Riding, N. Near Stainton, Bishopton, Darlington, and in the west lane at Chester-le-street, D. Near Norton. — John Hogg, Esq.

233. MENTHA.

1. M. rotundifolia. Round-leaved Mint.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 74; Eng. Bot. 446; With. iii. 689; M. sylvestris, Sole, Menth. 7. t. 3.
In the lane between Pittington and Elemore where the Sunderland road turns off, D. — Rev. Jas. Dalton. Near Ponteland, N.

2. M. viridis. Spear Mint.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 75; Eng. Bot. 2424; Woodv. Supp. t. 170; With. iii. 689; Sole, Menth. 11 t. 5.
β Ray Syn. 1st ed., 79.
α On the east side of the bourn in Blackstone-bank wood, four miles north of Wolsingham, D. By the Tees near Neisham, D.—Mr. Backhouse, β in neglected gardens and orchards about Newcastle, N.

3. M. piperita Pepper Mint.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 76; Eng. Bot. 687; Woodv. 169; Berwick Flora, 129; M. piperita officinalis, Sole, Menth. 15, t. 7.
β M. piperita vulgaris, Sole, Menth. 19, t. 8.
α. Near Mason Dinnington and Stannington, N. α. and β in Dene Lane, Castle Eden, D—Mr. Backhouse.

4. M. citrata. Bergamot Mint.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 78; Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 79; M. odorata, Sole, Menth. 21, t. 9; Eng. Bot. 1025; With. iii. 692.
In neglected orchards and near cottage gardens, not truly indigenous.

5. M. hirsuta. Hairy Mint.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 78; Eng. Bot. 447; Hook. Lond. t. 166; Fl. Scot. 180; M. aquatiea, major and minor. Sole, Menth. 25, t. 11 and xxiii. t. 10; Berwick Flora, 129.
By ditches and in watery places, not rare.

6. M. rubra. Tall Red Mint.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 82; Eng. Bot. 1413; With. iii. 695; Berwick Flora, 130; M. sativa, Sole, Menth. 47, t. 21.
On the banks of Team near the High Forge, D. By the pont above Ponteland, N. On the banks of the Gaunless. in the Bishop's Park, Bishop-Auckland, D.—Mr. W. Backhouse.

7. M. gentilis. Bushy Red Mint.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 83; Eng. Bot. 2118; With. iii. 695; M. rubra, Sole, Menth. 41, t. 18; Berwick Flora, 130.
γ M. variegata, Sole, Menth. 43, t. 19.
α. On the banks of Team near the High Forge, D.
On the banks of Blyth below Stannington Bridge, N. By the road side near Winston, D. — Mr. W. Backhouse. In the bed of the Wooler water near the Haugh Head, γ by the side of the water course above the Carding Mill at Wooler, N Dr. G. Johnston. About villages, but scarcely wild, N. and D.

8. M. arvensis. Corn Mint.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 85; Eng. Bot. 2119; Hook. Fl. Scot. 181; Berwick Flora, 130; Sole, Menth. 29, t. 12; With. iii. 697.
δ Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 86; With. iii. 697, var. 3.
α In corn fields about Beamish, Cawsey, Urpeth, and Darlington, D. In the vicinity of Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. δ by ditches near the west end of Prestwick Carr, N.

9. M. agrestis. Rugged Field Mint.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 87; Sole, Menth. 33, t. 14; Eng. Bot, 2120; M. arvense ε, Sm. Fl. Brit. 624; With. iii. 697, var. 4.
In Cawsey Dene, also near Beamish, and on the banks of Team near Lamesley, D.

10. M. Pulegium. Penny-royal.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 87; Eng. Bot. 1026; Sole, Menth. 51, t. 23; Hook. Fl. Scot. 181; With, iii. 698; Woodv. t. 171.
On the borders of a pond at Winston, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

234. GLECHOMA.

1. G. hederacea. Ground Ivy, Gill, Ale-hoof.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 88; Eng. Bot. 853; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. 44; Woodv. t. 28; Hook. Fl. Scot. 181; Berwick Flora, 131.
On hedge banks and in shady places.

235. LAMIUM.

1. L. album. White Archangel, White Dead-nettle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 89; Eng. Bot. 763; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 45; Hook. Fl. Scot. 181.
In waste ground, everywhere.

2. L. purpureum. Red Archangel, or Red Deadnettle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 91; Eng. Bot. 769; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 42; Hook. Fl. Scot. 181.
On waste ground, everywhere.

3. L. incisum. Cut-leaved Dead-nettle, or Archangel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 91; Eng. Bot. 1933; With. iii. 700; Hook. Fl. Scot. 182; Gr. Fl. Eds, 130; Berwick Flora, 131.
In waste places about Darlington, D. Near Alnwick, Belford, and Hexham, N. In the neighbourhood of Berwick, frequent. — Dr. G. Johnston. On Sunderland ballast hills, D. — W. Weighell's Herb.
Probably a variety of L. purpureum.

4. L. amplexicaule. Henbit Archangel, Great Henbit.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 92; Eng. Bot. 770; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 46; With. iii. 701; Gr. Fl. Eds. 130; Berwick Flora, 131.
On hedge banks at East Morton, at the Salt Meadows near Gateshead, and near Whitburn and Darlington, D. At Norton, D. — John Hogg, Esq. On old walls near Ovingham, also at Wylam, Hexham, and Alnwick, N. At Spittal-point, N.—Thompson's Berwick Plants. About Berwick, common.—Dr. G. Johnston.

236. GALEOPSIS.

1. G. Ladanum. Red Hemp-nettle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 93; Eng. Bot. 884; With. iii. 701; Gr. Fl. Eds. 131.
On the Magnesian Limestone at Whitburn, Fulwell, Easington, and Castle Eden, D. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. E. Robson.

2. G. Tetrahit. Common Hemp-nettle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 94; Eng. Bot. 207; Hook. Fl. Scot. 182; Berwick Flora, 132.
In corn, potatoe, and turnip fields, common.

3. G. versicolor. Large-flowered, Hemp-nettle, Bee-nettle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 95; Eng. Bot. 667; Berwick Flora, 132; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 38; Gr. Fl. Eds. 131; G. cannabina, With. iii. 703.
γ Dill. Ray Syn. 240.
α On the banks of North Tyne at Low Park-end near Nunwick, in corn fields between Newcastle and Jesmond, also near the Minories, N. About Tynemouth and Elsdon. — Miss Emma Trevelyan. In a field at the high end of Pandon Dene. — Wilson, Syn. 95. Near Wooler. — Mrs. J. Johnston. Below Langley Ford. — Dr. G. Johnston. Near Alnwick Miss Pringle, Sp. In corn fields between Halystone and Harbottle Castle; also on the banks of North Tyne near Smales-mouth, N.—Wallis, 167. In fields near Gateshead, D. γ in corn fields between Newcastle and Jesmond, N.

237. BETONICA.

1. B. officinalis. Wood Betony.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 97; Eng. Bot. 1142; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t.33; Woodv. t. 241; Hook. Fl. Scot. 183; Berwick Flora, 132.
In woods and denes, frequent.

238. STACHYS.

1. S. sylvatica. Hedge Woundwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 98; Eng. Bot. 416; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 34; Hook. Fl. Scot. 183; Berwick Flora, 133.
In woods, denes, and shady hedges, common.

2. S. ambigua. Ambiguous Woundwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 99; Eng. Bot. 2089; Hook. Fl. Scot. 183; Gr. Fl. Eds. 132.
In fields at Burdon Mills, and by the Skerne near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse. On the banks of Tyne near Hexham, N.

3. S. palustris. Marsh Woundwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 99; Eng. Bot. 1675; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 35; Hook. Fl. Scot. 183; Berwick Flora, 133.
On the banks of rivers, and in wet meadows, frequent.

4. S. arvensis. Corn Woundwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 100; Eng. Bot. 1154; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 41; With. iii. 707; Gr. Fl. Eds. 132; Berwick Flora, 133.
In neglected gardens and on waste ground at Hexham, in fields near Ridley Hall, and near the Barras Bridge, Newcastle, N. On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Thompson.

239. BALLOTA.

1. B. nigra. Black or Stinking Horehound.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 101; Eng. Bot. 46; Hook. Fl. Scot. 184; Berwick Flora, 133.
β B. alba, Linn. Sp. Pl. ii. 814; B. nigra β, Hudson, 260; With. iii. 708, var. 2. α On hedge banks and waste ground, frequent. β near Hartlepool and Castle Eden, D. Near Morpeth, N.

240. MARRUBIUM.

1. M. vulgare. White Horehound.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 103; Woodv. t. 97; Hook. Fl. Scot. 184; Eng. Bot. 410; With. iii. 708; Berwick Flora, 133.
On the island at Hexham Bridge, on waste ground at Cullercoats, and on the rocks and links at Bamborough Castle, N., at which place it was noticed by Wallis. In the lane that leads from the Bearton to the Stanton road, D.—John Hogg, Esq.

241. LEONURUS.

1. L. Cardiaca. Motherwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 104; Eng. Bot. 286; Gr. Fl. Eds. 133; With. iii. 709.
Naturalized in fields at Spring Gardens near Newcastle, N. Near Wycliffe.—Rev. J. Harriman.

242. CLINOPODIUM.

1. C. vulgare. Wild Basil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 105; Eng. Bot. 1401; Hook. Fl. Scot. 184; With. iii. 710; Berwick Flora, 134.
In woods and hedges, especially in the Magnesian Limestone district.

243. ORIGANUM.

1. O. vulgare. Common Marjoram.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 106; Eng. Bot. 1143; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 39; Woodv. t. 104; Hook. Fl. Scot. 184; Berwick Flora, 134.
In woods, particularly on the Magnesian Limestone.

244. THYMUS.

1. T. Serpyllum. Wild Thyme, Mother of Thyme.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 107; Eng. Bot. 1514; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 47; Berwick Flora, 134; Hook. Fl. Scot. 185.
ε citratum, Ray Syn. 231. α On dry heaths, frequent, ε on Basaltic heights near Bamborough, N.—Thompson's Berwick Plants.

2. T. Acinos. Basil Thvme.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 109; Eng. Bot. 411; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 43; Hook. Fl. Scot. 185; With. iii. 713; Acinos vulgaris, Persoon, Syn. ii. 131.
In a field bordering on East Common Wood near Hexham, N.—Mr. F. Scott, Sp. On St. Anthon's ballast hills, N. Between Marsden Cottage and Whitburn, D. In Middleham Lane, D.—R. Surtees, Esq.

3. T. Calamintha. Common Calamint.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 109; Eng. Bot. 1676; With. iii. 714; Calamintha officinalis, Hook. Br. Fl. 279.
Near Gateshead Ropery, D. Near Connisclifie, D. —Mr. E. Robson. =====4. T. Nepeta. Lesser Calamint.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 110; Eng.Bot. 1414; With. iii. 713; Melissa Nepeta, Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 40; Calamintha Nepeta, Hook. Br. Fl. 280.
On the banks of Wear by Durham Abbey.—Wilson, Syn. 97. It still grows there.

245. SCUTELLARIA.

1. S. galericulata. Common Skull-cap.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 113; Eng. Bot. 523; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 36; With. iii. 716; Gr. Fl. Eds. 134; Berwick Flora, 134.
On the shore of Tyne below St. Anthon's, also by ditches near Hexham, N., where it was observed by Wallis. On Hoppen Bog near Alnwick.—Miss Pringle, Sp. On the banks of Team near Team Bridge and Urpeth, and at Hell Kettles near Darlington, D. By the Tyne below Stella, D.— Wilson's Syn. 99.

2. S. minor. Lesser Skull-cap.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 113; Eng. Bot. 524; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 43; Hook. Fl. Scot. 185.
On moors south of Wolsingham, D., plentiful.— Mr. Backhouse.

246. PRUNELLA.

1. P. vulgaris. Self-heal.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 114; Eng. Bot. 961; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 42; Hook. Fl. Scot. 185; Berwick Flora, 134.
In meadows and pastures, frequent.

---

DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA.

247. BARTSIA.

1. B. alpina. Alpine Bartsia.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 117; Eng. Bot. 361; Hook. Lond. t. 87; Fl. Scot. 186; With. iii. 719.
By the Whey Syke near Widdy Bank in Teesdale Forest, D. First pointed out to me by the Rev. J. Harriman.

2. B. Odontites. Red Bartsia.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 119; Eng. Bot. 1413; Hook. Fl. Scot. 186; Berwick Flora, 135; Euphrasia Odontites, Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. 44.
In meadows and pastures on a wet clay soil.

248. RHINANTHUS.

1. R. Crista-galli. Yellow Rattle.

Sm. Eng. Pl. iii. 120; Eng. Bot. 657; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 43; Hook. Fl. Scot. 186; Berwick Flora, 135.

β R. major. Large Bushy Yellow Rattle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 121; Berwick Flora, 135; R. Crista-galli β, Fl. Brit. ii. 649; With. iii. 720, var. 2.
α In meadows and pastures on poor land; β observed in 1723 by Dr. Richardson, among corn near West Newton, N. —Dill. Ray's Syn. *284. At Crawcrook and Ryton, D. —Mr. R.B. Bowman. In corn fields on Stockton Common and other parts of the county, where the soil approaches to peat. —Mr. J. Backhouse. In fields near Benwell, Denton, and Elswick, N.

249. EUPHRASIA.

1. E. officinalis. Eye-bright.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 122; Eng. Bot. 1416; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 42; Woodv. t. 220; Hook. Fl. Scot. 186; Berwick Flora, 135.
On moors and mountainous pastures.

250. MELAMPYRUM.

1. M. pratense. Common Yellow Cow-wheat.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 125; Eng. Bot. 113; Hook.Fl. Scot. 187; Berwick Flora, 136; M. sylvaticum, Hudson, 270.
In woods and denes, frequent, N. and D. On the hill at Hepburn near Chillingham, and on Cheviot and Hedgehope, N.—Dr. G. Johnston.

2. M. sylvaticum. Wood Cow-wheat.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 126; Eng. Bot. 804; Lightfoot, 325; With. iii. 725.
On the banks of Tees above Middleton, also near Winch Bridge, and in Shipley Wood near Eglestone, D. In woods near Hexham, N. — Mr. F. Scott.
I have no specimens from the latter habitat.

251. LATHRAEA.

1. L. Squamaria. Greater Tooth-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 127; Eng. Bot. 50; Gr. Fl. Eds. 135; With. iii. 725.
In Shipley, Eglestone, Cocken, and Lumley woods, D. Near Pierce Bridge. —Mr. Backhouse. In Irehope Dene, Weardale, D.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. In Twizell woods. —P.J. Selby, Esq. At Break-back near Alnwick, N. —Miss Forster, delin. In the wood bottom at the west end of the Rectory Dene at Simonburn, N.—Wallis, 234.

252. PEDICULARIS.

1. P. palustris. Marsh Louse-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 129; Eng. Bot. 399; Hook. Fl. Scot. 187; Berwick Flora, 137.
In boggy meadows and marshes, common.

2. P. sylvatica. Pasture Louse-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 129; Eng. Bot. 400; Hook. Fl. Scot. 188; Berwick Flora, 137.
In wet moorland pastures and on commons, frequent.

253. ANTIRRHINUM.

1. A. Cymbalaria. Ivy-leaved Snapdragon.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 131; Eng. Bot. 502; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 45; Gr. Fl. Eds. 136; With. iii. 728; Linaria Cymbalaria, Mill. Lindley, Br. Syn. 191.
Naturalized on the bridge over the Greta at Rokeby, and on walls near Cleadon, and in Whitburn-Lane, D.
A native of Italy, now naturalized as far north as Edinburgh.

2. A. spurium. Round-leaved Fluellin.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 131; Eng. Bot. 691; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 37; With. iii. 728; Linaria spuria, Mill. Lindley, Br. Syn. 191.
On Hebburn ballast-hills, D. On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.—W. Weighell's Herb.

3. A. Elatine. Sharp-pointed Fluellin.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 132; Eng. Bot. 692; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 46; With. iii. 729; Linaria Elatine, Desf. Lindley, Br. Syn. 191.
On Sunderland and Hebburn ballast-hills, D. On Willington ballast-hills, N.

4. A. repens. Creeping pale-blue Toadflax.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 133 ; Eng. Bot. 1253; Hook. Fl. Scot. 188; With. iii. 729; Linaria repens, Hort. Kew. Lindley, Br. Syn. 191.
On Hebburn ballast-hills, D. On Willington ballast-hills, N.

5. A. Linaria. Common Yellow Toadflax.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 134; Eng. Bot. 658; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 47 ; Woodv. Supp. 221; Hook. Fl. Scot. 188; Berwick Flora, 137; Linaria vulgaris, Moench. Lindley, Br. Syn. 191.
In dry hedges and on the borders of fields, not rare.

6. A. minus. Least Snapdragon.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 135; Eng. Bot. 2014; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 41 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 188; With. iii. 730; Berwick Flora, 138; Linaria minor, Desf. Lindley, Br. Syn. 192.
On Fulwell hills near Sunderland, D. By the Union Bridge over the Tweed, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

7. A. majus. Great Snapdragon.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 135 ; Eng. Bot. 129; Hook. Fl. Scot. 189; With. iii. 732.
Near the Hermitage at Warkworth, N. On the walls of Barnardcastle, and naturalized on old walls at Kibblesworth, D.

8. A. Orontium. Lesser Snapdragon.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 136; Eng. Bot. 1155; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 45 ; With. iii. 732.
On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D.

254. SCROPHULARIA.

1. S. nodosa. Knotty-rooted Fig-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 137; Eng. Bot. 1544; Hook. Fl. Scot. 189; Berwick Flora, 138.
In denes, woods, and hedges.

2. S. aquatica. Water Fig-wort, Water Betony.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 138 ; Eng. Bot. 854; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 44; Hook. Fl. Scot. 189.
On the banks of rivers and ponds, frequent.

255. DIGITALIS.

1. D. purpurea. Purple Foxglove.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 140; Eng. Bot. t. 1297; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 48; Hook. Fl. Scot. 189; Woodv. t. 24 ; With. iii. 736 ; Berwick Flora, 138.
In dry woods and on hedge banks, very frequent in the county of Durham, but rather scarce in Northumberland. At the foot of Scotswood Dean, and near Alemouth, N. Rare near Berwick, but common about Houndswood and Renton inns, near Wooler. —Dr. G. Johnston. On Fourstone hills and among the rocks at Tecket. The White-flowered Foxglove, by the road under Blenkinsopp Castle, N.—Wallis, 161.

256. LINNAEA.

1. L. borealis. Two-flowered Linnaea.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 142 ; Eng, Bot. 433 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 190; Fl. Lapp. 2nd ed., 214, t. 12, f. 4; With. iii. 737 ; Winch, Geog. of PI. 2nd ed., 25.
In an old fir plantation at Catcherside four miles west of Wallington, N., growing with Trientalis europaea and Pyrola minor.
First discovered by Miss Emma Trevelyan.

257. LIMOSELLA.

1. L. aquatica. Common Mid-wort.

Sm. Eng Fl. 145 ; Eng. Bot. 357 ; Hook. Lond. t. 62; Fl. Scot. 190; With. iii. 738.
In ditches near Cocken, D.—W. Weighell, MSS.

258. OROBANCHE.

1. O. major. Greater Broom-rape.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 146 ; Eng. Bot. 421 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 44; Gr. Fl. Eds. 138; With. iii. 739 ; Sutton, Linn. Tr. iv. 175.
In Scotswood Dene, N. Near Beamish, Urpeth, Cawsey Wood, and Derwent Bridge, D. Near Staindrop. — Rev. J. Harriman ; and in Raby Park. — Mr. E. Robson ; among furze on Fourstone hills near Hexham. — Wallis, 233; at Ellingham. — P.J. Selby, Esq. ; on Bothal banks, where it was observed by Turner. — Miss Emma Trevelyan; near Alnwick, N. — Miss Forster, delin.

2. O. elatior. Tall Broom-rape.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 147 ; Eng. Bot. 568 ; With. iii. 739; Sutton, Linn. Tr. iv. 178, t. 17.
Near Ellemore and not far from the gates of Burn Hall, D Rev. J. Dalton.

---

TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA.

259. DRABA.

1. D. verna. Common Whitlow-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 158; Eng. Bot. 586; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 49 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 196 ; Berwick Flora, 141.
On walls, banks, and dry places.

2. D. incana. Twisted-podded Whitlow-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 160 ; Eng. Bot. 388 (bad) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 197; With. iii. 751.
On walls and Limestone rocks north of Middleton, D. Upon Cronkley Fell, Teesdale.

260. CAMELINA.

1. C. sativa. Gold of Pleasure.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 164; Hook. Lond. t. 70 ; Fl. Scot. 198; Alyssum sativum, With. iii. 774.
In fields between Newcastle and Jesmond, on newly broken up ground, N. On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D.

261. LEPIDIUM.

1. L. latifolium. Broad-leaved Pepperwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 105; Eng. Bot. 182 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 140; With. iii. 753.
On the cliffs between Prior's Haven and Tynemouth Castle, N. Near Seaton, and by the Wear near Durham Abbey, D. In Limestone quarries at Hartlepool, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. On the banks of hedges at the Hermitage near Hexham, N. — Mr. F. Scott. I have no specimen from this locality.

2. L. ruderale. Narrow-leaved Pepperwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 165; Eng. Bot. 1595; Hook. Fl. Scot. 194 ; With. iii. 753.
On St. Anthon's ballast-hills, N. On the ballast-hills above South Shields; and at Hartlepool, D.

3. L. campestre. Common Mithridate Pepperwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 166; Hook. FI. Scot. 195; Berwick Flora, 141; Thlaspi campestre, Eng. Bot. 1385; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 45; With. iii. 754, and var. 2.
On hedge banks and in corn fields, not rare.

4. L. Smithii. Smooth Field Pepperwort.

Hook. Brit. Fl. 297; L. hirtum, Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 167; Thlaspi hirtum, Eng. Bot. 1803; Hook. Fl. Scot. 195; With. iii. 755.
On hedge banks between Newcastle and Jesmond, also in Heaton Dene, and between Paradise and Scotswood, N.
I have specimens of Lepidium hirtum of the continental botanists, but gathered on the Sunderland ballast-hills, and probably an exotic.

262. TEESDALIA.

1. T. nudicaulis. Naked-stalked or Irregular Teesdalia.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 170; Hook. Fl. Scot. 194; Berwick Flora, 141; Iberis nudicaulis, Eng. Bot. 327; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 42; Dicks. Hort. Sicc. Fasc. i. 10; With. iii. 763.
On Wall-town Crags near Wall-town. — Rev. A. Hedley, Sp. In the vale between Middleton and Langley Ford, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

263. THLASPI.

1. T. arvense. Penny Cross, Smooth Mithridate Mustard.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 171; Eng. Bot. 1659; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 43; Gr. Fl. Eds. 139; With, iii. 754; Berwick Flora, 141.
In corn fields near Gateshead, D. In Heaton Dene, below Rennoldson's Mill-race, N. In Ord fields, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. T. alpestre. Alpine Shepherd's Purse.

Sin. Eng. Fl. iii. 1 72; Eng. Bot. 81; With. iii. 756; Hook. Br. Fl. 295.
Near Winch Bridge, above Middleton-in-Teesdale, D. Near Nentwater, on old lead mine heaps, N.
Both these habitats are on the Encrinal Limestone, and are its most northern places of growth.

3. T. Bursa Pastoris. Common Shepherd's Purse.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 173; Eng. Bot. 1485; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 50; Hook. Fl. Scot. 194; Berwick Flora, 141; Caspella Bursa Pastoris, De Cand. Hook. Br. Fl. 295.
By way sides and hedge banks, everywhere.

264. COCHLEARIA.

1. C. officinalis. Common Scurvy-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 175; Eng. Bot. 551; Woodv. t. 29; Berwick Flora, 142; Hook. Lond. 148; Fl. Scot. 195.
γ Brit. Fl. 175; With. iii. 759, var. 2.
α. On rocks and marshy places on the sea coast, common; and on the shores of Tyne, Wear, Tees, &c.; on the Fern Islands, abundant; also naturalized on rocks at Harnham, N. β on wet ground near the Whey Sike House, and at Cauldron Snout, Teesdale, D. In wet places near Coal Cleugh, N.

2. C. anglica. English Scurvy-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 176; Eng. Bot. 552; Hook. Fl. Scot. 195; With. iii. 760.
On the shores of Tyne, at the mouth of Coble Dene near North Shields, and on Holy Island, N. By the river Wear, D.— W. Weighell's Herb.

3. C. danica. Danish Scurvy-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 177; Eng. Bot. 696; Gr. Fl. Eds. 141; With. iii. 760; Berwick Flora, 142.
On the sea coast beyond Cullercoats, and on Willington ballast-hills, N. On the Pinnacles, one of the Fern Islands, N. — Dr. G. Johnston. On the coast north of Tynemouth, — Mr. J. Thornhill.

4. C. Armoracia. Horse-raddish.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 177; Eng. Bot. 2323; Woodv. t. 150; Gr. Fl. Eds. 141; With. iii. 761.
On the banks of Team near Dunston, and of Skerne near Darlington, D.
Ray observes, we found it plentifully about Alnwick and elsewhere, in Northumberland, in the ditches and by the water sides. —Dill. Ray's Syn. 301.

265. SENEBIERA.

1. S. Coronopus. Common Wart-cress, Swine's-cress.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 179; Berwick Flora, 142; Coronopus Ruellii, Eng. Bot. 1660; Hook. Fl. Scot. 193; With. iii. 762.
By way sides and on waste ground, but not very common. Near Berwick, and on Holy Island. —Dr. G. Johnston. At Alemouth, N. — Miss Forster, delin.

2. S. didyma. Lesser Wart-cress, Procumbent Pepperwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 180; Coronopus didyma, With. iii. 762; Fl. Brit. 691; Lepidium didymum, Eng. Bot. 248; L. anglicum, Hudson, 280.
On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. Near Hartlepool, D.

266. IBERIS.

1. I. amara. Bitter Candy-tuft.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 131; Eng. Bot. 52; With. iii. 763.
In fields on the banks of Tyne near Hexham Bridge, and at Hoferd banks, N.
Probably introduced with corn.

267. ISATIS.

1. I. tinctoria. Woad.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 182; Eng. Bot. 97; With. iii. 747.
On the banks of Wear between Framwellgate and the New Bridge, D., where it was noticed by S. Robson. — See Flora, 129. Cultivated in the fields near Newburn. N. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D.

268. CAKILE.

1. C. maritima. Purple Sea Rocket.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 183; Hook. Lond. t. 160; Berwick Flora, 142; Gr. Fl. Eds. 139; Bunias Cakile, Eng. Bot. 231; With. iii. 746.
On the sandy sea-beach, frequent.

TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.

269. CARDAMINE.

=====1. C. hirsuta. Hairy Ladies'-smock.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 188; Eng. Bot. 492; Berwick Flora, 143; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 48; Hook. Fl. Scot. 199; C. flexuosa, With. iii. 766.
In moist shady woods and by rivulets, not rare.

2. C. pratensis. Meadow Ladies'-smock, Cuckow Flower.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 189; Eng. Bot. 770; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 40; Hook. Fl. Scot. 198; Woodv. t. 30; Berwick Flora, 143.
β Var. flore pleno.
α In moist meadows and pastures; β on Newcastle Town Moor, N. In Cat Dene above Bill Quay, on the Tyne, D.— Mr. J. Thornhill, jun.
The leaflets of var. β, fall off and become viviparous.

3. C. amara. Bitter Ladies'-smock.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 190; Eng. Bot. 1000; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 39; With. iii. 768; Gr. Fl. Eds. 142; Berwick Flora, 144.
In moist woods near Newcastle, Hexham, Morpeth, and Alnwick, N.; and in similar situations in the county of Durham, not rare. In the vicinity of Berwick, rare. — Dr. G. Johnston. In Teesdale, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

270. NASTURTIUM.

1. N. officinale. Common Water Cress.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 192; Hook. Fl. Scot. 201; Berwick Flora, 144; Sisymbrium Nasturtium. Eng. Bot. 855; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 44; Woodv. t. 48.
In springs and rivulets, but not very common near Newcastle.

2. N. sylvestre. Creeping Yellow Cress.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 193; Hook. Fl. Scot. 201; Berwick Flora, 144; Sisymbrium sylvestre, Eng. Bot. 2324; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 41; With. iii. 769.
On the banks of Team near the Red Heugh, D. On the banks of the Derwent between Swalwell and the Tyne Mr. R. B. Bowman. Near Norton Bridge, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. On the shores of Tyne below Benwell, N. By the Tweed at the Union Bridge. — Dr. G. Johnston; and above West Ord, N. — Dr. Thompson.

3. N. terrestre. Annual Yellow Cress.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 193; Hook. Fl. Scot. 201; Berwick Flora, 145; Sisymbrium terrestre, Eng. Bot. 1747; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 49; With. iii. 770.
On the borders of Prestwick Carr, N. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson. By the sides of Tweed from West Ord to Norham, and in ponds at Calf Hill and Cow-port, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. N. amphibium. Amphibious Yellow Cress, Great Water Radish.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 195; Hook. Fl. Scot. 201; Sisymbrium amphibium, Eng. Bot. 1 840; With. iii. 769.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D. — W. Weighell's Herb.

271. SISYMBRIUM.

1. S. officinale. Common Hedge-mustard.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 196; Hook. Fl. Scot. 202; Berwick Flora, 145; Erysimum officinale, Eng. Bot. 735; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 50; Woodv. t. 244.
By road sides and on waste ground, everywhere.

2. S. Irio. London Rocket.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 197; Eng. Bot. 1631; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 48; With. iii. 773; Ray's Syn. 298; Berwick Flora, 145.
On the Ramparts of Berwick-upon-Tweed, where it was observed by Ray. Most abundant at the Piergate. — Dr. G. Johnston.
The only locality in the north.

3. S. Sophia. Flix-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 197; Eng. Bot. 963; Gr. Fl. Eds. 145; With. iii. 772; Berwick Flora, 145.
Near Scotswood and Ovingham, and on Holy Island, also about Belford and Alnwick, N. On rubbish at West Boldon and Cleadon, D. About East Ord, Etal, and Bamborough, N. — Thompson's Berwick Plants.

272. BARBAREA.

1. B. vulgaris. Yellow Rocket, Bitter Winter-cress.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 198; Hook. Fl. Scot. 200; Berwick Flora, 145; Erysimum Barbarea, Eng. Bot. 443.
On the banks of rivulets and in marshy meadows.

2. B. praecox. Early Winter Cress.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 199; Hook. Fl. Scot. 201; Berwick Flora, 146; Erysimum praecox, Eng. Bot. var. 2, 1129; E. officinalis, With. iii. 774.
On a hedge side between Wooler and Earl, N.—Dr. G. Johnston.
Probably the out-cast of a garden.

273. ERYSIMUM.

1. E. cheiranthoides. Treacle Hedge-mustard.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 200; Eng. Bot. 942; Hook. Fl. Scot. 202; With. iii. 775.
In Heaton Dene near Rennoldson's Mill, and on hedge banks at the Minories near Newcastle, N. On Sunderland ballast-hills, D. — W. Weighell's Herb.

2. E. Alliaria. Garlick Hedge-mustard, Jack by the hedge, Sauce alone.

Sm. Eng. Fl.iii. 201; Eng. Bot, 796; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 48; Woodv. Supp. t. 245; Hook. Fl. Scot. 202; Berwick Flora, 146.
Under hedges and in shady places, common.

3. E. orientale. Hare's-ear Treacle-mustard.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 202; Hook. Br. Fl. 300; Brassica orientalis, Eng. Bot. 1804; With. iii. 782.
On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. On ballast-hills at Bishopwearmouth, D. — Rev. J. Symons, also in W. Weighell's Herb.

274. CHEIRANTHUS.

1. C. Cheiri. Wall-flower.

Hudson, 287; Lindley, Syn. 22; Hook. Br. Fl. 307; Lond. Fl. t. 147; C. fruticulosus, Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 203; Eng. Bot. 1934; Berwick Flora, 146; Hook. Fl. Scot. 202; With. iii. 776.
On the ruins of Dawdon Hall, and on the Magnesian Limestone rocks at Southwick, D. On Lindisfern Priory, and on rocks at Tynemouth, N. On the ruins of castles near Berwick, and on Spindlestone rocks. — Dr. G. Johnston.

275. HESPERIS.

1. H. matronalis. Common Dame's-violet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. 207; Gr. Fl. Eds. 146 s H.inodora, Eng. Bot. 731 s With. iii. 778. In meadows near Chester-le-Street, D.—G. T. Fox, Esq. In the Duke of Northumberland's woods and plantations about Alnwick, N.
Probably not truly indigenous in these counties.

276. ARABIS.

1. A. thaliana. Common Wall-cress.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 209; Eng. Bot. 901; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 49; With. iii. 779; Hook. Fl. Scot. 199; Berwick Flora, 146.
On walls near Ovingham, near Wooler, and on the ruins of Shewing-shields, also at Wark and Norham Castles, N. On Kyloe rocks and near the chain-bridge at Horncliffe, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. On the ruins of the Roman station at Lanchester, of Finchale Abbey, and on walls in Weardale and Teesdale, D.

2. A. hirsuta. Hairy Wall-cress.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 213; Gr. Fl.Eds. 143; Turrilis hirsuta, Eng. Bot. 587; With. iii. 781.
On Painsher and Fulwell Hills, in Castle Eden Dene, also near Eglestone and Middleton-in-Teesdale, D. On the south side of Boldon, Tunstall, and Cleadon Hills, D.— Mr. R. Waugh and Mr. J. Thornhill. On the Roman Wall near Shewing-shields, on rocks at Kirkwhelpington and on hedge banks between Anick Grange and Corbridge, also near Rothbury, N. On an old wall at Colwell by the Chollerton road to Wallington, N. — Wallis, 219. Near Hulne Abbey, Alnwick, N.—Miss Pringle, Sp.

277. TURRITIS.

1. T. glabra. Smooth Tower-mustard.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 215; Eng. Bot. 777; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 47; With. iii. 781; Hook. Fl. Scot. 200.
On the banks of hedges between Anick Grange and Hexham, and on walls near Ovingham, N. Near Gainford, in hedges not far from the turnpike-gate, D.
Wallis, at p. 218, gives Crag Close near Barwesford as a locality of Cardamine pumila; Bellidis folia alpina. — Dill. Ray Syn, 300; which Smith refers to Arabis stricta of the English Flora, iii. 210, but with a mark of doubt. Gerard's figure, 260, quoted in~Ray's work, according to Smith, belongs to a foreign species, Arabis pumila of Jaquin; Arabis nutans of Willdenow's Species Plantarum, iii. 537. I suspect Turritis glabra must have been the plant gathered by the historian of Northumberland in Crag Close.

278. BRASSICA.

1. B. Napus. Rape, Navew, or Cole-seed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 217; Eng. Bot. 2146; Hook Fl. Scot. 203; Berwick Flora, 147.
On ditch banks and waste ground.

2. B. Rapa. Turnip.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 217; Eng. Bot. 2176; Hook Fl. Scot. 203; Berwick Flora, 147.
Naturalized on the borders of fields.

3. B. campestris. Common Wild Navew.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 213; Eng. Bot. 2234; Hook, Fl. Scot. 203; With. iii. 782.
On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. This plant, so common by the Thames, does not appear to be truly a native of these counties.

4. B. oleracea. Sea Cabbage.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 219; Eng. Bot. 037; Hook. Fl. Scot. 203; With. iii. 784.
Upon the patch of Magnesian Limestone rock on the north side of Tynercouth Castle, N. Near Monkwearmouth, D.

279. SINAPIS.

1. S. arvensis. Charlock, Wild Mustard.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 221; Eng. Bot. 1748; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 47; Hook. Fl. Scot. 204; Berwick Flora, 147.
In corn fields and on waste ground, common.

2. S. alba. White Mustard.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 222; Eng. Bot. 1677; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 46; Hook. Fl. Scot. 204; Berwick Flora, 147.
In fields and by road sides.

3. S. nigra. Common Mustard.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 222; Eng. Bot. 969; Woodv. t. 151; Hook. Fl. Scot. 204; Berwick Flora, 147.
On waste ground and in fields.

4. S. tenuifolia. Narrow-leaved Wall Mustard.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 223; Hook. Fl. Scot. 204; Berwick Flora, 148; Sisymbrium tenuifolium, Eng. Bot. 525; With. iii. 771; Brassica muralis, Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 38; Hudson, 290.
On rocks at Tynemouth, and on the ruins of the Castle, N. On the sea banks near Marsden Rocks, and at Southwick, D. On the walls of Berwick, where it was observed by Ray.— Dr. G. Johnston.

5. S. muralis. Sand Mustard.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 224; Sisymbrium murale, Eng. Bot. 1090; With. iii. 772.
On St. Anthon's ballast-hills, N.
Introduced from the south of England.

289. RAPHANUS.

1. R. Raphanistrum. Wild Radish, Jointed Charlock.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 226; Eng. Bot. 856; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 46; Hook. Fl. Scot. 204; Berwick Flora, 148.
In corn fields, common.

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MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA.

281. ERODIUM.

1. E. cicutarium. Hemlock Stork's-bill.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 229; Eng. Bot. 1768; Berwick Flora, 150; Hook. Fl. Scot. 205; Geranium cicutarium, Curt. Fasc. i. t. 51; With. iii. 803.
α. On waste ground. β and γ on the sea coast abundant, N. and D. Between the Glass Houses and Dent's Hole, near Newcastle.—Wilson's Syn. 243. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. E. maritimum. Sea Stork's-bill.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 231; Eng. Bot. 646; Geranium maritimum, Hudson, 301; With. iii. 799.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.—W. Weighell's Herb.

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MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA.

282. GERANIUM.

=====G. phaeum. Dusky Crane's-bill.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 232; Eng. Bot. 322; Hook. Fl. Scot. 200; With. iii. 798.
In Lumley woods near Chester-le-Street, D. — G. T. Fox, Esq. Probably planted there. In woods about Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson; Turner and Dillwyn's Guide, 253. The late Mr. E. R. assured me that this was an error. Naturalized in Mr. Cook's woods at Newton -on-the-Moor, N. — Mr. J. Davison.

2. G. sylvaticum. Wood Crane's-bill.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 234; Eng. Bot. 121; Gr. Fl. Eds. 149; With. iii. 795; Berwick Flora, 151.
In woods and denes, also in subalpine meadows, N. and D.

3. G. pratense. Crow-foot-leaved Crane's-bill.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 235; Eng. Bot. 404; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 49; Gr. Fl. Eds. 149; With. iii. 799; Berwick Flora, 151.
In moist meadows and on the banks of rivers, N. and D. By the river Aln, near Alnwick. — Mr. J. Davison. Varieties with white flowers striped with purple and with red. In a hilly pasture on the north side of the rectory-house at Simonburn, N. — Wallis, 170.

4. G. robertianum. Stinking Crane's-bill, Herb Robert.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 235; Eng. Bot. 1486; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 52; Hook. Fl. Scot. 207; Berwick Flora, 151.
β Hudson, 305; Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 230; G. purpureum, Eng. Bot. 2648; G. Raii, Lindley, Syn. 57; Dill. Ray, Syn. 358.
α In denes, woods, and by hedges, common, β on the sands of the sea beach, not rare.

5. G. lucidum. Shining Crane's-bill.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 230; Eng. Bot. 75; Gr. Fl. Eds. 151; With. iii. 800; Berwick Flora, 151.
On walls and hedge banks from Middleton-in-Teesdale to Darlington, also by the road side between Stanhope and Chapel-in-Weardale, D. At Cocken. — Rev. J. Symonds, At Gainsford, D. — .J Hogg, Esq. At Honey-cleugh near Chesterwoood, at Nent Force, and by hedge sides at the 21 mile-stone near Chollerford, N. At the east end of Walwick by the military road. — Wallis, 171. On a wall near Ratcheugh Crag near Alnwick. — Mr. J. Davison; and Belford Crag, N. — Miss Forster, delin.

6. G. molle. Dove's-foot Crane's-bill.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 237; Eng. Bot. 778; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 50; Hook. Fl. Scot. 207; Berwick Flora, 151.
On cultivated and waste ground, and by way sides.

7. G. pusillum. Small-flowered Crane's-bill.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 238; Eng. Bot. 385; Berwick Flora, 152; Gr. Fl. Eds. 152; G. parviflorum, Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 36; G. malvaefolium, With. iii. 697, var. 1.
In lanes near Darlington, and on Hebburn Quay, D. In the lane near Anick Grange, Hexham, N. — Mr. F. Scott. From this locality I have no specimen.

8. G. pyrenaicum. Mountain Crane's-bill.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 239; Eng. Bot. 405; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 42; Hook. Fl. Scot. 206; With. iii. 793.
For many years naturalized on old ballast-hills at Hebburn Quay, D.

9. G. rotundifolium. Round-leaved Crane's-bill.

Sm. Eng. Fl.iii. 240; Eng. Bot. 157; Lightfoot, 1106; With, iii. 800.
On hedge banks at the Salt-meadows near Gateshead, D. On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.− Mr. E. Robson. In the lane near Anick Grange, Hexham, N.— Mr. F. Scott.
From this locality I have no specimen.

10. G. dissectum. Jagged-leaved Crane's-bill.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 241; Eng. Bot. 753; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 45; Hook. Fl. Scot. 208; Berwick Flora, 152.
On the banks of hedges and in fallow fields, frequent.

11. G. columbinum. Long -stalked Crane's-bill.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 241; Eng. Bot. 259; Gr. Fl. Eds. 151; With. iii. 796.
On Walltown Crags and on Willington ballast-hills, N. On the crags at Gunnerton. — Mr. Wm. Robertson. In the lane near Anick Grange, Hexham, N. — Mr. F. Scott. [No specimen.] On Cleadon Hills, and at Conniscliffe near Darlington, D.

12. G. sanguincum. Bloody Crane's-bill.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 242; Eng. Bot. 272; Hook. Fl. Scot. 206; Lond. t. 155; With. iii. 792; Berwick Flora, 152.
In the lower part of Castle Eden Dene, and on the coast at Easington, Seaton, and Hartlepool, D. On the links near Hartley and Blyth, at Dunstanborough, and on Holy Island; also between Cresswell and Druridge, where it was noticed by Wallis. On the sea banks beyond Hudshead, on the links from Scremmerston southward, and in Ashwood near Belford, N. — Thompson's Berwick Plants.

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MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA.

283. MALVA.

1. M. sylvestris. Common Mallow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 245; Eng. Bot. 671; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 51; Wood v. t. 54; Hook. Fl. Scot. 208; Berwick Flora, 152.
About hedges and by road sides, common.

2. M. rotundifolia. Dwarf Mallow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 240; Eng. Bot. 1092; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 43; Hook. Fl. Scot. 208; Berwick Flora, 153.
On waste grounds, near villages, and by footpaths.

3. M. moschata. Musk Mallow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 247; Eng. Bot. 754; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 50; Hook. Fl. Scot. 209; With. iii. 808; Berwick Flora, 153.
n the borders of fields and by road sides, but not very common, N. and D. Near Alnwick and Belford, N. Fisher's Mains on the Tweed. — Dr. G. Johnson.

284. LAVATERA.

1. L. arborea. Tree Mallow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 248; Eng. Bot. 1841; Gr. Fl. Eds. 153; With. iii. 808.
On St. Anthon's ballast-hills, N.

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DIADELPHIA HEXANDRIA.

285. FUMARIA.

=====1. F. lutea. Yellow Fumitory.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 253; Eng. Bot. 588; With. iii. 815; Cordyalis lutea, Hook. Br. El. 316.
Naturalized on old walls at Netherwilton and on rocks at Harnham, N.

2. F. claviculata. White Climbing Fumitory.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 254; Eng. Bot. 103; Hook. Fl. Scot. 211; Berwick Flora, 156; With. iii. 817; Cordyalis claviculata, Gr. Fl. Eds. 153.
In hedges near Beamish, Greencroft, and Durham, and on rocks between Eglestone and Staindrop, D. In Heaton Dene, among bushes on the banks of Ouseburn, and on Newcastle Town Moor; also on the Oakwood banks near Hexham, N. On Roadley and Great Waney-house Crags. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. On rocks above Tecket Water-fall, and at Little Waney-house Crags. — Wallis, 166. Among the rocks at Longridge Dene. — Dr. G. Johnston. On Alnwick Moor. — Mr. J. Davison; and Heckley Crags, N. — Miss Forster, delin.

4. F. officinalis. Common Fumitory.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 255; Eng. Bot. 589; Berwick Flora, 156; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 52; Hook. Fl. Scot. 210; Woodv. t. 88.
In corn fields, gardens, and hedges, but by no means frequent.

5. F. capreolata. Ramping Fumitory.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 256; Eng. Bot. 943; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 47; Hook. Fl. Scot. 210; With. iii. 816 t. 30 (bad).
In hedges, common, N. and D.

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DIADELPHIA OCTANDRIA.

286. POLYGALA.

1. P. vulgaris. Milkwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 258; Eng. Bot. 76; Hook. Fl. Scot. 211; Berwick Flora, 157.
In dry heathy pastures and on moors, common.

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DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA.

287. SPARTIUM.

1. S. scoparium. Common Broom.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 261; Eng. Bot. 1339; Berwick Flora, 157; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 52; Wood v. t. 89; Genista scoparia, Hook. Fl. Scot. 211; Cytisus scoparius, Br. Fl. 319.
In dry fields, denes, and on the borders of woods, frequent, but by no means common near the sea coast.

288. GENISTA.

1. G. tinctoria. Dyer's Green-weed, Wood-waxen.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 2G3; Eng. Bot. 44; Gr. Fl. Eds. 154; With. iii. 820; Berwick Flora. 158.
On gravelly banks and in dry pastures, not very common. On the sea coast, near the Spanish Battery, Tynemouth, N.

2. G. anglica. Needle Green-weed, Petty Whin.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 264; Eng. Bot. 132; Gr. Fl. Eds. 155; With. iii. 821.
On heaths and moors, but not very common. On Gateshead Fell, D.; and Newcastle Town Moor, N. Near Harbottle, N.— W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. On Doddington Moor and between Wooler and Belford, N Dr. G. Johnston.

289. ULEX.

1. U . europaeus. Common Furze, Whin, or Gorse.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 265; Eng. Bot. 742; Hook. Fl. Scot. 212; Berwick Flora, 158.
On dry moors and commons, frequent.

2. U. nanus. Dwarf Furze.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 266; Eng. Bot. 743; With. iii. 822.
On Durham Moor. — Rev. J. Symons.
The Dwarf Furze is common on the Chalk Downs of the south of England, but I never observed it in the north.

290. ONONIS.

1. O. arvensis. Common Rest-harrow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 267; Lightfoot, 386; Hook. Fl. Scot. 212.
β O. spinosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1006; With. iii. 823; O. antiquorum, of Linnaeus, according to Borrer. — See Eng. Bot. p. 2659; O. arvensis, Eng. Bot. t. 682.
γ O. repens, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1006; O. arvensis, Eng. Bot. 2659; Berwick Flora, 159.
α By the borders of fields. β by the road side near Hebburn, D. γ on the sea coast of Northumberland and Durham, frequent.

291. ANTHYLLIS

1. A. vulncraria. Kidney-vetch, Ladies'-finger.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 269; Eng. Bot. 104; With. iii. 825; Gr. Fl. Eds. 155; Berwick Flora, 159.
On the Magnesian Limestone, D., not rare. On the coast near Cullercoats and Hartley, also in the vicinity of Belford and Alnwick, N. By the Tweed and on the sea coast near Berwick. — Dr. Thompson.

292. OROBUS.

1. O. tuberosus. Common Orobus, Heath Pea.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 272; Eng. Bot. 1153; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 53; Hook. Fl. Scot. 213; Berwick Flora, 159.
β Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 272; Hook. Fl. Scot. 213; O. tenuifolius, Roth. Germ. i. 305; Don. Wern. Trans, iii. 301.
α. In woods and on moors, and mountainous pastures.
β near Kingswood, N. — Mr. J.Thompson, Sp. On the banks of Beldon Bourn above Blanchland, N. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.
A remarkably broad-leaved variety, but without flowers, was gathered near Featherstone Castle, N., by W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

293. LATHYRUS.

1. L. Aphaca. Yellow Lathyrus, or Vetchling.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 274; Eng. Bot. 1167; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 51; With. iii. 829.
On Willington ballast-hills, N. On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.— W. Weighell's Herb.

2. L. Nissolia. Crimson Vetchling, Grass Vetch.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 275; Eng. Bot. 112; .Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 51; With. iii. 829.
In the time of Lawson this plant grew between the Glass Houses and Dent's Hole, Newcastle. — Ray's Syn. 132. =====3. L. hirsutus. Rough-podded Lathyrus.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 275; Eng. Bot. 1255; With. iii. 830.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.—W. Weighell's Herb.

4. L. pratensis. Common Yellow Lathyrus, Meadow Vetchling.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 276; Eng. Bot. 670; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 44; Hook. Fl. Scot. 213; Berwick Flora, 160.
In hedges, meadows, and pastures, frequent.

294. VICIA.

1. V. sylvatica. Wood Vetch.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 277; Eng. Bot. 805; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 52; Gr. Fl. Eds. 157; With, iii. 833; Berwick Flora, 160.
In woods near Barnardcastle and Whorlton, in Stotley Gill near Eglestone, in Castle Eden Dene, on rocks by the Tyne above Hebburn, and in the wood opposite St. Peter's Quay, D. In Cat Dene above Bill Quay, on the Tyne. — Mr. J. Thornhill, jun. — By Bolts Bourn near Stanhope-in-Weardale, D. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. — In Bella Wood by the Wear near Durham. — Wilson's Syn. 203. In woods near Hexham, in Ramshaw and Tecket Woods on North Tyne, and on the banks of Irthing near Wardrew Spaw, N. In Roddam Dene. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. In the Rectory Wood by the brook at Simonburn. — Wallis, 105. On the banks of Tweed beyond Ord Mill. — Dr. Thompson. In the hedge of the wood between Hawk's Hill and the waggon-way near Alnwick. — Mr. F. Manisty; also in Callas Wood. — Miss Pringle. In Cauldedge Park, N. — Miss Forster, delin.

2. V. Cracca. Tufted Vetch.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 280; Eng. Bot. 1168; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 54; Hook. Fl. Scot. 214; Berwick Flora, 160.
In hedges, thickets, and meadows.

3. V. sativa. Common Vetch.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 281; Eng. Bot. 334; Hook. Fl. Scot. 215; Berwick Flora, 160.
β Ray Syn. 321; With. iii. 835, var. 2.
γ V. angustifolia, Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 282; Sibthorp, 224; Eng. Bot. 2614; V. sativa, With. iii. 835, var. 3; V. sativa γ, Fl. Brit. 770.
α On cultivated land. β on barren ground, γ on the sea banks between South Shields and Whitburn D. At Cullercoats, Newbiggin, and on Ratcheugh Crag, near Alnwick, N.

4. V. lathyroides. Spring Vetch.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 283; Eng. Bot. 30; With. iii. 837; Gr. Fl. Eds. 157; Berwick Flora, 161.
At the salt meadows below Gateshead, D. On the Heugh at Holy Island, on Chapel Hill near Belford, and other Basaltic heights between it and Bamborough, N. — Thompson's Berwick Plants.

5. V. sepium. Bush Vetch.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 283; Eng. Bot. 1515; Hook. Fl. Scot. 215; Berwick Flora, 161.
β Ray Syn. 321.
α. In hedges and denes, common. β in hedges between Ryhope and Sunderland, D.

6. V. bithynica. Rough-podded Purple Vetch.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 287; Eng. Bot. 1842; With, iii. 839.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.—W. Weighell's Herb.

295. ERVUM.

1. E. tetraspermum. Smooth Tare.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 288; Eng. Bot. 1223; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 55; Hook. Fl. Scot. 216.
In hedges and corn fields near Newcastle, N. Near Lambton and Darlington, D. At Norton, Billingham, and Wynyard. — J. Hogg, Esq.

2. E. hirsutum. Hairy Tare.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 289; Eng. Bot. 970; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 54; Hook. Fl. Scot. 216; Berwick Flora, 161.
In fields and meadows, common.

296. ORNITHOPUS.

1. O. perpusillus. Common Bird's-foot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 290; Eng. Bot. 369; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 53; Gr. Fl. Eds. 158; With. iii. 840.
On Sunderland ballast-hills and on dry banks near Urpeth, D.

297. HIPPOCREPIS.

1. H. comosa. Tufted Horse-shoe Vetch.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 291; Eng. Bot. 31; Hook. Fl. Scot. 216; With. iii. 841.
On Cronkley Fell, Teesdale.— Mr. J. Backhouse, Sp.

298. HEDYSARUM.

=1. H. Onobrychis. Saint-foin.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 292; Eng. Bot. 96; With. iii. 842.
In fields near Ryhope and on Harton-down Hill. On the Magnesian Limestone. In a field at the Salt Meadows near Gateshead, D., probably introduced by ballast.— Mr. John Thornhill, jun.

299. ASTRAGALUS.

1. A. glycyphyllos. Sweet Milk Vetch, Wild Liquorice.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 294; Eng. Bot. 203; Hook. Fl. Scot. 217; With. iii. 844; Gr. Fl. Eds. 159; Berwick Flora, 161.
On the banks of Wear near Durham, in Pella Wood, at Baydales near Darlington, and on the banks of Tees a little below the Abbey Bridge near Barnardcastle, D. Below Low Conniscliffe, D — S. Robson, Flora, 135. On the banks of Tyne above Ovingham, and at the Hermitage near Hexham, N. At Newburn. — Wilson, Syn. 207. On a hill called Cockle Hill, at Learmouth near Cornhill, upon the ramparts at Wark Castle on the Tweed, by the road to Carham, in hilly pastures at Manylaws under Flodden Hill, and in Warden Banks near Hexham.— Wallis, 106. On the sea banks at Budle, N. — Miss Forster, delin.

2. A. hypoglottis. Purple Mountain Milk Vetch.

Sm. Eng. Fl. 294; Eng. Bot. 274; Sibth. 227; Gr. Fl. Eds. 159; With. iii. 843; Berwick Flora, 161.
On the sandy banks of the sea coast near Whitburn, South Shields, Seaton Carew, and Blackwell Hall, six miles from Hartlepool, D. Near the mouth of Tees, D.— J. Hogg, Esq. On the summit of Ratcheugh Crag near Alnwick, and on the links at Tynemouth, Dunstanborough, Holy Island, Budle, Bamborough, Beadnel, and north of Newbiggin, N. At Spittal Point and banks to the southward, also on the links below Scremmerston. — Thompson's Berwick Plants.

300. MELILOTUS.

1. M. officinalis. Common Melilot.

Hook. Br. Fl. 327; Trifolium officinale, Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 297; Eng. Bot. 1340; Hook. Fl. Scot. 217; With. iii. 846; Berwick Flora, 162.
In corn fields near Hetton, Houghton-le-Spring, Painsher, and Lumley, D. Near Whitley and Seaton, N. On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, abundant, N. and D. On the banks of the Wansbeck near Ashington, and near the bathing well at Cornhill, N. — Wallis, 197. On the sea banks near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. M. leucantha. White-flowered Melilot.

Hook. Br. Fl. 327; Trifolium germanicum, Smith in Rees's Cyclop.— See With. iii. 847; M. officinarum germaniae, flore albo. — Tournef. Inst. 407.
On Willington ballast-hills, N. At the Salt Meadows below Gateshead, D. Most probably introduced from the continent with ballast. Linnaeus might be correct in considering it a white-flowered variety of the common Melilot.

301. TRIFOLIUM.

1. T.repens. White Trefoil, Dutch Clover.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 299; Eng. Bot. 1769; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 46; Hook. Fl. Scot. 218; Berwick Flora, 162.
In meadows, pastures, and on reclaimed ground upon moors, common.
Variety, with elongated flower-stalks, segments of the calyx leafy, and flowers pale red. Near Westoe and Marsden, D. On Holy Island, N.— Dr. G. Johnston.

2. T. subterraneum. Subterraneous Trefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fi. iii. 300; Eng. Bot. 1045; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 54; With. iii. 848.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D. W. Weighell's Herb.

3. T. ochroleucum. Sulphur-coloured Trefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 301; Eng. Bot. 1224; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 49; With. iii. 854.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D W. Weighell's Herb.

4. T. pratense. Common Purple Clover, Honeysuckle Trefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 302; Eng. Bot. 1770; Hook. Fl. Scot. 218; Berwick Flora, 163.
In meadows and pastures, common.

5. T. medium. Zig-zag Trefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 202; Eng. Bot. 190; Hook. Fl. Scot. 218; Berwick Flora, 163.
On dry banks and barren places, frequent.

6. T. maritimum. Teasel-headed Trefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 303; Eng. Bot. 220; Hook. Lond. t. 57; With. iii. 855.
On Willington ballast-hills, N. On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.—W. Weighell's Herb.

7. T. arvense. Hare's-foot Trefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 305; Eng. Bot. 944; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 50; Hook. Fl. Scot. 218; With. iii. 851; Berwick Flora, 164.
On the banks at Friar's Goose near Gateshead, on Fulwell and Tunstall hills near Sunderland, and near Seaton, D. On the bank of Till near Wooler, and near Barwesford, N. Near Bamborough and in the bed of Wooler Water, also on the Heugh at Holy Island, and Chapel Hill near Belford.— Thompson's Berwick Plants. At Ingram, N. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.

8. T. scabrum. Rough Trefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 306; Eng. Bot. 903; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 48; Gr. Fl. Eds. 161; With, iii. 849; Berwick Flora, 164.
In Bishopwearmouth Paddock near Sunderland, D. On rocks at Holy Island, N.

9. T. glomeratum. Round-headed Trefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 307; Eng. Bot. 1063; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 51; With. iii. 849.
On the ballast-hills of Wear, D. — W. Weighell's Herb.

10. T. striatum. Soft-knotted Trefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 307; Eng. Bot. 1843; With. iii. 850; Gr. Fl. Eds. 161; Berwick Flora, 164.
On banks at Friar's Goose, on hills near Whitburn, Cleadon, and Sunderland, and at Baydales near Darlington, D. On rocks at Holy Island, Dunstanborough and Bamborough, N. On Basaltic heights from Kyloe to Bamborough, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

11. T.fragiferum. Strawberry- headed Trefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 308; Eng. Bot. 1050; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 55; Gr. Fl. Eds. 1161; With. iii. 856.
On the banks of Halypike Loch, and on the shores of Tyne below Elswick, N. In marshes by the lower part of Tees, and near Seaton and Hartlepool, D.

12. T. procumbens. Hop Trefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 309; Eng. Bot. 945; Gr. Fl. Eds. 162; Berwick Flora, 164; T. agrarium, Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 45; Hudson, 328.
In dry fields and pastures, common.

13. T. minus. Lesser Yellow Trefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 310; Eng. Bot. 1256; Berwick Flora, 164; Hook. Fl. Scot. 220; T. filiforme, β Sm. Fl. Brit. 793.
β Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 310; Eng. Bot. 1257; Hook. Fl. Scot. 220.
α In dry fields and pastures, frequent. β on the Magnesian Limestone at Fulwell, Whitburn, Cleadon, and Castle Eden, D.

302. LOTUS.

1. L. corniculatus. Common Bird's-foot Trefoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 312; Eng. Bot. 2090; Hook. Fl. Scot. 220; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. 56;' Berwick Flora, 164.
β L. major, Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 313; Eng. Bot. 2091; Gr. Fl. Eds. 163; Berwick Flora, 165; L. corniculatus γ, Fl. Brit. 794; Hook. Fl. Scot. 220.
α On dry banks, but most abundant on the sea coast. β in woods and hedges not uncommon.

303. MEDICAGO.

1. M. sativa. Lucerne, Purple Medick.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 317; Eng. Bot. 1749; Hook. Fl. Scot. 220; With. iii. 861; Berwick Flora, 165.
Near Silksworth, D. At Croft, D Rev. J. Symons. On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. In the field above the quarry at Sunnyside, about a mile south of Berwick. — Dr. Thompson. Near Gun's Green Hill. — Rev. A. Baird.
That the Lucerne has been introduced from the Continent there can be no doubt.

2. M. falcata. Yellow Sickle Medick.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 317; Eng. Bot. 1016; With. iii. 862.
On Wellington ballast-hills, N. On the Salt Meadows near Gateshead Ropery, and Sunderland ballast-hills, D.

3. M. lupulina. Black Medick, or Nonesuch.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 318; Eng. Bot. 971; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 57 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 220 ; Berwick Flora, 1 65.
In meadows and pastures, frequent.

4. M. maculata. Spotted Medick.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 319 ; Sibth. 232; Medicago polymorpha, Eng. Bot. 1616; Curt. Lond. Fast iii. t. 47 ; With. iii. 864.
On the quay above South Shields, D. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. Under the Banqueting House at Alnwick, N.—Miss Forster, delin.

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POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA.

304. HYPERICUM.

1. H. Androsoemum. Tutsan, Park Leaves.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 323; Eng. Bot. 1225; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 48; Hook. Fl. Scot. 221; With. iii. 865.
Near Birch Carr, three miles east of Darlington. — Mr. Backhouse. By a plantation at Twinkham Lea near Seaton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq.

2. H. quadrangulum. Square St. John's-wort, St. Peters- wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 324 ; Eng. Bot. 370 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 52; Hook. Fl. Scot. 221; With. iii. 867 ; Berwick Flora, 167.
By rivers, and in woods and denes, not very common. In Hulne Woods near Alnwick, N.—Mr. J. Davison.

3. H. perforatum. Perforated St. John's-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 325 ; Eng. Bot. 295 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 57 ; Woodv. t. 10 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 221 ; Berwick Flora, 167.
In woods and hedges, frequent.

4. H. dubium. Imperforate St. John's-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 326 ; Eng. Bot. 296 ; With. iii. 868 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 221.
Near Oakwood and Ovingham, N. Near Middleton-in-Teesdale and Eglestone, also in Gibside Woods and by the Derwent near Swalwell Bridge, D. Between Newburn and Wylam, and in the Ollers between Ovingham and Ovington, N. At Hollinside, D.— Mr. R. B. Bowman.

5. H. humifusum. Trailing St. John's-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 326; Eng. Bot. 1226; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 50 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 163 ; With. iii. 868; Berwick Flora, 167.
In sandy or gravelly places, but not common. Near Neville's Cross, D. In Heaton Dene, N.

6. H. montanum. Mountain St. John's-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 327 ; Eng. Bot. 371 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 222 ; With. iii. 869.
On the Magnesian Limestone in Hawthorn, Ryhope, Dalton and Castle Eden Denes, and near Harrington, D.

7. H. hirsutum. Hairy St. John's-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 328; Eng. Bot. 1156; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 49 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 164 ; With. iii. 870; Berwick Flora, 168.
In woods and hedges, frequent.

8. H. pulchrum. Small Upright St. John's-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 329 ; Eng. Bot. 1227 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 56 ; With. iii. 871 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 164; Berwick Flora, 168.
In woods, denes, and bushy places, by no means rare.

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SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA AEQUALIS.

305. TRAGOPOGON.

1. T. pratensis. Yellow Goat's-beard.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 337 ; Eng. Bot. 434 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 226 ; Berwick Flora, 172.
In meadows and pastures, not uncommon.

2. T. major.

Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1493; Jacq. Aust. i. t. 29.
Sparingly scattered over the whole of North Durham, N.— Dr. G. Johnston, MSS.
One of the most interesting additions made of late years to the English Flora.

306. PICRIS.

1. P. echioides. Bristly Ox-tongue.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 339 ; Eng. Bot. 972 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 51 ; With. iii. 877 ; Berwick Flora, 173 ; Helminthia echioides, Hook. Br. Fl. 338.
On St. Anthon's ballast-hills, N. On the sea coast between Whitburn and Sunderland, and between Stockton and Norton, where it was observed by Lawson. — See Wilson's Syn. 37 ; also near Seaton, D. By the Sunderland road near East Boldon. — Mr. J. Thornhill, jun. In lanes south of Billingham. — J. Hogg, Esq. On Cleadon Hills, near Suter Point, D. — Rev. J. Symons. By the Pier road near the Limekiln, Berwick. — Dr. Thompson.
Not found in Scotland.

2. P. hieracioides. Hawkweed Ox-tongue.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 339 ; Eng. Bot. 196 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 226 ; With. iii. 878.
On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. At the lower end of Hawthorn Dene, D. At Baydales near Darlington. — Mr. Backhouse. Near Norton, D J. Hogg, Esq.

307. SONCHUS.

1. S. arvensis. Corn Sow-thistle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 342; Eng. Bot. 674; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 53 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 226 ; Berwick Flora, 173.
In corn fields and on hedge banks, frequent.

3. S. oleraceus. Common Sow-thistle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 343; Eng. Bot. 843; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 58 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 227 ; Berwick Flora, 173.
α, β, γ, δ Every where, on cultivated and waste ground.

308. LACTUCA.

=====1. L. virosa. Strong-scented Lettuce.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 345; Eng. Bot. 1957; Woodv. Supp. t. 250; With. iii. 883; Gr. Fl. Eds. 166; Berwick Flora, 173.
On the bank between the Castle at Barnardcastle and the River Tees, near Harton, Cocken, and Darlington, and by hedge sides near Low Team, D. In a hedge near Cleadon.— Mr. J. Thornhill, jun. Near Norton, Stockton, and Billingham, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. On the banks of Tweed above Coldstream Bridge, also near Cullercoats, N. From the Union Bridge to Norham Castle, also near Twizell Toll-bar Dr. G. Johnston.

309. PRENANTHES.

1. P. muralis. Ivy-leaved Wall-lettuce.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 348; Eng. Bot. 457; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 58; Hook. Fl. Scot. 227; With. iii. 884.
On rocks in damp woods, and on old walls, but not very frequent.

310. LEONTODON.

1. L. Taraxacum. Common Dandelion.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 349; Eng. Bot. 510; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 58; Woodv. t. 3; Hook. Fl. Scot. 227; Berwick Flora, 174.
β L. palustre, Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 350; Eng. Bot. 553; Hook. Fl. Scot. 227; With. iii. 886, var. 3; Berwick Flora, 174.
α. On cultivated ground, and in meadows and pastures, everywhere. β At Prestwick Carr, N. Near Middleton-in-Teesdale, D. On Seaton Moor in marshy places, D. — Mr. J. Backhouse.

311. APARGIA.

1. A. hispida. Rough Hawkbit.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 351; Hook. Fl. Scot. 227; Berwick Flora, 175; Hedypnois hispida, Eng. Bot. 554; Fl. Brit. 823; Leontodon hispidum, Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 56; With. iii. 888.
In pastures, common.

2. A. autumnalis. Autumnal Hawkbit.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 353; Hook. Fl. Scot. 228; Berwick Flora, 175; Hedypnois autumnalis, Eng. Bot. 830; Leontodon autumnale. With. iii. 887.
In meadows and pastures, common.

3. A. hirta. Deficient Hawkbit.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 352; Hook. Fl. Scot. 228; Hedypnois hiria, Fl. Brit. 824; Eng. Bot. 554; Leontodon hirtum, Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 59; With. iii. 889; Thrincia hirta. Hook. Br. Fl. 341.
On dry pastures and on heaths, but not very common; on the Sea banks between Tynemouth and Cullercoats, N.

312. HIERACIUM.

1. H. Pilosella. Mouse-ear Hawkweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 356; Eng. Bot. 1093; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 54; Hook. Fl. Scot. 229; With. iii. 890; Berwick Flora, 175.
On dry banks and in open pastures, not rare.

2. H. murorum. Wall Hawkweed, Golden Lungwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 359; Eng. Bot. 2082; Gr. Fl. Eds. 168; With. iii. 896; Berwick Flora, 175.
β H. maculatum, Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 360; Eng. Bot. 2121.
α On Limestone rocks and in woods at Hilton, Ryehope, Hawthorn, and Castle Eden Denes, also on the banks of Tyne at Hebburn Quay, D. On the banks of Tweed beyond Yarrow Haugh Thompson's Berwick Plants; also from Ord Mill to above the Union Bridge, and on rocks above Kiloe. — Dr. G. Johnston. At Swansfield, N. — Mr. J. Davison.
β Near Cauldron Snout, Teesdale, D. —W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

3. H. sylvaticum. Wood Hawkweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 361; Eng. Bot. 2031; Berwick Flora, 175; Gr. Fl. Eds. 169; With. iii. 898; Hieracium ——, Northumberland and Durham Guide, vol. i. No. 686, and ii. preface vi.
On old coal-pit heaps and barren ground near Gateshead and Newcastle, N. and D. On the Towns' Walls and Garden Walls near the Fever Hospital, and on St. Anthon's ballast-hills, N. Near Tweedmouth, between the Foundry and Spittal, and by the Till at Wooler Bridge, N.— Dr. G. Johnston.

4. H. paludosum. Succory-leaved Mountain Hawkweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 363; Eng. Bot. 1094; Gr. Fl. Eds. 169; With. iii. 895; Berwick Flora, 175.
In moist woods and boggy places, not rare, N. and D. At West Ord near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

5. H. sabaudum. Shrubby broad-leaved Hawkweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 367; Eng. Bot. 349; Hook. Fl. Scot. 233; Berwick Flora, 176.
In denes, woods, and thickets, frequent.

6. H. umbellatum. Narrow-leaved Hawkweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 369; Eng. Bot. 1771; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 58; Hook. Fl. Scot. 233; With. iii. 899; Berwick Flora, 176.
Near South Shields Law, and on the banks forming the coast at Rocoe-gill near Monkwearmouth, D. In Schull Wood, D Mr. J. Backhouse. Near Henshaw and Bavington, N — Miss Emma Trevelyan.

313. CREPIS.

1. C.foetida. Stinking Hawk's-beard.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 370; Eng. Bot. 406; With. iii. 900; Borkhansia foetida, Hook. Br. Fl. 347.
On St. Anthon's and Willington ballast-hills, N. On the Sunderland ballast-hills, D.

2. C. tectorum. Smooth Hawk's-beard, Smooth Succory Hawkweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 372; Eng. Bot. 1111; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 55; Hook. Fl. Scot. 233; Berwick Flora, 176.
In dry meadows, pastures, and on walls, frequent.

3. C. biennis. Rough Hawk's-beard.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 373; Eng. Bot. 149; With. iii. 902.
In fields near Team, South Shields Law, and Whitburn, D. On the coast south of Sunderland, D — Mr. R. Waugh. Near Elswick, and between Newcastle and Jesmond, also at Newbiggin on the coast, N. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D.
These appear its most northern localities.

314. HYPOCHAERIS.

=====1. H. glabra. Smooth Cat's-ear.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 375; Eng. Bot.575; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 53; Hook. Fl. Scot. 234; With, iii 904.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.

2. H. radicata. Long Rooted Cat's-ear.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 376; Eng. Bot. 831; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 52; With. iii. 905; Hook. Fl. Scot. 234; Berwick Flora, 176.
On cultivated and waste ground, common.

315. LAPSANA.

1. L. communis. Nipple-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 377; Eng. Bot. 844; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 59; Hook. Fl. Scot. 234; Berwick Flora, 176.
Under hedges and on waste ground, common.

316. CICHORIUM.

1. C. Intybus. Wild Succory.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 379; Eng. Bot. 539; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 56; Woodv. Supp. 248; Gr. Fl. Eds. 171; With. iii. 906; Berwick Flora, 177.
By no means common in the north. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, in fields near Sunderland, Milkhouse Bourn, and near Murton House, D. Near Wynyard and Norton, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. Near Snipperley, D.—Rev. J. Symons. By the Tweed opposite Spring Gardens. — Thompson's Berwick Plants. In Linden Dene. — C. W. Bigge, Esq., Sp. On Alnwick Moor. — Miss Forster, delin. On the borders of corn fields about Willington and Howdon Pans, N. The Blue flowered Mountain Sonchus or Sow-thistle. — Wallis, 186.

317. ARCTIUM.

1. A. Lappa. Burdock, Clot-bur.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 380; Eng. Bot. 1228; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 55; Woodv. t. 15; Hook. Fl. Scot. 235; Berwick Flora, 177.
β A. Bardana, Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 381; Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1632; Berwick Flora, 177; Eng. Bot. 2478; A. Lappa β, Hook. Fl. Scot. 235.
α and β By way sides and on waste ground, not rare. The variety β differs from α by a cobweb-like down on its calyx.

318. SERRATULA.

1. S. tinctoria. Common Saw-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 382; Eng. Bot. 38; With. iii. 909; Hook. Fl. Scot. 235.
On Cleadon Hills, on the sea coast near Whitburn, on hedge banks near Hilton Ferry, at Hamsterley, and near Winch Bridge, Teesdale, D. Near Norton. — J. Hogg, Esq. In fields near Walker, N. At West Dipton near Hexham, N. — Wallis, 190.

319. CARDUUS.

1. C. nutans. Musk Thistle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 384; Eng. Bot. 1112; Gr. Fl. Eds. 171; With. iii. 913; Wilson, Svn. 54; Berwick Flora, 178; Hook. Eng. Fl. 349.
On waste ground and in fallow fields, not rare.

2. C. acanthoides. Curled, or Welted Thistle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 385; Eng. Bot. 973; Gr. Fl. Eds. 172; With. iii. 911; Berwick Flora, 178.
By road sides, commonly west of Newcastle, N. and D.

3. C. tenuiflorus. Slender-flowered Thistle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 385; Eng. Bot. 412; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi.t. 55; Gr. Fl. Eds. 172; With. iii. 912; Berwick Flora, 178.
On the borders of fields and by road sides, not rare; but most abundant near the sea coast, N. and D.

4. C. marianus. Milk Thistle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 386; Eng. Bot. 976; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 54; Gr. Fl. Eds. 172; With. iii. 915; Berwick Flora, 178.
On Holy Island opposite the rock called St. Cuthbert's Island, by Willington Bourn near Howdon Pans, in Tynemouth Castle Yard, where it was noticed by Wallis, and near Close House, N. At Hartlepool, and on the banks of Wear at Durham. At Haughton. — Mr. Backhouse. Near Norton, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. On Bank Hill and other parts of the Ramparts, and on Castle Banks, Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

320. CNICUS.

1. C. lanceolatus. Spear Plume-thistle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 387; Hook. Fl. Scot. 236; Berwick Flora, 179; Carduus lanceolatus, Eng. Bot. 107; With. iii. 912.
On waste ground, common.

2. C. palustris. Marsh Plume-thistle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 388; Hook. Fl. Scot. 236; Berwick Flora, 179; Carduus palustris, Eng. Bot. 974; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 56; With. iii. 910.
In moist meadows and marshy places, frequent.

3. C. arvensis. Creeping Plume-thistle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 389; Hook. Fl. Scot. 237; Berwick Flora, 179; Carduus arvensis, Eng. Bot. 975; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 57; With. iii. 914.
On cultivated land and by road sides, common; var. flore albo, at Holy Island, N.

4. C. eriophorus. Woolly-headed Plume-thistle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 390 • Gr. Fl. Eds. 173; Carduus eriophorus, Eng. Bot. 386; With. iii. 915.
In the lane near the Quarry at Fulwell, D. Between Pittington Hall-garth and Elemore, D. — Mr. J. Backhouse. Under the hill by the Church at Wallsend, N. — Wallis, 187.

5. C. heterophyllus. Melancholy Plume-thistle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 392; Gr. Fl. Eds. 173; Berwick Flora, 179; Carduus heterophyllus, Eng. Bot. 675; With. iii. 917.
By the road side near Haltwhistle, in ditches north of Cambo, on the banks of Tyne at the King's Meadows, also near Allendale Town, at Shewing Shields, on the banks of Reed, and at the foot of Cheviot, N. Near Roadley and Long Witton. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. Common in moist alpine woods, N. — Wallis, 186. On Teesdale Forest, in Gibside Woods, Castle Eden Dene, and near Saltwellside, and on the banks of Tyne opposite Scotswood, D.

6. C. pratensis. Meadow Plume-thistle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 393; Hook. Fl. Scot. 237; Carduus pratensis, Eng. Bot. 177; With. iii. 916.
In Twizell House Wood. —Rev. J. Dodd, Turner and Dillwyn's Guide. There is a specimen in Weighell's Herbarium, marked the county Durham. — Mrs. S. Brand.
Wallis, at p. 186, mentions Cnicus acaulis, as "not unfrequent in mountainous pastures and on dry banks," but never having met with this plant in the north of England, and our sub-alpine pastures being an unlikely situation for this native of the chalky downs of the south; I conclude the author of the History of Northumberland, must have mistaken the species.

321. ONOPORDUM.

1. O. Acanthium. Cotton-thistle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 395; Eng. Bot. 977; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 57; Hook. Fl. Scot. 238; With. iii. 919; Berwick Flora, 179.
On waste ground and hedge banks, but not very common, except near the sea coast. Near the Scotch Gate, Berwick. — Dr. Thompson.

322. CARLINA.

1. C. vulgaris. Common Carline.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 397; Eng. Bot. 1144; Hook. Fl. Scot. 238; With. iii. 920; Berwick Flora, 180.
On dry heathy pastures, not rare; also on the sea coast.

323. BIDENS.

1. B. tripartita. Trifid Bur-marygold.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 398; Eng. Bot. 1113; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 57; With. iii. 921; Hook. Fl. Scot. 238.
In ditches at Lamesley, near Chester-le-street, and Durham, D. At Prestwick Carr, N. In a ditch near Corbridge, N. — Mr. F. Scott.

2. B. cernua. Nodding Bur-marvgold.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 399; Eng. Bot. 1114; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 55; With. iii. 921; Gr. Fl. Eds. 174.
In ditches near Chester-le-Street, D. At Prestwick Carr, N. Near Crow Hall Mill opposite Ridley Hall, N. — Mr. J. Thompson.

324. EUPATORIUM.

1. E. cannabinum. Hemp-agrimony.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 400; Eng. Bot. 428; Hook. Fl. Scot. 238; Berwick Flora, 180.
On the banks of rivers and in watery places.

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SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.

325. TANACETUM.

1. T. vulgare. Common Tansey.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 405; Eng. Bot. 1229; Woodv. t. 115; Berwick Flora, 180; Hook. Fl. Scot. 239; β Dill. Ray's Syn. 188; With. iii. 925, var. 2.
α On the borders of fields and banks of rivers, N. and D. By the Tweed and Till, N.—Thompson's Berwick Plants. β in a lane near Wolsington Hall, N. By the Tees near Conniscliffe, D.—Mr. E. Robson.

326. ARTEMISIA.

1. A. maritima. Sea Wormwood.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 407; Woodv. t. 122; Eng. Bot. 1700; Gr. Fl. Eds. 175; With. iii. 926; Berwick Flora, 181.
β Hook. Br. Fl. 355; A. gallica, Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 408; Eng. Bot. 1001 and 1706, at the bottom; Gr. Fl. Eds. 174; Berwick Flora, 181.
α On the shores of Wear near Hilton Castle, also at Hartlepool and Seaton, D. Near the Tees' mouth, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. On the shores of Tyne at Coble Dene, and at the mouth of Wallsend Bourn, N. On the coast beyond Goswick, and on Emblestones. Thompson's Berwick Plants. On a rock near Howick, called Rumble-churn. — Wallis, 169. S by Coble Dene and Wallsend Bourn, and on a rock called St. Cuthbert's Island, Holy Island, N., where it was observed by Turner. — See Wallis, 169.
The variety β, Upright-flowered Sea Wormwood, may be distinguished from α by its flowers being erect, those of α droop. This cannot be a specific difference I should presume.

2. A. Absinthium. Common Wormwood.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 408; Eng. Bot. 1230; Woodv. t. 120; Hook. Fl. Scot. 239; Berwick Flora, 181.
About villages and on waste ground, particularly abundant near the sea coast.

3. A. vulgaris. Mugwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 409; Eng. Bot. 978; Woodv. t. 121; Hook. Fl. Scot. 240; Berwick Flora, 182.
On waste ground and about hedges, common.

327. GNAPHALIUM.

1. G. dioicum. Mountain Cudweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 413; Eng. Bot. 267; Lightfoot, 470, t. 20, f. 1; With. iii. 930; Wilson's Syn. 46; Berwick Flora, 182.
On dry heathy pastures and moors, N. and D.

2. G. rectum. Upright Cudweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 415; Eng. Bot. 124; Berwick Flora, 182; With. iii. 931; G. sylvaticum β, Hook. Fl. Scot. 340; Hudson, 360.
In woods and sandy pastures, but not very common N. and D. In the Quarry on Sunnyside Moor, at Ord Hill, and road side above Fenham, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. G. uliginosum. Marsh Cudweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 416; Eng. Bot. 1194; Hook. Fl. Scot. 241; Berwick Flora, 182.
In sandy places where water has stagnated, frequent.

4. G. minimum. Least Cudweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 417; Eng. Bot. 1157; Hook. Fl. Scot. 241; Berwick Flora, 182.
In barren sandy places, not rare.

5. G. germanicum. Common Cudweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 418; Eng. Bot. 946; Hook. Lond. t. 43; Fl. Scot. 241; Berwick Flora, 182.
In barren fields and on waste ground, frequent.

328. CONYZA.

1. C. squarrosa. Plowman's Spikenard.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 420; Eng. Bot. 1195; Fl. Scot. 241; With. iii. 935.
On Willington ballast-hills, N.

329. ERIGERON.

=====1. E. canadense. Canada Flea-bane.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 421; Eng. Bot. 2019; With. iii. 936.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.— W. Weighell's Herb.

2. E. acre. Blue Flea-bane.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 422; Eng. Bot. 1158; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 60; Hook. Fl. Scot. 242; With. iii. 937; Berwick Flora, 183.
In Castle Eden Dene, also at Fawdon-slate and Byers's Quarry near Whitburn, on the sand-hills at Hartlepool, and on Hebburn and Sunderland ballast-hills, D. At Hesledon Dene, and pastures at Owton, near Greatham, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. On Holy Island links north of the Castle, and on St. Anthon's and Willington ballast-hills, N.

330. TUSSILAGO.

1. T. Farfara. Colt's-foot.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 425; Eng. Bot. 429; Woodv, t. 13; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 60; Hook. Fl. Scot. 242; Berwick Flora, 183.
In moist woods and fields, very common.

2. T. Petasites. Common Butter-bur.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 425; Eng. Bot. 431; Berwick Flora, 183; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 59; β T. hybrida, Eng. Bot. 430; With. iii. 940; T. Petasites foem., Hook. Lond. t. 129; Gr. Fl. Eds. 177.
α In moist woods and on the sandy banks of rivers; β on the banks of Tyne at the foot of Scotswood Dene, in Walbottle Dene, and near Haltwhistle, N. On the banks of the Derwent at Derwenthaugh, D. Near Darlington, D.— Mr. E. Robson.

331. SENECIO.

1. S. vulgaris. Common Groundsel, Simson.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 428; Eng. Bot. 747; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 61; Hook. Fl. Scot. 243.
On cultivated ground, everywhere.

2. S. viscosus. Stinking Groundsel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 429; Eng. Bot. 32; Gr. Fl. Eds. 178; With. iii. 941; Berwick Flora, 184.
By road sides and on the ballast-hills. Near Seaton and Hartlepool, D. Near Benwell, Alemouth, and in Heaton Dene, N. About the Riding Stable at Easington near Belford, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. S. sylvaticus. Mountain Groundsel.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 430; Eng. Bot. 748; Berwick Flora, 184; Hook. Fl. Scot. 244; With. iii. 942.
β S. lividus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1216; Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 429; Eng. Bot. 2515; Hook. Fl. Scot. 243; Lindley's Syn. 146; With. iii. 943.
On hedge banks in Jesmond fields, and similar situations about Newcastle, not rare, N. and D. In Teesdale near Middleton, and in Raby Park, D. In the lane between Sadbergh and Norton, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. Near Berwick — Dr. G. Johnston. On Alnwick Moor, N. — Mr. J. Davison.
Variety β is the same plant in a more luxuriant state, from growing on fresh turned-up ground.

4. S. tenuifolius. Hoary Ragwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 432; Eng. Bot. 574; Berwick Flora, 184; With. iii. 944; S. erucifolius, Hudson, 366; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 64.
By hedges in the Magnesian Limestone district, frequent. At Baydales near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson. On the banks of Tweed near Ord Mill, N. —Dr. Thompson.

5. S. Jacobaea. Common Ragwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 433; Eng. Bot. 1130; Hook. Fl. Scot. 244; Berwick Flora, 184.
In pastures and on waste ground, common. A peculiar variety, with remarkably long petals, was gathered in 1828, about three quarters of a mile above Swalwell New Bridge, D., by Mr. John Thornhill, jun., Curator of the Newcastle Museum.

6. S. aquaticus. Marsh Ragwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 434; Eng. Bot. 1131; Gr. Fl. Eds. 179; With. iii. 946; Berwick Flora, 185.
In marshy places, frequent.

7. S. saracenicus. Broad-leaved Ragwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 435; Eng. Bot. t. 2211; Hook. Fl. Scot. 244; With. iii. 947.
By the bourn side near Hallington, between five and six miles south-west of Capheaton, N. — Mr. J. Thompson, Sp.
Probably the out-cast of some garden.

332. ASTER.

1. A. Tripolium. Sea Starwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 436; Eng. Bot. 87; Gr. Fl. Eds. 179; With. iii. 948; Berwick Flora, 185.
On the sea coast and in salt marshes on Tweed, Aln, Blyth, Tyne, Wear, and Tees, N. and D.

333. SOLIDAGO.

1. S. Virgaurea. Common Golden-rod.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 438; Eng. Bot. 301; Berwick Flora, 185; Hook. Fl. Scot. 244; γ S. cambrica, Hudson, 307; With. iii. 950.
α In woods and on dry banks of denes, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston, γ on Basaltic rocks at Winch Bridge, and Cauldron Snout in Teesdale, D.

334. INULA.

1. I. Helenium. Elecampane.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 440; Eng. Bot. 1546; Woodv. t. 108; Hook. Fl. Scot. 245; With. iii. 953.
In Castle Eden Dene, on the north side, about a mile from the sea, D. — Mr. Janson, Sp. In many places by the River Tees, D. — Robson's Flora, 160.

2. I. dysenterica. Common Flea-bane.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 440; Eng. Bot. 1115; Berwick Flora, 185; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. 56; Hook. Fl. Scot. 245; With. iii. 954; Pulicaria dysenterica, Hook. Br. Fl. 363.
In ditches and damp places by road sides, not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

335. DORONICUM.

1. D. Pardalianches. Great Leopard's-bane.

Linn. Sp. Pl. 1247; Eng. Bot. 2654; Hook. Fl. Scot. 245; Br. Fl. 364; Fl. Lond. t. 88; Lightfoot, 485.
Naturalized on the banks of Wear at Durham, below Mr. Fox's garden. Gathered on the cold mountains of Northumberland by Dr. Penny. — Gerard. A very unlikely habitat. I have a specimen of the Doronicum, figured in Eng. Bot. at 630, gathered by Mr. Maughan in woods near Culross, Perthshire. ====336. BELLIS.====

1. B. perennis. Common Daisy.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 447; Eng. Bot. 424; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 62; Hook. Fl. Scot. 246.
In meadows and pastures, everywhere.

337. CHRYSANTHEMUM.

1. C. Leucanthemum. Great White Ox-eye, Moon Daisy.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 449; Eng. Bot. 601; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 62; Hook. Fl. Scot. 246; Berwick Flora, 187.
In fields and pastures, very common.

2. C. segetum. Yellow Ox-eye, Corn Marygold.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 449; Eng. Bot. 540; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 60; Gr. Fl. Eds. 180; With. iii. 959; Berwick Flora, 187.
Rare in the north of England. Near Rennoldson's Mill in Heaton Dene, and in corn-fields near Haltwhistle, N. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. In corn fields near Norton, D. — John Hogg, Esq.

338. PYRETHRUM.

1. P. Parthenium. Common Feverfew.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 451; Eng. Bot. 1231; Hook. Fl. Scot. 246; Berwick Flora, 188; Matricaria Parthenium, With. iii. 960; Woodv. t. 249.
On hedge banks and in waste places, but generally near houses, N. and D. About Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. P. inodorum. Corn Feverfew, Scentless Mayweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 452; Eng. Bot. 676; Berwick Flora, 188; Hook. Fl. Scot. 246; Lond. t. 101; Chrysanthemum inodorum, With. iii. 958.
In corn fields and by way sides, everywhere; variety, flore pleno in fields near Castle Eden, D.

3. P. maritimum. Sea Feverfew.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 452; Eng. Bot. 979; Gr. Fl. Eds. 181; Berwick Flora, 188; Matricaria maritima, With. iii. 960.
On rocks below Hawthorn Dene, at Byers's Quarry, Whitburn, and on the sea coast near Sunderland, D. Near Tynemouth Castle, and on Dunstanborough and Bamborough Castle rocks, also at Holy Island, N.

339. MATRICARIA.

1. M. Chamomilla. Common Wild Chamomile.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 454; Eng. Bot. 1232; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 63; Hook. Fl. Scot. 246; With. iii. 961.
On rubbish near Gateshead, Monkton,and Newcastle, and on the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. By hedges about Ponteland, N. Near Twizell House Mill, N. — Rev. J. Dodd, Turner and Dillwyn's Guide.

340. ANTHEMIS.

1. A. maritima. Sea Chamomile.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 455; Eng. Bot. 2370; With. iii. 965.
At Sunderland, D. — Mr. E. Robson in Eng. Bot , the only British locality. Probably gathered on the ballast-hills, but there was no specimen of this rare plant in W. Weighell's Herb.

2. A. nobilis. Common Chamomile.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 456; Eng. Bot. 980; Woodv. t. 103; Hook. Fl. Scot. 247; With. iii. 963.
Between Lintz-green Hall and the Turnpike, D.—Mr. R. Waugh and Mr. J. Thornhill. On Sunderland ballast. hills. — W. Weighell's Herb.

3. A. arvensis. Corn Chamomile.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 457; Eng. Bot. 602; With. iii. 962; Gr. Fl. Eds. 181; Berwick Flora, 188.
In corn fields and on rubbish near Gateshead, D. In Heaton Dene near Rennoldson's Mill, N. Near the inn at Doddington Moor Bank and Cheswick buildings. — Dr. G. Johnston. By the old tower near Magdalen-field Farm House. — Thompson's Berwick Plants.

4. A. Cotula. Stinking May-weed, or Chamomile.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 458; Eng. Bot. 1772; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 61; Gr. Fl. Eds. 182; With, iii. 963.
By road sides near Harton, and among corn near Stella, D. Rare in the north of England.

5. A. tinctoria. Ox-eye Chamomile.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 459; Eng. Bot. 1472; Hook. Fl. Scot. 247; With. iii. 965.
On a bank by the river Tees not far from Sockburn. —Ray, Syn, 183. It has often been sought there of late years without success. — Robson's Flora, printed in 1777, p. 168. On Sunderland ballast hills, D. — W. Weighell's Herb. By the road side near St. Anthon's, N.

341. ACHILLEA.

1. A. Ptarmica. Sneeze-wort, Yarrow, Goosetongue.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 460; Eng. Bot. 757 , Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 60; Hook. Fl. Scot. 248; Berwick Flora, 189.
In moist meadows, and by rivulets.

2. A. Millefolium. Common Yarrow, Milfoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 462; Eng. Bot. 758; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 61; Woodv. t 64; Hook. Fl. Scot. 248; Berwick Flora, 189.
In meadows and pastures, abundant.

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SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA.

342. CENTAUREA.

1. C. Jacea. Brown Radiant Knapweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 464; Eng. Bot. 1678; Hook. Fl. Scot. 248. On Willington ballast-hills, N. On Hebburn and Jarrow ballast-hills, D.

2. C. nigra. Black or Lesser Knapweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 465; Eng. Bot. 278; Hook. Fl. Scot. 248; Berwick Flora, 189.
β flowers radiated — Ray, Syn. 199; With. iii. 970, var. 2. α In pastures and by road sides, common. β in Walbottle Dene, and near the Powder Magazine at Walker, N.

3. C. Cyanus. Corn Blue-bottle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 466; Eng. Bot. 277; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 62; Gr. Fl. Eds. 183; With, iii. 968; Berwick Flora, 189.
Rare in the north of England. In corn fields on Millfield Plain, N. In Tweedmouth fields. — Thompson's Berwick Plants. Between Anick Grange and Corbridge, N. — Mr. F. Scott. Near Conniscliffe. — Mr. Backhouse. Near Norton, Seaton, and Stainton, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. In corn fields near Berwick, but not common. — Dr. G. Johnston. On Alnwick Moor, N. — Miss Forster, delin.

4. C. Scabiosa. Greater Knapweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 467; Eng. Bot. 56; Gr. Fl. Eds. 183; With. iii. 971.
On the borders of fields, particularly on the Magnesian Limestone in the county of Durham.

5. C. Calcitrapa. Common Star-thistle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 468; Eng. Bot. 125; With. iii. 971.
On the west end of St. Anthon's ballast-hills, N., where it has been naturalized for many years. On Hebburn and Jarrow ballast-hills, D.

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SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA NECESSARIA.

343. CALENDULA.

1. C. arvensis. Field Marigold.

With. iii. 972; Wild. Sp. PI. iii. 2339.
Naturalized on Sunderland ballast-hills, D. — W. Weighell's Herb. Scarcely entitled to a place in an English Flora, though admitted by the late Dr. Withering.

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GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA.

344. ORCHIS.

1. O. bifolia. Butterfly Orchis.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 9; Eng. Bot. 22; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 65; Berwick Flora, 191; With. ii. 27; Habenaria bifolia, Gr. Fl. Eds. 185.
β Ray, Syn. 380.
α In meadows at Gibside, Beamish, Medomsley, Eglestone, Witton-le-Wear, Dinsdale, and Castle Eden, D. Near Woolcoats, Rothbury, Shewing-shields, Cambo, and Wallington, N. On mountainous meadows, N.—Wallis, 228. On moors in the vicinity of Berwick, but not frequent. — Dr. G. Johnston.
β In barren pastures near Fox Hill, between Norton and Sadbergh, six miles from Norton, D. — J. Hogg, Esq.

2. O. pyramidalis. Pyramidal Orchis.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 10; Eng. Bot. 110; Hook. Fl. Scot. 251; Lond. t. 106; With. ii. 29.
In fields on the Magnesian Limestone near Houghton-le-Spring, Castle Eden, and Hartlepool; on the coast south of Sunderland, also near Whitburn, Cleadon, Fullwell, and at Rocoe Gill, D. Near Gilsland, Haltwhistle, and Wooler, N. In the meadows on the north and north-west side of Crag Lake, under the Roman Wall, N.— Wallis, 227.

3. O. Morio. Meadow Orchis.

Sm. Eng. Fl.iv. 11; Eng. Bot. 2059; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 59; Hook. Fl. Scot. 250; With. ii. 29.
On Dunstan Haughs, D., near Prudhoe, N., and in similar situations, but not common.
It does not occur in the vicinity of Berwick.

4. O. muscula. Early Purple Orchis.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 11; Eng. Bot. 631; Woodv. t. 90; Berwick Flora, 191; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 62; Hook. Fl. Scot. 250; With. ii. 30.
In woods in Northumberland and Durham, frequent, also on the coast between South Shields and Sunderland, D.

5. O. ustulata. Dwarf Orchis.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 12; Eng. Bot. 18; With. ii. 31; Hook. Lond. t. 36.
On Fulwell and Boldon Hills, on the sea coast near Marsden Cottage and Ryhope, and in pastures near the new bridge at Lambton Gate, D. At Baydales, D. — Mr. Backhouse. On the east side of Cleadon Hills, D.— Mr. R. Waugh and Mr. J. Thornhill.

6. O. albida. White Cluster-rooted Orchis.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 18; Satyrium albidum, Eng. Bot. 505; With. ii. 39; Habenaria albida, Hook. Lond. t. 107; Gr. Fl. Eds. 185.
In pastures at Shewing Shields near the Roman Wall, also near Roadley Lake, Fallowlees Bourn, and Baybridge above Blanchland, N. At the north end of Crag Close near Barwesford. — Wallis, 229. In a field between Cambo and the Close Houses, N. — Miss Emma Trevelyan. Near Winch Bridge, and between Whey Syke and Widdy Bank, also on the banks of Nucton Bourn, D.

7. O. viridis. Frog Orchis.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 20; Satyrium viride, Eng. Bot. 94; With. ii. 37; Habenaria viridis, Hook. Lond. t. 130; Fl. Scot. 252.
In meadows at Chester-le- Street, Lambton, Beamish, Urpeth, Castle Eden, Murton, Sunderland, Shincliffe, and Middleton-in-Teesdale, D. Between Norton and Sadbergh, D.— J. Hogg, Esq. Near Low Park End, Gilsland, and Blanchland, N. Near Wallington. — Miss Emma Trevelyan. At the north end of Crag Close near Barwesford. — Wallis, 229. In Hulne woods near Alnwick, N. — Mr. J. Davison.

8. O. latifolia. Marsh Orchis.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 21; Eng. Bot. 2308; Berwick Flora, 192; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 65; Hook. Fl. Scot. 251; With. ii. 33; β Dill. Ray's Syn. 382.
α In bogs and marshy meadows, not rare. β at Prestwick Carr, N.
Smith remarks that this variety has not been noticed since the time of Dillenius; it differs from α in having flowers of a full rose-red colour. I have gathered it in North Wales as well as in Northumberland, and am inclined to think it is not very rare, but has been overlooked by modern Botanists.

9. O. maculata. Spotted Palmate Orchis.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 22; Eng. Bot. 632; Hook. Fl. Scot. 251; Lond. t. 112; With. iii. 34; Berwick Flora, 192.
In woods, meadows, and pastures, frequent.

10. O. conopsea. Aromatic Orchis.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 23; Eng. Bot. 10; With. ii. 35; Berwick Flora, 192; Gymnadenia conopsea, Gr. Fl. Eds. 184.
In Castle Eden and Dalton Dene, and in meadows near Urpeth, Beamish, Tanfield, Witton-le-Wear, and Sunderland, also on moors in Teesdale and Weardale, D. Near Norton and in Close Wood, also on the cliffs near Black-halls, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. In meadows at Shewing Shields, Wardrew, Hexham, and Corbridge, N. Near Wallington. — Miss Emma Trevelyan. On a bank by the road on the east side of Simonburn Castle, also on the north-west side of the Ostium of the brook at Wark in Tynedale, and on Broad-pool Common, between Con-shields and Blakelaw, near Simonburn, N. — Wallis, 227. In moist meadows and pastures near Berwick not uncommon. — Dr. G. Johnston.

345. OPHRYS.

1. O. muscifera. Fly Ophrys, or Orchis.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 29 ; Eng. Hot. 64 ; Hook. Lond. t. 31 ; With. ii. 47.
On the Magnesian Limestone in Hawthorn, Dalton, and Castle Eden Denes, D. Near Middleton-one-Row.— Mr. E. Robson. At Dinsdale, D Mr. S. Robson.

2. O. apifera. Bee Ophrys, or Orchis.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 30 ; Eng. Bot. 383 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 66; With. ii. 48.
On the Magnesian Limestone near the coast at Marsden, Rocoe-gill near Sunderland, and Ryehope, D. At Baydales, D.— Mr. E. Robson.

346. GOODYERA.

1. G. repens. Creeping Goodyera.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 33 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 253 ; Lond. 144; Satyrium repens, Eng. Bot. 289; With. ii. 39.
"I met with a plant of it in Ramshaw Wood by the the road to the mill on the south side of Wark Burn in Tynedale, N — Wallis, 232." I have no better authority for inserting this northern plant, but wish some Botanist would carefully search Ramshaw Wood, and ascertain which of the Orchidae grow there. Assuredly not this rare inhabitant of the fir woods of Scotland.

347. LISTERA.

1. L. ovata. Common Twayblade.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 37 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 253 ; Berwick Flora, 193; Ophrys ovata, Eng. Bot. 22; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 60; With. iii. 43.
In woods, marshy meadows, and hedge banks, not very common, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. L. cordata. Heart-leaved Mountain Twayblade.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 38 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 253 ; Lond. t. 143; Berwick Flora, 193; Gr. Fl. Eds. 186; Ophrys cordata, Eng. Bot. 358 ; With. ii. 44.
At Gold-hill near Muggleswick, and among the heath at Charnberry near Eglestone, D. On the banks of Beldon Bourn, and on moors in the vicinity, N. By Darden Lough, Roadley Lake, and on Simonside. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. On moors to the south of Haltwhistle. — Rev. T. Baker. On the east side of Hedgehope, rather more than half-way up. — Dr. G. Johnston. At Rock Houses near Unthank, N.— Mr. J. Thompson, Sp. On Alpine bogs, not uncommon, N. — Wallis, 233.

3. L. Nidus-avis. Bird's-nest Listera.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 38; Hook. Fl. Scot. 253; Lond. t. 58; Berwick Flora, 193; Gr. Fl. Eds. 186; Ophrys Nidus-avis, Eng. Bot. 48; With. ii.
In Castle Eden and Hawthorn Denes, and Whorlton-haugh Wood, Cocken, D. In Capheaton and Wallington Woods Miss Emma Trevelyan. In Willimoteswick Dene and near Wardrew Mr. J. Thompson, Sp. In Twizell woods, N. — Miss Forster, delin.

348. EPIPACTIS.

1. E. latifolia. Broad-leaved Helleborine.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 40 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 254 ; Lond. t. 102; Serapias latifolia, Eng. Bot. 269; With, ii. 51.
In woods, not uncommon. In Heaton Wood near Newcastle, N.

2. E. palustris. Marsh Helleborine.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 42 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 254 ; Lond. t. 89; Berwick Flora, 193; Serapias palustris, Eng. Bot. t. 270 ; With. ii. 52.
In bogs at Hilton and Castle Eden, Butterby, Dinsdale and Cocken, D. Near Polam. — Mr. Backhouse. Near the Dyke House, Hartlepool. — Mr. J. Backhouse. At Norton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. In bogs near Hexham, N. Near Belsay, Roadley Mill, and Kirkharle Miss Emma Trevelyan. In a bog at Slaterfield near Simonburn — Wallis, 230. In the Pond Field above Spindlestone. — Dr. G. Johnston. Near Alnwick, N. — Miss Forster, delin.

3. E. ensifolia. Narrow-leaved White Helleborine.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 44 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 255 ; Lond. t. 77 ; Serapias ensifolia, Eng. Bot. 494 ; With, ii. 53.
In the main branch of Castle Eden Dene, and in the north branch or Black Dene, growing with the Lady's Slipper, D. — July 9, 1797. In Hawthorn Dene, D. — Rev. T. Baker.

349. MALAXIS.

1. M. paludosa. Marsh Tender-tway-blade.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 47 ; Eng. Bot. 72 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 255 ; With. ii. 50.
In bogs on Eglestone Moor, Teesdale, D. On moors south of Wolsingham, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

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GYNANDRIA DIANDRIA.

350. CYPRIPEDIUM.

1. C. Calceolus. The Lady's Slipper.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 51 ; Eng. Bot. 1 ; Hook. Lond. t. 42 ; With. ii. 54 ; Robson's Flora, 150.
In the north branch of Castle Eden Dene, called the Black Dene, and in the main branch opposite the Garden of Eden, also on the first great white rock on the north side nearest the sea coast, D. — July 9, 1797.
I know not who first discovered this fine plant in the county of Durham ; it is noticed by S. Robson in his Flora, printed in 1777; but Wilson, who published his Synopsis in 1744, only mentions its Yorkshire localities. "The Lady's Slipper, said by Dr. Turner to grow in a boggy place in a field at Newton-on-the-Moor, near Alnwick, N., is not now observed to grow there." — Wallis. The first edition of Turner's Herbal was printed in 1551, the second in 1568. ===MONOECIA MONANDRIA.===

351. EUPHORBIA.

1. E. Peplus. Petty Spurge.

Sm. Eng, Fl. iv. 60 ; Eng. Bot. 959 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i.t. 35; Hook. Fl. Scot. 148.
On cultivated ground, everywhere.

2. E. exigua. Dwarf Spurge.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 60 ; Eng. Bot. 1336 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 36 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 106 ; With. ii. 588 ; Berwick Flora, 197.
In corn fields near Cleadon, Fulwell, and Castle Eden, D. Near Norton, Wynyard, and Seaton, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. Near Prestwick. — Mr. W. Robertson. In Greenfield Moor-fields near Alnwick. — Mr. J. Davison. By the road side at the Inn below Mountholy, N. — Dr. G. Johnston

3. E. Lathyris. Caper Spurge.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 61; Eng. Bot. 2225; With. ii. 588. In corn stubble near Norton, D. — J. Hogg, Esq. Naturalized on the banks of Wear below Mr. Fox's garden, Durham.
A very doubtful native.

4. E. paralia. Sea Spurge.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 63 1 Eng. Bot. 195; With. ii. 589.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D. On Willington ballast-hills, N. Plentiful on the Cumberland coast, but it does not appear to cross the Solway Frith.

5. E. helioscopia. Sun Spurge, Common Wart-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 63; Eng. Bot. 883; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 36; Hook. Fl. Scot. 148.
Everywhere, on cultivated ground.

6. E. striata. Upright Warty Spurge.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 64; β Eng. Bot. 333 ; E. platyphylla. With. ii. 591, var. 2.
By the race below Rennoldson's Mill in Heaton Dene, N. Probably brought there with corn.

7. E. Cyparissias. Cypress Spurge.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 66 ; Eng. Bot. 840 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 106 ; With. ii. 593.
On the banks of hedges four miles south of Alnwick. — July 17, 1804; and naturalized on the walls of Hulne Abbey, N.

352. CALLITRICHE.

1. C. verna. Water Starwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 10 ; Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 2 ; C. aquatica, Eng. Bot. 722 ; Hook. Lond. 127 ; Fl. Scot. 259.
In ditches, ponds, &c.
When growing in deep pools the submersed leaves of this plant are linear, and in this state it has often been mistaken for the succeeding species.

2. C. autumnalis. Autumnal Water Starwort.

Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 2 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 10 ; Berwick Flora, 3.
In pools of water in the vale below Langley Ford at the foot of Cheviot. — Dr. G. Johnston.
C. autumnalis, may be considered a rare species with us, though it is abundant in the deep ditches which communicate with Derwentwater in Cumberland. If the following distinctions be attended to, the two plants can never be confounded with each other, as has heretofore frequently been the case. C. verna. Fruit stalks with two bracteas at their base, fruit regularly tetragonal, each portion bluntly keeled at the back. C. autumnalis. Fruit stalks without bracteas, fruit irregularly tetragonal, each portion broadly and acutely winged at the back. — Arnott, MSS.

253. ZOSTERA.

1. Z. marina. Grass Wrack.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 5 ; Eng. Bot. 467 ; With. iii. 658 ; Hook. Lond. t. 35 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 188 ; Berwick Flora, 2.
At Jarrow Slake and Hartlepool, D. On Fenham Flats, N. Between Goswick Links and the Old Law — Thompson's Berwick Plants. Among the rejectamenta of the sea on the coast, abundant.

354. ZANNICHELLIA.

1. Z. palustris. Horned Podweed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 70; Eng. Bot. 1844; With. ii. 8; Gr. Fl. Eds. 187 ; Berwick Flora, 197.
In ditches near St. Peter's Quay, and in ponds at St. Anthon's, Walker, and Benwell, N. In ditches near Gateshead, in ponds near Hilton Castle, at Hebburn Quay, and Monkwearmouth, D. In the pond at Scremmerston Lime-kilns, and ditches near Windmill Hill, Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

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MONOECIA TRIANDRIA.

355. TYPHA.

1. T. latifolia. Great Cat's-tail, or Reed-mace.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 71 ; Eng. Bot. 1455; With. ii. 163; Gr. Fl. Eds. 188; T. major. Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 61 ; Berwick Flora, 197.
In slow streams and pools, common, N. and D. In the mill pond at Grange Bourn and North Fluve near Goswick. — Thompson's Berwick Plants.

2. T. angustifolia. Lesser Cat's-tail, or Reed-mace.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 72 ; Eng. Bot. 1456 ; With. ii. 163; Hook. Fl. Scot. 259; T. minor, Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 62.
In a pond near the Friar's Goose, below Gateshead, D. In a pond by the road to Nesham from Darlington, D. — Mr. Janson.

356. SPARGANIUM.

1. S. ramosum. Branched Bur-reed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 74 ; Eng. Bot. 744 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 66 ; With. ii. 164 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 189 ; Berwick Flora, 198.
In slow streams and pools.

2. S. simplex. Unbranched Upright Bur-reed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 75 ; Eng. Bot. 745 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 67; Gr. Fl. Eds. 189; With. ii. 164; Berwick Flora, 198.
In pools and slow streams, N. and D. By the sides of the Lough on Holy Island, and in the pond above Spindlestone, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. S. natans. Floating Bur-reed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 75 ; Eng. Bot. 273 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 189; With. ii. 164; S. simplex β, Hudson, 401.
In the rivers Derwent and Team, D. In the Ousebourn in Heaton Dene, and in the River Pont, N. In Prestwick Carr, N. — Mr. J. Thornhill. ====357. CAREX.====

1. C. dioica. Common Separate-headed Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 77; Eng. Bot. 543; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 139; With. ii. 129 ; Gr. Pl. Eds. 189; Berwick Flora, 198.
In bogs near Hilton Castle, on Beamish Moor, Chester Common, and in Teesdale and Weardale, D. Near Darlington, D.—S. Robson, Flora 262. Near Shewing Shields, at Prestwick Carr, and on moors near Blanchland and Cold-cleugh, N.

2. C. pulicaris. Flea Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 78; Eng. Bot. 1051 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 261; Lond. t. 177; With. ii. 130; Berwick Flora, 198.
In marshy meadows and on moors, frequent, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. C. pauciflora. Few-flowered Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 79; Eng. Bot. 2041; Lightfoot, 543, t. 6, f. 2; With. ii. 131.
In a peat moss between a public-house called Twice-brewed Ale and the south-west end of Crag Lake near the Roman Wall, and on the Muckle Moss, N.— June 29, 1803.
The only English habitats.

4. C. stellulata. Little Prickly Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 80; Eng. Bot. 806; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 144; Berwick Flora, 198; With. ii. 131 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 263; C. muricata, Lightfoot, 549; Hudson, 406.
In marshy meadows and on moors, not rare.

5. C. curta. White Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 81; Eng. Bot. 1386 ; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 145; With. ii. 132; Hook. Fl. Scot. 263; Berwick Flora, 198.
In bogs near Edmond byers and Crook Oak, D. In Teesdale.—Rev. J. Harriman. By Halypike Lake, near Allenheads, in Beldon Bourn, and near Gilsland, N.—On Wallington moors.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. In bogs near Berwick, not rare.— Dr. G. Johnston.

6. C. ovalis. Oval-spiked Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 82; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 148; Eng. Bot. 306; Hook. Fl. Scot. 263; With. ii. 133; Berwick Flora, 199; C. leporina, Hudson, 404; Lightfoot, 547.
In marshy meadows and on moors, not rare.

7. C. remota. Remote Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 84 ; Eng. Bot. 832; Hook. Fl. Scot. 263 ; With. ii. 133 ; Berwick Flora, 199.
In Ravensworth and Cawsey woods, and in all the woods on the Derwent, D. In Tecket and Ramshaw woods, and and on the banks of Wooler Water below Langley Ford, N.

8. C. arenaria. Sand Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 85; Eng. Bot. 928 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 195 ; With. ii. 135, t. 20 ; Berwick Flora, 199. On the sands of the sea coast, frequent.

9. C. intermedia. Soft Brown Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 86 ; Eng. Bot. 2042 ; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 154; Hook. Fl. Scot. 262 ; Berwick Flora, 199; With. ii. 136; C. disticha, Hudson, 403.
In bogs and by slow streams not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick Dr. G. Johnston.

10. C. muricata. Greater Prickly Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 88; Eng. Bot. 1097 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 262; With. ii. 138 ; C. spicata, Hudson, 405 ; Lightfoot, 548.
Near Darlington, D.

11. C. divulsa. Grey Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 89 ; Eng. Bot. 629 ; With. ii. 138; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 160; C. muricata β, Wahl. Fl. Suec. 589.
Near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

12. C. vulpina. Great Spiked Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 90 ; Eng. Bot. 307 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 191 ; With. ii. 139; Berwick Flora, 199.
On the shores of Tyne, Pont, Wear, Tees, Skerne, &c. N. and D. By the North Fluve at Goswick, and on the coast at Budle, N. — Thompson's Berwick Plants. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

13. C. paniculata. Great Panicled Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 92 ; Eng. Bot. 1064 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 262; With. ii. 140; Berwick Flora, 200.
On moors and in wet pastures, common.

14. C. pendula. Great Pendulous Carex.

Sm.Eng. Fl. iv. 95; Eng. Bot. 2315; Hook. Fl. Scot. 264; Berwick Flora, 200; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 63 ; With. ii. 142.
In Ravensworth, Cocken, Beamish, and Urpeth Woods, also by the Wear near Southwick, D. By the Tees near Croft, D. — Mr. E. Robson. In Gibside Woods, D.— Mr. J. Thornhill. In Oakwood, Scotswood, Walbottle, and Denton Denes, N. On Bothal Banks, N Miss Emma Trevelyan.

15. C. sylvatica. Pendulous Wood Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 96; Eng. Bot. 995 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 264; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 138; Berwick Flora, 200; With. ii. 150; C. Drymeia, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 296.
In every wood, N. and D.

16. C. capillaris. Capillary Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 100; Eng. Bot. 2069; Hook. Fl. Scot. 265; With. ii. 148.
Near Widdy Bank in Teesdale Forest, D., also on Cronkley Fell.
Its most southern locality in Britain.

17. C. limosa. Green and Gold Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 102; Eng. Bot. 2043; Hook. Fl. Scot. 265; With. ii. 152; Berwick Flora, 200.
Near Wardrew, N. On the Wallington Moors, N. —W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

18. C. pallescens. Pale Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 105; Eng. Bot. 2185; Hook. Lond. 178; Gr. Fl. Eds. 195; With. ii. 151 ; Berwick Flora, 201.
Near Beamish and the Hounds, at Birch Carr near Darlington, and on the banks of Nuckton Burn, D. In bogs near Scotswood, and at Shewing-shields, and Gilsland, N. On the banks of Wooler Water below Langley Ford, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

19. C. flava. Yellow Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 106 ; Eng. Bot. 1294 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 266; With. ii. 144; Berwick Flora, 201.
In boggy meadows and on wet moors, frequent.

20. C. Oederi. Oederian Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 107; Eng. Bot. 1773; C. flava β, Hook. Fl. Scot. 266.
On wet moors, not rare.
A dwarf variety of the last species I suspect. =====21. C.fulva. Tawny Carex.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 107; Eng. Bot. 1295; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 177, t. 20, f. 6; Hook. Fl. Scot. 266; C. flava, With. ii. 145, var. 2.
In bogs at Ryhope and Hilton, D. On the south side of the Ropery above Shields Law, D.—Mr. R. Waugh. At Birch Carr near Darlington. — Mr. Backhouse. At Prestwick Carr, and on the Muckle Moss near the Roman Wall, N.

22. C. extensa. Long-bracteated Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 108; Eng. Bot. 833; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 175, t. 21, f. 7; With. ii. 140; Gr. Fl. Eds. 195.
Near the sea coast in a marsh on the Wear at Hilton Castle, as well as at Hartlepool and Seaton, also in the west of the county of Durham, and on bogs in Waskerley Park, D. In bogs at Spencer's Quarry near Medomsley, D.—Mr. J. Thornhill. On the sea beach north of the town at Holy Island, N, —Thompson's Berwick Plants.

23. C. distans. Loose Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 109; Eng. Bot. 1234; Hook. Fl. Scot. 267; With. ii. 147.
In boggy ground near the sea coast at Hilton Castle, and near the Law at South Shields, D. At the mouth of Tees, D.—J. Hogg, Esq.
On marshy ground near Willington Bourn, N.
All these may be considered maritime localities.

24. C. binervis. Green-ribbed Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 110; Eng. Bot. 1235; With. ii. 147; Berwick Flora, 201; C. distans, Lightfoot, 561; Hook. Fl. Scot. 267.
On boggy and wet moors, frequent. On Newcastle Town Moor, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

25. C. praecox. Vernal, or Spring Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. III; Eng. Bot. 1099; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 170; Hook. Fl. Scot. 207; Lond. t. 22; With. ii. 143; Berwick Flora, 201; C. saxatilis, Hudson, 408.
On moors and in barren pastures.

26. C. pilulifera. Round-headed Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 112; Eng. Bot. 885; Hook. Fl. Scot. 267; Berwick Flora, 201; With. ii. 154; C. montana, Hudson, 407.
In moist meadows and on moors, not rare.

27. C. panicea. Pink-leaved Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 114; Eng. Bot. 1505; Hook. Fl. Scot. 267; With. ii. 148; Berwick Flora, 201.
In moist meadows and pastures, common.

28. C. recurva. Glaucous Heath Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 114; Eng. Bot. 1506; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 184; Hook. Fl. Scot. 268; With. ii. 150; Berwick Flora, 202. β C. Micheliana, Eng. Bot. 2236.
α On moors and in moist meadows, everywhere. β in bogs near Hilton Castle, D.

29. C. rigida. Rigid Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 116; Eng. Bot. 2047; Berwick Flora, 202; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 193, t. 22, f. 10; With. ii. 156; C. caespitosa β, Hook. Fl. Scot. 268; C. saxatilis, Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 247, according to specimens from the late Dr. Swartz.
On the summit of Cheviot, N., July 22d, 1804. On Teesdale Forest near the Cauldron Snout, D.

30. C. caespitosa. Tufted Bog Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 117; Eng. Bot. 1507; With. ii. 156; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 195, t. 21, f. 8; Hook. Fl. Scot. 268; Berwick Flora, 202.
In marshy meadows and on moors, not rare.

31. C. stricta. Glaucous Straight-leaved Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 118; Eng. Bot. 914; Hook. Fl. Scot. 208; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 190, t. 21, f. 9; With. ii. 157; C. caespitosa, Hudson, 412; C. caespitosa β, Lightfoot, 561.
In the marsh behind St. Anthon's ballast-hills, on the banks of the Ousebourn near Haddrick's Mill, and in Heaton Wood, N. In Westcrow Bourn near Wolsingham, and at Hell Kettles near Darlington, also by the Tyne below Gateshead, D.

32. C. acuta. Slender Spiked Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 119; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 203; Berwick Flora, 202; Hook. Fl. Scot. 269; With. ii. 160; Eng. Bot. 580; C. gracilis, Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 62.
By the river Skerne near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse. On the banks of Tweed from West Ord to the Chain Bridge. — Dr. G. Johnston.

33. C. paludosa. Lesser Common Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 120; Eng. Bot. 807; Hook. Fl. Scot. 269; Berwick Flora, 203; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 202; With. ii. 159; C. acuta, Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 61.
In bogs and on the banks of slow rivers, frequent.

34. C. riparia. Great Common Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 121; Eng. Bot. 579; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 60; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 200; Hook. Fl. Scot. 269; With. ii. 158; C. acuta, Hudson, 413; Lightfoot, 565.
On the banks of rivers and in marshy places, frequent.

35. C. laevigata. Smooth-stalked Beaked Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 122; Eng. Bot. 1387; Hook. Fl. Scot. 269; With. ii. 159; Gr. Fl. Eds. 199; Berwick Flora, 203.
On the banks of Wooler Water below Langley Ford, and at the base of the hill at Hepburn near Chillingham, N.—Dr. G. Johnston.

30. C. vesicaria. Short-spiked Bladder Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 123; Eng. Bot. 779; Hook. Fl. Scot. 269; With. ii. 161; Gr. Fl. Eds. 199; C. inflata, Lightfoot, 567.
On the banks of the river Team, in bogs near Castle Eden, and near Darlington, D. In Heaton Wood, by Craglake near Shewing-shields, and on the Muckle Moss, N. On moors near Wallington, N.— W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. At Prestwick Carr, N.—Mr. J. Thornhill.

37. C. ampullacea. Slender-beaked Bladder Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 124; Eng. Bot. 780; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 207; Hook. Fl. Scot. 270; With, ii. 101; Berwick Flora, 203; C. vesicaria, Hudson, 413; Lightfoot, 506.
On the banks of lakes, rivers, and on bogs, N. and D. On the Wallington Moors, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. In the vicinity of Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

38. C. hirta. Hairy Carex.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 125; Eng. Bot. 685; Hook. Fl. Scot. 270; With. ii. 162; Berwick Flora, 203.
In marshy meadows and on bogs, frequent. ====358. ELYNA.====

1. E. caricina. Compound-headed Elyna.

Hook. Br. Fl. 401; Kobresia caricina, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 206; Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 129; Schoenus monoicus, Eng. Bot. 1410; Northumberland and Durham Guide, v. 5.
On the Widdy Bank in Teesdale Forest, D., also on Cronkley Fell.
This plant was pointed out to me in these localities, Aug. 25, 1799, by the Rev. J. Harriman.

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MONOECIA TETRANDRIA.

359. LITTORELLA.

1. L. lacustris. Plantain Shore-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 130; Eng. Bot. 468; Hook. Fl. Scot. 271; Lond. t. 168; With. ii. 270; Berwick Flora, 204.
At Prestwick Carr, and on the shores of Bromley and Greenley Loughs, also by Holy Island Lough, N. By Roadley Lake. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. By Hoseley Lough, N.— Dr. Richardson, Dill. Ray Syn. 316.

360. ALNUS.

1. A. glutinosa. Common Alder.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 131; Hook. Lond. t. 59; Fl. Scot. 271; Betula alnus, With. ii. 286; Berwick Flora, 204; Eng. Bot. 1508.
By rivers, lakes, and pools of water.

361. URTICA.

1. U. pilulifera. Roman Nettle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 134; Eng. Bot. 148; With. iii. 280.
On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D., rare.

2. U. urens. Small Nettle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 134; Eng. Bot. 1230; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 70; Hook. Fl. Scot. 271.
Everywhere on cultivated ground.

3. U. dioica. Great Nettle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 135; Eng. Bot. 1750; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 69; Hook. Fl. Scot. 271.
On waste ground everywhere.

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MONOECIA PENTANDRIA.

362. XANTHIUM.

1. X. strumarium. Broad-leaved Bur-weed.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 136; Eng. Bot. 2544; With. ii. 384.
On Byker and Willington ballast-hills, N. On Jarrow and South Shields ballast-hills, D. On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.— W. Weighell's Herb.

363. AMARANTHUS.

1. A. Blitum. Wild Amaranth.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 137; Eng. Bot. 2212; With. ii. 248.
On Willington ballast-hills, N. On Hebburn and Jarrow ballast-hills, D. On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.— W. Weighell's Herb.

364. BRYONIA.

1. B. dioica. Red-berried Bryony.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 138; Eng. Bot. 439; With. ii. 102; B. alba, Lightfoot, 159; Woodv. t. 189.
In hedges near Birtley, Gainford, Darlington, and Bishop Auckland, D. At Barneyside, Miss Forster, delin.; and Rugley near Alnwick, N. — Mr. J. Davison.
Not a common plant in the north.

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MONOECIA POLYANDRIA.

365. CERATOPHYLLUM.

1. C. demersum. Common Hornwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 141; Eng. Bot. 947; Hook. Fl. Scot. 272; With. ii. 579.
In ditches on Durham Moor. — Rev. J. Symons.

366. MYRIOPHYLLUM.

1. M. spicatum. Spiked Water-Milfoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 143; Eng. Bot. 83; Hook. Fl. Scot. 272; With. ii. 519; Berwick Flora, 205.
In loughs, ponds, and rivulets, frequent, N. and D. In Tweed and ponds near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. M. verticillatum. Verticillate Water Milfoil.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 143; Eng. Bot. 218; With. ii. 519.
At Polam, D.— Mr. Backhouse.
The limit of its range to the north.

367. SAGITTARIA.

1. S. sagittifolia. Common Arrow-head.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 144; Eng. Bot. 84; With, iii; 678.
Near Bellingham and Norton. — Mr. Backhouse. In becks near Witton, Thorp, Portrack, and Stockton, D. — J. Hogg, Esq.
The most northern localities.

368. ARUM.

1. A. maculatum. Cuckow-pint, Wake Robin.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 146; Eng. Bot. 1298; Woodv. t. 25; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 63; Hook. Fl. Scot. 272; Berwick Flora, 205.
In woods and under hedges, frequent.

369. POTERIUM.

1. P. Sanguisorba. Common Burnet.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 147; Eng. Bot. 860; Hook. Fl. Scot. 273; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 64; With. iii. 654; Berwick Flora, 206.
On dry Limestone hills, not very rare. On Spindlestone Hills, N. — Dr. G. Johnstone.

370. QUERCUS.

1. Q. Robur. Common British Oak.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 148; Eng. Bot. 1342; Hook. Fl. Scot. 373; Berwick Flora, 206; Woodv. t. 126; Q. foemina, With. ii. 516; Q. pedunculata. Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 450.
In woods and hedges, everywhere. =====2. Q. sessiliflora. Sessile-fruited Oak.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 150; Eng. Bot. 1845; Hook. Fl. Scot. 273; Berwick Flora, 207; Q. Robur, With. ii. 515.
In woods and hedges, frequent.

371. FAGUS.

1. F. Castanea. Chesnut-tree.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 151; Eng. Bot. 886; With. ii. 583; Castanea vulgaris, Hook. Br. Fl. 408.
In plantations.
Not a native of the north of England.

2. F. sylvatica. Beech-tree.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 152; Eng. Bot. 1847; Hook. Fl. Scot. 274; Berwick Flora, 207.
In woods and hedges, common.

372. BETULA.

1. B. alba. Common Birch.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 153; Eng. Bot. 2198; Hook. Fl. Scot. 274; Berwick Flora, 208.
β B. pendula, Lindley's Syn. 229.
In mountainous woods and by lakes, frequent. Roth and Lindley consider Betula pendula a distinct species from B. alba, owing to its weeping branches; and, when young, its bark being smooth and warted.

373. CARPINUS.

1. C. Betulus. Horn-beam.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 155; Eng. Bot. 2032; Hook. Fl. Scot. 274.
In plantations.
Not originally a native of the north of England.

374. CORYLUS.

1. C. Avellana, Hazel-nut-tree.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 157; Eng. Bot. 723; Hook. Fl. Scot. 275; Lond. t. 17; Berwick Flora, 208.
In woods, hedges, and denes, common.

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MONOECIA MONADELPHIA.

375. PINUS.

1. P. sylvestris Scotch Fir.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 158; Eng. Bot. 2460; Lightfoot, 587; Woodv. t. 207; With. iii. 811.
Only in planted woods at present, though the roots and trunks of the Fir abound in all the bogs on our highest moors.

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DIOECIA DIANDRIA.

376. SALIX.

1. S. triandra. Long-leaved Triandrous Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 166; Eng. Bot. 1435; With. ii. 65; Hook. Fl. Scot. 278.
In hedges near Chester-le- Street, D. On the banks of the Pont at Ponteland, N.
Rare in the north.

2. S. amygdalina. Broad-leaved Triandrous Willow, Almond-leaved Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 169; Eng. Bot. 1637; With. ii. 66.
In hedges near Birtley, and at Chester-le-Street new bridge, also at Beamish and on the banks of the Derwent, D. In Heaton Wood, and in hedges near Gilsland and Cambo, at Allan Heads, and on the banks of Little Cow Lough, also near the Roman station at Risingham, N.

3. S. pentandra. Sweet Willow, Bay-leaved Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 171; Eng. Bot. 1805; Hook. Fl. Scot. 279; With. ii. 69; Berwick Flora, 212.
In the Roman Foss between Shewing-shields and Carrow, in hedges near Gilsland and House-steads, in Heaton Wood, on the banks of North Tyne and of Tweed, N. By the Team near Beamish and Pockerley, on the banks of Wear near Chester-le-Street new bridge, and of Tees near Eglestone, also between Norton and Billingham, D. Near West Boldon and Cleadon, D.— Mr. R. Waugh and Mr. J. Thornhill. Near Berwick, not uncommon. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. S. radicans. Rooting-branched Willow.

Sm. Fl. Brit. iii. 1053; Hook. Fl. Scot. 280; Br. Fl. 428; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 21; S. phylicifolia, Sm. Fl. Brit. iii. 1049; Eng. Fl. iv. 173; Eng. Bot. 1958; With.ii. 71.
By ditches communicating with Prestwick Carr, N. On both banks of Derwent above Blanchland, N. and D.
That this is not Salix phylicifolia of the Swedish botanists I am certain, from Lapland specimens communicated by the late Dr. Swartz. The figure in the English Botany is good, and agrees with the plant received from Sir J. Smith.

5. S. bicolor. Shining dark-green Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 178; Eng. Bot. 1806; With. ii. 70; S. lamina, Sm. Linn. Tr. vi. 122.
On the banks of Wear near Lumley Castle, and on Tees from Croft to Middleton, D. On the banks of Derwent, and of Beldon and Nuckton bourns above Blanchland, D. and N. In the hedges north of Cambo, N. By the Lune at its junction with the Tees.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

6. S. vitellina. Yellow Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 182; Eng. Bot. 1389; Hook. Fl. Scot. 281; With. ii. 72.
On the banks of Team, Tyne, and Wear, D. and N. At Morton Carrs, D. — Mr. Janson.

7. S. decipiens. Deceiving Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 183; Eng. Bot. 1937; With. ii. 68; Berwick Flora, 212.
On the banks of Tyne, Wear, Team, and Derwent, N. and D. By the sides of Grange Bourn near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

8. S. fragilis. Crack Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 184; Eng. Bot. 1807; Hook. Fl. Scot. 279; With. ii. 73.
In denes and on the banks of rivers, frequent.

9. S. Russelliana. Bedford Willow, Leicestershire or Dishley Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 186; Eng. Bot. 1808; Hook. Fl. Scot. 279; With. ii. 67; Berwick Flora, 212.
On the banks of Wear and Tees, D. Near Haughton and Cockerton, D. — Mr. Janson. Near Cambo and Wallington, also by the Pont and in Heaton Dene, N. By the Tweed, common. — Dr. G. Johnston. Near Alnwick, N. — Miss Forster, delin.

10. S. Helix. Rose Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 188 : Eng. Bot. 1343; With. ii. 63; Berwick Flora, 212; S. monandra, Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 71, excluding f. 2. On the banks of the rivers Tweed, Tyne, Derwent, Wear, and Tees, N. and D., but not very abundant, nor does it occur near Newcastle.

11. S. Forbiana. Basket Osier.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 191; Eng. Bot. 1344; With. ii. 64; Berwick Flora, 214; S. fissa, Sm. Linn. Tr. vi. 115.
Mas. and Foem. On the banks of Team, Derwent, Tees, Tyne, and Wear, N. and D. By the Tyne at Hopper's Fishery below Paradise, N. On the banks of Wooler Water, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.
Very distinct from S. Helix in the shape and texture of its leaves and its mode of growth. The figure in the English Botany is but indifferent.

12. S. rubra. Green-leaved Osier.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 191; Eng. Bot. 1145; With. ii. 64; S. fissa. Hoff. Sal. i. 61, t. 13, 14.
Mas. and Foem. By the Wear at Durham, and Chester-le-Street new bridge, also on the banks of the Derwent near Ebchester, D. — Foem. About Newcastle N., and Gateshead D.

13. S. Croweana. Broad-leaved Monadelphous Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 192; Eng. Bot. 1146; With. ii. 65; S. Weigilliana β, Hook. Br. Fl. 429; S. nitens, Foem. Eng. Bot. t. 2655.
Mas. North of Cambo, and near Roadley Lake, N. — Mas. and Foem. On the banks of Tees near Eglestone, and above Middleton-in-Teesdale, also of Wear at Burtreeford in Weardale, D. On the banks of Derwent, and of Beldon and Nuckton Bourns above Blanchland, N. and D.
With us, the stamens of this willow are combined, proving it to be distinct from Salix Weigelliana, of Willdenow, its germens are also downy as Smith correctly described them.— See Hook. Eng. Fl. p. 430.

14. S. arenaria. Downy Mountain Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl iv. 204; Eng. Bot. 1809; Hook. Fl. Scot. 283; With. ii. 78; S. lapponum, Lightfoot, 604; Hudson, 651.
Foem. On the Teesdale moors, but I do not know the exact spot, D. — Rev. J. Harriman, Sp.
Its most southern locality.

15. S. argentea. Silky Sand Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 206; Eng. Bot. 1364; With. ii. 78; Berwick Flora, 214; S. arenaria, Lightfoot, 604; S. repens, Hook. Fl. Scot. 284.
Near Percy's Cross and by Roadley Lake, N. On the sea sands near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. At Birch Carr, D.—Mr. Janson.
Probably an erect growing variety of S. repens.

16. S. repens. Creeping Dwarf Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 209; Eng. Bot. 183; With. ii. 81; Hook. Fl. Scot. 284; Berwick Flora, 214; S. prostrata, Eng. Bot. 1959; Berwick Flora, 214; S. parvifolia, 1969; S. ascendens, Eng. Bot. 1962.
On wet moors, not rare. Newcastle Town Moor, N.; Gateshead Fell D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G.Johnston.

17. S. fusca. Brownish Dwarf Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 210; Eng. Bot. 1960; With. ii. 80; S. repens δ, Hook. Fl. Scot. 284.
Mas. In barren pastures near Shewing Shields, on the Roman Wall, N. On the banks of Waskerley Bourn, D.
This little willow is well figured in the English Botany, it is a dwarf, but upright shrub, with nearly smooth leaves. Having never seen female catkins, I will not take upon me to say that it may not be one of the endless varieties of Salix repens.

18. S. rosmarinifolia. Rosemary-leaved Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 214; Eng. Bot. 1365; With. ii. 82.
Foem. On the banks of the Derwent, near Friar Side, D. Near Ebchester, D.— Mr. J. Thornhill.

19. S. aurita. Round-eared Willow, Trailing Sallow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 216; Eng. Bot. 1487; With. ii. 83; Berwick Flora, 215; Hook. Fl. Scot. 285;
β Dill. Ray, 450.
α In woods and hedges; β on sterile moors.

20. S. aquatica. Common Willow, Water Sallow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 218; Eng. Bot. 1437; With. ii. 83; Berwick Flora, 215; S. cinerea, Hook. Fl. Scot. 284.
β S. oleifolia, Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 219; Eng. Bot. 1402; With. ii. 84; Berwick Flora, 216; Forster's Tonb. 111; S. cinerea, Hook. Fl. Scot. 284
γ S. cinerea, Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 215; Eng. Bot. 1897; With. ii. 82; Forster, Tonb. 111; Berwick Flora, 215.
α In woods and hedges, common; β generally on the banks of rivers, γ on the banks of Irthing near Gilsland, N. In hedges about two miles north of Chester-le-Street, D. In Allerton Mil! Dene and other places near Berwick — Dr. G. Johnston. Through the medium of specimens communicated to me long ago by Mr. E. Forster and Mr. D. Turner, I am acquainted with the three preceding varieties of this willow, considered by Smith as three species. The fructifications of all, are alike, the leaves of α are broader than those of β, which is the only difference between them, but γ has rather a better right to be considered distinct. It is a low growing tree, with leaves much smaller than the first and second varieties. At the foot of Derwentwater, Cumberland, it is abundant.

21. S. hirta. Hairy-branched Sallow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 221; Eng. Bot. 1404; Hook. Br. Fl. 426; With. ii. 90.
In Castle Eden Dene, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

22. S. rupestris. Silky Rock Sallow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 222; Eng. Bot. 2342; With. ii. 90; Hook. Fl. Scot. 285; Br. Fl. 427.
Foem. By the Derwent above Blanchland, N. and D. By the Wear near Burtreeford, D.

23. S. Andersoniana. Green Mountain Sallow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 223; Eng. Bot. 2343; Hook. Fl. Scot. 285; Br. Fl. 427.
Mas. In Heaton Dene. Foem. By the River Derwent above Blanchland, N.

24. S. Forsteriana. Glaucous Mountain Sallow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 224; Eng. Bot. 2344; Hook. Fl. Scot. 285; Br. Fl. 427.
Foem. In Heaton Dene, N. On the south banks of Tyne near Friar's Goose, D. By the Derwent above Blanchland, N. and D. In a hedge at Mount Pleasant near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. In hedges near the Chain Bridge over the Tweed, N.

25. S. caprea. Great Round-leaved Sallow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 225; Eng. Bot. 1488; Hook. Fl. Scot. 286; With. ii. 85; Berwick Flora, 217. In woods and hedges, common. =====26. S. acuminata. Long-leaved Sallow.===== Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 227; Eng. Bot. 1434; Hook. Fl. Scot. 286; With. ii. 86; Berwick Flora, 217.
On the banks of Irthing at Gilsland, N. By Nuckton Bourn above Blanchland, N. and D. By Morton Carr, D — Mr. Janson. In hedges near Berwick — Dr. G. Johnston.

27. S. viminalis. Common Osier.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 228; Eng. Bot. 1898; Hook. Fl. Scot. 287; With. ii. 88; Berwick Flora, 217.
By ditches and on the banks of rivers, common.

28. S. Smithiana. Silky-leaved Osier.

Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 229; Berwick Flora, 217; S. mollissima, Eng. Bot. 1509; With. ii. 87.
In hedges near Prestwick Carr, in Pandon Dene near Newcastle, at Jesmond, Chirton, Kirkwhelpington, Cambo, Roadley, and on Holy Island, N. At the Hope and near Leatham-shank in the vicinity of Berwick Dr. G. Johnston. At Whitburn, and by the Wear at Lambton, D.

29. S. ferrugiuca, Ferrugineous Willow.

Hook. Br. Fl. 424; Eng. Bot. ii. 2665.
On the banks of Tyne near Warden, N.
I also gathered this willow several Years since, growing, together with Salix tenuifolia of Smith, a little below Kirby Lonsdale Bridge, Westmorland.

30. S. alba. Common White Willow.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 231; Eng. Bot. 2430; Berwick Flora, 218; Hook. Fl. Scot. 287; With. ii. 89; β S. caerulea, Eng. Bot. 2431.
In woods and hedges.
Between varieties α and β I can perceive no difference.

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DIOECIA TRIANDRIA.

377. EMPETRUM.

1. E. nigrum. Black Crow, or Crake Berry.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 233; Eng. Bot. 526; Gr. Fl. Eds. 209; With. ii. 250; Berwick Flora, 218.
On moors, frequent.

378. RUSCUS.

1. R. aculcatus. Common Butchers-broom.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 235; Eng. Bot. 560; Hook. Fl. Scot. 288; Woodv. Supp. t. 237; With. ii. 103.
Near Cockerton. — Mr. James Backhouse. In Cliff Wood, D.−W. Weighell's Herb.

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DIOECIA TETRANDRIA.

379. VISCUM.

1. V. album. Common White Misseltoe.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 236; Eng. Bot. 1470; Woodv. Supp. 270; Hook. Fl. Scot. 288; With. ii. 281.
In woods at Chipchase, rare. Introduced from the south of England into Sir D. Smith's garden at Alnwick, N. — Miss Pringle. Near Bedlington, N. —The Rev. Mr. Coates. Also introduced into the gardens at Bradley, D.
I have never been so fortunate as to meet with this parasite in the north, and cannot recollect who informed me that it had been seen either at Chipchase or at Bradley.

380. MYRICA.

1. M. Gale. Sweet Gale, Dutch Myrtle.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 239; Eng. Bot. 562; Hook. Fl. Scot. 288; With. ii. 287; Berwick Flora, 219.
On moors near Harbottle Castle, and by Roadley Lake, N. On the south side of Tyne opposite Hepple, and between Woodhall and Harbottle. — Mr. E. Woodhouse. On the banks of Kimmer Lake near Ellingham, N. — Wallis, 154. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

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DIOECIA PENTANDRIA.

381. HUMULUS.

1. H. Lupulus. Hop.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 240; Eng. Bot. 427; Gr. Fl. Scot. 209; With. ii. 375.
Naturalized in hedges near Jesmond, Hexham, Ovingham, Wylam, and Dilston, N. On the banks of Hyshope Bourn, D. Near Norton, D. J.Hogg, Esq.

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DIOECIA HEXANDRIA.

382. TAMUS.

1. T. communis. Black Briony.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 241; Eng. Bot. 91; With. ii. 460.
In Dalton, Hawthorn, and Castle Eden Denes, also in woods at Hetton, and near Hilton Castle on the Wear, D. In hedges about Norton and near Wynyard on the Fulthorp road, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. On the woody bank in Heaton Dene, below Benton Bridge, N — Mr. J. Thornhill, jun.
Its most northern locality.

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DIOECIA OCTANDRIA.

383. POPULUS.

1. P. alba. Great White Poplar, Abele-tree.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 243; Eng. Bot. 1618; Hook. Fl. Scot. 288; Berwick Flora, 219. In woods, hedges, and denes. It may also be noticed at a considerable elevation on the sides of our moors; truly indigenous.

2. P. canescens. Grey Poplar.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 243; Eng. Bot. 1619; Hook. Br. Fl. 436.
In hedge rows.

3. P. tremula. Ash Aspen, Trembling Poplar.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 244; Eng. Bot. 1909; Hook. Fl. Scot. 289; Berwick Flora, 219. In woods and hedges, common.

4. P. nigra. Black Poplar.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 245; Eng. Bot. 1910; Hook. Fl. Scot. 289; Berwick Flora, 220.
On the banks of rivers and in hedges, frequent.

384. RHODIOLA.

1. R. rosea. Mountain Rose-root.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 246; Eng. Bot. 508; Hook. Fl. Scot. 289; With. ii. 518; Berwick Flora, 220.
At the head of Cauledge Bourn, among the Cheviots, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.
This plant which usually grows in Alpine situations has been found on rocks near the sea coast between Berwick and Fast Castle, and in a ravine near St. Abbs' Head, by Dr. G. Johnston, and between Lamberton and Burnmouth, by the Rev. A. Baird.

DIOECIA ENNEANDRIA.

385. MERCURIALIS.

1. M. perennis. Dog's Mercury, Perennial Mercury.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 248; Eng. Bot. 1872; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. G5; Hook. Fl. Scot. 289; Berwick Flora, 221.
In denes, woods, and under hedges, frequent.

2. M. annua. Annual Mercury.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 248; Eng. Bot. 559; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 68; Gr. Fl. Eds. 211; With. ii. 521.
On rubbish by the road side on Newcastle Town Moor, N. About Newcastle. — S. Robson's Flora, 223. About Sunderland, D.—Mr. E. Robson.

386. HYDROCHARIS.

1. H. Morsus-ranae. Common Frogbit.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 250; Eng. Bot. 808; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 64; Gr. Fl. Eds. 211; With. ii. 523.
In a ditch behind St. Anthon's ballast-hills, N.

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DIOECIA MONADELPHIA.

387. JUNIPERUS.

1. J. communis. Common Juniper.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 251; Eng. Bot. 1100; Hook. Fl. Scot. 290; Woodv. t. 95; With. iii. 790; Berwick Flora, 221.
β J. nana, Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 252; Willd. Sp. PI. iv. 854; J. communis β, Lightfoot, 642; With. 709, var. 2.
α In Castle Eden Dene, and on the cliffs between it and Black Halls, in woods on the banks of Tees, also on moors near Lanchester and Auckland, D. On Bede Hills and banks at West Dipton near Hexham, N. On the sea banks in the vicinity of Berwick, also on Chapel Hill near Belford.—Thompson's Berwick Plants. On the banks of Tyne near the Riding below Hexham, N. — Wallis, 142. β On Teesdale Moors above the High Force, β. On Broad-pool Common near Swinburne, N.—Wallis, 142.
β Is no more than a procumbent alpine variety of the Common Juniper.

388. TAXUS.

1. T. baccata. Yew Tree.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 253; Eng. Bot. 746; Lightfoot, 626; With. iii. 809; Berwick Flora, 221.
On rocks in Castle Eden Dene, and on the banks of Derwent above Gibside, also in Shipley Wood near Eglestone in Teesdale, D. In the cliffs on the western margin of the Allen, N.—Wallis, 136.
Truly indigenous in all these localities.

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POLYGAMIA MONOECIA.

389. ATRIPLEX.

1. A. portulacoides. Shrubby Orache.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 256; Eng. Bot. 261; Gr. Fl. Eds. 211; With. ii. 372.
At the mouth of Coble Dene near North Shields, N. On the shores of Wear near Hilton Dene, and at Hartlepool, D.

2. A. laciniata. Frosted Sea Orache.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 257; Eng. Bot. 165; Gr. Fl. Eds. 212; With. ii. 372.
On the sea beach, frequent.

3. A.patula. Spreading Halberd-leaved Orache.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 257; Eng. Bot. 936; Gr. Fl. Eds. 212; Berwick Flora, 223; With. ii. 372; A. hastata, Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 66.
γ Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 258; Dill. Ray's Syn. 152. α On waste ground and dunghills; γ on the sea beach, not rare.

4. A. angustifolia. Spreading Narrow-leaved Orache.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 258; Eng. Bot. 1774; With. ii. 373; Berwick Flora, 224; A. patula, Lightfoot, 637; Hudson, 443.
On cultivated and waste ground, common.

5. A. littoralis. Grass-leaved Sea Orache.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 260; Eng. Bot. 708; Gr. Fl. Eds. 212; With. ii. 374; Berwick Flora, 224.
In salt marshes, frequent.

6. A. pedunculata. Stalked Sea Orache.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 261; Eng. Bot. 232; With. ii. 375.
On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.—W. Weighell's Herb. = PART II. =

CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS.

CRYPTOGAMIA CHARACEAE.

1. CHARA.

1. C. vulgaris. Common Chara.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 6; Gr. Fl. Eds. 281; Eng. Bot. 336; Berwick Flora, 2.
β Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 345; C. Hedwigii, Trevelyan, MSS.
α In muddy ditches and ponds, common. β in streams running into the Weel near Cauldron Snout, Teesdale, D. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

2. C. hispida. Prickly Chara.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 7; Eng. Bot. 463; Gr. Fl. Eds. 281; With. ii. 3. β C. tomentosa, Hudson, 398; Robson's Flora, 295. α In a pond at Hartley old engine, and in pools near Hartley Link House, N. In Hell-kettles near Darlington, D. In ponds at Norton. — J. Hogg, .Esq. At Polam. — Mr. Backhouse, α and β in the Whey Syke near Widdy Bank, on Teesdale Forest, D.— W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.

3. C. aspera. Rough Chara.

Gr. Cryp. Fl. t. 339.
At Prestwick Carr, N. — Mr. Wm. Robertson. In the Lough on Holy Island, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. In the Irthing at Gilsland, also in Grindon and Crag Loughs, N. — Mr. J. Thompson, Sp.

4. C. flexilis. Smooth Chara.

Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 7; Eng. Bot. 1070; With. ii. 4; Gr. Fl. Eds. 280. In an old quarry in Leming Lane, and at Cocken, D. Near Darlington. — Mr. Backhouse. In a pond at Walker, and in Bromley and Crag Loughs near Shewing-shields, N. In the mouth of the rivulet at Goswick, N. — Thompson's Berwick Plants.

EQUISETACEAE.

2. EQUISETUM.

1. E. sylvaticum. Branched Wood Horsetail.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 336; Eng. Bot. 1874; Bolt. Fil, t. 32, 33; Gr. Fl. Eds. 215; With. iii. 979: Berwick Flora, ii. 5.
In woods and denes, frequent.

2. E. fluviatile. Great Bog Horsetail.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 337; Eng. Bot. 2022; Gr. Fl. Eds. 213; Bolt. Fil. t. 36, 37; With. iii. 981; Berwick Flora, ii. 5.
In boggy woods, not rare.

3. E. arvense. Corn Horsetail.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 337; Eng. Bot. 2020; Bolt. Fil. t. 34; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 64; Gr. Fl. Eds. 213; With. iii. 979; Berwick Flora, ii. 7.
In woods and fallow fields, common.

4. E. palustre. Marsh Horsetail.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 338; Eng. Bot. 2021; Bolt. Fil. t. 35; Hook. Fl. Scot. 161; With. iii. 980; Gr. Fl. Eds. 215; Berwick Flora, ii. 7.
By slow streams, and in ditches.

5. E. limosum. Smooth Naked Horsetail.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 339; Eng. Bot. 929; Bolt. Fil. t. 38; Gr. Fl. Eds. 214; With. iii. 981; Berwick Flora, ii. 8.
In ponds and watery places, but not frequent.

5. E. hyemale. Rough Horsetail, Shave-grass.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 339; Eng. Bot. 915; Berwick Flora, ii. 8; Gr. Fl. Eds. 214; With. iii. 983; Hook. Lond. t. 161.
In woods not uncommon, N. and D. In Castle Eden Dene, D.—S. Robson's Flora, 263.

7. E. variegatum. Variegated Rough Horsetail.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 340; Eng. Bot. 1987; Hook. Fl. Scot. 161.
By the river Irthing at Gilsland, N.—Mr. J. Thompson, Sp. Near Winch Bridge, by the Whey Syke, and opposite the mouth of the Lune in Teesdale, D.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.
The most southern localities in Britain.

MARSILEACEAE.

3. ISOETES.=

1. I. lacustris. Quill-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 343; Eng. Bot. 1084; Hook. Fl. Scot. 160; Lond. t. 131; With. iii. 988. In Crag Lake, N.
Rare, and unaccompanied by its usual attendant in the northern lakes, the elegant Lobelia Dortmanna.

4. PILULARIA.

1. P. globulifera. Pill-wort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 342; Eng. Bot. 521; Hook. Lond. t. 83; Bolt. Fil. t. 40; Gr. Fl. Eds. 215; With. iii. 987.
At Prestwick Carr, N. Near a pond by the road half a mile north of Wolsington House, N. — Mr. R. Waugh and Mr. J. Thornhill. ===LYCOPODINEAE.===

5. LYCOPODIUM.

1. L. clavatum. Common Club-moss.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 331; Eng. Bot. 224; Hook. Fl. Scot. 159; With. iii. 984; Gr. Fl. Eds. 215; Berwick Flora, ii. 20.
On moors, frequent.

2. L. Selaginoides. Prickly Club-moss.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 332; Eng. Bot. 1148; Hook. Fl. Scot. 159; With. iii. 984; Gr. Fl. Eds. 216; Berwick Flora, ii. 21.
In bogs, but not very common. On the Mucklemoss, near the Roman Wall, and at Prestwick Carr, N. On the Weardale and Teesdale Moors, and on Gateshead Fell, D.

3. L. Selago. Fir Club-moss.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 333; Eng. Bot. 233; Gr. Fl. Eds. 216; With. iii. 985; Berwick Flora, ii. 21.
On moors, frequent.

4. L. alpinum. Savin-leaved Club-moss.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 334; Eng. Bot. 234; Gr. Fl. Eds. 216; With. iii. 986; Berwick Flora, ii. 22.
On alpine moors, not rare.

---

FILICES.

6. OPHIOGLOSSUM.

1. O. vulgatum. Common Adder's-tongue.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 329; Eng. Bot. 108; Hook. Lond. t. 78; Bolt. Fil. t. 3; Gr. Fl. Eds. 217; With. iii. 989.
In meadows near Fulwell, Gateshead, and Saltwellside, D. In East Common Wood near Hexham, N. Near Netherwitton, N. — Miss Forster, delin. By a foot way below Honeycleugh Crag on the east side of a streamlet near Chester Wood, N. — Wallis, 243.

7. BOTRYCHIUM.

1. B. Lunaria. Common Moonwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 328; Hook. Lond. t. 66; Fl. Scot. ii. 158; Berwick Flora, ii 19; Osmunda Lunaria, Eng. Bot. 318; Bolt. Fil. t. 4; With, ii. 990.
On the sea coast between South Shields and Sunderland, near Marsden, on Gateshead Fell, Beamish Moor, Lanchester Fell, and near the High Force of Tees, D. On moors near Blanchland, on the coast near Tynemouth, on Newcastle Town Moor, also near Longhorsley and Alnwick, on Hexham Fell and Bradley Crags near St. Oswald, N. Near Cambo, Netherwitton, and at Shaftoe Crags near Wallington, N — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. On both sides of the Roman Wall, at Tower-tay, near Wallwick, and near the High Woodhouse, or West Wood near Hexham. — Wallis, 244. Near Langley Ford, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

8. BLECHNUM.

1. B. boreale. Northern Blechnum, Rough Spleenwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 316; Eng. Bot. 1159; Hook. Fl. Scot. 157; Berwick Flora, ii. 17; B. Spicant, With. iii. 994; Osmunda Spicant, Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 67; Bolt. Fil. t. 6.
On heaths and moors, and in denes, not rare.

9. PTERIS.

1. P. aquilina. Common Brakes.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 318; Eng. Bot. 1679; Bolt. Fil. t. 16; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 156; Berwick Flora, ii. 18.
On moors, and in woods and denes, common.

10. CRYPTOGRAMMA.

1. C. crispa. Curled or Rock Brakes.

Hook. Brit. Fl. 449; Pteris crispa, Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 319; Eng. Bot. 1160; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 156; Berwick Flora, ii. 19; With. iii. 993; Osmunda crispa, Bolt. Fil. t. 7; Hudson, 450.
On Basaltic rocks on which the Roman Wall is built above Crag Lake, and at the foot of Cheviot beyond Langley Ford, N. Near the summit of Cheviot. — Dr. G. Johnston. On the banks of Common Bourn, N. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. In Waskerly Park, and on stone walls in Teesdale Forest, D.

11. SCOLOPENDRIUM.

1. S. vulgare. Common Hart's-tongue.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 314; Eng. Bot. 1150; Gr. Fl. Eds. 218; Berwick Flora, ii. 17; Asplenium Scolopendrium, Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 67; Bolt. Fil. 1 1; Woodv. Supp. t. 272; With. iii. 995.
In Cawsey and Cocken Woods, in Castle Eden Dene, and on the Roman station near Lanchester, D. In Benwell, Scotswood, and Wallbottle Denes, and in woods near Alnwick, N. At Honeycleugh Crag, near Chester Wood, on South Tyne, and in the gill at Sandhoe near Hexham, N. — Wallis, 246.

12. ASPLENIUM.

1. A. Trichomanes. Common Maidenhair Spleenwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 305; Eng. Bot. 576; Hook. Lond. t. 156; Fl. Scot. ii. 155; Woodv. t. 204; Bolt. Fil. t. 13; With. iii. 997; Berwick Flora, ii. 16.
In Cawsey and Gibside Woods, and on the rocks at Boldon, Cleadon, and Castle Eden, D. On Whitburn church, D. — Rev. J. Symons. On the ruins of Hulne Abbey, and on Gunnerton Crags, also on rocks at Rothbury, N.

2. A. viride. Green Maidenhair Spleenwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 306; Eng. Bot. 2257; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 155; Bolt. Fil. t. 14; With. iii. 998.
On Basaltic rocks below the High Force, at Cauldron Snout, and the Widdy Bank, Teesdale, D. In Irehope Dene in Weardale, D. —W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. At Wardrew and Whinnetly, N. —Mr. J. Thompson, Sp.

3. A. marinum. Sea Spleenwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 307; Eng. Bot. 392; Hook. Lond. t. 60; Fl. Scot. ii. 155; Bolt. Fil. t. 15; With. iii. 998; Berwick Flora, ii. 16. On Magnesian Limestone rocks, on the coast near Byers's Quarry in the vicinity of Whitburn, and near Seaton, D. At Black Hall Dene near Hartlepool, D. — Rev. Jas. Dalton. =====4. A. Ruta muraria. Wall-rue Spleenwort, White Maidenhair.===== Sm.Eng. Fl. iv. 309; Eng. Bot. 150; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 156; Bolt. Fil. t. 16; With. iii. 999; Berwick Flora, ii. 16.
On rocks on Boldon and Cleadon Hills, and at Castle Eden Dene, also on walls at Gibside and near Hilton Castle, and at the Roman station near Lanchester, D. On Ovingham Church walls, and on the Roman Wall at Shewing Shields, also at Alnwick, N. On the bridge at Corbridge, and on the church wall at Simonburn, N. — Wallis, 249.

5. A. Adiantum nigrum. Black Maidenhair, Spleenwort.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 310; Bolt. Fil. t. 17; Eng. Bot. 1950; Berwick Flora, ii. 16; Gr. Fl. Eds. 219; With. iii. 1000.
β Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 311; Pluk. Phyt. t. 282, f. 3.
α On the walls of Blanchland Church, and on crags at West Dipton near Hexham, on the Town walls of Newcastle, and rocks at Warkworth Hermitage and walls at Alnwick, also near Haltwhistle, N. In the Freestone quarry on the west side of Hallbarns, and in the wood at Blakelaw opposite Low Moralee near Wark in Tynedale Wallis, 248. On the sea banks beyond Hudshead, and on Chapel Crags near Belford. — Dr. Thompson. Near Berwick, not rare, N. — Dr. G. Johnston. On rocks in Cawsey Dene, and near the High Force Teesdale, also on walls at Lumley Castle, D. On ruins at Bear's Park, D. — Rev. J. Symons. β on rocks at Cocken, D., rare.

13. ASPIDIUM.

1. A. Lonchitis. Rough Alpine Shield-fern.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 284; Hook. Fl. Scot. 153; Polypodium Lonchitis, Eng. Bot. 797; Bolt. Fil. t. 19; With. iii. 1004.
In fissures of rocks between Widdy Bank and Cauldron Snout, Teesdale, D. First found by the Rev. J. Harriman.

2. A. Oreopteris. Heath Shield-fern, Fragrant-fern.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 286; Gr. Fl. Eds. 222; Berwick Flora, ii. 11; Polypodinm Oreopteris, Eng. Bot. 1019; With. iii. 1005; P. Thelypteris, Bolt. Fil. 40, 22, f. 1, 2.
In the west quarries near Spring Gardens, Newcastle, and at the foot of Cheviot above Langley Ford, N. In Cawsey Wood, on Gateshead Fell, on Beamish Moor, near Urpeth, and on the banks of Pont Bourn, also in Waskerley Dene, and near Medomsley and Darlington, D. On the banks of Derwent above Blanchland, and of Beldon and Nuckton Bourns, D. and N. In Arngill, D. — Mr. J. Backhouse.

3. A. Filix-mas. Male Fern, Male Shield-fern.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 288; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 154; Lond. t. 40; Eng. Bot. 1458; Berwick Flora, ii. 11; A. cristatum, Eng. Bot. 1949; Polypodium Felix-mas, Woodv. t. 49; Bolt. Fil. t. 44.
In woods, denes, and on hedge banks, common.

4. A. lobatum. Close-leaved Prickly Shield-fern.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 291; Eng. Bot. 1563; Berwick Flora, ii. 11; Forster, Tonbr. 118; A. aculeatum, Hook. Fl. Scot ii. 154; Br. Fl. 443; Gr. Fl. Eds. 221; Polypodium lobatum, Hudson, 459.
β P. Lonchitidi affinis, Ray. Syn., 2d ed., 48; Aspidium aculeatum β, Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 290.
α and β in woods and denes, common; β being the plant in a young state.
Though A. lobatum is common in every wood in these counties, I have never met with A. aculeatum, or its variety, A. angulare, which grow in the dene above and below the Pease Bridge in Berwickhire.— See Berwick Flora. In the south of England it is common.

5. A. dilatatum. Great Crested Shield-fern.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 293; Eng. Bot. 1461; Forster, Tonbr. 119; Berwick Flora, ii. 14; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 154; Polypodium cristatum, Bolt. Fil. t. 23; With. iii. 1010.
β A. spinulosum, Eng. Bot. t. 1460; Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 292; Forster's Tonb. 119; Swartz, Syn. Fil. 54, according to specimens from the Author.
α In woods and denes, frequent. β in Cawsey Wood, D. On Shaftoe Crags near Wallington, N.
β Should scarcely be considered a variety, being merely the young state of the plant.

6. A. Filix-foemina. Female Shield-fern.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 295; Eng. Bot. 1459; Berwick Flora, ii. 14; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 155; Polypodium Filix-foemina, Hudson, 458; Bolt. Fil. t. 25.
In woods, denes, and under hedges, frequent.

14. POLYPODIUM.

1. P. vulgare. Common Polypody.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 280; Eng. Bot. 1149; Woodv. Supp. 271; Bolt. Fil. t. 18; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 68; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 153; Berwick Flora, ii. 10.
On old walls, shady banks, and the trunks of trees.

2. P. Phegopteris. Pale Mountain Polypody.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 282; Eng. Bot. 2224; Bolt. Fil. t. 20; Gr.Fl. Eds. 222; With. iii. 1005; Berwick Flora, ii. 10.
In Cawsey Wood and Waskerley Dene, D. In Cowclose and Arngills, D. — Mr. Jas. Backhouse. On rocks at the foot of Cheviot, above Langley Ford, and at Shewing-shields, N. On the banks of Derwent, of Nuckton and Beldon Bourns above Blanchland, N. and D. On the banks of Fallowlees Bourn, and on moors near Wallington, N.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

3. P. Dryopteris. Tender Three-branched Polypody.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 282; Eng. Bot. 616; Bolt. Fil. t. 28; Gr. Fl. Eds. 222; With. iii. 1012; Berwick Flora, ii. 11.
In Cawsey Wood, Feldon and Waskerly Denes, Howns Wood, and above Winch Bridge Teesdale, D. In Arngill and woods near Darlington, D. — Mr. J. Backhouse. In Walbottle and Scotswood Denes, on rocks at the foot of Cheviot above Langley Ford, at Shewing-shields, and West Dipton near Hexham, also near Alnwick, N. On the banks of the Derwent, and of Nuckton and Beldon Bourns, N. and D. On the banks of Fallowlees Bourn, near Hartburn, and on the south bank of the Wansbeck south of Wallington, also in Twizell Dene, N.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

15. WOODSIA.

1. W. ilvensis. Oblong Woodsia.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 322; Brown, Linn. Tr. xi. 173; Polypodium ilvense, Swartz, Syn. Fil. 39.
At the foot of the Basaltic rocks on the Durham side of the river Tees about two hundred yards below Cauldron Snout.— Mr. J. Backhouse, Sp. Near the summit of some bold Basaltic rocks called Falcon Clints about ten miles west of Middleton-in-Teesdale Mr. S. Halestone.
These localities cannot be far asunder.

16. CYSTEA.

1. C.fragilis. Brittle Bladder-fern.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 298; Berwick Flora, ii. 16; Cyathea fragilis, Eng. Bot. 1587; Aspidium fragile, Gr. Fl. Eds. 220; Polypodium fragile, Bolt. Fil. t. 27 and 46; With. iii. 1010.
In Cawsey Wood, on walls at Beamish and Stanhope, on rocks at the Gunner's Pool in Castle Eden Dene, and in Ravensworth Woods, D. On rocks at Shewing Shields, and near Tecket Water-fall, N. On the banks of Common Bourn near Cheviot.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. On Little Waney-house Crag near Sweethope take, N. — Wallis, 254. This fern, when growing at different elevations, in various exposures, and on rocks dissimilar in chemical composition, becomes so much altered in general appearance, that it has afforded botanists opportunities of multiplying the species fourfold at least.

2. C. dentata. Toothed Bladder-fern.

Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 300; Cyathea dentata, Eng. Bot. 1588; Aspidium dentatum, Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 155; Polypodium dentatum, Dickson, Cryp. iii. 1, t. 7.
On rocks between Widdy Bank and Cauldron Snout Teesdale, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.
I have no specimen collected in this habitat, but those of G. Don, from Ben Lawers, strongly resemble Cystea fragilis, of which it is probably a variety.

17. HYMENOPHYLLUM.

1. H. Wilsoni. Scottish Filmy-fern.

Hook. Br. Fl. 450; Eng. Bot. 2686.
On Simonside Hills, N W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.

---

MUSCI.

18. PHASCUM.

1. P. serratum.

Hook, and Tay. Musc. 4; Berwick Flora, ii. 56; Dick. Crypt. Fasc. 1, 1. 1, f. 1; Eng. Bot, 460; Turn. Musc. 4; P. stoloniferum, Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. 3, t. 7, f. 2; Eng. Bot. 2006.
Near Berwick, in corn fields of a light peat soil, not common. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. P. crispum.

Hook, and Tay. Musc. 6; Eng. Bot. 1680; Arn. Disp. Musc. 7; P. multicapsule, Eng. Bot. 618.
At West Dipton near Hexham, N. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

3. P. subulatum.

Hook, and Tay. Musc. 6; Eng. Bot. 2177; Berwick Flora, ii. 56; Arn. Disp. Musc. 7; P. acaulc, Dill. Musc. t. 32, f. 10.
On banks near the Redheugh, Gateshead, D. On the fragment of the Roman wall at Denton Bourn, also at Prestwick Carr, in East Common Wood, and on Newcastle Town Moor, N. Near Crowhall Mill, N.— Mr. J. Thompson, Sp.

4. P. axillare.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 7; Eng. Bot 1036; Arn. Disp. Musc. 7; P. strictum, Eng. Bot. 2093; Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iv. t. 10, f. 1.
At West Dipton near Hexham. N.

5. P. patens.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 7; Eng. Bot. 1279.
Near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

6. P. muticum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 8; Eng. Bot. 2027; Arn. Disp. Musc. 7; Turn. Musc. 3.
Near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

7. P. cuspidatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 8; Eng. Bot. 2025; Arn. Disp. Musc. 7; Berwick Flora, ii. 56; P. Schreberianum, Eng. Bot. 2026; P. curvisetum, Eng. Bot. 2259.
β piliferum, Hook. and Tay. Musc. 8. On hedge banks near Gateshead, Hedworth, Jarrow, Sunderland, East Murton, and Medomsley, D. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse. In East Common Wood, near Hexham, and on walls near Benwell and Denton, N. At the foot of Cheviot, also about Berwick, N. — Dr. G. Johnston. Near Crowhall Mill, N. — Mr. Jno. Thompson, Sp.

8. P. bryoides.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 10; Eng. Bot. 1180; Arn. Disp. Musc. 8.
On gravel walks about Darlington, D.— Mr. Backhouse.

9. P. curvicollum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 11; Eng. Bot. 905; Arn. Disp. Musc. 8.
In gravel pits near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

19. SPHAGNUM.

1. S. obtusifolium.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 13; Berwick Flora, ii. 55; S. latifolium, Eng. Bot. 1405.
In bogs abundant.

2. S. squarrosum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 14; Eng. Bot. 1498.
In bogs on moors, not rare.

3. S. acutifolium.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 14; Berwick Flora, ii. 55; S. capillifolium, Eng. Bot. 1406.
In bogs, frequent.

4. S. cuspidatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 15; Eng. Bot. 2392; Berwick Flora, ii. 55; Dill. Musc. t. 2, f. 2 B; Arn. Disp. Musc. 6.
In bogs; immersed in water.

5. GYMNOSTOMUM.

1. G. ovatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 21; Eng. Bot. 1889; Arn. Disp. Musc. 10; Berwick Flora, ii. 54.
On walls near Benwell, Denton, and Newcastle, N. On the Windmill Hills, Gateshead, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. G. truncatulum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 22; Eng. Bot. 1975; Berwick Flora, ii. 53.
β intermedium, Eng. Bot. 1976; Turn. Musc. vii. t. l. f. a.
α On walls about Newcastle, common. β in Cawsey Wood on the bank near the Bridge, on walls near the Long Bank between Newcastle and Chester-le-Street, also near Sunderland, D. Near Backworth, Killingworth, and West Denton, N.

3. G. Heimii.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 22; Turn. Musc. 9; Gr. Fl. Eds. 228; G. obtusum, Eng. Bot. 1407; Turn. Musc. 9.
In meadows near Beamish, and on banks near the Law at South Shields, D. At Heddon-on-the-Wall, and near Wylam, N. At Cullercoats, N.—Mr. R. B. Bowman, Sp.

4. G. fasciculare.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 23; Eng. Bot. 1245; Turn. Musc. t. 10; Gr. Fl. Eds. 228.
On boggy ground on the banks of Tyne above Gateshead, D. On stones in a rivulet above Edmondbyers, D. — Mr. J. Thornhill. At Prestwick Carr and in East Common Wood near Hexham, N.

5. G. pyriforme.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 24; Eng. Bot. 413; Arn. Disp. Musc. 10; Gr. Fl. Eds. 229; Berwick Flora, ii. 54.
In damp situations near Urpeth, Beamish, Kipp Hill, and Medomsley, D. Near Hexham, Lemington, Benton, and Gosforth, N. On rocks at Ord Mill, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

6. G. tenue.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 24; Arn. Disp. Musc. 11; Gr. Fl. Eds. 229; Berwick Flora, ii. 55; G. paucifolium, Eng. Bot. 2506; Bryum paucifolium, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iv. t. 11, f. 3; Dicranum cylindricum, Fl. Brit. 1221.
On a Sandstone rock in the plantations above Ord Mill near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

7. G. Donianum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 25; Eng. Bot. 1582; Arn. Disp. Musc. 10.
On rocks near the High Force, Teesdale, D. — Mr. R.B. Bowman, Sp.

8. G. microstomum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 25; Eng. Bot. 2215; Arn. Disp. Musc. 10; Gr. Fl. Eds. 229.
In fields near Saltwellside, Gateshead, and Maiden Law, D. At Prestwick Carr, and in Dilston Park, N.

21. ANICTANGIUM.

1. A. ciliatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 27; Arn. Disp. Musc. 11; Berwick Flora, ii. 53; Gr. Fl. Eds. 229; Gymnostomum ciliatum, Eng. Bot. 1179.
On rocks in Waskerley Park, in Teesdale and Weardale, and on the banks of Derwent near Blanchland, D. On Shafto Crags, near Wallington, and on trees at Wardrew, N.

22. DYPHYSCIUM.

1. D. foliosum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 32; Arn. Disp. Musc. 12; Buxlaumia foliosa, Eng. Bot. 329; Sm. Fl. Brit. 1148.
Near the High Force and Cauldron Snout, Teesdale, D.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

23. TETRAPHIS.

1. T. pellucida.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 33; Eng. Bot. 1020; Berwick Flora, ii. 53; Gr. Fl. Eds. 230; Arn. Disp. Musc. 14.
In Cawsey, Ravensworth, and Beamish Woods, and on the banks of Derwent above Gibside, D. In Walbottle and Scotswood Denes, and in Oakwood and East Common Wood, N. On Murton Crags near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. T. Browniana.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 33; Gr. Crypt. t. 169; Fl. Edin. 230; Arn. Disp. Musc. 14; T. ovata, Hook. and Tay. Musc., 1st ed., 17; Bryum Brownianum, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iv. t. 10, f. 16; Orthotrichum Brownianum, Fl. Brit. 1269; Grimmia Browniana, Eng. Bot. t. 1422 (bad).
On ledges of Sandstone rocks in Cawsey Dene, D.—Mr. R.B. Bowman, Sp. In Twizell Dene, N.—Greville, Sps. from Dr. G. Johnston.

24. SPLACHNUM.

1. S. sphoericum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 36; Eng. Bot. 1174; Arn. Disp. Musc. 12; Berwick Flora, ii. 53; S. gracile, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iv. t. 10, f. 5; S. ovatum, Eng. Bot. 1590.
At Holliwell Moss and Ebchester, also on Cheviot and at Prestwick Carr, N. At Catcherside near Cambo, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. In Teesdale, D. not rare.

2. S. muioides.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 38; Eng. Bot. 1539; Arn. Disp. Muse. 13.
Near the Cauldron Snout, Teesdale, D.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

3. S. ampullaceum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 39; Eng. Bot. 144; Gr. Fl. Eds. 231; S. Turnerianum, Eng. Bot. 1116.
At Prestwick Carr, and on the Muckle Moss, N. At Gold-hill, D. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. E. Robson, Sp.

25. POLYTRICHUM.

1. P. undulatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 43; Eng. Bot. 1220; Berwick Flora, ii. 44; Bryum undulatum, Dill. Musc. t. 46, f. 18.
On hedge banks and in denes.

2. P. piliferum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 44; Eng. Bot. 1199; Berwick Flora, ii. 43.
On dry heaths and stone fences.

3. P. juniperinum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 45; Eng. Bot. 1200; Berwick Flora, ii 43; P. strictum, Eng. Bot. 2435.
On moors, frequent.

4. P. commune.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 46; Eng. Bot. 1197; Berwick Flora, 242; β P. attenuatum, Eng. Bot. 1198; Turner, Musc. 84; P. gracile, Eng. Bot. 1827; Turner, Musc. 85.
On moors, common.

5. P. alpinum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 48; Eng. Bot. 1905; Gr. Fl. Eds. 246; Arn. Disp. Musc. 71; Berwick Flora, ii. 44.
On Cheviot, Hedgehope, Simonside, and the banks of Beldon Bourn, N. On Swinhope, D. =====6. P. urnigerum.===== Hook. and Tay. Musc. 49; Eng. Bot. 1218; Gr. Fl. Eds. 246; Berwick Flora, ii. 44.
On wet sandy banks, not rare. On Gateshead Fell and near Ravensworth, D. Near Pont Bourn. — Mr. J. Thornhill. Near Harlow Hill, and on Cheviot and Hedgehope, N.

7. P. aloides.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 49; Eng. Bot. 1619; Berwick Flora, ii. 44; P. rubellum, Eng. Bot. 1939; Turner, Musc. 87; β P. Dicksoni, Eng. Bot. 1605.
On moist banks, not uncommon.

8. P. nanum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 50; Eng. Bot. 1625; Berwick Flora, ii. 44; P. subrotundum, Eng. Bot. 1624; P.pumilum, Swartz. Musc. t. 9, f. 19.
On hedge banks and stone fences. On Newcastle Town Moor, also near Heddon-on-the-Wall, and in East Common Wood near Hexham, N. In the western part of the county of Durham, frequent. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

26. CINCLODOTUS.

1. C. fontinaloides.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 51; Arn. Disp. Musc. 23; Gr. Fl. Eds. 231; Berwick Flora, ii. 50; Trichostomum fontinaloides, Turn. Musc. 41; Fontinalis minor, Eng. Bot. 557.
In Dalton Bourn on the Durham coast and in the Wear near Chester-le-Street new Bridge, D. In the Wansbeck at Wallington and Kirkwhelpington, also in the Tweed at Carham and near Coldstream, N.

27. TORTULA.

1. T. enervis.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 52; Supp. t. 2; T. rigida, Eng. Bot. 180.
On walls at the Stoney Flat near Gateshead, and near Beamish Hall, also on Fulwell hills, D.

2. T. convoluta.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 54; Berwick Flora, ii. 46; Eng. Bot. 2382; Turner, Musc. Hib. 149; Sm. Fl. Brit. iii. 1253.
On banks near Berwick, N., rare. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. T. revoluta.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 54; Berwick Flora, ii. 46; Arn. Disp. Musc. 37; T. nervosa, Eng. Bot. 2383.
On banks above New Mills near Berwick, N — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. T. muralis.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 55; Eng. Bot. 2033; Arn. Disp. Musc. 37; Berwick Flora, ii. 45.
On walls and hedge banks, everywhere.

5. T. ruralis.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 56; Eng. Bot. 2070; Gr. Fl. Eds. 231; Berwick Flora, ii. 45.
On the sea coast but never in fructification, and in the southern part of the county of Durham, frequent. At Saggerston Haugh and Muggleswick, D. At Dilston, near Hexham, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

6. T. subulata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 57; Eng. Bot. 1101; Arn. Disp. Musc. 38; Berwick Flora, ii. 45.
On hedge banks, frequent.

7. T. unguiculata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 57; Arn. Disp. Musc. 38; Berwick Flora, ii. 45; T. mucronulata, Eng. Bot. 1299; T. aristata, Eng. Bot. 2393; T. barbata, Eng. Bot. 2391; T. apiculata, Eng. Bot. 2494; T. ericetorum, Eng. Bot. 2495.
On walls and hedge banks, common.

8. T. tortuosa.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 59, Eng. Bot. 1708; Gr. Fl. Eds. 232.
On rocks at Cleadon, Boldon, and Fawdon Slate, in Bolihope Dene, also near Stanhope-in-Weardale and Middleton-in-Teesdale, D.
Near the coast it is seldom in fructification.

9. T. fallax.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 60; Eng. Bot. 2179; Berwick Flora, ii. 45; T. imberbis, Eng. Bot. 2329; T. unguiculata, 2316; Turner, Musc. 47.
On Gateshead Fell, Beamish Moor, at Sunnyside, and Painsher, also near Darlington D. Near Wylam and Hexham, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

10. T. gracilis.

β viridis, Hook. and Tay. Musc. 61; T. brevifolia, Eng. Bot. 2453; Fl. Brit. 1259; Barbula brevifolia, Bridel. Meth. 92.
In the dene between Oakwood House and Wylam, N. In bogs on the moors near Blanchland and Wolsingham, N. and D.

28. ENCALYPTA.

1. E. streptocarpa.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 62; Eng. Bot. 2163; Arn. Disp. Musc. 23.
On rocks and stone fences at Roadley near Wallington, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

2. E. vulgaris.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 63; Turner, Musc. 17; Berwick Flora, ii. 52; Gr. Fl. Eds. 234; Bryum extinctorium, Eng. Bot. 558.
On walls at Dilston Park near Hexham and near Ovingham, N. On the Roman Station near Lanchester, and at East Morton, Dawden Tower, Cleadon, and in Teesdale, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Jonnston. Near Crowhall and Hanshaw. — Mr. John Thompson. Near Crawcrook, D — Mr. R.B. Bowman.

3. E. ciliata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 63; Eng. Bot. 1418; Gr. Fl. Eds. 234.
Near the High Force, Teesdale, D.

29. GRIMMIA.

1. G. apocarpa.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 65; Eng. Bot. 1134; Berwick Flora, ii. 52; Gr. Fl. Eds. 234; G. rivularis, Eng. Bot. 1345; Turner, Musc. 21, t. 2, f. 2.
On moist rocks and trees and in alpine rivulets, not rare.

2. G. maritima.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 66; Berwick Flora, ii. 52; Eng. Bot. 1645; Gr. Fl. Eds. 234.
On the sea coast near Dalton-le-Dale, D. On the Fern Islands and at Hudshead near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. Near Scremmerston, N. =====3. G. pulvinata.===== Hook. and Tay. Musc. 68; Eng. Bot. 1728; Berwick Flora, ii. 52; Dicranum pulvinatum, Fl. Brit. 1214.
On walls, everywhere.

4. G. tricophylla.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 68; Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 100; Am. Disp. Musc. 21.
On Alnwick Moor, N. On the banks of Waskerley Bourn and near Allansford, D. On rocks at the Cauldron Snout, Teesdale, D. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.

30. PTEROGONIUM.

1. T. filiforme.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 75; Eng. Bot. 2207; Arn. Disp. Musc. 49; P. caespitosum, Eng. Bot. 2526; Hypnum cylindricum, Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. ii. 12.
On Porphyritic rocks in the denes above Wooler, N. —Dr. G. Johnston.

31. WEISSIA.

1. W. nigrita.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 78; Arn. Disp. Musc. 26; Grimmia nigrita, Eng. Bot. 1825.
In the second field from the Tees between Whey-syke House and Harewood Bourn, D. — Mr. R.B. Bowman, Sp.

2. W. lanceolata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 80; Gr. Fl. Eds. 236; Arn. Disp. Musc. 24; Grimmia lanceolata, Eng. Bot. 1408.
On banks near Whitburn, Boldon, and Cleadon, and on walls near Hedworth and Jarrow, D.

3. W. cirrata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 82; Gr. Fl. Eds. 237; Grimmia cirrata, Eng. Bot. 2356; G. Dicksoni, Eng. Bot. 1420.
On the banks of hedges and in meadows, not rare near Newcastle, N. and D.

4. W. curvirostra.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 84; Arn. Disp. Musc. 25; Berwick Flora, ii. 50; Grimmia recurvirostra Eng. Bot. 1438.
On Cheviot and Hedgehope, also on walls at West Denton, near Wylam, and in Wallbottle Dene, N. At Darlington, also near Beamish Hall, and on Gateshead Fell, D. In Stella Dene, D.— Mr. R.B. Bowman.

5. W. controversa.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 84; Arn. Disp. Musc. 25; Berwick Flora, ii. 50; Grimmia controversa, Eng. Bot. 1367; Turner, Musc. 27.
On walls at Dilston Park and at Fallowlees Bourn, N. At Beamish, Urpeth, and Gateshead Fell, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

6. W. recurvata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 85; Gr. Fl. Eds. 237; Grimmia recurvata, Eng. Bot. 1489; Turner, Musc. 24.
On Sandstone rocks in Cawsey Wood, Stella Dene, and at Pont Bourn near Hamsterley, D. In Scotswood, Denton, and Wallbottle Denes, N. Near East Ord, N Dr. G. Johnston.

7. W. verticillata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 86; Gr. Fl. Eds. 238; Berwick Flora, ii. 50; Grimmia verticillata, Eng. Bot. 1258; Turner, Musc. 31.
On the banks of Tyne at Warden Mill, and of the Deals Water at Dilston, N. Near Berwick, and in Twizell Dene near the bridge. — Dr. G. Johnston. Near Crowhall, N — Mr. J. Thompson, Sp. In the Ouse Bourn near Haddrick's Mill, also near Cullercoats, N. — Mr. R.B. Bowman.
This moss will usually be found encrusted with carbonate of lime.

8. W. acuta.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 87; Gr. Fl. Eds. 238; Grimmia acuta, Eng. Bot. 1644; Turner, Musc. 29.
On the banks of Beldon Bourn above Blanchland, and in East Common Wood near Hexham, N.

32. DICRANUM.

1. D. bryoides.

Hook. and Tay, Musc. 88; Eng. Bot. 625; Berwick Flora, ii. 48; Swartz. Musc. t. 2, f. 4; Turner, Musc. t. 53; D. viridulum, Eng. Bot. 1368; β D. osmundioides, Eng. Bot. 1662.
α In fields, meadows, and woods, β on the heath at Prestwick Carr, in Dilston Park, and on moors near Blanchland, N. In Waskerley Park, D. Near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

2. D. adiantoides.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 90; Berwick Flora, ii. 49; Gr. Fl. Eds. 238; Turner, Musc. 57; Hypnum adiantoides, Eng. Bot. 264.
In meadows, fields, and woods.

3. D. taxifolium.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 91; Gr. Fl. Eds. 238; Berwick Flora, ii. 49; Hypnum taxifolium, Eng. Bot. 416; Dill. Musc. t. 34, f. 2. In fields, meadows, and woods, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. D. glaucum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 92; Eng. Bot. 2166; Berwick Flora, ii. 47; Bryum glaucum, Dill. Musc. t. 46, f. 20, and t. 83, f. 8.
In bogs on moors, frequent.

5. D. longifolium.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 93 , Arn. Disp. Musc. 29.
In Waskerley Park, D., but not in fructification.
The Durham plant agrees with specimens from Scotland named by Dr. Greville, but is much larger, and its leaves more curved than those of D. longifolium, of Swartz. Many years ago, Turner would not allow my plant to be the true D. longifolium of the foreign botanists, but declined naming it.

6. D. cerviculatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 93; Eng. Bot. 1661; Gr. Fl. Eds. 239; D. pusillum, Eng. Bot. 2491; D. uncinatum, Eng. Bot. 2261.
At Prestwick Carr, N. On the banks of Beldon and Nucton Bourns above Blanchland, D. and N.

7. D. flexuosum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 94; Eng. Bot. 1491; Gr. Fl. Eds. 239; β nigro viride, Sphagnum alpinum, Dill. Musc. t. 47, f. 33, and t. 32, f. 3.
At Prestwick Carr, N. On Holliwell Moss between Nucton and Beldon Bourns, N. and D. On Hedgehope and Cheviot, N. =====8. D. polycarpum.===== Hook. and Tay. Musc. 96; Sm. Fl. Brit. iii. 1227; Eng. Bot. 2269; Berwick Flora, MSS.
On rocks in Humbledon Dene above Wooler, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

9. D. squarrosum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 98; Eng. Bot. 2004; Gr. Fl. Eds. 240; Berwick Flora, ii. 48.
On Beamish Moor, and on the banks of Hishope Bourn, D. On Hedgehope and Cheviot, N.

10. D. pellucidum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 98; Eng. Bot. 1346; Gr. Fl. Eds. 240; Berwick Flora, ii. 48.
In Cawsey Wood, on Beamish Moor, by Pont Bourn, also in Ravensworth and Gibside Woods, D. In Walbottle and Scotswood Denes, at Prestwick Carr, and in Dilston Park, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

11. D. crispum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 99; Eng, Bot.' 1151; Arn. Disp. Musc. 33; Berwick Flora, ii. 47.
On Urpeth and Beamish Moors, D. Below Shoreswood Hall Dr. Thompson. In the dene below Allerton Mill, N Dr. G. Johnston.

12. D. undulatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 100; Eng. Bot. 2260; Gr. Fl. Eds. 240; Berwick Flora, ii. 47; D. polysetum, Swartz. Musc. t. 3, f. 5.
On Gateshead and Ravensworth Fells, also near Feldon Lead Mill, D. In Dilston Park, and East Common Wood near Hexham, N. Near Crowhall, N. — Mr. J. Thompson, Sp. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

13. D. scoparium.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 101; Berwick Flora, ii. 47; D. majus, Eng. Bot. 1490; Bryum scoparium, Eng. Bot. 354.
On moors and in woods, frequent.

14. D. fuscescens.

Turner, Musc. 60; Fl. Brit. 1204; Eng. Bot. 1597; Gr. Fl. Eds. 241; D. scoparium β, Hook. and Tay. Musc. 101.
On rocks near Heddon-on-the- Wall, N. On stone fences in Muggleswick and Waskerley Parks, also on the Weardale and Teesdale Moors, D.

15. D. varium.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 102; Berwick Flora, ii. 47; Eng. Bot. 1215; Gr. Fl. Eds. 241; D. rigidulum, Eng. Bot. 1439; D. rufescens, Eng. Bot. 1216; Bryum rufescens, Dill. Musc. t. 50, f. 59.
α In fields and meadows.
β Appears to be merely tinged by moss water.

16. D. heteromallum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 103; Eng. Bot. 1272; Gr. Fl. Eds. 241; Berwick Flora, ii. 48; D. interruptum, Eng. Bot. 2508; Dill. Musc. t. 47, f. 37, 38.
On moist banks, not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick, and in Twizell Dene, N Dr. G. Johnston. Near Crowhall, N — Mr. J. Thompson, Sp.

33. TRICHOSTOMUM.

1. T. lanuginosum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 105; Eng. Bot. 1348; Gr. Fl. Eds. 242; Berwick Flora, ii. 51.
On rocks at Shewing Shields, Simonside, Hedgehope, and Cheviot, N. On moors near Urpeth, Waskerley, in Teesdale, and similar situations in the north-west of the county of Durham, abundant.

2. T. canescens.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 106; Eng. Bot. 2434; Gr. Fl. Eds. 242; Berwick Flora, ii. 51; T. ericoides, Eng. Bot. 1991; Turner, Musc. 38.
On rocks near Cawsey Arch, Gateshead Fell, Ravensworth Fell, and on moors in Teesdale, also near Blanchland, D. On Simonside, Cheviot, and Hedgehope, N.

3. T. heterostichum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 106; Eng. Bot. 1347; Gr. Fl. Eds. 242; Berwick Flora, ii. 51.
On rocks and stones in the west of the county of Durham, frequent. At Wardrew, and on Simonside, Hedgehope, and Cheviot, N.

4. T. microcarpon.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 107; Eng. Bot. 1440; Arn. Disp. Musc. 22.
On Cheviot, Hedgehope, and Alnwick Moor, N.

5. T. aciculare.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 107; Gr. Fl. Eds. 243; Berwick Flora, ii. 51; Dicranum aciculare, Eng. Bot. 1978; Turner, Musc. 67.
On stones and rocks in sub-alpine rivulets, not rare. In Scotswood Dene, Dilston Park, in Wooler Water above Langley-ford, in the Wansbeck near Wallington. In Reedsdale, N.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

6. T. fasciculate.

Hook. and Tav. Musc. 108; Eng. Bot. 2005; Gr. Fl. Eds. 243.
On Beamish Moor and in Cawsey Dene, and on moors in the west of the county of Durham, frequent. On Simonside, Hedgehope, and Cheviot, N.

7. T. polyphyllum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 108; Gr. Fl. Eds. 243; Berwick Flora, ii. 51; Dicranum polyphyllum, Eng. Bot. 1217.
On rocks on Holliwell Moss near Blanchland, N. By Howdon Bourn, D. — Mr. J. Thornhill.
This plant, so common in the vicinity of the Cumberland lakes, is rare on the east side of the island.

8. LEUCODON.

1. L. sciuroides.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 112; Am. Disp. Musc. 50; Dicranum sciuroides, Eng. Bot. 1903.
On rocks in Castle Eden Dene, and on trees near Lamesley, Beamish, and Cawsey, D. Above Langley Ford at the foot of Cheviot, and in Dilston Park, N.

35. DIDYMODON.

1. D. purpureum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 113; Gr. Fl. Eds. 244; Berwick Flora, ii. 46; Dicranum purpurcum, Eng. Bot. 2262; D. strictum, Eng. Bot. 1294; D. bipartium, Eng. Bot. 2357; D. Celsii, Eng. Bot. 2418.
On the ground and hedge banks. Very large on the heathy part of Prestwick Carr, N. D. strictum of Smith.— See Eng. Bot. 1294.

2. D. rigidulum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 117; Arn. Disp. Musc. 35; Trichostomum lineare, Eng. Bot. 1598. T. rigidulum, Eng. Bot. 2178; Turner, Musc. 34.
On rocks in the Ouse Bourn, near Haddrick's Mill, and near Wylam, N. On rocks by the Tyne above Hebburn Quay, and on the banks of Feldon and Pont Bourns, D.

3. D. trifarium.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 118; Gr. Fl. Eds. 244; Berwick Flora, ii. 46; Trichostomum linoides, Eng. Bot. 2295; T. trifarium, Eng. Bot. 1707.
By the High Force of Tees, and above Stanhope in Weardale, D. At Prestwick Carr, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. D. capillaceum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 119; Gr. Fl. Eds. 224; Trichostomum capillaceum, Eng. Bot. 1152.
On Cheviot, Hedgehope, and in Tecket Wood, N. On Boldon and Cleadon Hills, also in Bolyhope Dene, near Stanhope in Weardale, and in Teesdale, D.

5. D. heteromallum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 119; Gr. Fl. Eds. 244; Grimmia heteromalla, Eng. Bot. 1899; Grimmia homomalla, Eng. Bot. 1900.
On Simonside, Cheviot, and in East Common Wood near Hexham, N. By Feldon and Winlaton Bourns, D. By Nuckton and Beldon Bourns, N. and D.

36. FUNARIA.

1. F. hygrometrica.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 121; Gr. Fl. Eds. 247; Berwick Flora, ii. 39; Bryum hygrometricum, Eng. Bot. 342.
On walls and hedge banks, but most frequent on old pit heaps and coal ashes.
This moss is abundant on the lava of Vesuvius.

2. F. Muhlenbergii.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 122; Eng. Bot. 1498; Arn. Disp. Musc. 42.
Near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

37. ORTHOTRICHUM.=

1. O. cupulatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 125; Gr. Fl. Eds. 248; Berwick Flora, ii. 40; O. anomalum, Eng. Bot. 1423; O. nudum, Eng. Bot. 1325.
On rocks in the river Wear near Chester-le-Street New Bridge, and in Waskerley Bourn near Wolsingham, D. In rivulets near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. O. anomalum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 126; Gr. Fl. Eds. 247; Arn. Disp. Musc. 13; Berwick Flora, ii. 40; Eng. Bot 2696; Bryum striatum β, Dill. Musc. t. 55, f. 9.
On rocks at Cleadon and Boldon, and on walls at Saltwellside, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. At Penpeugh, N. — Mr. John Thompson.

3. O. Drummondii.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 126; Supp. t. 4; Gr. Crypt. Fl. t. ll5; Berwick Flora, ii. 40.
Upon Alder trees on the banks of Wooler Water below Langley Ford, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. O. affine.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 127; Eng. Bot. 1323; Berwick Flora, ii. 41; Gr. Fl. Eds. 248.
β O. pumilum, Eng. Bot. 2168; Turner, Musc. 98.
On trees, not uncommon. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

5. O. rupincola.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 127; Gr. Fl. Eds, 248; Berwick Flora, ii. 41.
On Limestone rocks at Carham and Wark on the Tweed, N. On rocks at Easington House below Belford, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

6. O. diaphanum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 128; Eng. Bot. 1324; Gr. Fl. Eds. 249; O. aristatum, Turner, Musc. t. 9, f. 2; Fl. Brit. 1265.
On trees at Painsher, Hollinside, Cawsey, and Lamesley, and at East Morton, D. Near Gosforth and Fenham, N.

7. O. rivulare.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 128; Eng. Bot. 2188; Turner, Musc. 96, t. 8.
On stones in Cawsey Bourn, and in the Wear at Chester-le-Street New Bridge, D.

8. O. striatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 128; Eng. Bot. 2187; Gr. Fl. Eds. 250; Berwick Flora, ii. 42.
On trees, frequent.

9. O. crispum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 133; Eng. Bot. 996; Gr. Fl. Eds. 248; Berwick Flora, ii. 41.
On trees, common.

10. O. Hutchinsiae.

Hook. and Tay. 131; Eng. Bot. 2523; Arn. Disp. Musc. 18.
On trees in Teesdale near Cronkley Fell, D. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

11. O. pulchellum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 134; Eng. Bot. 1787; Gr. Fl. Eds. 249; Berwick Flora, ii. 41.
On trees in Cawsey Wood, January, 1801, and at Gibside, Allansford, and Hamsterley, 1802, D. Behind Fenham, on Newcastle Town Moor, N., 1803. In Longridge Dene near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. Near Crowhall, N. — Mr. J. Thompson.

38. NECKERA.

1. N. crispa.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 136; Gr. Fl. Eds. 251; Turner, Musc. 101; Hypnum crispum, Eng. Bot. 617.
In Cawsey, Painsher, Friarside, and Gibside Woods, in Castle Eden Dene, and woods above Derwent Bridge, also in Weardale, D. In woods on the banks of Irthing near Wardrew, and at the foot of Cheviot, N. On the banks of Fallow lees Bourn, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

39. ANOMODON.

1. A. curtipendulum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 137; Gr. Fl. Eds. 250; Neckera curtipendula, Eng. Bot. 1444.
On trees on Waskerley Bourn, on Muggleswick Park wall, on the banks of the Derwent near Allansford and on trees in Howns Wood near Lanchester, D. On the south bank of the Derwent near Crook Oak, D.— Mr. J. Thornhill.

2. A. viticulosum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 138; Gr. Fl. Eds. 250; Berwick Flora, ii. 35; Neckera viticulosa, Turner, Musc. 103; Hypnum viticulosum, Eng. Bot. 265.
In woods and on Limestone rocks in the denes on the coast, N. and D., but seldom in fructification. On rocks in Humbledon Dene above Wooler, N. — Dr. G. Johnston. Mr. Winch's Flora of Northumberland, &;c.

40. DALTONIA.

1. D. heteromalla.

Hook. and Tay, Musc. 139; Am. Disp. Musc. 55; Neckera heteromalla, Eng. Bot. 1180.
On trees near Kibblesworth, D. Near Wardrew, N.

41. FONTINALIS.

1. F. antipyretica.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 140; Eng. Bot. 859; Gr. Fl. Eds. 251; Berwick Flora, ii. 35.
In the Tweed near Carham, Wark, and Norham, N. In rivers and brooks, N. and D., not very common.

2. F. squamosa.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 141; Eng. Bot. 1861; Gr. Fl. Eds. 251; Turner, Musc. 199.
In the river Wear near Lumley Castle, and in the Tees above Middleton, D. In Wooler Water, N.

42. BARTRAMIA.

1. B. pomiformis.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 144; Eng. Bot. 998; Gr. Fl. Scot. 252.
β major, Hook. and Tay. Musc. 145; Berwick Flora, ii. 35; B. crispa, Eng. Bot. 1526; Swartz, Musc. 73; Ann. of Bot. i. 527.
α. On hedge banks near Gateshead, Ravensworth, Gibside, and Busty Bank, D. Near Hexham, N. β on rocks at Shewing Shields, on Cheviot, and above Blanchland, also in Allendale and in the Roman Foss at Walwick, N. On the banks of Fallowlees Bourn, and on Cottingham Hope, Reedsdale, N. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. Near Burn House Coan Wood, N.—Mr. J. Thompson. On Redwell Hills near Pontop Pike, and in Waskerley and Feldon Denes, D. Near Edmond Byers, D. — Mr. J. Thornhill. β Occurs in subalpine situations; α in the lower part of the country.

2. B. ithyphylla.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 145; Eng. Bot. 1710; Arn. Disp. Musc. 40.
On Cheviot, and in Allendale and Teesdale, also on a wall at Eal's Bridge near Blanchland, N. Near Edmondbyers, and at Healey Field, also near Cauldron Snout, U. On banks near Crowhall, N.— Mr. Jno. Thompson.
This is Bartramia pomiformis, of Swartz, Musc. 73; according to specimens from the author.

3. B. gracilis.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 146; Eng. Bot. 1826; Arn. Disp. Musc. 40; B. Ædiri, Schw. Supp. 49, t. 59.
By Irehope Bourn, Weardale, D. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.

4. B. fontana.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 146; Gr. Fl. Eds. 252; Berwick Flora, ii. 36; Bryum fontanum, Eng. Bot. 390.
In wet places and bogs, frequent.

5. B. arcuata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 148; Gr. Fl. Eds. 253; Berwick Flora, ii. 36; Eng. Bot. 1237; Turner, Musc. 109; Mnium arctuatum, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iii. 2, t. 7, f. 3.
In woods at the foot of Cheviot and Hedgehope, N, On moors near Feldon Lead Mill, D.

43. HOOKERIA.

1. H. lucens.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 149; Gr. Fl. Eds. 253; Berwick Flora, ii. 35; Eng. Bot. 1902; Hypnum lucens, Fl. Brit. 1295; Turner, Musc. 155.
In woods near Newcastle, not rare. In Scotswood and Heaton Denes, N. In Cawsey, Gibside, and Ravensworth Woods, D. On rocks at Hudshead and other places near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

44. HYPNUM.

1. H. trichomanoides.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 152; Eng. Bot. 1493; Gr. Fl. Eds. 253.
In woods, not rare.

2. H. complanatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 152; Eng. Bot. 1492; Gr. Fl. Eds. 253; Berwick Flora, ii. 34.
On trees in woods, frequent.

3. H. riparium.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 152; Eng. Bot. 2060; Gr. Fl. Eds. 254.
In the water course of Derwent Coat Forge, D. At Prestwick Carr, N.

4. H. undulatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 153; Eng. Bot. 1181; Gr. Fl. Eds. 254; Berwick Flora, ii. 34.
In every wood near Newcastle, N. and D. On Cheviot and the adjoining hills, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

5. H. denticulatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 153; Eng. Bot. 1260; Gr. Fl. Eds. 254; Berwick Flora, ii. 34; H. Donianum, Eng. Bot. 1446.
In woods and on hedge banks, frequent.

6. H. medium.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 154; Eng. Bot. 1274; Arn. Disp. Musc. 67; H. inundatum, Eng. Bot. 1922.
On trees near Cleadon, Boldon, and Cocken, D. At Beaufront near Hexham, N.

7. H. tenellum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 155; Eng. Bot. 1859; Gr. Fl. Eds. 254.
On roots in Cawsey Wood, D.

8. H. serpens.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 155; Eng. Bot. 1037; Gr. Fl. Eds. 255; Berwick Flora, ii. 26.
In every wood near Newcastle.

9. H. populeum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 157; Gr. Fl. Eds. 255; Berwick Flora, ii. 26; H. implexum, Eng. Bot. 1584; Turner, Musc. 173, t. 16.
On stones in fields near Gateshead, and in Urpeth, Beamish, and Ravensworth Woods, also in Waskerley and Cawsey Denes, D. In Scotswood, Horsley, and Jesmond Denes, and in Dilston Park, N. Near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston.

10. H. Schreberi.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 159; Eng. Bot. 1621 Gr. Fl. Eds. 255; Berwick Flora, ii. 28.
In Cawsey Wood, D. On Newcastle Town Moor also near Blanchland, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

11. H. stramineum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 160; Eng. Bot. 2465; Arn. Disp. Musc. 60.
In bogs near Muggleswick, D., but not in fructification. =====12. H. murale.===== Hook. and Tay. Musc. 161; Turner, Musc. 166; H. confertum, Eng. Bot. 1038; H. abbreviatum, Hedw. Musc. t. 65, f. 1; Northumberland and Durham Guide, i. 113, and Addenda, 24.
On walls near Bywell, and in Walbottle Dene, N. On Gateshead Fell, and on stones in a rivulet near Ravensworth, also at Spring Houses near Muggleswick, on the banks of Tyne near the Redheugh, at Painsher, and in Dalton Dene, D.

13. H. purum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 162; Eng. Bot. 1599; Gr. Fl. Eds. 255; Berwick Flora, ii. 28; H. illecebrum, Eng. Bot. 2189; Dill. Musc. t. 40, f. 45.
In woods and on shady banks, everywhere.

14. H. plumosum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 162; Eng. Bot. 2071; Gr. Fl. Eds. 256; Berwick Flora, ii. 26; Turner, Musc. 172, t. 15, f. 1; H. alpinum. Eng. Bot. 1496; Turner, Musc. 192.
On stones in Font Bourn and the Dervvent above Blanchland, also in Cawsey Wood and near Derwent Coat, D. In the bourn in Heaton and Scotswood Denes, also in Oakwood and Dilston Park, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

15. H. polyanthos.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 164; Arn. Disp. Musc. 69; Berwick Flora, ii. 27; Leskea polyantha, Gr. Crypt, t. 151.
On apple, and at the foot of hawthorn trees near Darlington. — Mr. Backhouse. In the dene above Twizell Castle Bridge, N. — Rev. A. Baird. Near Croft, D. — Rev. James Dalton.

6. H. sericeum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 165; Gr. Fl. Eds. 256; Eng. Bot. 1445; Am. Disp. Musc. 64; Berwick Flora, ii. 27.
On rocks, stone walls, and the trunks of trees, but not very common, N. and D. Near Wellington, N. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. About Berwick Dr. G. Johnston.

17. H. salebrosum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 166; Gr. Crypt, t. 184.
In boggy places in Ravensworth, Cawsey, and Beamish Woods, D.

18. H. lutescens.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 166; Eng. Bot. 1301; Gr. Fl. Eds. 257; Berwick Flora, ii. 27.
On Boldon and Cleadon Hills, and at Painsher, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

19. H. nitens.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 176; Eng. Bot. 1646; Sm. Fl. Brit. iii. 1316; Berwick Flora, ii. 28.
In bogs on the Wolsingham Moors, D., but not in fruit. In Haiden Dene, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

20. H. albicans.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 167; Eng. Bot. 1300; Gr. Fl. Eds. 257; Berwick Flora, ii. 28.
On Gateshead Fell, D. On Holy Island, N. On Spittle and Scremmerston Links, N.—Dr. G. Johnston.

21. H. alopecurum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 168; Eng. Bot. 1182; Gr. Fl. Eds. 258; Berwick Flora, ii. 30.
In woods on the banks of the Irthing near Wardrew, in Dilston Park and East Common Wood, also at the foot of Cheviot, N. On Allen Banks, N. — Mr. Jno. Thompson. In Cawsey Dene and most of the woods in the west of the county of Durham.

22. H. dendroides.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 168; Eng. Bot. 1565; Gr. Fl. Eds. 258; Berwick Flora, ii. 30.
In woods near Lamesley, and at Cawsey Wood, also near the Redheugh, D. At the foot of Cheviot and Hedgehope, in East Common Wood, Tecket Wood, and in the vicinity of Gilsland, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. Near Crowhall, N. — Mr. Jno. Thompson.

23. H. curvatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 169; Eng. Bot. 1566; Gr. Fl. Eds. 258; Berwick Flora, ii. 30.
On trees, not rare. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

24. H. myosuroides.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 169; Eng. Bot. 1567; Gr. Fl. Eds. 258; Berwick Flora, ii. 30.
In Cawsey, Beamish, and Ravensworth Woods, D. In Dilston Park, East Common Wood, and at the foot of Cheviot, N. In the neighbourhood of Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. On the banks of Fallowlees Bourn, N. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

25. H. splendens.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 170; Eng. Bot. 1424; Gr. Fl. Eds. 259; Berwick Flora, ii. 28.
In woods and on moors, frequent.

26. H. proliferum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 170; Eng. Bot. 1494; Gr. Fl. Eds. 259; Berwick Flora, ii. 29.
In woods, common.

27. H. praelongum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 172; Eng. Bot. 2035; Gr. Fl. Eds. 259; Berwick Flora, ii. 29; H. Stokesii, Eng. Bot. 2036.
In woods, frequent.

28. H. flagellare.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 174; Arn. Disp. Musc. 64; H. umbratum, Eng. Bot. 2565; Turner, Musc. 158.
On dripping rocks near the upper end of Waskerley Dene near Wolsingham, D.

29. H. abictinum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 174; Eng. Bot. 2037; Arn. Disp. Musc. 64; Turner, Musc. 162.
On the Magnesian Limestone at Boldon, Cleadon, and Ryhope, D., but never in fructification.

30. H. piliferum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 175; Eng. Bot. 1516; Gr. Fl. Eds. 259.
Near Painsher, D. In East Common Wood near Hexham, N.

31. H. rutabulum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 176; Gr. Fl. Eds. 260; Berwick Flora, ii. 29; H. crenulatum, Northumberland and Durham Guide, 108, No. 997; Eng. Bot. 1261; H. brevirostre, Eng. Bot. 1647.
On trees and stone walls, common.
H. crenulatum is a woodland variety, and from that circumstance owes its peculiar habit.

32. H. velutinum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 177; Gr. Fl. Eds. 260; Eng. Bot. 1568; Berwick Flora, ii. 29; H. intricatum, Eng. Bot. 2421; H. Teesdalii, Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. iv. 16; Eng. Bot. 203.
In woods and on hedge banks, not rare.

3. H. ruscifolium.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 177; Eng. Bot. 1275; Gr. Fl. Eds. 260; Berwick Flora, ii. 30.
In rivulets and pools of water, not rare.

4. H. striatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 178; Eng. Bot. 1648; Gr. Fl. Eds. 261; Berwick Flora, ii. 29.
In woods, denes, and on hedge banks, frequent.

5. H. confertum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 178; Gr. Fl. Eds. 261; Eng. Bot. 2407; Berwick Flora, ii. 30; H. serrulatum, Eng. Bot. 1262.
On walls near Urpeth, and trees in Cawsey Wood, also on Gateshead Fell, and at Spring Houses near Muggleswick, D. In Heaton Wood, Oak Wood, and Dilston Park, N.

6. H. cuspidatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 178; Eng. Bot. 2407; Gr. Fl. Eds. 261; Turner, Musc. 177; Berwick Flora, ii. 28.
In bogs, common.

7. H. cordifolium.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 179; Eng. Bot. 1447; Gr. Fl. Eds. 261; Arm. Disp. Musc. 66.
In fruit in old pit holes, on Newcastle Town Moor, also on the Muckle Moss, and at Prestwick Carr, N. In bogs on moors near Blanchland,and at the source of Horsley Hope Bourn, also near the Smelt Mill Forge at Team, D. Near Crowhall Mill, N. — Mr. J. Thompson.

38. H. polymorphum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 179; Eng. Bot. t. 2671; H. chrysophyllum, Bridel. Musc. ii. 2, f. 2; Hedw. Musc. 66; Northumberland and Durham Guide, i. 113, and Addenda, 24.
In fallow fields near Medomsley and Lanchester, also near Lamesley, and Ravensworth, D.
The specimen figured in Eng. Bot. grew near Lanchester.

39. H. stellatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 180; Eng. Bot. 1302; Gr. Fl. Eds 262; Berwick Flora, ii. 31.
In bogs near Feldon Lead Mill, and on Ravensworth Fell, D. At Prestwick Carr, and on moors beyond Blanchland, N. Near Berwick Dr. G. Johnston.

40. H. lorcum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 181; Eng. Bot. 2072; Gr. Fl. Eds. 262; Berwick Flora, ii. 31.
In woods, common.

41. H. triquetrum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 182; Eng. Bot. 1622; Gr. Fl. Eds. 262; Berwick Flora, ii. 31.
In woods, abundant.

42. H. squarrosum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 182; Eng. Bot. 1593; Gr. Fl. Eds. 262.
In woods, and on moors, abundant.

43. H. filicinum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 183; Eng. Bot. 1570; Gr. Fl. Eds. 263; Berwick Flora, ii. 32.
On bogs and by rivulets.

44. H. palustre.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 185; Eng. Bot. 1655; Gr. Fl. Eds. 263; Berwick Flora, ii. 33; H. luridum, Hedw. St. Cr. iv. t. 38; H. fluviatile, Eng. Bot. 1303; Turner, Musc. 192; H. adnatum, Turner, Musc. 165; Eng. Bot. 2406.
In the river Derwent, in Pont, Waskerley, and Cawsey Bourns, also on the moor at Sunnyside near Whickham, D. In the De'il's Water in Dilston Park and in the lrthing at Gilsland, N.

45. H. fluitans.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 185; Eng. Bot. 1448; Gr. Fl. Eds. 263; Berwick Flora, ii. 33.
In fruit in old pit holes, on Newcastle Town Moor, in East Common Wood, and Dilston Park, on the Muckle Moss, and at Prestwick Carr, N. In ponds on Gateshead Fell, and on the moor at Sunnyside near Whickham, D.

46. H. aduncum.

α. revolvens, Hook. and Tav. Musc. 186; Gr. Fl. Eds. 263; Berwick Flora, ii. 33; H. revolvens, Eng. Bot. 2073; Swartz, Musc. t. 7, f. 14; Northumberland and Durham Guide, III, No. 1034. β H. rugosum, Eng. Bot. 2250; Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. ii. 12; Northumberland and Durham Guide, 111.
α On the heathy part of Prestwick Carr, on moors near Blanchland and Wardrew, N. In the Black Syke near Spring Houses, also on the Teesdale Moors, and near Feldon Lead Mill, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. β at Prestwick Carr, and by Roadley Lake, N. On the south bank of Derwent near Crook-oak, D.
In uniting these species I have followed Dr. Hooker, but the great difference of size between H. revolvens and H. rugosum, even when growing close together, makes me suspect that they will, after all, prove distinct species. H. aduncum of Swartz has extremely fine leaves, and is unlike any British moss which has come under my observation.

47. H. uncinatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 187; Eng. Bot. 1600; Gr. Fl. Eds. 264; Berwick Flora, ii. 33; Turner, Musc. 190.
In bogs near Blanchland, Wardrew, and in East Common Wood, N. On Gateshead Fell, and in Cawsey and Friarside Woods, also near Hilton Castle, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

48. H. commutatum.

Hook. and Tay, Musc. 188; Eng. Bot. 1569; Gr. Fl. Eds. 264; Berwick Flora, ii. 32.
In Heaton Dene, on bogs near Blanchland, and by the lrthing at Wardrew, also on the moors near Wallington, N. In Castle EdenDene, on Ravensworth Fell and the Teesdale Moors, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.
This moss usually occurs in springs whose waters are impregnated with lime.

49. H. scorpioides.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 188; Eng. Bot. 1039; (bad)- Gr. Fl. Eds. 264; Turner, Musc. 187; Berwick Flora, ii. 31.
On the heath at Prestwick Carr, N.

50. H. silesianum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 189; Eng. Bot. 2016; Arn. Disp. Musc. 68.
On the high ground at the head of Waskerley Bourn, D., rare.

51. H. cupressiforme.

α vulgare, Hook. and Tay. Musc. 189; Eng. Bot. 1800; Berwick Flora, ii. 31; Gr. Fl. Eds. 265; H. nigro-viride, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iv. 18; Northumberland and Durham Guide, 108; β compressum, Dill. Musc. t. 36, f. 22; γ tenue, H. polyanthos, Eng. Bot. 1664; Turner, Musc. 137.
α On trees, everywhere; β in woods; γ always on trees. Variety nigro viride on rocks in Cawsey Wood, D.

52. H. molluscum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 181; Eng. Bot. 1327; Gr. Fl. Eds. 265; Turner, Musc. 198; Berwick Flora, ii. 32.
On moors, frequent, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

45. BRYUM.

1. B. androgynum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 193; Turner, Musc. 113; Mnium androgynum, Eng. Bot. 1328.
At Prestwick Carr, and on the Muckle Moss, N. In Cawsey Wood and near Tanfield, also in Waskerley Dene, D. In Twizell Dene, N.— Dr. G. Johnston.

2. B. palustre.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 193; Eng. Bot. 391; Berwick Flora, ii. 38; Gr. Fl. Eds. 265; Mnium palustre, Fl. Brit. 1346.
On bogs, frequent.

3. B. trichodes.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 195; Eng. Bot. 1517; Arn. Disp. Musc. 43.
In bogs on Holliwell Moss, and the Muckle Moss, N. Near Feldon Lead Mill, and by Nuckton Bourn, D.

4. B. dealbatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 196; Eng. Bot. 1571; Gr. Fl. Eds. 266; Turner, Musc. 115.
On the banks of Nuckton and Feldon Bourns, D. Of Beldon Bourn, and on the Muckle Moss, N.

5. B. pyriforme.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 196; Am. Disp. Musc. 45; Gr. Fl. Eds. 266; B. aureum, Eng. Bot. 389.
In Mr. Falla's nursery grounds, Gateshead, D.

6. B. crudum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 198; Eng. Bot. 1604; Gr. Fl. Eds. 266.
On the banks of Nuckton Bourn, D.

7. B. carneum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 198; Eng. Bot. 360; Gr. Fl. Eds. 207; Berwick Flora, ii. 37.
On boggy ground near the Red Heugh, and on Gateshead Fell, also near Sunderland, D. Near Dilston and Hexham, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

8. B. argenteum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 199; Eng. Bot. 1602; Gr. Fl. Eds. 267; Berwick Flora, ii. 37. On walls, hedge banks, &c., common.

9. B. Zierii.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 199; Eng. Bot. 1021; Gr. Fl. Eds. 267; Arn. Disp. Musc. 45; Turner, Musc. 123.
Near the Cauldron Snout, D.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

10. B. roseum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 200; Eng. Bot. 2395; Gr. Fl. Eds. 267; Turner, Musc. 132; Berwick Flora, ii. 39.
In Ravensworth and Cawsey Woods, also near Darlington, D. In Scotswood and Walbottle Denes, and at the foot of Cheviot, N. In Twizell Dene, and at Hudshead, N Dr. G. Johnston. I never met with this moss in fructification.

11. B. capillare.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 200; Eng. Bot. 2007; Berwick Flora, ii. 37; Gr. Fl. Eds. 267, B. annotinum, Eng. Bot. 1862.
In woods and on boggy ground near the Red Heugh, also near Darlington, D. At Blanchland, Gilsland, in Dilston Park, and at Prestwick Carr, N.

12. B. caespititium.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. α 201; Eng. Bot. 1904; Berwick Flora, ii. 37; Gr. Fl. Eds. 268; β. B. bicolor, Eng. Bot. 1601; Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iv. 16; Turner, Musc. 11, f. 2.
α On walls and the roofs of houses, &c., everywhere. β on Gateshead Fell, Ravensworth Fell, and near Medomsley, also near Healy Field, D. Near Allansford, at Prestwick Carr, and Corbridge, N.
The minute green Aliments, so common on damp walls, garden posts, &c., and figured at t. 77 of Dillwyn's work, as Conferva velutina, are now considered to be the radicles of this moss.

13. B. turbinatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 202; Eng. Bot. 1572; Gr. Fl. Eds. 268; Berwick Flora, ii. 37; B. nigricans, Eng. Bot. 1528; B. interruptum, Eng. Bot. 2371.
In bogs near the Red Heugh, and on the banks of Feldon and Nuckton Bourns, also on Gateshead Fell, Beamish Moor, and in Cawsey and Ravensworth woods, D. At Prestwick Carr, and in Scotswood, also on the banks of Beldon Bourn, on the Muckle Moss, and near Wardrew, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

14. B. nutans.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 203; Eng. Bot. 1240; Gr. Fl. Eds. 268; Turner, Musc. 117; Berwick Flora, ii. 29; B. compactum, Eng. Bot. 1257.
At Prestwick Carr, and on Newcastle Town Moor, in Dilston Park, on the Muckle Moss, and near Wardrew, N. At the Red Heugh, Beamish, and Cawsey, also in Weardale and Teesdale, D.

15. B. ventricosum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 205; Eng. Bot. 2270; Gr. Fl. Eds. 268; Berwick Flora, ii. 38; B. bimum, Eng. Bot. 1518; B. cubitale, Eng. Bot. 2554.
In bogs near the Red Heugh and on Ravensworth Fell, Beamish Moor, in Weardale and Teesdale, D. At the Muckle Moss, on Wallington Moors, Holliwell Moss, Prestwick Carr, and near Gilsland, N. Near Burn House in Coan Wood, N.— Mr. J. Thompson.

16. B. punctatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 207; Eng. Bot. 1183; Gr. Fl. Eds. 269; Berwick Flora, ii. 38; Turner, Musc. 132.
In shady woods and damp denes, not rare. Near Berwick Dr. G. Johnston.

17. B. ligulatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 207; Eng. Bot. 1449; Berwick Flora, ii. 39; Gr. Fl. Eds. 269; B. undulatum, Turner, Musc. 133.
In woods, frequent.

18. B. rostratum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 208; Eng. Bot. 1475; Gr. Fl. Eds. 269; Berwick Flora, ii. 38.
In Waskerley Dene near Wolsingham, D. Near Wallington, N.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

19. B. marginatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 208; Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. 2, t. 5, f. 1; Eng. Bot. 1493; Arn. Disp. Musc. 44.
Near the High Force of Tees, and at Winch Bridge in the same Neighbourhood, D.

20. B. hornum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 209; Eng. Bot. 2271; Gr. Fl. Eds. 270; Berwick Flora, ii. 39.
In woods, common.

21. B. cuspidatum.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 209; Eng. Bot. 1474; Gr. Fl. Eds. 270; Berwick Flora, ii. 38.
In woods, not very rare, N. and D. In Castle Eden Dene, and at Cocken, D.

46. ANDRAEA.

1. A. alpina.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 2; Eng. Bot. 1278; Arn. Disp. Musc. 6.
Upon rocks, on the moors at the head of Derwent, between Nuckton and Beldon Bourns, N. and D.

2. A. rupestris.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 2; Eng. Bot. 1277; Berwick Flora, ii. 56.
Upon rocks on the Teesdale Moors, D. On Cheviot, N. On the summit of Hedgehope, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. A. Rothii.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 2; Eng. Bot. 2162; Arn. Disp. Musc. 6; A. ruspestris, Sm. Fl. Brit. 1178.
On the Wolsingham Moors, D. On the Teesdale Moors near the Cauldron Snout, D. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

---

HEPATICAE.

47. JUNGERMANNIA.

1. J. trichophylla.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 226; Hook. Jung. t. 7; Eng. Bot. 2252; Dill. Musc. t. 73, f. 37.
On heaths near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson.

2. J. asplenioides.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 227; Gr. Fl. Eds. 272; Eng. Bot. 1788; Hook. Jung. t. 13; Berwick Flora, ii. 62; Dill. Musc. t. 69, f. 5.
In every wood near Newcastle.

3. J. lanceolata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 228; Hook. Jung. t. 18; Berwick Flora, ii. 63.
In denes and woods near Newcastle, also at Prestwick Carr, and Gilsland, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. J. Sphagni.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 228; Eng. Bot. 2470; Hook, Jung. t. 33, and Supp. t. 2; Gr. Fl. Eds. 273.
In boggy places on moors, N. and D.

. J. crenulata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 229; Eng. Bot. 1463; Hook. Jung. t. 37.
At the foot of Bolt's Law, on Muggleswick Fell, also near Gilsland, and in Weardale and Teesdale, D. On Cheviot, N.

6. J. emarginata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 229; Eng. Bot. 1022; Hook. Jung. t. 27; Berwick Flora, ii. 63.
In Beldon Dene, and near Wardrew, also on Hedgehope and Cheviot, N. At the foot of Bolt's Law, also in Weardale and Teesdale, D. On Gateshead Fell, D.— Mr. J. Thornhill.

7. J. concinnata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 229; Eng. Bot. 2229; Hook. Jung. t. 3.
On rocks in the upper part of Waskerley Dene, D. At the Cauldron Snout, Teesdale, D. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.

8. J. excisa.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 230; Eng. Bot. 2497; Hook. Jung. t. 9; Berwick Flora, ii. 64.
In shady denes and on wet heaths.

9. J. ventricosa.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 230; Eng. Bot. 2568; Hook. Jung. t. 28; Berwick Flora, ii. 63.
In woods, but not frequent.

10. J. bicuspidata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 230; Eng. Bot. 2239; Hook. Jung. t. 11; Gr. Fl. Eds. 273; Berwick Flora, ii. 64.
In woods near Newcastle, not rare.

11. J. byssacca.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 230; Hook. Jung. t. 12; Berwick Flora, ii. 65; J. divaricata, Eng. Bot. 719.
On dry open situations, on moors, N. and D.

12. J. connivens.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 231; Eng. Bot. 2436; Hook. Jung. t. 15; Gr. Fl. Eds. 274; Berwick Flora, ii. 64.
In boggy places in Heaton Dene, N. Near the Red Heugh near Gateshead, D.

13. J. curvifolia.

Hook, and Tay. Musc. 231; Eng. Bot. 1304; Hook. Jung. t. 16; Dicks. Crypt. t. 5. f. 9.
On Teesdale forest, D. On Cheviot, N.

14. J. incisa.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 231; Hook. Jung. t. 10; Eng. Bot. 2528; Gr. Fl. Eds. 274.
In bogs, not rare.

15. J. pusilla.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 231; Hook. Jung. t. 69; Eng. Bot. 1775; Berwick Flora, ii. 64.
In fields by the borders of woods, N. and D. Near Berwick Dr. G. Johnston.

16. J. nemorosa.

Hook, and Tay. Musc. 232; Eng. Bot. 607 and 2437; Gr. Fl. Eds. 274; Hook. Jung. t. 21; Berwick Flora, ii. 61.
On Gateshead Fell, D. In Scotswood Dene, N. The alpine variety, in Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, and Waskerley Dene, also in rivulets near the Roman Aqueduct west of Woodlands, D. At Birch Carr near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson. On the Wallington and Gilsland moors and Cheviot, N. =====17. J. undulata.===== Hook. and. Tay. Musc. 232; Eng. Bot. 2251; Hook. Jung. t. 22; Berwick Flora, ii. 61; Gr. Fl. Eds. 274; J. purpurea, Eng. Bot. 1023.
On Lanchester Moor, and at the foot of Bolt's Law, also in Weardale and Teesdale, D. On Cheviot, the Wallington moors, and at Gilsland, N.

18. J. resupinata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 232; Eng. Bot. 2498; Hook. Jung. t. 23; Gr. Fl. Eds. 275.
In woods and denes, but not common.

19. J. albicans.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 233; Eng. Bot. 2240; Hook. Jung. t. 25; Gr. Fl. Eds. 275; Berwick Flora, ii. 62.
In denes and woods, frequent. At Cottenhope in Reedsdale, N.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

20. J. obtusifolia.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 233; Eng. Bot. 2511; Hook. Jung. t. 26; Gr. Fl. Eds. 275.
On banks near Heddon-on-the-Wall, N.—Mr. J. Thornhill.

21. J. minuta.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 233; Hook. Jung. t. 44; Eng. Bot. 2231.
Among moss on the high moors, N. and D.

22. J. cochleariformis.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 234; Hook. Jung. t. 68; Eng. Bot. 2500.
In Waskerley Dene, D.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

23. J. complanata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 234; Eng. Bot. 2499; Berwick Flora, ii. 62; Hook. Jung. t. 81; Gr. Fl. Eds. 276; Dill. Musc. t. 72, f. 26.
On the bark of trees, not rare.

24. J. scalaris.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 234; Hook. Jung. t. 61; Gr. Fl. Eds. 276; J. lanceolata, Eng. Bot. 605; Berwick Flora, ii. 61.
In woods and denes, N. and D.

25. J. polyanthos.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 234; Hook. Jung. t. 62; Eng. Bot. 2475; Gr. Fl. Eds. 276.
In Gilsland Woods, N. In woods near Darlington, D.—Mr. E. Robson.

26. J. viticulosa

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 235; Hook. Jung. t. 60; Eng. Bot. 2513.
In Cocken woods, D. In East Common Wood, N.

27. J. Trichomanis.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 235; Hook. Jung. t. 79; Eng. Bot. 1875; Gr. Fl. Eds, 276; Berwick Flora, ii. 60.
In moist places in woods, and on moors, N. and D. On Murton Crags, N.—Dr. G. Johnston.

28. J. bidentata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 235; Eng. Bot. 606; Berwick Flora, ii. 59; Gr. Fl. Eds. 277; Hook. Jung. t. 30; J. bicuspidata, Eng. Bot. 281.
In woods near Newcastle, not rare.

29. J. heterophylla.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 235; Hook. Jung. t. 31; Berwick Flora, ii. 60.
In Cawsey and Beamish Woods, D. In woods at Gilsland, N. In woods about Twizell, on the Tweed, N.— Rev. A. Baird.

30. J. barbata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 236; Hook. Jung. t. 70; Berwick Flora, ii. 60; Gr. Fl. Eds. 277; J. quinquedentata, Eng. Bot. 2517.
In woods near Newcastle, N. On Murton Crags, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. Near Darlington, D.

31. J. reptans.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 236; Hook. Jung. t. 75; Eng. Bot, 608; Gr. Fl. Eds. 277.
In woods, but not frequent.

32. J. trilobata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 236; Gr. Fl. Eds. 277; Berwick Flora, ii. 59; Hook. Jung. t. 76; J. radicans, Eng. Bot. 2232. In Teesdale and Weardale, and on Muggleswick Fell, D. On Wardrew Moors, N. On Murton Crags, N.—Dr. G. Johnston.

33. J. platyphylla.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 237; Eng. Bot. 789; Gr. Fl. Eds. 278; Hook. Jung. t. 40, and Supp. t. 3; Berwick Flora, ii. 59.
On trees near Lanchester, Tanfield, and Darlington, D. In East Common Wood near Hexham, Dilston Park, and Gilsland Woods, N. Near Berwick, N.—Dr. G. Johnston.

34. J. ciliaris.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 237; Eng. Bot. 2241; Hook. Jung. t. 65; Gr. Fl. Eds. 278.
On moors, not rare.

35. J. tomentilla.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 237; Hook. Jung. t. 36; Eng. Bot. 2242.
In Cawsey Wood near Allansford, and Witton-le-Wear, D. In Gilsland Woods, N.

36. J. minutissima.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 238; Hook. Jung. t. 52; Eng. Bot. 1633.
In Heaton Wood, N.

37. J. dilatata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 239; Gr. Fl. Eds. 279; Hook. Jung. t. 5; Berwick Flora, ii. 58; J. tamariscifolia, Eng. Bot. 1086.
On the trunks of trees, common.

38. J. Tamarisci.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 239; Gr. Fl. Eds. 279; Berwick Flora, ii. 58; Hook. Jung. t. 6; J. tamariscina, Eng. Bot. 2480.
In woods near Eglestone, D. At the foot of Cheviot, and in Gilsland Woods, N. Near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

39. J. pinguis.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 240; Hook. Jung. t. 46; Eng. Bot. 185; Gr. Fl. Eds. 270; Berwick Flora, ii. 66.
On bogs and in watery places.

40. J. multifida.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 240; Hook. Jung. t. 45; Gr. Fl. Eds. 271; Berwick Flora, ii. 66; Eng. Bot. 186; J. sinuata, Eng. Bot. 1476.
In marshy places near Ravensworth and the Kedheugh, D. Near Darlington, D.-Mr. E. Robson. At Prestwick Carr, and in Dilston Park, also in Benwell Dene, N.

41. J. epiphylla.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 240; Hook, Jung. t. 47; Eng. Bot. 771; Gr. Fl. Eds. 271; Berwick Flora, ii. 65.
In East Common Wood near Hexham, and in Heaton and Scotswood Denes, N. In Cawsey, Ravensworth, Longacre, and Gibside Woods, also near Darlington, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

42. J. furcata.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 241; Hook. Jung, t.55, 56; Eng. Bot. 1632; Gr. Fl. Eds. 271; Berwick Flora, ii. 66.
On the trunks of trees in woods, frequent.

43. J. pubescens.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 241; Hook. Jung. t. 73; Berwick Flora, ii. 66.
On rocks in Cawsey Wood, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

48. MARCHANTIA.

1. M. polymorpha.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 219; Eng. Bot. 110; Berwick Flora, ii. 67; Gr. Fl. Eds. 279; Dill. Musc. t. 76, f. 6, E. F.
In moist, wet, and shady situations, frequent.

2. M. conica.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 221; Gr. Fl. Eds. 280; Eng. Bot. 504; Dill. Musc. t. 75, f. 1.
On rocks, in woods, and damp places, not rare.

3. M. hemisphaerica.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 222; Gr. Fl. Eds. 279; Eng. Bot. 503, and t. 2545, excluding the two lower figures; Reboullia hemisphaerica, Dill. Musc. t. 75, f. 2.
On moist rocks, in sub-alpine situations, N. and D. By the Irthing at Wardrew, N.

49. ANTHOCEROS.

1. A. punctatus.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 216, Berwick Flora, ii. 67; A. major, Eng. Bot. ii. 1538; Dill. Musc. t. 68, f. 2.
In watery places at Little Chesters, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

50. RICCIA.

1. R. crystallina, α glauca.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 212; Berwick Flora, ii. 68; Eng. Bot. 2546; Gr. Fl. Eds. 280; R. minima, Dill. Musc. t. 78, fl 10, 11.
On the banks of fish ponds at Wallington, N.

2. R. nutans.

Hook. and Tay. Musc. 214; Eng. Bot. 252; R. capellata, Dill. Musc. t. 78, f. 18.
At Hell-kettles near Darlington, D Mr. E. Robson, Sp.

---

LICHENES.

51. SPILOMA.

1. S. tumidulum.

Ach. Syn. 1; Eng. Bot. 2151; Gr. Fl. Scot. 324; Berwick Flora, ii. 101; Lichen impolitus, Eng. Bot. 981? Sphaeria gregaria, Sowerby, Fungi. 375, f. 5; Dick. Crypt. Fasc. i. 22.
On the smooth bark of trees in Teesdale, also near Gainford, and in Cawsey Wood, D. In Oakwood, N.

2. S. microscopicum.

Eng. Bot, 2396.
Upon heaths, mosses, &c.

3. S. melanopum.

Eng. Bot. 2358; Ach. Meth. 10, t. 1, f. 8.
On the bark of apple trees.

4. S. murale.

Eng. Bot. 2397.
On old mortar, common.

5. S. dispersum.

Eng. Bot. 2398.
On old rails, frequent.

6. S. decolorans.

Eng. Bot. 2399.
On the bark of old oak trees.

7. S. punctatum.

Eng. Bot. 2472.
On the bark of old oak trees.

8. S. tuberculosum.

Eng. Bot. 2556.
On Sandstone rocks, N. and D. — Mr. Wm. Robertson.

52. ARTHONIA.

1. A. moriformis.

Ach. Syn. 5.
On the bark of trees near Gainford, D. — Rev. John Harriman.

2. A. astroidea.

Ach. Syn. 6; Opegrapha astroidea, Eng. Bot. 1847; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 36.
β A. Swartziana, Ach. Syn. 5; Eng. Bot. 2079; Berwick Flora, ii. 101.
On the smooth bark of trees, not rare. With the variety β I am acquainted by specimens communicated by Dr. Swartz. To me it appears to be only A. astroidea, in a young state.

3. A. obscura.

Ach. Syn. 6; Lichen obscurus, Eng. Bot. 1752.
On the bark of trees, but not common.

4. A. lyncea.

Ach. Syn. 7; Lichen lynceus, Eng. Bot. 809; Lecidea lyncea, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 35.
On old oaks in Newton-cap Wood near Auckland, also in the Bishop's park, D.

5. A. prunosa.

Ach. Syn. 7; A. impolita, Eng. Bot. 2692, f. 1.
On trunks of trees in Teesdale, D.

53. SOLORINA.

1. S. saccata.

Ach. Syn. 8; Lichen saccatus, 288; Lightfoot, 885; Dill. Musc. t. 30, f. 121.
On earth upon Encrinal Limestone rocks near Middleton-in-Teesdale, D.

54. LECIDEA.

1. L. atro-alba.

Ach. Syn. 11; Berwick Flora, ii. 88; Lichen atro-albus, Eng. Bot. t. 2336; Gr. Fl. Eds. 324.
On Basaltic rocks near Eglestone, D. On Gunnerton Crags, N. =====2. L. verruculosa.===== Lichen verrucidosus, Eng. Bot. 2317.
Upon fine-grained Sandstone on Muggleswick Fell, D.

3. L. fusco-atra.

Ach. Syn. 12; Gr. Fl. Eds. 324; L. dendritica, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 33 and 112; Lichen dendriticus Eng. Bot. 1734.
On fragments of Quartz in the Millstone grit in Weardale and Teesdale, D. On Shaftoe Crags, N., upon the same kind of rock.
L. fusco-atra, L. atro-alba, Lichen acrotellus, Eng. Bot. 1712, and L. fimbriates, Eng. Bot. 2438, are probably modifications of the same species. It grows very elegantly on the smooth rocks of white Quartz in the Highlands of Scotland.

4. L. fumosa.

Ach. Syn. 12; L. cechumena, Ach. Meth. 42; L. anthroocarpa, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 33; Lichen anthroocarpus, Eng Bot. 1829; L. cechumenus, Eng. Bot. 1830.
On Sandstone in Charnberry Gill near Eglestone, and on rocks in Horsley Hope Dene, D. On Basalt upon Cronkley Fell, also on the fell above Holwick, Teesdale; first discovered by the Rev. John Harriman. On Cheviot and Hedgehope, N.

5. L. lapicida.

Ach. Syn. 13; Lichen contiguus, Eng. Bot. 821.
Jn Cawsey Dene, and on Gateshead Fell; also on walls at Barnardcastle, D. On Gunnerton Crags near Barwesford, N.

6. L. petraea.

Ach. Syn. 15; Gr. El. Eds. 324; Berwick Flora, ii. 87; Lichen concentiricus, Eng. Bot. 246
On Sandstone rocks near Eglestone, and in the neighbourhood of Gainford, also in Cawsey Wood, D. On Gunnerton Grags near Barwesford, and in Heaton Dene, N.

7. L. confluens.

Ach. Meth. 16; Berwick Flora, ii. 86; Eng. Bot. 1964.
β L. pilularis.
On Sandstone rocks in hilly situations.

8. L. parasema.

Ach. Syn. 17; Gr. Fl. Eds. 325; Berwick Flora, ii. 87; Lichen parasemus, Eng. Bot. 1450.
On the bark of trees common.

9. L. sanguinaria.

Ach. Syn. 19; Berwick Flora, ii. 86; Lichen sanguinarius, Eng. Bot. 155.
On stones upon Gateshead Fell, and on stones, decayed mosses, and old trees, in the neighbourhood of Eglestone, D. On Hedgehope and Cheviot, N. On Murton Crags, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.
The circumstance on account of which the name sanquinaria is given, is a disease to which several Lichens are subject, and some that one would not certainly suspect; as, for instance, Lecidea muscorum and Parmelia quadricolor; and it is not confined to the Apothecia only, the whole inside of the crust is frequently diseased and becomes crimson. — Harriman.

10. L. sabuletorum β geochroa.

Ach. Syn. 20; Lichen muscorum, Eng. Bot. 626.
On decayed mosses at Fawdon Slate and near Hilton Castle, also in Teesdale Forest and Wearclale, D. On Gunnerton Crags, Cheviot, and Hedgehope, N.

11. L. miscella.

Ach. Syn. 21; Lichen mucellus, Eng. Bot. 1831; L. escharoides, Eng. Bot. 1257.
On Basaltic rocks near Winch Bridge and Whey Syke, in Harewood, on Teesdale Forest, also in Horsley Hope Dene, D.

12. L. atro-virens, and β geographica.

Ach. Syn. 21; Gr. Fl. Eds. 325; Berwick Flora, ii. 88; Lichen geographicus, Eng. Bot. 245.
On rocks and stones especially in the sub-alpine parts of Durham and Northumberland.

13. L. silacea.

Ach. Syn. 22; Lichen silaceus, Eng. Bot. 1118.
On rocks and stones in sub-alpine situations. On the Teesdale Moors, D. On Cheviot and Hedgehope, N.

14. L. Oederi.

Ach. Syn. 22; Gr. Fl. Eds. 325; Berwick Flora, ii. 88; Lichen Oederi, Eng. Bot. 1117; Lichen caesius, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. ii. 19, t. 6, f. 6; L. Dicksoni, Ach. Pred. 76.
On rocks in the sub-alpine parts of Northumberland and Durham, particularly on Basalt and Porphyry.

15. L. alba.

Ach. Syn. 24; Gr. Fl. Eds. 326; Lepraria alba, Eng. Bot. 1349; Byssus lacteus, Lightfoot, 1007.
On rocks and trees in the sub-alpine parts of Durham and Northumberland.

16. L. citrinella.

Ach. Syn. 25; β scabrosa, Lichen citrinellus, Eng. Bot. 1877; L. flavo-virescens, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iii. 13, t. 8, f. 9.
On earth upon the tops of walls near Eglestone, D. First discovered by the Rev. J. Harriman.

17. L. uliginosa.

Ach. Syn. 25; Lichen uliginosus Eng. Bot. 1466.
On the heathy part of Prestwick Carr, and on Che- viot, N. In boggy places near the Redheugh, and near Eglestone, D.

18. L. immersa.

Ach. Syn. 27; Lichen immersus, Eng. Bot. 193; L. calcivorus, Ehrh. Cr. Ex. No. 244.
On the Magnesian Limestone, Durham, and on the Encrinal Limestone, D. and N. Ehrhart's name calcivorus is very appropriate.

19. L. rivulosa.

Ach. Syn. 28; Lichen rivulosus, Eng. Bot. 1737.
On Basaltic rocks in Horsley Hope Bourn, D. In Wooler Water at the foot of Cheviot, N.

20. L. albo-caerulescens.

Ach. Syn. 29; Lichen pruinatus, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iii. 15, t. 9, f. 4; L. pruinosus, Eng. Bot. f. 2244.
On stone walls near Gainford, D. By the West Turnpike Road a mile and half from Newcastle.

21. L. abictina.

Ach. Syn. 30; Gr. Fl. Scot. 326; Lichen abietinus, Eng. Bot. 1682.
On old trees in Charnberry Gill near Eglestone, D. On fir trees beyond West Denton, N.

22. L. speirea.

Ach. Syn. 31; Lichen speireus, Eng. Bot. 1864.
On the Magnesian Limestone upon Cleadon, Boldon, and Fulwell Hills, D.

23. L. margaritacea.

Ach. Syn. 31; L. conspurcata, Berwick Flora, ii. 88; Lichen conspurcatus, Eng. Bot. 964; Loud. Ency. No. 15,406.
On the Magnesian Limestone, D. On Sandstone rocks at Hudshead, N. — Dr. G. Johnston. =====24. L. rimosa.===== Lichen rimosus, Enij. Bot. 1736.
Upon the Encrinal Limestone on the Teesdale Moors, and in Weardale and Allendale, D. and N.

25. L. epipolia.

Ach. Syn. 32; Lichen epipolius, Eng. Bot. 1137; E. niveo-ater, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iv. t. 12, f. 3.
On Cleadon, Boldon, and Fulwell Hills,and on walls at Gainford, D. On the walls of Wycliffe Church.

26. L. corticola.

Ach. Syn. 32; Lichen corticola, Eng. Bot. 1892.
On old trees at Gainford, and near Medomsley, D.

27. L. quernea.

Ach. Syn. 36; Lichen querneus, Eng. Bot. 485.
On old trees about Newcastle, N. In Newton Cap Wood, near Bishop Auckland, D.

28. L. viridescens.

Ach. Syn. 36; L. hypnophila, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 37; Lichen viridescens, Eng. Bot. 2217.
On Hypnum sericeum, in woods near Eglestone in Teesdale, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

29. L. incana.

Ach. Syn. 36; Gr. Fl. Eds. 326; Lichen incanus, Eng. Bot. 1683.
On the barks of trees and mosses, but never in fructification.

30. L. sulphurea.

Ach. Syn. 37; Berwick Flora, ii, 88; Lichen sulphureus, Eng. Bot. 1186.
On rocks and stones frequently covering other Lichens.
Probably not a good species.

31. L. orosthea.

Ach. Syn. 37; Lichen orosthea, Eng. Bot. 1549.
Upon the bark of trees by the Derwent near Gibside, D.

32. L. decolorans.

Ach. Syn. 37; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 39.
β Lichen escharoides, Eng. Bot. 1247; L. quadricolor, Eng. Bot. 1185.
α In a wood at Eglestone. β upon the ground on Gateshead Fell, and on earth upon the tops of walls near Eglestone, also on Feat bogs on the Teesdale Moors, on Muggleswick Fell, and near Medomsley, D. At Prestwick Carr, and on Cheviot and Hedgehope, N.

33. L. anomala.

Ach. Syn. 38; Lichen ferruginosus, Turner, Linn. Tr. v. 7; L. tricolor, With., 5th ed , iv. 20. β cyrtella, Lichen cyrtellus, Eng. Bot. 2155.
On the bark of trees near Gainford, D.

34. L. calva.

Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 39; Lichen calvus, Eng. Bot. 948; Dick. Crypt. Fasc. ii. 18, t. 6, f. 4; L. rupestris, Ach. Syn. 39.
On the Magnesian Limestone on Cleadon and Boldon Hills, on the Encrinal Limestone near Middleton-in-Teesdale, and near the New Bridge below Barnardcastle, D.

35. L. rupestris.

Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 39; Lichen rupestris, Eng. Bot. 2245.
On Sandstone walls behind Beamish Hall and in the neighbourhood of Gainford, D.
This species differs from L. calva by its crust being cracked and green within, whereas that of L. calva is contiguous and white within.

36. L. lutcola.

Ach. Syn. 41; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 39; Berwick Flora, ii. 89; Lichen vernalis, Eng. Bot. 845; L. porriginosus. Turner, Linn. Tr. vii. 94, t. 8, f. 4; L. vernalis, Ach. Syn. 36?
On trees near Hexham, N. On trees and moss near Eglestone and Gainford, D.
By no means rare in the north.

37. L. carncola.

Ach. Syn. 42; Lichen corneus, Eng. Bot. 965.
On old oaks in a wood near Eglestone, D. First found by the Rev. J. Harriman.

38. L. Griffithii.

L. carncola β, Ach. Syn. 42; Lichen Griffithii, Eng. Bot. 1735; L. tricolor, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 36.
On the bark of old oaks in Newton Cap Wood, near Bishop Auckland, and in the Bishop's Park, also near Gainford, D. Found by the Rev. J. Harriman.

39. L. fusco-lutea.

Ach. Syn. 42; Lichen fusco-luteus, Eng. Bot. 1007.
Upon Cheviot and Hedgehope, N.

40. L. anthracina.

Ach. Syn. 43; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 39; Berwick Flora, ii. 89; Lichen byssinus, Eng. Bot. 432.
On rocks at Hudshead, N. — Dr. G. Johnston. Probably not distinct from Lecanora crenulata.

41. L. ferruginea.

Lichen ferrugineus, Eng. Bot. 1650; Hudson, 526; L. caesio-rufa, Ach. Syn. 44; Gr. Fl. Eds. 237; Berwick Flora, ii. 89; L. crenulata, Ach. Meth. 71.
On trees and walls near Lanchester, also near Eglestone, D. On Roadley Crags, N. On Hudshead near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.
I see no reason for altering the very appropriate specific name given by Hudson to this Lichen.

42. L. icmadophila.

Ach. Syn. 45; Gr. Fl. Eds. 327; Lichen ericetorum, Eng. Bot. 372.
On Peat bogs, frequent.

43. L. marmorca.

Ach. Syn. 46; Gr. Fl. Eds. 327; Lichen marmorens, Eng. Bot. 739. β L. cupularis, Ach. Meth. 56.
On the Magnesian Limestone at Fawdon Slate, and on the Encrinal Limestone in Bolyhope Bourn, also near Middleton in-Teesdale, on mosses and Limestone rocks in Harewood, and near Wycliffe in the bed of the Tees, D.

44. L. alabastrina, β sphaeroides.

Ach. Syn. 46; Lichen sphaeroides, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. i. 9. t. 2, f. 2.
In Bradley Wood near Medomsley, D.
Only a variety of Lichen vernalis, Eng. Bot. 845.

45. L. rosella.

L. alabastrina γ, Ach. Syn. 46; Lichen rosellus, Eng. Bot. 1651.
On the bark of trees near Eglestone, D.

46. L. argena.

Ach. Syn. 47; Lichen argenus, Eng. Bot. 1923.
On the bark of trees in Cawsey Wood, D.

47. L. Ehrhartiana.

Ach. Syn. 47; Lichen Ehrhartianus, Eng. Bot. 1136; β polytropa, L. polytropus, Eng. Bot. 1264. α and β on Sandstone walls near Newcastle, N. On rocks and walls on Gateshead Fell, also in Teesdale and Weardale, D.

48. L. luteo-alba.

Ach. Syn. 49; Lichen luteo-albus, Eng. Bot. 1426.
On the bark of trees in West Crow Wood near Wolsingham, and near Gainford, D.

49. L. vesicularis.

Ach. Syn. 51; Lichen coeruleo-nigricans , Eng. Bot. 1139; Lightfoot, 805.
On Limestone rocks at Fawdon Slate and Boldon, also upon earth on Limestone in Weardale and Middleton-in-Teesdale, D. On Cleadon and Fulwell Hills, D.— Mr. J. Thornhill.

50. L. lurida.

Ach. Syn. 51; Lichen luridus, Eng. Bot. 1329.
On earth upon a rock called the Marble Stone near Middleton-in-Teesdale, D.

51. L. atro-rufa.

Ach. Syn. 51; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 41; Lichen atro-rufus, Eng. Bot. 1102; Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. iv. 22, t. 12, f. 4.
On earth upon wall tops in Teesdale Forest, D. Also in Lunedale. — Rev. J. Harriman.

52. L. pholidiota.

Ach. Syn. 53; Lichen globulosus, Eng. Bot. 1955.
Abundant on Sandstone rocks at Lanchester, and walls at Knitsley, D., Nov. 1804.

53. L. canescens.

Ach. Svn. 54; Lichen canescens, Eng. Bot. 582; Dick. Crypt. Fasc. i. 10, t. 2, f. 5.
On walls and trees near Gainford and Houghton-le-Spring, D. Near Hexham and Brinkburn Priory, N.

54. L. aeruginosa.

Eng. Bot. 2682.
On old rails and gate posts, not rare.

55. CALICIUM.

1. C. stigonellum.

Ach. Svn. 56; C. sessile, Eng. Bot. 2520; Lichen gelasinatus, With., 5th ed., iv. t. 31, f. 1.
On the bark of trees near Gainford, D. — Rev. J. Harriman. In Oakwood and Dilston Park, N.

2. C. claviculare.

Ach. Syn. 57; Lichen clavellus, Eng. Bot. 1465.
β subtile.
α On trees in Oak Wood and near Hexham, N. Near Eglestone, D. β in Cawsey Wood, D.

3. C. sphoerocephalum.

Ach. Syn. 57; Lichen sphoerocephalus, Eng. Bot. 414.
On trees near Hexham, N. On trees and old wood near Eglestone, D.

4. C. hyperellum, β roscidium.

Ach. Syn. 59; Lichen graniformis, Eng. Bot. 1464.
On trees in Cawsey Wood, D. In Oak Wood and Felton Woods, N.

5. C. cantharellum.

Ach. Syn. 61; Eng. Bot. 2557.
β C. peronellum, Ach. Meth. 96.
In East Common Wood near Hexham, and in Felton Wood, N. On decayed wood near Eglestone, D.

6. C. capitellatum.

Ach. Syn. 61; Lichen capitatus, Eng. Bot. 1539.
On banks at Cow-close near Ravensworth, and in Long-acre Wood, D. In Felton Wood, N. Near the roots of trees on the south bank of the Wansbeck at Wallington, N.— Miss Emma Trevelyan, Sp.

56. GYROPHORA.

1. G. glabra.

Ach. Syn. 63; β polyphylla, Lichen polyphyllus, Eng. Bot. 1272.
On Cheviot and Hedgehope, also on Shaftoe and Roadley Crags near Wallington, N. On rocks and stones above Blanchland, and near Hunt Hall, Teesdale, N. and D.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. In the neighbourhood of Eglestone, and on walls at Healy Field and Conset Park. In fructification on rocks at the foot of Hunsterley Peak, between Waskerley Park and Hishope, D. — Mr. J. Thornhill.

2. G. proboscidea.

Ach. Syn. 64; Berwick Flora, ii. 99; Lichen proboscideus, Eng. Bot. 522 and 2484; G. cylindrica, Ach. Syn. 65; Berwick Flora, ii. 99; Lichen deustus, Lightfoot, 861.
On Shaftoe Crags near Wallington, and on Cheviot and Hedgehope, N. On walls and rocks in Teesdale near the High Force,in Harewood, particularly between Widdy Bank and Cauldron Snout, D; also on Cronkley Fell.
Acharius has separated G. proboscidea from G. cylindrica, but they are the same plant in different stages of growth.

3. G. crosa.

Ach. Syn. 65; Eng. Bot. 2066; Lichen torrifactus, Lightfoot, 862.
On rocks at Hunsterley Peak, north-west of Waskerley Park, also near Eglestone, particularly about Blackburn, D. On Cronkley Fell, Teesdale. On Cheviot and Hedgehope, N.

4. G. deusta.

Ach. Syn. 66; Eng. Bot. 2483; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 42; Gr. Fl. Eds. 328.
On rocks of the Millstone Grit at Roadley near Wallington, N. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

5. G. pustulata.

Ach. Syn. 66; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 42; Lichen pustulatus, Eng. Bot. 1283.
On the Millstone Grit at Shaftoe Crags near Wallington, N.
First noticed there by Miss Emma Trevelyan.

6. G. pellita.

Ach. Syn. 67; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 42; Lichen pellitus, Eng. Bot. 931; L. polyrrhizus, Lightfoot, 864.
On Shaftoe Crags, Hedgehope and Cheviot, also on Hexham Fell, N. On Muggleswick Fell, D. On Cronkley Fell, Teesdale.

57. OPEGRAPHA.

1. O. Persoonii.

Ach. Syn. 71; Eng. Bot. 2345; Berwick Flora, ii. 99.
Upon sandstone rocks on the coast of Northumberland. Upon Hudshead, and on Sandstone dykes near Berwick, abundant, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. O. tesserata.

Eng. Bot. t. 2632, f. 3; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 313; O.petraea, Ach. Syn. 72.
On rocks above Middleton-in-Teesdale, D. Sent to Acharius by the Rev. J. Harriman. =====3. O. calcaria.===== Ach. Syn. 72; Eng. Bot. 1790.
On the Magnesian Limestone Rocks near Whitburn, Sunderland, and Castle Eden, D. On the walls and mortar of Wycliffe Church.
Probably only a variety of O. Persoonii.

4. O. macularis.

Ach. Syn. 72; Berwick Flora, ii. 100; O. opiphoga, Eng. Bot. 2282; Lichen rugosus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1607; Lightfoot, 802; Sibthorp, 317.
On the bark of trees, common.

5. O. herpetica.

Ach. Syn. 72; Eng. Bot. 1789.
On trees in woods near Newcastle.

6. O. vulgata.

Ach. Syn. 73; Eng. Bot. 1811.
On trees, frequent, N. and D.

7. O. epipasta.

Ach. Syn. 74; Eng. Bot. 1828.
On the smooth bark of trees near Newcastle.

8. O. microscopica.

Eng. Bot. 1911; O. epipasta β, Ach. Syn. 75
On the bark of trees near Newcastle.

9. O. stenocarpa, β denigrata.

Ach. Syn. 75; O. denigrata, Eng. Bot. 1753; O. atra, Berwick Flora, ii. 100.
On the bark of the Ash, the Hazel, &c., not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

10. O. notha.

Ach. Syn. 76; Eng. Bot. 1890; Berwick Flora, ii. 100.
On trees in Teesdale, and in Cawsey Wood, D. Near Hexham and Corbridge, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

11. O. diaphora.

Eng. Bot. 2280.
On trees in Weardale and Teesdale, also in Ravensworth and Cawsey Woods, D.
Probably not distinct from the preceding species.

12. O. rubella.

Eng. Bot. 2347; O. herpetica, β disparata, Ach. Syn. 73.
On trees near Eglestone, D. =====13. O. cerasi. Eng. Bot. 2301.
On the bark of Cherry and Plumb Trees.

14. O. cerebrina.

Eng. Bot. t. 2632, f. 1; Lecidea plocina, Ach. Syn. 16.
On Encrinal Limestone rocks in Teesdale, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

58. GRAPHIS.

1. G. scripta.

Ach. Syn. 81; Opegrapha scripta, Eng. Bot. 1813; Berwick Flora, ii. 100; Lichen scriptus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1606; Lightfoot, 800.
On trees in Weardale and Teesdale, D. Near Newcastle and Hexham, N.

2. G. pulverulenta.

G. scripta β, Ach. Syn. 82; Opegrapha pulverulenta, Eng. Bot 1754.
On trees in Weardale and Teesdale, D. Near Newcastle and Hexham, N.

3. G. betuligna.

Ach. Syn. 83; Opegrapha betuligua, Eng. Bot. 2281.
On the bark of Birch Trees, common.

4. G. serpentaria.

Ach. Syn. 83; Eng. Bot. 1755.
On the bark of trees near Eglestone, also in Cawsey and Ravensworth Woods, D. In woods near Newcastle, N.

59. VERRUCARIA.

1. V. punctiformis.

Ach. Syn. 87; Lichen punctiformis, Eng. Bot. 2412.
On the smooth bark of trees, not rare.

2. V. analepia.

Ach. Syn. 88; Lichen analeptus, Eng. Bot 1848.
On the smooth bark of trees in Teesdale, D. In woods near Newcastle, N.

3. V. carpinea.

Ach. Syn. 88; V. olivacea, Eng. Bot. t. 2597, f 1.
On the smooth bark of the Ash, Thorn, &c.
Probably only a variety of V. epidermidis.

4. V. epidermidis.

Ach. Syn. 89; Berwick Flora, ii. 102 Gr. Fl. Eds. 353.
On the bark of the birch, common.

5. V. stigmatella.

Ach. Syn. 89; α and β atomaria, Lichen stigmatellus, Eng. Bot. 1891.
On the smooth bark of trees, N. and D.

6. V. gemmata.

Ach. Syn. 90; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 45; Eng. Bot. t. 2617, f. 2.
On the bark of trees, in woods on the Derwent, D. and N.

7. V. Schraderi.

Ach. Syn. 93; Lichen Schraderi, Eng. Bot. 1711.
On the Magnesian Limestone, on Cleadon and Boldon Hills, also near Castle Eden, D. On the Encrinal Limestone near Middleton-in-Teesdale, and between Widdy bank and Cauldron Snout, D.

8. V. Harrimanni.

Ach. Syn. 93; Lichen Harrimanni, Eng. Bot. t. 2539.
On Limestone rocks in Teesdale, D.

9. V. Laevata.

Ach. Syn. 94; Eng. Bot. t. 2623, f. 2.
On rocks and stones in the Tees near Middleton, and in the Derwent near Blanchland, D. and N.

10. V. epipolaea.

Ach. Syn. 95; Eng. Bot. 2647, f. 3.
On rocks near Eglestone and Middleton, D.—Rev. J. Harriman. On Limestone in Castle Eden Dene, D.

11. V. maura.

Ach. Syn. 95; Lichen maurus, Eng. Bot. 2546.
On Magnesian Limestone rocks at Boldon, Cleadon, and Castle Eden Dene. On the Encrinal Limestone in Teesdale, D. On Basaltic rocks at Bamborough, Dunstanborough, and Holy Island, N.

12. V. striatula, β aerotella.

Ach. Syn. 95; Lichen acrotellus, Eng. Bot. 1712.
On the Millstone Grit in Teesdale and Weardale, D.

13. V. muralis.

Ach. Syn. 95; Eng. Bot. 2647,f.2; Sphaeria communis, Sowerby, Fungi, t. 295, upper figure.
On Magnesian Limestone rocks at. Cleadon, Boldon, and Castle Eden Dene, and on Gainford Church, D. On the mortar of walls in Heaton Dene, and near Jesmond, N.

14. V. spongiosa.

Ach. Syn. 96; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 45.
On earth upon wall tops near Middleton-in-Teesdale, D.; also near Romaldkirk Rev. J. Harriman. Perhaps this is nothing but Byssus velutina in old age. — Harriman.

15. V. epigea.

Ach. Syn. 96; Berwick Flora, ii. 102; Lichen terrestris, Eng. Bot. 1681; Sphoeria epigea, Persoon, Syn. Appx. xxvii.
Upon hedge banks and earth, upon the tops of stone fences, N. and D.

16. V. concinna.

Eng. Bot. t. 2623, f. 1.
On the Encrinal Limestone near Middleton and Eglestone, D.

60. ENDOCARPON.

1. E. smaragdulum.

Ach. Syn. 98; Lichen Smaragdulus, Eng. Bot. 1512.
On walls near Eglestone, Butsfield, and the Woodlands, D.

2. E. tephroides, β polythecium.

Ach. Syn. 98; Lichen fuscellus, Eng. Bot. 1500, Turner, Linn. Tr. 7, 90, t. 8, f. 2.
On rocks and stories about Gainford and Eglestone, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

3. E. Hedwigii.

Ach. Syn. 99; Lichen trapeziformis, Eng. Bot. 595.
On earth in the neighbourhood of Eglestone, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

4. E. miniatum.

Ach. Syn. 101; E. complicatum, 102; Lichen miniatus, Eng. Bot. 593 and f. 2; Lightfoot, 857.
On rocks of Magnesian Limestone at the Gunners Pool in Castle Eden Dene, and on the Encrinal Limestone near Stanhope-in-Weardale, Middleton-in-Teesdale, Eglestone, and Rokeby, D.

5. E. euplocum.

Ach. Syn. 102; E. miniatum, β pusillum, Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 462; Verrucaria euploca, Eng. Bot. t. 2602, f. 2.
On Sandstone rocks by the Tyne west of Newcastle, N.— Mr. W. Robertson.

6. E. Weberi.

Ach. Syn. 102; Berwick Flora, ii. 103; Lichen aquaticus, Eng. Bot. 594.
On rocks in the Tees below Wycliffe, D. On stones in a bourn on the north side of the Derwent opposite Gibside, D. — Mr. J. Thornhill. In a rivulet in Holwick. — Rev. J. Harriman. On rocks at Cauldron Snout, U. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. In the Loughs near the Roman Station at Shewing Shields, in Wooler Water, and in the Irthing at Gilsland, N.

61. PORINA.

62. P. pertusa.

Ach. Syn. 109; Berwick Flora, ii. 102; Lichen pertusus, Eng. Bot. 677; Lightfoot, 802.
On the bark of trees, common.

2. P. fallax, β hymenia.

Ach. Syn. 110; Lichen hymenins, Eng. Bot. 1731.
On trees near Eglestone, also on the banks of the Derwent near Gibside, and in Horsleyhope Bourn, D. In East Common Wood, and Felton Wood on the Coquet, N.

62. THELOTREMA.

1. T. lepadinum.

Ach. Syn. 115; Lichen inclusus, Eng. Bot. 678.
On the bark of trees near Eglestone, and in Gibside, Ravensworth, and Cawsey Woods. On Sandstone rocks at Eglestone, D Rev. J. Harriman. On trees in Bearl Wood, East Common Wood, and Felton Woods, N.

2. T. exanthematicum.

Ach. Syn. 116; Lichen exanthematicus, Srn. Tr. Linn. Soc. i. 81, t. 4. f. 1; Eng. Bot. 1184; L. volvatus, Villar's Delph. t. 55; Verrucaria clausa, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 177.
On Encrinal Limestone rocks near Mr. Morritt's Bridge at Rokeby, and below the New Bridge at Barnardcastle, D.
First found by the Rev. John Harriman. This Lichen, though widely dispersed over Europe, is rare in England, nor does it appear to have been found in Scotland by any Botanist but the late Mr. Dickson. In his Fasc. iii. 14, he gives no precise locality, but merely says "In rupibus Calcareis Scoticis," with us it is confined to the Encrinal Limestone, which it has the property of excavating in the same way as Lecidea immersa, and some other Lichens that grow on chalk and limestone. Its structure is so peculiar that it might constitute a genus.

63. PYRENULA.

1. P. umbonata.

Ach. Syn. 121; Verrucaria thelostoma, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 44; Lichen thelostomus, Eng. Bot. 2153. On Basaltic rocks near Eglestone, D.— Rev. J. Harriman.

2. P. nitida.

Ach. Syn. 125; Verrucaria nitida, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 45; Eng. Bot. t. 2607, f. 1; Sphoeria nitida, Sowerby, Fungi, t. 275.
On the bark of trees near Eglestone, and in Horsleyhope Dene, D. In East Common and Oak Wood, N.

3. P. tessellata.

Ach. Syn. 126; Lichen tesselalus, Eng. Bot. 533.
On stones near Gainford, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

4. P. nigrescens.

Ach. Syn. 126; Verrucaria umbrina, Eng. Bot. 1499.
On stones near Gainford, D. On rocks and old walls near Newcastle, &c., N. and D.

5. P. leucocephala.

Ach. Syn. 126; Verrucaria leucocephala, Eng. Bot. t. 2642, f. 2; Sphoeria lichenoides, Sowerby, Fungi, t. 373, f. 12.
On the bark of old trees in woods, N. and D.

64. VARIOLARIA.

1. V. velata.

Ach. Syn. 129; Lichen velatus, Eng. Bot. 2062.
On the bark of trees in Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, D. In East Common Wood and Felton Woods, N.

2. V. multipunctata.

Ach. Syn. 129; Lichen multipunctatus, Eng. Bot. 2061.
On the bark of trees in Teesdale, also in Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, D. In Felton Woods and Dilston Park, N. =====3. V. aspergilla.===== Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 30; Eng. Bot. 2401; V. communis* g. Ach. Syn. 131.
On the bark of trees in Conset Park, D. In East Common Wood near Hexham, in Felton Woods, and at the foot of Cheviot, N.

4. V. globulifera.

Ach. Syn. 130; Lichen globuliferus, Eng. Bot. 2008; Turner, in Linn. Tr. ix. 139, t. 10, f. 2.
On trees and rocks, N. and D.
Probably not a good species.

5. V. amara.

Ach. Syn. 131; Berwick Flora, ii. 101; Lichen fagineus, Eng. Bot. 1713.
On the bark of trees, common.

6. V. lactea.

Ach. Meth. 132; Eng. Bot. 2410; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 46.
On Basaltic rocks near Middleton-in-Teesdale, D. On the Crags near Shewing Shields, and at the foot of Cheviot, N.

7. V. grisco-virens.

Eng. Bot. 2400.
On the bark of the Cherry, Birch, &c.

65. URCEOLARIA.

1. U. Acharii.

Ach. Syn. 137; Lichen Acharii, Eng. Bot 1087;
β cyrtapsis.
On stones in Bolt's Hope Bourn, also in the Derwent, in the Tees and rivulets in Teesdale, D. In Horsleyhope Bourn, D. — Mr. J. Thornhill. On rocks in the Coquet at Rothbury, and in Wooler Water, N.

2. U. gibbosa.

Ach. Syn. 139 . U. fimbriata, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 48; Lichen fibrosus, Eng. Bot. 1732.
On Quartz pebbles, in the Millstone Grit near Eglestone, and on the Weardale Moors, D. On Shaftoe Crags near Wallington, and at Roadley, N.

3. U. cinerea.

Ach. Syn. 140; Lichen cinerens, Eng. Bot. 1751.
On stones near Eglestone, and on Limestone rocks near Boldon and Cleadon, D.

4. U. scruposa.

Ach. Syn. 142; Lichen scruposus, Eng. Bot. 266.
Upon earth on the tops of stone walls near Eglestone, and on rocks in Harewood Forest, between Widdy Bank and Cauldron Snout, D,

5. U. calcarea.

Ach. Syn. 143; β U. Hoffmanni, Lichen Hoffmanni, Eng. Bot. 1940.
On the Magnesian Limestone near Boldon, Whitburn, and Castle Eden, and on the Encrinal Limestone in Teesdale and Weardale, D.

6. U. epulotica.

Ach. in Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 48.
On Limestone rocks near Middleton-in-Teesdale, D. — Rev. J. Harriman. In Boltshope Bourn, D.
A doubtful species.

66. LECANORA.

1. L. atra.

Ach. Syn. 146; Berwick Flora, ii. 83; Lichen ater, Eng. Bot. 949; Lightfoot, 813.
On rocks, stones, and the bark of trees, frequent.

2. L. coarctata.

Ach. Syn. 149; Lichen coarctatus, Eng. Bot. 534; Parmelia elacista, Ach. Meth. 159, t. 4, f. 4.
On Sandstone upon Gateshead Fell, and about Eglestone and Gainford, D. In Heaton Dene, and near Gosforth, N.

3. L. periclea.

Ach. Syn. 150; Lichen pinicola, Eng. Bot. 1851; L. pericleus, Eng. Bot. 1850.
On fir trees near Gainford, and in Newton-cap Wood near Bishop Auckland, also near Ryton, D. In Fenham Woods, N.

4. L. exigua.

Lichen exiguus, Eng. Bot. 1849.
On tiles on the roofs of houses in and about Gainford, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

5. L. privigna.

L. milvina β, Ach. Syn. 151; Lecidea privigna, Ach. Syn. 49; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 34; Lichen simplex, Eng. Bot. t. 2152, the upper figure.
On Sandstone rocks and walls near Gainford, and on Gateshead Fell, D. In Heaton Dene, and near Jesmond, N.
By no means rare in the north.

6. L. milvina.

Ach. Syn. 151; Eng. Bot. t. 2662, f. 1; Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 410; Fl. Suec. 805.
On Sandstone rocks in Teesdale, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

7. L. sophodes.

Ach. Syn. 153; Lichen sophodes, Eng. Bot. 1791.
On trees in Newton-cap Wood near Bishop Auckland, D. In Felton Woods, N.

8. L. badia.

Ach. Syn. 154; Lichen piceus, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iv. t. 12, f. 5; Lecidea picea, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 34.
On Basalt near Eglestone, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

9. L. aipospola.

Ach. Syn. 155; Eng. Bot. t. 2662, f. 2; Lichen aipospolus, Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 409, t. 27, f. 2; Fl. Suec. 805.
On Basaltic rocks at Holy Island, N. At Bamborough, and on the Staples, N. — Mr. W. Robertson.

10. L. spodophoea.

Ach. Syn. 155; Eng. Bot. 2662, f. 3; Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 409; Fl. Sue. 805.
On Basaltic rocks at Holy Island, N. At Bamborough,and on the Staples, N. — Mr. W. Robertson.
To me this appears to be a variety of the preceding species.

11. L. subfusca.

Ach. Syn. 157; Berwick Flora, ii. 83; Lichen subfuscus, Eng. Bot. 2109.
On rocks and the bark of trees, common.

12. L. punctata.

Lichen punctatus, Eng. Bot. 450; Parmelia ostracoderma, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 49.
On Limestone rocks near Eglestone, and on Sandstone rocks upon Gateshead Fell, D. In Heaton Dene, N.

13. L. ventosa.

Ach. Syn. 159; Berwick Flora, ii. 84; Lichen ventosus, Eng. Bot. 906.
On Basaltic rocks in Teesdale Forest, also in Weardale, D. In Allendale, and on the west side of the Roman Station at Shewing-shields, also on Cheviot, and Hedgehope, N.

14. L. chloroleuca.

Ach. Syn. 160; Lichen chloroleucus, Eng. Bot. 1373; Parmelia chloroleuca, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 52.
On moss upon the Magnesian Limestone on Fulwell Hills, also on the Encrinal Limestone near Middleton-in-Teesdale, and between Widdy Bank and Cauldron Snout, D.

15. L. varia.

Ach. Syn. 161; Eng. Bot. 1666.
On old gate posts, rails, &c. common.

16. L. rubricosa.

Ach. Syn. 162; Lichen caesio-rufus, Eng. Bot. 1040; Parmelia craspedia, Ach. Meth. 172; Lecidea cinereo-fusca, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 39.
On walls near Wycliffe. — Rev. J. Harriman.

17. L. glaucoma.

Ach. Syn. 165; Lichen Glaucoma, Eng. Bot. 2156.
On rocks and stones in sub-alpine situations.

18. L. diacapsis.

Lichen diacapsis, Eng. Bot. 1954; Parmelia diacapsis, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 51.
On stones between Barnardcastle and Early Banks, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

19. L. angulosa.

Ach. Syn. 166; Parmelia angulosa, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 51.
On the bark of trees in Teesdale, D.

20. L. Hageni.

Ach. Syn. 167; Parmelia Hageni, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 51.
On the bark of trees in Teesdale, D.

21. L. parella.

Ach. Syn. 169; Berwick Flora, ii. 84; Lichen parellus, Eng. Bot. 727. On rocks, stones, and the bark of trees in sub-alpine situations, not rare, N. and D. On the Fern Islands, N.

22. L. tartarea.

Ach. Syn. 172; Berwick Flora, ii. 84; Lichen tartareus, Eng. Bot. 156.
β Lichen Turneri, Eng. Bot. 857.
γ L. frigidus, Eng. Bot. 1879.
On rocks and the branches of trees in subalpine situations, N. and D.

23. L. cerina.

Ach. Syn. 173; Lichen cerinus, Eng. Bot. 627.
β stillicidiorum, Ach.
On trees in woods on the Derwent, and near Healeyfield, also about Gainford, D. β on the thatched roof of a house at Eglestone, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

24. L. vitellina.

Ach. Syn. 174; L. citrina, Berwick Flora, ii. 85; Lichen vitellinus, Eng. Bot. 1792.
On old gate posts, pales, &c., not rare.

25. L. salicina.

Ach. Syn. 175; Lichen salicinus, Eng. Bot. 1305.
On trees at Cocken, and in Castle Eden and Dalton Denes, also by the Derwent near Gibside and Hamsterley, and in Teesdale, D. Near Hexham and Chollerford, N. On walls near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

26. L. rubra.

Ach. Syn. 177; Lichen ulmi, Eng. Bot. 2218.
Near Greta Bridge. — Mr. Borrer in Eng. Bot.

27. L. Haematomma.

Ach. Syn. 178; Hook, Fl. Scot. ii. 49; L. Stonei, Ach. Syn. 172; Lichen Haematomma, Eng. Bot. 486; L. coccineus, Eng. Bot. 223.
On Gunnerton Crags near Barwesford, also on rocks near Heddon-on-the-Wall, and at Harlow Hill, N. On the walls of Muggleswick Park, and on Basaltic rocks and old trees near the High Force, and at Winch Bridge in Teesdale, also on walls near Eglestone, D.

28. L. epigea.

Ach. Syn. 179; Lichen candicans, Eng. Bot. 1778; Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iii. 15, t. 9, f. 5.
On Limestone rocks on Boldon and Cleadon Hills, D. On Gunnerton Crags near Barwesford, N.

29. L. saxicola.

Ach. Syn. 180; Lichen saxicola, Eng. Bot. 1695.
On Gunnerton Crags near Barwesford, and on rocks near Warden Mill, also on rocks at Carham and Wark by the Tweed, N. On walls and stones near Urpeth, at Cawsey Hall, also near Eglestone and Gainford, D.

30. L. murorum.

Ach. Syn. 181; Berwick Flora, ii. 85; Lichen murorum, Eng. Bot. 2157.
On old walls near Gainford, D. On the Limestone rocks on the coast of Durham, and on Basaltic and Sandstone rocks on the coast of Northumberland, abundant.

31. L. miniata.

Ach. Syn. 182; Parmelia miniata, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 54.
On Gainford church, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

32. L. elegans.

Ach. Syn. 182; Lichen elegans, Eng. Bot. 2181.
On calcareous stones in Teesdale Forest, and on rocks near Whitburn and Sunderland, D., rare.

33. L. circinata.

Ach. Syn. 184; Lichen circinatus, Eng. Bot. 1941.
On Encrinal Limestone rocks near the New Bridge below Barnardcastle, D.

34. L. gelida.

Ach. Syn. 186; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 50; Lichen Heclae, Fl. Dan. t. 270, f. 2; L. gelidus, Eng. Bot. 699.
In fructification on Basaltic rocks at Winch Bridge and the Cauldron Snout, also in Charnberry near Eglestone, and in Teesdale Forest, D. In Holwick, and on Cronkley Fell, Teesdale. — Rev. J. Harriman.

35. L. crenulata.

Lecidea crenulata, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 40; Lichen crenulatus, Dick, Crypt. Fasc. iii. 14, t. 9, f. 1; Eng. Bot. 930; L. galactina β dispersa, Ach. Syn. 187.
On the Magnesian Limestone rocks at Castle Eden, Fulwell, Boldon, and Cleadon, also on the Encrinal Limestone, by Middleton Beck, and near Barnardcastle, D. On Limestone by the Tweed at Carham and Wark, N.

36. L. anthracina.

Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 39; Berwick Flora, ii. 89; Lichen byssinus, Eng. Bot. t. 432. On Red Sandstone rocks at Hudshead, south of Berwick, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.
Probably only a variety of the preceding species.

35. L. squamulosa.

Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 50; Lichen squamulosus, Eng. Bot. 2011; Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iv. 22, t. 12, f. 5; Parmelia squamulosa, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 53; L. cervina, Ach. Syn. 188.
On Sandstone rocks upon Muggleswick Fell, and on Basalt near Eglestone, D.

36. L. crassa.

Ach. Syn. 190; Lichen cartilaginus, Lightfoot, 815 L. crassus, Eng. Bot. 1893.
On a rock called the Marble Stone near Middleton-in-Teesdale, D.

37. L. virella.

Ach. Syn. 191; Lichen virellus, Eng. Bot. 1696.
On stone walls near Gainford and Saltwellside, and in the west of the county of Durham, common. Near Ovingham and Hexham, N.

38. L. candelaria.

Ach. Syn. 192; Lichen candelarius, Eng. Bot. 1794; L. concolor, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iii. 18, t. 9, f. 8.
On trees and stones, frequent.

39. L. hypnorum.

Ach. Syn. 193; L. lepidora, Lich. Univ. 418; Lichen hypnorum, Eng. Bot. 740.
On earth and moss upon stones in Hag Crag Wood, and about Eglestone and Middleton, also in Teesdale Forest, D. On Gunnerton Crags near Barwesford, and at Shewing shields, also on Cheviot, N.

40. L. carnosa.

Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 51; Lichen carnosus, Eng. Bot. 1684; Dick. Crypt. Fasc. ii. 21, t. 6, f. 7; L. muscorum, Ach. Syn. 193; Lecidea carnosa, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 41.
On stones in Hag Crag Wood in Teesdale Forest, D.

41. L. microphylla.

Lecidea microphylla, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 41; Lichen microphyllus, Eng. Bot. 2128.
On stones near Eglestone, D., but extremely scarce. — Rev. J. Harriman.

42. L. brunnea.

Ach. Syn. 193; Lichen brunneus, Eng. Bot. 1246; L. pczizoides, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. i. 10, t. 11, f. 4.
On the south bank of the Derwent above Blanchland, N. In Howns Wood near Lanchester, and in Teesdale Forest, D.

67. PARMELIA.

1. P. glomulifera.

Ach. Syn. 195; Lichen glomuliferus, Lightfoot, 853; Eng. Bot. 293.
On the bark of old trees in Hishope and Horsleyhope Denes, D. In East Common Wood near Hexham, N. In the neighbourhood of Romaldkirk. — Rev. J. Harriman.

2. P. caperata.

Ach. Syn. 196; Lichen caperatus, Eng. Bot. 654.
On rocks near Heddon-on-the-Wall, and at West Dipton near Hexham, N. In the vicinity of Romaldkirk. — Rev. J. Harriman.

3. P. scortea.

Ach. Syn. 197; Lichen, scorteus, Eng. Bot. 2065.
On trees, and the thatched roof of the house at Foggerforth near Eglestone, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

4. P. herbacea.

Ach. Syn. 198; Lichen herbaceus, Hudson, 544; L. laete-virens, Eng. Bot. 294.
On trees in Horsleyhope and Hishope Denes, also on stones and trees in Shipley Wood near Eglestone, D. In Irehope Dene, Weardale, D. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. In woods near Healy Field, D.— Mr. R. Waugh and Mr. J. Thornhill.

5. P. olivacea.

Ach. Syn. 200; Berwick Flora, ii. 79; Lichen olivaceus, Eng. Bot. 2180.
On the bark of trees, common.

6. P. parietma.

Ach. Syn. 200; Berwick Flora, ii. 80; Lichen parietinus, Eng. Bot. 194.
On trees, walls, and stones, common.

7. P. plumbea.

Ach. Syn. 202; Lichen plumbeus, Eng. Bot. 353; Lightfoot, 826, t. 26.
On trees near Healy-field, and Middleton-in-Teesdale, also on trees and stones in woods near Eglestone, D.

8. P. rubiginosa.

Ach. Syn. 202; P. affinis, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 56; Lichen affinis, Eng. Bot. 983.
On trees in Charnberry and Eglestone Woods, D.

9. P. omphalodes.

Ach. Syn. 203; Berwick Flora, ii. 82; Lichen omphalodes, Eng. Bot. 604.
On rocks and stones upon moors, in sub-alpine situations, D. and N.

10. P. saxitilis.

Ach. Syn. 203; Berwick Flora, ii. 81; Lichen saxatilis, Eng. Bot. 603.
On rocks, stones, and trees, in sub-alpine situations.

11. P. fahlunensis.

Ach. Syn. 204; Lichen fahlunensis, Eng. Bot. 653.
On stones and rocks upon the moors in Teesdale and Weardale, also near Butsfield and Horsleyhope, D. On Cheviot, N.

12. P. stygia.

Ach. Syn. 204; Lichen stygeus, Eng. Bot. 2048.
Upon stones on moors near Butsfield, D.

13. P. aquila.

Ach. Syn. 205; Berwick Flora, ii. 80; Lichen aquilus, Eng. Bot. 982; L. pullus, Lightfoot, 825.
On Basaltic rocks at the Heugh on Holy Island, and on the Fern Islands, N. On Sandstone rocks at Hartley Bates, N. — Mr. J. Thornhill. On rocks at Hudshead, N.— Dr. G. Johnston.

14. P. recurva.

Ach. Syn. 206; Lichen incurvus, Eng. Bot. 1375; L. multifidus, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iii. 16, t. 9, f. 7.
On Sandstone rocks, on Beamish Moor, and Eglestone Fell, D. Upon Porphyry on Hedgehope and Cheviot, N.

15. P. conspersa.

Ach. Syn. 209; Benwick Flora, ii. 82; Lichen conspersus, Eng. Bot. 2097.
On rocks and stone walls near Middleton-in-Teesdale, D. On the banks of North Tyne near Warden Mill, D. =====16. P. pulverulenta.===== Ach. Syn. 214; Berwick Flora, ii. 81; Lichen pulverulentus, Eng. Bot. 2063.
On the bark of trees, not rare.

17. P. stellaris.

Ach. Syn. 216; Berwick Flora, ii. 81; Lichen stellaris, Eng. Bot. 1697.
On trees in Ravensworth and Cawsey Woods, D. At West Dipton near Hexham, and in Oak Wood near Wylam, N.

18. P. caesia.

Ach. Syn. 216; Lichen caesius, Eng. Bot. 1052; Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iii. 17.
On tiles upon the roofs of houses in and about Gainford, and upon rocks at Fawdon Slate, D. On the Crags at West Dipton near Hexham, N.

19. P. cycloselis.

Ach. Syn. 216; Lichen cycloselis, Eng. Bot. 1942.
Upon the branches of old Apple trees, N. and D.

20. P. physodes.

Ach. Syn. 218; Berwick Flora, ii. 82; Lichen physodes, Eng. Bot. 126.
γ platyphylla.
α. On trees and stones, common. In fructification on the stems of Heath upon Gateshead Fell, D.
γ On trees by Waskerley Bourn, and on the walls of Wolsingham Park, D.

68. BORRERA.

1. B. ciliaris.

Ach. Syn. 221; Berwick Flora, ii. 79; Lichen ciliaris, Eng. Bot. 1352.
On trees in woods, not rare.

2. B. tenella.

Ach. Syn. 221; Berwick Flora, ii. 79; Lichen tenellus, Eng. Bot. 1351; L. ciliaris ,β Hudson, 538.
β leptalea, Parmelia leptalea, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 55.
α. Upon trees, particularly the Black Thorn, and on Basaltic rocks at Holy Island, N. β on stones near Gainford, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

3. B. furfuracea.

Ach. Syn. 222; Berwick Flora, ii. 79; Lichen furfuraceus, Eng. Bot. 984.
On the walls of Conset and Waskerley Park, and in the neighbourhood of Eglestone, also at Water Gate near Healy Field, D. Near Harbottle, and on Cheviot, Hedgehope, and Simonside, N. In Chillingham Park, and near Rawse Castle, N. —Dr. G. Johnston.

69. CETRARIA.

1. C. juniperina, β pinastri.

Ach. Syn. 226; Lichen pinastri, Eng. Bot. 2111; L. juniperinus, Lightfoot, 836.
On the juniper near the High Force, on the south side of the Tees. — Rev. J. Harriman.
Never found in fructification.

2. C. glauca.

Ach. Syn. 227; Berwick Flora, ii. 77; Lichen glaucus, Eng. Bot. 1606; Lightfoot, 838.
On rocks and stones among moss in Sub-alpine situations, N. and D. Near Heddon-on-the-Wall, N.

3. C. islandica.

Ach. Syn. 229; Berwick Flora, ii. 76; Lichen islandicus, Eng. Bot. 1330.
On Gateshead, Whickham, and Muggleswick Fells, also on the moors in Teesdale and Weardale, D. On Cheviot, Hedgehope, Simonside, and the Wallington Moors, N. On Murton Crags, and the moors west of Belford, N.—Thompson's Berwick Plants.

70. STRICTA.

1. S. pulmonacea.

Ach. Syn. 233; Berwick Flora, 75; Lichen pulmonarius, Eng. Bot. 572; Lightfoot, 831.
On trees near Unthank and Rothbury, also at the foot of Cheviot above Langley Ford, N. On trees and rocks at Blackston Bank Wood near Wolsingham, also near Eglestone and Middleton-in-Teesdale, D. On trees between Healey Field and Allansford, D.— Mr. J. Thornhill.

2. S. scrobiculata.

Ach. Syn. 234; Berwick Flora, ii. 275; Lichen scrobiculatus, Eng. Bot. 497; Lightfoot, 850; L. verrucosus, Hudson, 545.
At the foot of Cheviot above Langley Ford, N. On rocks at Rawse Castle above Chillingham, and in woods above Renton Inn, N. — Dr. G. Johnston. On trees and stones in Shipley Wood near Eglestone, also near the High Force, Teesdale, and on the banks of Waskerley Bourn, near Wolsingham, D.

3. S. linibata.

Ach. Syn. 236; Lichen limbatus, Eng. Bot. 1104; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 59.
On rocks among moss near Eglestone, D. At the foot of Cheviot above Langley Ford, N.

4. S. sylvatica.

Ach. Syn. 236; Lichen sylvaticus, Eng. Bot. 2298; Lightfoot, 848.
On rocks among moss in Cawsey, Eglestone, and Blackstone Bank Woods, D. At the foot of Cheviot above Langley Ford, and in East Common Wood, N.

71. PELTIDEA.

1. P. horizontalis.

Ach. Syn. 238; Lichen horizontalis, Eng. Bot. 888; Lightfoot, 849.
On Gunnerton Crags, and at the foot of Cheviot above Langley Ford, N. On stones among moss in Hag-crag Wood in Teesdale Forest, and in the neighbourhood of Healy Field, D.

2. P. apthosa.

Ach. Syn. 238; Lichen apthosus, Eng. Bot. 1119; Lightfoot, 847.
At the foot of Cheviot above Langley Ford, and on Gunnerton Crags, also on rocks at Shewing Shields, where it was noticed by Wallis, N. On stones among moss in Hag-crag Wood in Teesdale Forest, D. In Holwick. — Rev. J. Harriman.

3. P. canina.

Ach. Svn. 239; Berwick Flora, ii. 73; Lichen caninus, Eng. Bot. 2299.
On earth and stones, common.

4. P. rufescens.

Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 61; Berwick Flora, ii. 74; Lichen rufescens, Eng. Bot. 2300; Peltidea canina γ crispa, Ach. Syn. 329.
On Gunnerton Crags near Barwesford, and at Shewing-shields, N. In Teesdale, and the neighbourhood of Healey Field, D. =====5. P. polydactyla.===== Ach. Syn. 240; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 61; Lichen caninus γ, Lightfoot, 846.
On the earth among moss in woods near Eglestone, and on the banks of the Derwent near Gibside, D.

6. P. spuria.

Ach. Meth. 283, t. 5, f. 2; Berwick Flora, ii. 74;
P. canina, Ach. Syn. 239; Lichen spurius, Eng. Bot. 1542.
On the sea banks at Hudshead, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.
Acharius appears now to consider P. spuria not even a variety of P. canina. P. rufescens, of Smith, is his variety γ, and probably P. polydactyla might be enumerated as another variety. Lightfoot at least considered it as such.

72. NEPHROMA.

1. N. resupinata.

Ach. Syn. 241; Berwick Flora, ii. 75; Lichen resupinatus, Eng. Bot. 305; Peltidea resupinata, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 62.
On stones among moss at Healey Field, Beamish, Urpeth, and in Cawsey Wood, also in woods near Eglestone, D. At the foot of Cheviot above Langley Ford, and in Dilston Park and East Common Wood, N.

73. EVERNEA.

1. E. prunastri.

Ach. Syn. 245; Berwick Flora, ii. 89; Lichen prunastri, Eng. Bot. 859.
On trees, common. In fructification in Gibside Woods, D. At Wallington, N. — Miss Emma Trevelyan.

74. CENOMYCE.

1. C. papillaria.

Ach. Syn. 248; Baeomyces papillaria, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 64; Lichen papillaria, Eng. Bot. 907.
Upon moors near Ravensworth, Butsfield, the Woodlands, and Eglestone, D. On Cheviot, Hedgehope, and the Wallington Moors, N.

2. C. caespititia.

Ach. Syn. 249; Lichen caespititius, Eng. Bot. 1796.
On earth upon a stone wall in Heaton Dene above Hadrick's Mill, N.

3. C. alcicomis.

Ach. Syn. 250; Lichen alcicornis, Eng. Bot. 1392; Lightfoot, 872.
On moors and mountains, N. and D.

4. C. cervicornis.

Ach. Syn. 251; Lichen cervicornis, Eng. Bot. 2574; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 62.
On moors and mountains, N. and D. Near the Roman aqueduct at Butsfield, D.

5. C. pixidata.

Ach Syn. 252; Berwick Flora, ii. 97; Lichen pixidatus, Eng. Bot. 1393.
In denes and on moors, common.

6. C. Pocillum.

Ach. Syn. 253; Baeomyces Pocillum, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 65.
Upon Cronkley Fell in Teesdale. — Rev. J. Harriman.

7. C. fimbriata.

Ach. Syn. 254; Berwick Flora, ii. 97; Lichen fimbriatus, Eng. Bot. 2438.
β L. cornutus, Eng. Bot. 1836.
γ L. radiatus, Eng. Bot. 1835.
On earth in mountainous situations, N. and D.

8. C. gonorega, β anomaea.

Ach. Syn. 258; Lichen anomaeus, Eng. Bot. 1867.
On high moors, N. and D.

9. C. ecmocyna, α. gracilis.

Ach. Syn. 261; Berwick Flora, ii. 96; Lichen gracilis, Eng. Bot. 1284. β hybrida, Ach. Syn. 262.
On sub-alpine moors, N. and D.

10. C. bacillaris.

Ach. Syn. 266; Lichen filiformis, Eng. Bot. 2028; L. tubiformis, Lightfoot, 871.
In sub-alpine denes and on moors, N. and D.

11. C. digitala.

Ach. Syn. 267; Berwick Flora, ii. 96; Lichen digitals, Eng. Bot. 2439; Lightfoot, 874.
On moors, frequent.

12. C. deformis.

Ach. Syn. 268; Lichen deformis, Eng. Bot. 1394; Lightfoot, 876.
In sub-alpine denes and on moors, N. and D.

13. C. coccifera.

Ach. Syn. 269; Berwick Flora, ii. 96; Lichen cocciferus, Eng. Bot. 2051.
β L. cornucopioides, Lightfoot, 868.
α and β On moors and heaths, frequent.

14. C. bellidiflora.

Ach. Syn. 270; Berwick Flora, ii. 96; Lichen bellidiflorus, Eng. Bot. 1894.
At Prestwick Carr, on Hexham and Dilston Fells, and on Cheviot, N. On the Teesdale and Weardale Moors, D.
Probably a variety of C. coccifera.

15. C. cenotea.

Ach. Syn. 271; Baeomyces cenoteus, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 65; Ach. Hist. 345, t. 7, f. 7.
On the moors near Edmondbyers, D.

16. C. sparassa.

Ach. Syn. 273; Lichen sparassus, Eng. Bot. 2362; L. ventricosus, Lightfoot, 275.
In sub-alpine denes, N. and D.

17. C. delicata.

Ach. Syn. 274; Lichen delicatus, Eng. Bot. 2052.
On moors near Lanchester, D. In Dilston Park and on Cheviot, N.

18. C. racemosa.

Ach. Syn. 275; Lichen spinosus, Lightfoot, 882; Hudson, 459; Baeomyces spinosus, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 66.
On walls near Lanchester, D. On Hexham and Dilston Fells, N.

19. C. furcata.

Ach. Syn. 276; Lichen farcatus, Hudson, 458.
β subulata. Baeomyces subulata, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 66.
α and β On moors near Eglestone, and in the vicinity of the Roman aqueduct at Butsfield, D. On Hexham and Dilston Fell.', N.

20. C. uncialis.

Ach. Syn. 276; Berwick Flora, ii. 95; Lichen uncialis, Eng. Bot. 174.
β udunca, Dill. Muse. t. 16, f. 21, A. B.
α. On heaths, common. β on Cheviot and the Teesdale Moors, N. and D. =====21. C. rangeferina.===== Ach. Syn. 277; Berwick Flora, ii. 93; Lichen rangeferinus, Eng. Bot. 173.
δ pungens.
α On moors and heaths, abundant. δ on Hexham and Dilston Fells, N.

75. BAEOMYCES.

1. B. roseus.

Ach. Syn. 280; Lichen ericetorum, Eng. Bot. 372; Lightfoot, 809.
On earth, in mountainous situations.

2. B. rufus.

Ach. Syn. 280; Berwick Elora, ii. 98; Lichen rufus, Hudson, 527; B. rupestris, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 64; Lichen Byssoides, Eng. Bot. 372; Lightfoot, 809.
On earth and stones in denes and on moors, N. and D. In Scotswood and Heaton Denes, and on the Roman station at Caervoran, N. In Twizell Dene, N.— Mrs. Selby.

3. B. placophyllus.

Ach. Syn. 281; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 64.
On the moors about Eglestone, D., rare. — Rev. J. Harriman.

76. ISIDIUM.

1. I. corallinum.

Ach. Syn. 281; Berwick Flora, ii. 98; Lichen corallinus, Eng. Bot. 1541.
β dealbatum, Variolaria dealbata, Eng. Bot. 2519.
α On rocks and stones in mountainous situations, N. and D. On the Roman wall at House-steads, N. On Murton Crags, N. — Dr. G. Johnston, β on the Teesdale Moors, D.

2. I. Westringii.

Ach. Syn. 282; Lichen Westringii, Eng. Bot. 2204; Dicks. Cryp. Fasc. iv. 20.
On stone walls in Teesdale Forest, and in Weardale, D. In Allendale, and on the Roman wall at Housesteads, N. In Holwick. — Rev. J. Harriman.

3. I. microsticticum.

Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 66; Lichen microsticticus, Eng. Bot. 2243; L. punctatus, Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. iii. 15.
On walls in Teesdale Forest, D.

4. I. phymatodes.

Ach. Syn. 282; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 47.
In Newton-cap Wood, and in the Bishop's park at Bishop Auckland, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

77. STEREOCAULON.

1. S. paschale.

Ach. Syn. 284; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 66; Lichen paschale, Eng. Bot. 282.
On rocks and stones in sub-alpine situations.

2. S. condyloideum.

Ach. Syn. 285.
On the Roman wall at House-steads, N. In the north-west of the county of Durham.— Mr. John Thornhill.

3. S. cereolinum.

Ach. Syn. 285; S. Cereolus, Eng. Bot. t. 2667; Lichen Vulcani, Bory, Voy. ii. 147.
On Basaltic rocks and stones near Eglestone, D. — Rev. John Harriman. On the Roman Wall at Walltown, and east of Housesteads, N.

4. S. namum.

Ach. Syn. 285.
On rocks and stones in Teesdale Forest, D. — Rev. John Harriman.

78. SPHAEROPHORON.

1. S. coralloides.

Ach. Syn. 287; Berwick Flora, ii. 97; Lichen globiferus, Eng. Bot. 115; Lightfoot, 887.
On the Teesdale and Weardale Moors, D. On Cheviot, Simonside, Hedgehope, and on the Roman wall at House-steads, also on Gunnerton Crags, and near Harbottle and Heddon-on-the-Wall, N.

2. S. fragile.

Ach. Syn. 287; Berwick Flora, ii. 97; Lichen fragilis, Lightfoot, 888; Eng. Bot. 2474.
On Cheviot, Hedgehope, Simonside, and the Harbottle Moors, N. On the Weardale and Teesdale Moors, D.
Probably a variety of S. globiferus.

3. S. compressum.

Ach. Syn. 287; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 67; Lichen fragilis, Eng. Bot. 114.
On rocks at Eglestone, Knitsley, and Muggleswick, D. On Shaftoe Crags, Harbottle Moor, and Gunnerton Crags near Barwesford, also on Cheviot, Hedgehope, and Simonside, N.

79. ALECTORA.

1. A. jubata.

Ach. Syn. 291; Berwick Flora, ii. 92; Lichen jubatus, Lightfoot, 891; Eng. Bot. 1880; Parmelia jubata, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 60.
β chalybeiformis.
α On Gunnerton Crags and rocks at Harlow Hill, near Rothbury, on Cheviot and Simonside, also at Shewing-shields, where it was observed by Wallis, N. On Murton Crags, at Rawse Castle and Hepburn Hill near Chillingham, N. — Dr. G. Johnston. Upon the common heath, and on rocks and trees near Eglestone, D. β on trees in Charnberry near Eglestone, D. α on Gateshead Fell, D. —Mr. J. Thornhill.

80. RAMALINA.

1. R. polymorpha.

Ach. Syn. 295; Parmelia polymorpha, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 60.
On rocks and stones in the neighbourhood of Eglestone, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

2. R. fraxinea.

Ach. Syn. 296; Berwick Flora, ii. 90; Lichen fraxineus, Eng. Bot. 1781.
On trees, common.

3. R. fastigiata.

Ach. Syn. 296; Berwick Flora, ii. 91; Lichen fastigiatus, Eng. Bot. 890.
On trees and pales, frequent.

4. R. scopulorum.

Ach. Syn. 297; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 68; Gr. Fl. Eds. 348; Berwick Flora, ii. 90; Lichen scopulorum, Eng. Bot. 688; β siliquosus, With. iv. 40. On rocks near the sea coast at Newbiggen, Dunstanborough, and Bamborough Castles, on the Heugh and St. Cuthbert's Island, Holy Island, also on the Staples and Fern Islands, N. At Hudshead — Dr. G. Johnston. On Hartley Bates, N — Mr. J. Thornhill. & on the top of a wall in Lune — Rev. J. Harriman.

5. R. farinacea.

Ach. Syn. 297; Berwick Flora, ii. 91; Lichen farinaceus, Eng. Bot. 889.
On trees, common.

6. R. pollinaria.

Ach. Syn. 298; Lichen pollinarius, Eng. Bot. 1607; Parmelia pollinaria, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 60.
On old pales and rocks in Teesdale, D — Rev. J. Harriman.

81. CORNICULARIA.

1. C. tristis.

Ach. Syn. 299; Berwick Flora, ii. 92; Lichen trislis, Eng. Bot. 720; L. corniculatus, Lightfoot, 855.
On Cheviot, Hedgehope, and Simonside, N. On rocks near Blackton not far from Eglestone, also in in the neighbourhood of Middleton-in-Teesdale, D. On Cronkley Fell, D Rev. J. Hariman.

2. C. aculeata.

Ach. Syn. 299; β spadicca, Berwick Flora, ii. 91; Lichen hispidus, Eng. Bot. 452; Lightfoot, 883; δ muricata, L. muricatus, Swartz. Nov. Act. Ups. v. 248.
On Simonside and at Prestwick Carr, N. On Gateshead and Ravensworth Fells, D. In sub-alpine situations, not rare, D. and N.

3. C. ochroleuca.

Ach. Syn. 301; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 69; Lichen ochroleucus, Eng. Bot. 2374.
On Eglestone Moors, D., rare. — Rev. J. Harriman.

4. C. lanata.

Ach. Syn. 302; Lichen lanatus, Eng. Bot. 846; Lightfoot, 892.
On stones upon the Teesdale Moors, D. On Cheviot, Simonside, and Hedgehope, N.

82. USNEA.

1. U. florida.

Ach. Syn. 304; Lichen floridus, Eng. Bot. 872; β L. hirtus, Eng. Bot. 1356; Usnea plicata β, Ach. Syn. 305.
In fructification in Gibside Woods, D. On trees in woods, not rare, N. and D.

2. U. plicata.

Ach. Syn. 305; U. hirta, Berwick Flora, ii. 93; Lichen plicatus, Eng. Bot. 257; Lightfoot, 889.
Upon trees on the banks of Waskerley Bourn near Wolsingham, D.

83. COLLEMA.

1. C. nigrum.

Ach. Syn. 308; Berwick Flora, ii. 78; Lichen niger, Eng. Bot. 1161; Lecidea nigra, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 41.
Upon rocks on Cleadon and Boldon Hills, on Gateshead Fell, and near Eglestone, D. In Scotswood and Heaton Uenes, and near Heddon-on-the-Wall, N. In the Quarry at Hudshead, N.; and near the Old Castle, Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

2. C. crispum.

Ach. Syn. 311; Berwick Flora, ii. 77; Lichen crispus, Eng. Bot. 834; β cristatum, Ach. Syn. 312.
α and β On the ground in the neighbourhood of Eglestone; β on Cleadon and Boldon Hills, D. Near Berwick, and in Dilston Park, also near Ridley Hall, N.

3. C. meloenum.

Ach. Syn. 315; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 59; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 71; Berwick Flora, ii. 78.
On stones about Eglestone, D. On Sandstone walls near Berwick, N Dr. G. Johnston.

4. C. fasciculare.

Ach. Syn. 317; Lichen fascicularis, Eng. Bot. 1162; Lightfoot, 841.
On Calcareous stones near Middleton-in-Teesdale, and Wyclitfe, D. On stone walls near Hexham, N.

5. C. saturinum.

Ach. Meth. 320; Lichen saturinus, Eng. Bot. 1980; Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. ii. 21, t. 6, f. 8.
On trees in Horsley Hope Dene, and on trees and stones near Eglestone, D. On stones near Hexham, and above Langley Ford at the foot of Cheviot, N.

6. C. flaccidum.

Ach. Syn. 322; Lichen flaccidus, Eng. Bot. 1653; L. rupestris, Swartz. Nor. Act. Ups. iv. 249.
On stones in a rivulet in Holwick. — Rev. J. Harriman. On rocks in Wooler Water above Langley Ford, N.

7. C. tunaerforme.

Ach. Syn. 322; Parmelia tunarformis, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 58.
On Limestone rocks about Eglestone and Middleton-in-Teesdale. — Rev. J. Harriman. Near Wycliffe, D.

8. C. fureum.

Ach. Syn. 323; Lichen granulatus, Eng. Bot. 1757.
On trees in the neighbourhood of Eglestone, D. — Rev. J. Harriman. In East Common Wood and Dilston Park, N.

9. C. scotinum.

Ach. Syn. 323; β sinuatum, Lichen sinuatus, Eng. Bot. 772; Parmelia scotina, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 58.
α and β On the ground and on stones about Eglestone, D.— Rev. J. Harriman. In Dilston Park, N.

10. C. lacerum.

Ach. Syn. 327; Lichen laccr, Eng. Bot. 1982; L. tremelloides, Lightfoot, 842.
Among moss in Cocken, Cawsey, the Howns, Gibside, and Ravensworth Woods, and on Lanchester and Cronkley Fells, D. In Dilston Park and above Langley Ford, also in the Felton Woods, N.

11. C. muscicola.

Ach. Syn. 328; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 72; Lichen muscicola, Eng. Bot. 2264.
On Cheviot and Simonside, N. Upon the Hag Crag in Teesdale Forest, D. Near Muggleswick, D. —Mr. J. Thornhill.

12. C. spongiosum.

Ach. Syn. 329; Lichen spongiosis, Eng. Bot. 1374; Parmelia spongiosa, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 53. On Lanchester Fell upon earth, D. On Eglestone and Teesdale Moors, and near the Smelt Mill in Harewood, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

84. LEPRARIA.

1. L. chlorina.

Ach. Syn. 329; Eng. Bot. 2038.
On rocks and old walls.

2. L. flava.

Ach. Syn. 330; Eng. Bot. 1350; Berwick Flora, ii. 103; Byssus candelarius, Lightfoot, 1005.
On trees and old pales, common.

3. L. Jolithus.

Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 73; Eng. Bot. 2471; L. rubens, Ach. Meth. 6.
On rocks and trees in Teesdale, and in woods on the Derwent, also in Cawsey Wood, D. In East Common Wood near Hexham, N.
Not rare in sub-alpine situations. It has the scent of violets, but faint.

4. L. aeruginosa.

Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 73; Eng. Bot. 2182; Conferva pulveria, Dillwyn, p. 78.
On old stone walls in damp places.

5. L. latebrarum.

Ach. Syn. 331; Eng. Bot. 2147; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 73; Berwick Flora, ii. 103.
On rocks in shady situations, and in caverns.

6. L. nigra.

Eng. Bot. 2409; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 73.
On old oak posts, pales, &c.

7. L.? alba.

Eng. Bot. 1349; Byssus lactea, Hudson, 669; Berwick Flora, ii. 104.
Upon mosses and the bark of trees, frequent.

8. L. lutescens.

Eng. Bot. 1529; Ach. Meth. 5.
On the bark of old trees, common.

9. L. ochracea.

Eng. Bot. 2408.
On the bark of trees in woods.

10. L. virescens.

Eng. Bot. 2149.
On the bark of trees in woods, particularly Elms, not rare.

---

HYPOXYLA.

85. RHIZOMORPHA.

1. R. subcorticalis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 354; Ach. Syn. 288; Berwick Flora, ii. 143; Persoon, Syn. 704; R. patens, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 111; Sowerby, t. 392, f. 1, 2.
Between the wood and bark of Fir andother trees not rare; in Bradley Wood, at Cleadon, and near Eglestone, D. In Scotswood, Walbottle, and Heaton Denes, also near Wallington, N.

2. R. divergens.

Gr. Crypt, t. 154; Berwick Flora, ii. 143; Clavaria phosphorea, Sowerby, t. 100.?
Between the wood and bark of Fir trees, not rare.

3. R. farinacea.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 354.
On decayed stumps of trees in Heaton and Scotswood Denes, N. In Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, D.

4. R. sctiformis.

Persoon, Syn. 705; Berwick Flora, ii. 143; Hypoxylon loculiferum, Bull. 195, f. 1, A. B.; Sphaeria hypotrichoides, Sowerby, t. 200; Dill. 76, t. 13, f. A. B.
On dead wood and leaves, also in cellars.

5. R. spinosa.

Ach. Syn. 288; Sowerby, t. 299; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 110.
On timber in the Weardale, Allendale, and Nenthead Lead Mines, D. and N. In the Charnberry Lead Mine, Teesdale, D.— Rev. J. Harriman.

6. R. dichotoma.

Ach. Syn. 289; Sowerby, t. 298; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 110.
On timber in the Weardale and Derwent Lead Mines, D. In the Charnberry Lead Mine in Teesdale, D. — Rev. J. Harriman. In the Nenthead and Allenheads Lead Mines, N.

7. R. Harrimanni.

Sowerby, t. 431,f. 1.
In the lead mines of Northumberland and Durham, growing on timber beginning to decay.

86. SPHAERIA.

1. S. hypoxylon.

Persoon, Syn. 5; Sowerby, t. 55; Berwick Flora, ii. 117; Bolton, t. 129, b, c, i, e, f; Xylaria hypoxylon, Gr. Fl. Eds. 355.
β S. cupressiformis, Persoon, Syn. 5; Clavaria cupressiformis, With. iv. 441; Bolton, 129, g.
α and β On the stumps of decayed trees and gateposts, common.

2. S. digitata.

Persoon, Syn. 6; Xylaria digitata, Gr. Fl. Eds. 355.
On the stumps of trees in a state of decay, N. and D.

3. S. polymorpha.

Gr. Crypt, t. 237; Persoon, Syn. 7; S. digitata, Sowerby, t. 69; Bolton, t. 129, h; Xylaria polymorpha, Gr. Fl. Eds. 355.
On the rotten stumps of trees, frequent.

4. S. concentrica.

Bolt. t. 180; Persoon, Syn. 8, t. 1, f. 34; S. fraxinea, Sowerby, t. 160; With. iv. 467; Hypoxylon concentricum, Gr. Crypt, t. 324, f. 1.
On the trunks of trees, frequent.

5. S. fragiformis.

Gr. Syn. 24; Persoon, Syn. 9, t. 1, f. 1, 2; Berwick Flora, ii. 121; S. lycoperdoides, With. iv. 466; Lycoperdon variolosum, Sowerby, t. 271; Stromatosphaeria fragiformis, var. laevis, Gr. Crypt. t. 136.
On dead branches of the Beach, &c.

6. S. elliptica.

Gr. Syn. 23; Stromatosphaeria elliptica, Gr. Fl. Eds. 357; Crypt, t. 114.
On the branches of the Birch in a state of decay.

7. S. granulosa.

Sowerby, t. 355; Persoon, Syn. 11; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 109; Hypoxylon granulosum, Bull. t. 487, f. 2.
On the bark of the Birch, common.

8. S. mammosa.

With. iv. 466; Purton, t. 22; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 108; Fl. Dan. 1079.
In East Common Wood and Dilston Park on the bark of dead trees, N. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson.

9. S. rugosa.

With. iv. 467; Purton, iii. 487; Bolton, 1. 123, f.3.
In East Common Wood and Dilston Park, N.

10. S. spermoides.

Persoon, Syn. 75; Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt, t. 6; Berwick Flora, ii. 125; S. aggregata, With. iv. 469; S. bombardica, Bolton, t. 122, f. 2; Sowerby, t. 372, f. 4.
On stumps of Ash trees in a state of decay, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

11. S. gelatinosa.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 385; Berwick Flora, ii. 121; S. pallida, Persoon, Syn. 12.
On dead branches of trees in the plantation at Murton Crags, near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

12. S.fusca.

Persoon, Syn. 12; Berwick Flora, ii. 121; S. tuberculosa, Bolton, 123, £ 1; Sowerby, 374, f. 8; With. iv. 467; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 108.
On dead sticks in Heaton and Walbottle Denes, N. In Ravensworth and Gibside, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

13. S. rebesia.

Persoon, Syn. 14; Berwick Flora, ii. 123.
On the Red Currant, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

14. S. punctata.

Sowerby, t. 54; S. Poronia, Persoon, 15; S. truncata, Bolton, 127, £ 2; With. iv. 414; Bull. t. 252; Hypoxylon punctatum, Gr. Crypt, t. 327.
On old hot-beds and dung-hills, rare.

15. S. deustum.

Persoon, Syn. 16; S. maxima, Bolton, t. 181; Sowerby, t. 338; With. iv. 467; Hypoxylon deustum, Gr. Crypt, t. 324, f. 2.
On the trunks of trees, not rare.

16. S. citrina.

Gr. Syn. 23; Crypt, t. 215; Persoon, Syn. 18; S. ochracca, Persoon, Syn. 18.
On rotten wood and bark, not rare.

17. S. Purtoni.

Gr. Syn. 23; Cucurbitaria Pinastri, Crypt, t. 50.
On the branches of Fir trees, not rare.

18. S. prunastri.

Persoon, Syn. 37; Berwick Flora, 123; Stromatosphoeria prunastri, Gr. Fl. Eds. 358.
On the dead branches of the Sloe.

19. S. elongata.

Gr. Syn. 22; Cucurbitaria elongata, Crypt, t. 195.
On the branches of the common Furze, frequent.

20. S. cinnabarina.

Gr. Syn. 23; Berwick Flora, ii. 123; S. decolorans, Persoon, Syn. 49; S. fragiformis. With. iv. 465; Cucurbitaria cinnabarina, Gr. Crypt, t. 135.
On the dead branches of trees, very common, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

21. S. moriformis.

Persoon, Syn. 86; Gr. Fl. Eds. 364; Berwick Flora, 125; S. claviformis, Sowerby, t. 337.
On dead Fir wood at Benwell, Gilsland, and East Common Wood, N. In Gibside Woods and at Lanchester, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

22. S. phaecomes.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 404; Berwick Flora, 130; Cryptosphaeria capillata, Gr. Fl. Eds. 362; Crypt. t. 69.
On the dead leaves of grasses. Near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

23. S. trichella.

Berwick Flora, 130; Vermicularia trichella, Gr. Crypt, t. 345; S. phaecomes, var. Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 404.
On dead Ivy leaves. — Dr. G. Johnston.

24. S. Empetri.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 403; Berwick Flora, ii. 130; Hypoderma sphaeroides, Lam. and De Cand. v. 165.
On the dead leaves of Empetrum nigrum on the moors of N. and D.

25. S. Stigma.

Gr. Syn. 23; Persoon, Syn. 21; Berwick Flora, ii. 117; With. iv. 470; S. decorticata, Sowerby, t. 137; Stromatosphaeria Stigma, Gr. Crypt. t. 223, f. 2.
On the dead branches of trees, common, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

26. S. undulata.

Gr. Syn. 23; Persoon, Syn. 21; Berwick Flora, ii. 118; Stromatospharia undulata, Gr. Fl. Eds. 356; Crypt. 223, fr. 1.
On the dead branches of trees, not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

27. S. disciformis.

Gr. Syn. 23; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 5; Persoon, Syn. 24; Berwick Flora, ii. 121; Stromatosphaeria disciformis, Gr. Crypt. 314; Gr. Fl. Eds. 357.
On the dead branches of the Beach and other trees, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

27. S. typhina.

Gr. Syn. 24; Persoon, Syn. 29; Berwick Flora, ii. 120; S. spiculifera, Sowerby, t. 274; Stromatosphaeria typhina, Gr. Crypt, t. 204.
On the culms of living grasses, not rare. About Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

28. S. flavo-virens.

Persoon, Syn. 22; Berwick Flora, ii. 118; Stromatosphaeria multiceps, Gr. Fl. Eds. 356; S. flavo-virens, Crypt, t. 320; Syn. 23; Sphaeria multiceps, Sowerby, t, 394, f. 8.
On the dead branches of trees, common, N. and D. West Ord, N.— Dr. G. Johnston.

30. S. oblonga.

Sowerby, t. 374, f. 7; Berwick Flora, ii. 121.
In the neighbourhood of Newcastle, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

31. S. quercina.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 389; Berwick Flora, ii. 119.
On Oak-branches, N. and D. Near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

32. S. rosella.

Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt, t. 138.
On rotten wood and dead leaves, not rare.

33. S. atro-purpurea.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 389; Berwick Flora, ii. 118; Bot. Gall. ii. 681.
On rotten wood near Berwick, rare. — Dr. G. Johnston.

34. S. lata.

Persoon, Syn. 29; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 388; Berwick Flora, ii. 118; Gr. Fl. Eds. 357. On decorticated wood near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. Near Newcastle, not rare, N. and D.

35. S. myriocarpa.

Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt, t. 152. f. 1.
On posts and wood beginning to decay.

36. S. Coryli.

Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt, t. 330; Berwick Flora, ii. 128.
On the leaves of the Hazel.

37. S. rubens.

Berwick Flora, ii. 128.
On the leaves of the Rowan tree, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

38. S. stellulata.

Berwick Flora, ii. 122; Bot. Gall. ii. 686.
On dead branches of the Elm near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

39. S. Hederae.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 430; Berwick Flora, ii. 130.
On the leaves of the Ivy, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

40. S. pulchella.

Gr. Syn. 23; Cryptosphaeria pulchella, Crypt. 67.
On the dead branches of the Cherry and Birch.

41. S. Pinastri.

Gr. Syn. 21; S. Taxi, Sowerby, t. 394, f. 6; Cryptosphaeria Taxi, Gr. Crypt, t. 13.
On the dead leaves of the Yew and Silver Fir.

42. S. millepunctata.

Gr. Syn. 21; Berwick Flora, ii. 124; Cryptosphaeria millepunctata, Gr. Crypt, t. 201.
On the dead branches of the Ash, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

43. S. multicapsula.

Purton, ii. 716, f. 8.
On decayed wood at Ravensworth, D. Near Benwell and Hexham, N.

44. S. Graminis.

Persoon, Syn. 30; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 391; Berwick Flora, ii. 119.
On dead Carices and Grasses, frequent, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

45. S. nebulosa.

Persoon, Syn. 31; Berwick Flora, ii. 127; Cryptosphaeria nebulosa, Gr. Fl. Eds. 362.
On the dead stems of the Hemlock, frequent. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

46. S. longissima.

Persoon, Syn. 31; Berwick Flora, ii. 127.
On the dead stems of the Chaerophyllum sylvestre, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

47. S. Angelica.

Berwick Flora, ii. 129; S. punctiformis, var. Angelicaria, Lam. and De Cand. iv. 145.
On the leaves of Angelica sylvestris, N. and D.

48. S. Junci.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 391; Berwick Flora, ii. 119.
On Rushes near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

49. S. aurea.

Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt, t. 47.
On Fungi in a state of decay, N. and D. At Wallington, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

50. S. convergens.

Persoon, Syn. 46; Sowerby, t. 374, f. 6; Berwick Flora, ii. 122.
Near Berwick, not rare. — Dr. G. Johnston.

51. S. culmifraga.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 403; Berwick Flora, ii. 127.
On dead leaves of Arundo arenaria, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

52. S. filicina.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 391; Berwick Flora, ii. 119; S. Pteridis, Sowerby, t. 394, f. 10.
On Pteris aquilina, common in autumn, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

53. S. seatina.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 403; Berwick Flora, ii. 129.
On the dead leaves of the Bramble and Hawthorn near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston.

54. S. nivea.

With. iv. 464; Sowerby, t. 219; Persoon, Syn. 38.
On branches of trees, frequent.

55. S. leucostoma.

Persoon, Syn. 39; Berwick Flora, ii. 122.
On the branches of the Hawthorn, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

56. S. coronata.

With. iv. 468; Purton, iii. 489; Rehlan, Ed. 2, No. 1387; S. convergens, Persoon, Syn. 46; Sowerby, t. 374, f. 6.
On decayed branches of trees in East Common Wood and Dilston Park, N. In Long Acre and Gibside Woods, D.

57. S. faginea.

Persoon, Syn. 44; Berwick Flora, ii. 120; S. perforata, Sowerby, 372, f. 2; Cryptosphaeria faginea, Gr. Fl. Eds. 359.
On Beach trees near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

58. S. ambicus.

Persoon, Syn. 44; Berwick Flora, ii. 122.
On the bark of the Hawthorn near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

59. S. Laburni.

Persoon, Syn. 50; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 395; Berwick Flora, ii. 123.
Near Berwick, on the branches of the Laburnum. — Dr. G. Johnston. In Falla's Nursery near Gateshead, D.

60. S. episphaeria.

Gr. Crypt, t. 175; Persoon, Syn. 57; Lam. and De Cand. v. 142; Berwick Flora, ii. 126.
Near Berwick, frequent. — Dr. G. Johnston. Upon dead Hypoxyla, in woods near Newcastle.

61. S. verrucosa.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 364; Crypt. t. 39; Berwick Flora, 125.
Parasitic, on Polyporus abietinus, near Berwick Dr. G. Johnston.

62. S. tubaeformis.

Gr. Syn. 21; Crypt, t. 335, f. 1; Persoon, Syn. 60.
On the dead leaves of trees.

63. S. Gnomon.

Gr. Syn. 21; Crypt. t. 335, f. 2; Persoon, Syn. 61; Sowerby, t. 373, f. 6.
On the dead leaves of the Hazel.

64. S. acuta.

Gr. Syn. 21; Sowerby, t. 119; With. iv. 468; Persoon, Syn. 62; Berwick Flora, ii. 126; Cryptosphaeria acuta, Gr. Crypt, t. 239, f. 1.
On dead stems of herbaceous plants, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

65. S. setacea.

Persoon, Syn. 62; Berwick Flora, ii. 128.
On the dead leaves of the Birch and Sycamore, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

66. S. Peziza.

Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt, t. 186, f 2; Peziza hydrophora, Bull. t. 410, f. 2; Lycoperdon hydrophorum, Sowerby, t. 23.
On rotten wood, not rare.

67. S. aguila.

Bot. Gall. ii. 697; Berwick Flora, ii. 124; S. Byssiseda, Lam. and De Cand. ii. 295; Persoon, Syn. 67.
On the bark of trees in Ravensworth Woods, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

68. S. aurantia.

Gr. Syn. 22; Persoon, Syn. 68; Cryptosphaeria aurantia, Gr. Crypt, t. 78.
On decaying Fungi.

69. S. tomentosa..

Rehlan, 2nd Ed., No. 1382; With. iv. 464; Purton, iii. 287; S. ovina, Persoon, Syn. 71; S. obducta, Bolton, 125.
On decayed branches of trees in Scotswood Dene, N. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson.

70. S. calva.

Persoon, Syn. 74; Gr. Fl. Eds. 364; Berwick Flora, ii. 128.
On dead stalks of Senecio Jacobaea near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston.

71. S. Patella.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 863; Persoon, Syn. 76; Berwick Flora, ii. 126; Heterosphaeria Patella, Gr. Crypt, t. 103.
On the dead stems of Umbelliferous plants, frequent. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

72. S. conigera.

Bot. Gall. ii. 705; Berwick Flora, ii. 126; S. strobilina, Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 8.
On the dead cones of Pinus Abies, not rare.

73. S. Doliolum.

Gr. Syn. 21; Persoon, Syn. 78; Berwick Flora, ii. 127; Cryptosphaeria Doliolum, Gr. Crypt, t. 239, f. 2.
On the dead stems of Umbelliferous plants, N. and D. On the stems of Angelica sylvestris. Near Berwick Dr. G. Johnston.

74. S. Herbarum.

Persoon, Syn. 78; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 7; Berwick Flora, ii. 127; Cryptosphaeria Herbarum, Gr. Fl. Eds. 361.
On the dead stalks of Umbelliferous plants, common. N. and D.

75. S. sanguinea.

Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt, t. 175, f. 1; Persoon, Syn, 81; Berwick Flora, ii. 125; Bolton, t. 121, f. 1; With. iv. 464; Sowerby, t. 254; Hypoxylon phoeniceum, Bull. t. 487, f. 3.
On the branches of trees, not rare, N. and D.

76. S. Tiliae.

Persoon, Syn. 84; Berwick Flora, ii. 124.
On dead twigs of the Sycamore in the plantations at New-water Haugh near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

77. S. concava.

Sowerby, t. 317; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 109.
On dead leaves of the Holly, frequent, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

78. S. Pulvis-pyrius.

Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt, t. 152, f. 2; Berwick Flora, ii. 125; Persoon, Syn. 86.
On dead wood, common. On Hazel Dr. G.Johnston.

79. S. Aegopodii.

Persoon, Syn. 89; Berwick Flora, ii. 129; Cryptosphaeria, Gr. Fl. Eds. 362.
On the leaves of Aegopodium Podagraria near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

80. S. punctiformis.

Persoon, Syn. 90; Berwick Flora, ii. 130.
On dead Sycamore leaves near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

81. S. maculiformis.

Persoon, Syn. 90; Berwick Flora, ii. 129.
On Oak, Chesnut, Beach, and other leaves in a state of decay, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

82. S. lichenoides.

Berwick Flora, ii. 131; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 299, and iv. 147; Xyloma lichenoides, Lam. and De Cand. ii. 304.
On leaves of the Ash and Sycamore near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

87. DOTHIDEA.

1. D. Ulmi.

Gr. Svn. 20; Fries, iv. t. 200, f. 1; Berwick Flora, ii. 132.
On dead leaves of the Elm, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. D. betulina.

Gr. Syn. 20; Fries, iv. t. 200, f. 2.
On the leaves of the Birch.

3. D. Robertiani.

Gr. Syn. 20; Crypt, t. 146, f. 1; Berwick Flora, ii. 132.
On the leaves of the Geranium Robertianum. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. D. alnea.

Gr. Syn. 20; Crypt, t. 146, f. 2; Berwick Flora, ii. 133; Xyloma alneum, Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 9.
On the leaves of the Alder, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

5. D. Heraclei.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 417; Berwick Flora, ii. 133.
On the leaves of Heracleum Sphondylium near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

6. D. Alchemillae.

Berwick Flora, ii. 133; Asteroma Alchemillae, Gr. Fl. Eds. 369.
On the leaves of the Lady's Mantle, frequent.

88. POLYSTIGMA.

1. P. rubrum.

Gr. Syn. 21; Crypt, t. 120; Xyloma rubrum, Berwick Flora, ii. 139; Persoon, Syn. 105; Purton, t. 33.
On the upper side of the leaves of the Sloe. ====89. HYSTERIUM.====

1. H. quercinum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 366, f. 1; Persoon, Syn. 100; Berwick Flora, ii. 135.
On dead Oak branches, N. and D.

2. H. pulicare.

Gr. Syn. 18; Fl. Eds. 366; Crypt. t. 167, f. 1; Berwick Flora, ii. 136; Lichen scriptus β, Lightfoot, 801.
On the wood of dead trees, not rare, N. and D. On the dead stems of Vaccinium Myrtillus near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. H. varium.

Gr. Syn. 1 8; Crypt, t. 233.
On Oak trees, not rare.

4. H. lineare.

Gr. Syn. 18; Crypt, t. 167, f. 2; Berwick Flora, ii. 135.
On the dead wood of trees, not rare.

5. H. Fraxini.

Gr. Syn. 18; Crypt, t. 72; Persoon, Syn. 100; Berwick Flora, ii. 136; Sphaeria sulcata, Bolton, t. 124; Sowerby, t. 315; With. iv. 469.
On the branches of the Ash, common, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

6. H. Rubi.

Gr. Syn. 18; Crypt, t. 24; Persoon, Syn. 100.
On the stems of the Bramble.

7. H. Pinastri.

Persoon, Syn. xxviii; Gr. Crypt, t. 60; Fl. Eds. 367; Berwick Flora, ii. 136.
On the leaves of Pinus sylvestris, common.

8. H. Juniperini.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 367; Crypt, t. 26; Berwick Flora, ii. 136; H. Pinastri β, Gr. Syn. 18.
On the dead leaves of the Juuiper, frequent.

9. H. melaleucum.

Gr. Syn. 18; Crypt, t. 88.
On the dead leaves of the Red Whortle-berry, on the edges of the moors.

10. H. conigerum.

Persoon, Syn. 102; Berwick Flora, ii. 136; Sphaeria strobilina, Spreng. Syst. Veg. v. 405.
On the cones of Pinus Abies, N. and D. Near Berwick — Dr. G. Johnston.

11. H. culmigerum.

Gr. Syn. 18; H. gramineum, Crypt, t. 87; Fl. Eds. 367; Berwick Flora, ii. 136.
On dead stems and leaves of grasses, common.

12. H. maculare.

Gr. Syn. 18; Crypt, t. 129, f. 2.
On the dead leaves of trees.

13. H. foliicolum.

Gr. Syn. 18; β Hederae, Fries, iii. t. 129, f. 1.
On the dead leaves of the Ivy.

90. PHACIDIUM.

1. P. Vaccinii.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 411; Berwick Flora, ii. 134.
On the decayed leaves of Vaccinium Myrtillus near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. P. repandum.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 411; Berwick Flora, ii. 134; Xyloma herbarum, Lam. and De Cand. iv. 161.
On the living leaves of Sherardia arvensis. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. P. coronatum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 366; Crypt, t. 52; Berwick Flora, ii. 133; Xyloma Pezizoides, Persoon, Syn. 105; Peziza comitialis, Sowerbv, t. 118; P. viridis, Bolton, t. 109, f. 1.
On dead leaves of the Beach and Oak, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

91. RHYSTISMA.

1. R. acerinum.

Gr. Syn. 19; Berwick Flora, ii. 135; Xyloma acerinum, Persoon, Syn. 104; Gr. Crypt, t. 118, f. 1; Mucor granulosus, Bull. t. 504, f. 13.
On the leaves of the Sycamore, common, N. and D.

2. R. salicinum.

Gr. Syn. 19; Berwick Flora, ii. 134; Xyloma salicinum, Persoon, Syn. 106; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 304; Gr. Crypt, t. 118, f. 2.
On the leaves of Salix capraea near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

92. STILBOSPHORA.

1. S. biloculata.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 366; Berwick Flora, ii. 192.
On the Furze. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. S. microsperma.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 366; Persoon, Syn. 96; Berwick Flora, ii. 192.
On dead branches of the Willow. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. S. conglomerata.

Berwick Flora, ii. 192; Melanconium conglomeratum, Bot. Gall. ii. 884; Link, in Willd. vi. 2, 92.
On branches of the Willow. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. S. betulina.

Berwick Flora, ii. 192; Didymosporum betulinum, Gr. Fl. Eds. 366.
On dead branches of Beach and Willow. — Dr. G. Johnston.

93. EXCIPULA.

1. E. Rubi.

Gr. Syn. 18; Crypt, t. 334.
On the dead stems of the Raspberry.

94. CYTISPORA.

1. C. leucosperma.

Gr. Syn. 17; Naemaspora Rosarum, Fries, i. t. 20
On the dead branches of Briars, not rare.

95. SEPTORIA.

1. S. Ulmi.

Gr. Syn. 17; Crypt. t. 112; Berwick Flora, ii. 192.
On the inferior surface of Elm leaves. — Dr. G. Johnston.

96. CEUTHOSPORA.

1. C phacidioides.

Gr. Syn. 17; Crypt, t. 253; Berwick Flora, ii. 141; Sphaeria bifrons, Sowerby, t. 316.
On the dead leaves of the Holly, not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. C. Lauri.

Gr. Syn. 17; Crypt, t. 254; Spharia Lauri, Sowerby, t. 371, f. 4.
On the dead leaves of Laurus nobilis, not rare. =====3. C. phaecomes.===== Gr. Syn. 17; Crytosphaeria capillata, Crypt, t. 69.
On the dead leaves of Holcus mollis.

97. ACTINOTHYRIUM.

1. A. Graminis.

Gr. Syn. 16; Crypt, t. 218.
On the leaves and stems of grasses, — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

98. PHOMA.

1. P. salignum.

Bot. Gall. ii. 726; Xyloma salignum, Persoon, Syn. 106; Gr. Fl. Eds. 368; Berwick Flora, ii. 139.
On the leaves of Salix capraea and S. aurita, in a state of decay.

99. XYLOMA.

1. X. concavum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 368; Berwick Flora, ii. 139; Sphaeria concava, Sowerby, t. 317; Eustegia Ilicis, Bot. Gall. ii. 717. On dead Holly leaves.

2. X. Geranii.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 368; Berwick Flora, ii. 140.
On the leaves of Geranium sylvaticum and G. pratense.

3. X. Rosae.

Bot. Gall. ii. 876; Berwick Flora, ii. 140.
On the branches of native Roses.

4. X. Spiraeae.

Berwick Flora, ii. 140; Septostroma Spiraeae, Bot. Gall. ii. 726.
On dead stalks of the Meadow Sweet.

---

FUNGI.

100. AMANITA.

1. A. muscaria.

Gr. Crypt, t. 54; Agaricus muscarius, Berwick Flora, ii. 169; With. iv. 234; Sowerby, t. 286; A. nobilis, Bolton, t. 46.
In East Common Wood near Hexham, at Roadley near Cambo, and Wooler, N. On the borders of woods in the county of Durham, not rare.

101. AGARICUS.

1. A. ramealis.

With. iv. 201; Berwick Flora, ii. 173; Persoon, Syn. 375; Bull. t. 336; A. candidus, Bolton, t. 39, D.
On dead sticks in woods, frequent.

2. A. eburneus.

With. iv. 201; Gr. Fl. Eds. 371; Berwick Flora, ii. 163; A. nitens, With. iv. 203; Sowerby, t. 71; and A. cossus, 121.
In meadows, pastures, and on lawns, frequent.

3. A. virgincus.

Gr. Cypt. t. 166; Persoon, Syn. 456; Sowerbv, t. 32; A. niveus, With. iv. 291; A. ericeus, Bull. t. 188.
In the same places as the last, of which it appears to be a variety.

4. A. giganteus.

With. iv. 202; Sowerby, t. 244; Gr. Fl. Eds. 375.
In woods near Lamesley, D. In East Common Wood and meadows near Wylam and Bywell, N.

5. A. cyathiformis.

With. iv. 202; Berwick Flora, ii. 163; Bull. t. 248, A. B.; A. umbilicatus, Bolton, t. 17; A. sordidus, With. iv. 252; Dick. Crypt. Fasc. i. t. 3, f. 1; Bolton, t. 59; A. tardus, Persoon, Syn. 461.
In woods and denes near Newcastle. In Howns and Bradley Woods, D.

6. A. gilvus.

Persoon, Syn. 448; Gr. Crypt, t. 41; A. pilcolarius. Bull. t. 400; Sowerby, t. 61; A. cascus, With. iv. 205; A. mollis, Bolton, t. 40; A. cyathiformis, Fl. Dan. t. 1011; A. infundibuliformis, Purton, iii. 393.
In Heaton, Scotswood, and Walbottle Denes, also in East Common Wood, N. In Gibside and Bradley Woods, D.

7. A. risigallinus.

Batsch. t. 62; A. pustillaris, With. iv. 204. Near Medomsley, D.

8. A. tigrinus.

With. iv. 205; Persoon, Syn. 458; Bull. t. 70; Sowerby, t. 68.
On stumps of trees in Heaton and Scotswood Denes, also in East Common Wood, N. Near Saltwellside, Gibside, and at Healey-field, D.

9. A. Listeri.

With. iv. 206; Sowerby, t. 245; Berwick Flora, ii. 164; A. plumbeus, Persoon, Syn. 435; Gr. Fl. Eds. 374.
In Ravensworth, Gibside, and Hamsterley Woods, also near Medomsley, D. In Scotswood Dene, and among the cairn of stones at Heddon Laws, N.

10. A. fragrans.

With. iv. 208; Sowerby, t. 10; Persoon, Syn. 455.
Near Saltwellside and Marley Hill, D. In pastures at Benwell and Fenham, N.

11. A. radicatus.

With. iv. 275; Sowerby, t. 48; Gr. Crypt, t. 217; A. longipes. Bull. t. 232 and 515; A. umbraculum, With. iv. 209; Batsch. f. 4.
On the stumps of trees at Medomsley and Gibside, D. Near Benwell and Denton, also in Felton Woods, N.

12. A. viscidus.

Persoon, Syn. 291; A. glutinosus, Schaeff. t. 36, 1, 2, 3, 4; Sowerby, t. 7; A. velatus, With. iv. 211.
Near Heworth, Gibside, and Medomsley, D. On Newcastle Town Moor, and near Fenham and Jesmond, N.

13. A. lamicinus.

With. iv. 211; Schaeff. 36, 5, 6, 7.
Near Medomsley and Kibblesworth, D.
Probably a variety of the last.

14. A. melleus.

Fl. Dan. t. 1013; Bolton, t. 141; Gr. Crypt. 332; With. iv. 314? A. Polymyces, Persoon, Syn. 269; A. stipitis, Sowerby, t. 101; With. iv. 241; Berwick Flora, ii. 169; A. cumulatus, With. iv. 212; A. congregates, Bolton, t. 140; A. annulatus, Bull. t. 377 and 540, f. 3; A. obscurus, Schaeff. t. 74; A. fusco-pallidus, Bolton, t. 136; A. laricinus, Bolton, t. 19; With. iv. 243.
In Heaton and Scotswood Denes, N. On stumps of trees near Saltwellside, Whickham, Bradley, and in Muggleswick Park, D.

15. A. aureus.

With. iv. 213; Bull. t. 92; Sowerby, 77; A. rheoides. With. iv. 267; A. rhabarbarinus, Persoon, Syn. 271.
On stumps of trees in Horsley Wood, N.

16. A. odorus.

With. iv. 214; Persoon, Syn. 323; Bull. t. 176 and 556, f. 3; Sowerbv, t. 42; Gr. Crypt, t. 28; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 175.
On decayed leaves in Scotswood and Horsley Wood, also near Kirkwhelpington, in East Common Wood near Hexham, and at Spring Gardens near Newcastle, N. Near Medomsley, and at Cramer Dykes near Gateshead, D.

17. A. castanens.

With. iv. 214; Persoon, Syn. 298; Bull. t. 268; A. cinnamomeus, Bolton, t. 22.
In plantations near Medomsley, Gibside, and Lamesley, D. On shady hedge banks near Benwell and Fenham, N.

18. A. subdulcis.

Persoon, Svn. 433; Gr. Fl. Eds. 374; A. lactifluus. With. iv. 216; Sowerby, t. 204.
In woods near Newcastle, frequent.

19. A. pilosus.

With. iv. 217; Sowerby, t. 164; Hudson, 622; A. Hudsoni, Persoon, Syn. 390; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 104; A. villosus, Bolton, t. 42, the 2d. var. of With. α On the dead leaves of the Holly in Gibside, Ravensworth, and Hilton Woods, D. 2d var. β, in Waskerley Dene, D. In East Common and Horsley Woods, N.

20. A. laccatus.

Gr. Crypt. 249; Berwick Flora, ii. 176; Schaeff. t. 13; A. farinaeus, Bolton, t. 64; With. iv. 292; A. amethysteus, Bull. t. 570, f. 1, and t. 198; Persoon. Syn. 465; A. amethystinus, Bolton, t. 63; With. iv. 229; Sowerby, 187; A. livido-purpuraceus, With. iv. 320; A. rosellus, With. iv. 218.
In East Common and Horsley Woods, and near Blanchland, Scotswood, Benwell, and Fenham, N. In woods at Lambton and Lumley Castle, also at Medomsley and Bradley, D. Near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston.

21. A. deliciosus.

With. iv. 219; Sowerby, t. 202; Persoon, Syn. 432; Schaeff. t. 11; Berwick Flora, ii. 167.
In pastures near Gateshead, Medomsley, Hamsterley, and Chester-le-Street, D. Near Fenham, Benwell, and Felton, N.

22. A. rutilans.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 371; Berwick Flora, ii. 168; A. Xerampelinus, Sowerby, t. 131; Purton, iii. 210.
In Fir plantations at the Woodlands near Lanchester, D.

23. A. torminosus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 373; Sowerby, t. 103; Persoon, Syn. 430; A. piperatus, With. iv. 221; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 20.
On the borders of woods and denes, N. and D.

24. A. Celicioides.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 373; Berwick Flora, ii. 165; A. necator, 2d variety, With. iv. 227.
In Ravensworth and Gibside Woods, also in Horsley Hope and Waskerley Denes, D.

25. A. piperatus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 375; Persoon, Syn. 429; With. iv. 221.
In fields, and on the borders of woods.

26. A. camphoratus.

Bull. t. 567, f 1; A. lactifluns, Bolton, t. 3; Lightfoot, 1012; A. dulcis, With. iv. 222.
In Bradley, Ravensworth, and Lumley Wood, D.

27. A, pratensis.

Gr. Crypt, t. 91; Berwick Flora, ii. 164; A. ericeus, With. iv. 222; A. fulvus, With. iv. 228; A. claviformis, With. iv. 224; A. ficoides, Bull. t. 587, f. 1; A. miniatus, Sowerby, t. 141; Schaeff. t. 313; A.fulvosus, Bolton, t. 56.
In meadows and pastures, not rare, N. and D.

28. A. flaccidus.

Sowerby, t. 185; Berwick Flora, ii. 164.
On walls near Wardrew and House-steads, N.

29. A. acris.

With. iv. 224; Bolton, t. 60; A. rubescens, Schtefi. t. 73.
In Bradley, Ravensworth, and Lumley Woods, D. In Dilston Park and Oakwood, N.

30. A. fibula.

With. iv. 225; Bull. t. 186 and 550, f. 1; A. parvus, Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 22.
In meadows, pastures, and on the borders of woods, and in Long-acre and Bradley Woods, D. Near Scotswood and Benwell, N.

31. A. muralis.

Sowerby, t. 322; Gr. Fl. Eds. 384.
Among moss upon walls near Gateshead Turnpike Gate, and on the Fell, D. Near Benwell and Fenham, N.

32. A. ericetorum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 384; Persoon, Syn. 472.
On the moors, not rare, N. and D.

33. A. adustus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 372; With. iv. 225; Persoon, Syn. 459; Schhaeff. t. 71, 72; A. nigricans, Bull. t. 212, 237, f. 2 and 579.
β elephantinus, Sowerby, t. 36.
α and β In woods near Newcastle, but not common.

34. A. involutus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 389; Persoon, Syn. 448; A. contiguus, Sowerby, t. 98; With. iv. 226.
In woods, and on turf upon the tops of stone fences.

35. A. graveolens.

With. iv. 230; Purton, iii. 206; Berwick Flora, ii. 166.
In old pastures, and by hedges.

36. A. aestivus.

With. iv. 231.
Near Medomsley, D.— Mr. J. Thornhill.

37. A. elephantinus.

With. iv. 232; Sowerby, t. 36; Berwick Flora, ii. 165.
In Gibside and Hounds Woods, D. In Gilsland Woods, N. =====38. A. opacus.===== With. iv. 232; Sowerby, t. 142.
In Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, D. In Benwell Dene and Fenham Woods, N.

39. A. furfurosus.

With. iv. 233.
Near Medomsley, and in Long-acre Woods, D.

40. A. crassipes.

With. iv. 233; Sowerby, t. 129.
β A. clasticus, With. iv. 239; A. crassipes, Schaeff. 87, upper fig. f, g.
α In Lumley Woods, D. β in East Common Wood, and Dilston Park, N.

41. A. terreus.

With. iv. 237; Sowerby, 76; Berwick Flora, ii. 170; Schaeff. 64, 1, 2, 3.
In lanes and plantations, not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

42. A. leucocephalus.

With. iv. 238; Bull. t. 536 ?
Near Medomsley, D. In pastures near Benwell, N.

43. A. gracilis.

With. iv. 239.
In East Common Wood and Heaton Dene, N.

44. A. cyathoides.

Bolton, t. 145; With. iv. 244; Persoon, Syn. 460.
In Heaton Wood and Scotswood Dene, N.

45. A. zonarius.

With. iv. 244; Sowerby, 203; A. lactifluus zonarius, Bull. t. 104; A. fuscus, Schaeff. t. 235.
In Ravensworth, Bradley, and Howns Woods, also in Horsley Hope and Waskerley Denes, D. In Heaton Dene and near Gosforth, also in Felton Woods, N.

46. A. nitidus.

Persoon, Syn. 444; Gr. Fl. Eds. 372; A. integer, Berwick Flora, ii. 166; With. iv. 245; A. nauseosus, Persoon, Syn. 446, and A. vitellinus, 442.
In East Common Wood near Hexham, and in Henton Dene, N. In Bradley Wood, and near Pont Bourn, D.

47. A. emeticus.

Persoon, Syn. 439; Gr. Fl. Eds. 372; A. integer, Sowerby, t. 201; A. ochroleucus, Persoon, Syn. 443.
In most denes and woods, N. and D.

48. A. granulosus.

Gr. Crypt, t. 104; A. ochraceus. Bull. t. 362, 530, f. 3; A. croceus. With. iv. 248; Sowerby, t. 19; Bolton, t. 51, f. 2?
In woods and plantations, among moss, N. and D.

49. A. ulmarius.

Persoon, Syn. 473; Sowerby, t. 67 and 384, f. 2; Bull. t. 510 and 513, f. 1; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 85.
Among moss on the sides of Elms near Medomsley, D. Near Fenham and Gosforth, N.

50. A. dealbatus.

Sowerby, t. 123; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 55.
On the moors near Bolyhope Lead-mill, D. Near Barwesford, N.

51. A. parasiticus.

Bull. t. 574, f. 2; Persoon, Syn. 371; A. umbratus. With. iv. 253.
On Fungi in a state of decay in Bradley and Ravensworth Woods, D. In Horsley Wood, D.

52. A. araneosus.

With. iv. 254; Bull. t. 431, 4 and 5.
In woods near Hamsterley and at Ravensworth, D. In Heaton and Scotswood Denes, N.

53. A. rimosus.

With. iv. 255; Gr. Crypt, t. 128; Bull. t. 388 and 589; Sowerby, t. 323; Persoon, Syn. 310; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 85.
In woods, denes, and pastures, not rare.

54. A. lacticaulis.

With. iv. 256; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 85.
In Bradley and Gibside Woods, D.

55. A. iliopodius.

Bull. Fr. 21, 1, 10; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 85.
In Bradley Wood, D. In Horsley Wood, Oakwood, and Dilston Park, N.

56. A. glaucopus.

With. iv. 258; Gr. Fl. Eds. 386; Persoon, Syn. 282; Sowerby, t. 223; Schaeff. t. 83; A. subpurpurascens, With. iv. 258; Batsch. 74; Berwick Flora, ii. 167.
In Heaton and Scotswood, N. In Ravensworth, Gibside, and Beamish Woods, D. In New Water Haugh Wood near Berwick Dr. G. Johnston.

57. A. violaceus.

With. iv. 260; Sowerby, t. 209; Gr. Fl. Eds. 386; Berwick Flora, ii. 167; A. hercynicus, Persoon, Syn. 278.
Near Chester-le-Street, Lumley, and Medomsley, D. Near Fenham and Gosforth, N.

58. A. aeruginosus.

Persoon, Syn. 419; Gr. Fl. Eds. 391; Sowerby, t. 264; Schaeff. t. 1; Bolton, t. 143; With. iv. 318; Berwick Flora, ii. 182; A. cyaneus. With, iv. t. 261; Bull. t. 530; A. politus, Bolton, t. 30.
In plantations at Medomsley, and woods at Beamish, Urpeth, Cawsey, and Gibside, D. Near Benwell and Denton, also at Spring Gardens near Newcastle, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

59. A. flavidus.

Sowerby, t. 96; With. iv. 262; A. equestris, With. iv. 353, var. 1; Bolton, 149.
In meadows near Urpeth, Beamish, and Medomsley, D.

60. A. calyciformis.

With, iv. 263; Batsch. t. 118?
Near Medomsley, Gibside, and Lumley, D.

61. A. connatus.

With. iv. 264; A. ramoso-radicatus, Bolton, t. 148.
Near Darlington, D. — Bolton.

62. A. peronatus.

With. iv. 266; Gr. Fl. Eds. 379; Sowerby, t. 37; Bolton, t. 58.
Near Beamish, Urpeth, and Medomsley, D. In Scotswood and Walbottle Denes, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

63. A. bulbosus.

With. iv. 271; Sowerby, t. 130; Persoon, Syn. 295.
In Lumley and Bradley Woods, D. In East Common and Horsley Woods, N.

64. A. cretaceus.

With. iv. 273; Bull. t. 374; A. cepaestipes, Sowerby, t. 2; A. luteus, With. iv. 289, var. 1; Gr. Crypt. 333. On bark in hot-houses and stoves, frequent. On dung-hills at Benwell and Denton. N.

65. A. tuberosus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 380; Crypt, t. 23; Bull. t. 256; Persoon, Syn. 374; A. alius, With. iv. 274, var. 2; A. alumnus, Bolton, t. 155.
On large Agarics in a state of decay in Bradley, Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, D. In Horsley and East Common Wood, also in Scotswood Dene, and near Denton, N.

66. A. radicatus.

With. iv. 275; Gr. Crypt, t. 217; Sowerby, t. 48; A. longipes. Bull. t. 232, 515; A. unibraculum, With. iv. 209; Batsch. 77, f. 1.
In woods, denes, and by road sides, N. and D.

67. A. oreades.

With. iv. 275; Gr. Crypt, t. 323; Bolton, t. 151; Berwick Flora, ii. 175; A. pratcnsis, Sowerby, t. 247; Hudson, 616; A. coriaceus, Lightfoot, 1020.
In pastures, common.
This is one of the Agarics which forms Fairy rings.

68. A. peronatus.

Sowerby, t. 37; Gr. Fl. Eds. 379; Berwick Flora, ii. 176.
In woods, attached to leaves, straw, &c., N. and D.

69. A. horizontalis.

With. iv. 279; Bull. t. 235; Sowerby, t. 341.
On old trees near Urpeth, Medomsley, and Cold Rowley, D.

70. A. clavus.

With. iv. 279; Lightfoot, 1027; Bull. t. 148, B, C; Bolton , t. 89.
Among moss and dead leaves in woods, N. and D.

71. A. Georgii.

With. iv. 281; Gr. Fl. Eds. 390; Sowerby, t. 304; Berwick Flora, ii. 175.
In East Common Wood near Hexham, at Holy Island, and in the vicinity of Newcastle, N. Near Medomsley, Beamish, and Urpeth, also on the sea coast near Whitburn, D. On the links near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

72. A. campestris.

Gr. Crypt, t. 161; With. iv. 285; Bolton, t. 45; Berwick Flora, ii. 173; Sowerby, t. 305; A. edulis, Bull. t. 134 and 514; A. alutarius, Persoon, Syn. 265.
In meadows and pastures, frequent.

73. A. spadiceus.

Persoon, Syn. 248; A. badius, With. iv. 283; Schaeff. t. 245; Bolton, t. 38, f. 2.
In East Common and Horsley Woods, N.

74. A. sanguineus.

Persoon, Syn. 289; Sowerby, t. 43; A. rubens, Bolton, t. 36; With. iv. 284.
In Fir plantations near Medomsley and Lanchester, D.

75. A. latus.

With. iv. 287; Sowerby, 108; Berwick Flora, ii. 170; Bolton, t. 2; A. lividus, Bull. t. 382.
In fields near Heaton Dene by Goldspink Hall, also near Benwell, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

76. A. helvolus.

Persoon, Syn. 273; Gr. Fl. Eds. 387; A. hinnuleus, Sowerby, t. 173; A. fusco-flavus, With. iv. 308; Berwick Flora, ii. 171.
In Fir plantations at the Woodlands, and in Bradley and Lumley Woods, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

77. A. precox.

Persoon, Syn. 420; A. candicans, Schaeff. t. 217; A. durus. With. iv. 290; Bolton, t. 67, f. 1.
In Bradley and Gibside Woods, D. In East Common and Horsley Woods, N.

78. A. fertilis.

Persoon, Syn. 328; A. phonosphermus, Bull. t. 547 and 534; A. mammosus, With. iv. 290; Bolton, t. 69.
In Horsley and East Common Woods, N.

79. A. primula.

With. iv. 295; Purton, iii. 215; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 87.
In Fir plantations near Blanchland, N.

80. A. fibula.

Sowerby, t. 45; Gr. Fl. Eds. 384; Persoon, Syn. 471; A. parvus, With. iv. 294, var. 2; Bull. t. 519, 1, B, C; A. corticalis, Sowerby, t. 243.
Amongst moss in woods near Gibside, and in Axwell Park, also at Cold Rowley, D. At Wallington and in Felton Woods, N.

81. A. varius.

With. iv. 297; Berwick Flora, ii. 179; A. clypeatus, With. iv. 311; Lightfoot, 1020; Schaeff. t. 52; A. pseudo-clypeatus, Bolton, t. 154, 2d var.; A. tenuis, Bolton, t. 37; Bull. t. 320.
On rotten wood in fields and hedge banks, N. and D.

82. A. galericulatus.

Sowerby, t. 165; Gr. Fl. Eds. 382; Persoon, Syn. 376; A. varius, With. iv. var. 2, 297.
In woods and hedges near Newcastle, not rare, also in the county of Durham.

83. A. compressus.

With. iv. 300; Gr. Fl. Eds. 278; Sowerby, t. 66; Persoon, Syn. 363.
In pastures near Benwell and Denton, also in Fir plantations, N. and D.

84. A. purpurascens.

With. iv. 302; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 87.
Near Medomsley and Lamesley, D.

85. A. circumseptus.

With. iv. 307; Batsch. t. 98; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 87.
Near Gibside, Ravensworth, and Medomsley, D. In Horsley Wood, and Dilston Park, N.

86. A. teuer.

With. iv. 307; Schaeff. 70; Sowerby, t. 33; Berwick Flora, ii. 179; Persoon. Syn. 386; Gr. Fl. Eds. 389; A. colus, With. iv. 343; A. cuspidatus. With. iv. 345; Bolton, t. 66, f. 2.
In fields and pastures, common.

87. A. mutabilis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 387; A. Xylophyllus, Sowerby, t. 167; With. iv. 308; A. caudicinus, Persoon, Syn. 271.
In woods on the Derwent, D. In Heaton, Scotswood, and Walbottle Denes, N.

88. A. hypnorum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 389; Berwick Flora, ii. 180; Persoon, Syn. 385; A. Hypni, With. iv. 410; A. acicula, Sowerby, t. 282.
On the ground among moss, not rare, N. and D. In the plantation at Murton Crags, N. — Dr. G. Johnston. =====89. A. epiphyllus.===== Gr. Fl. Eds. 381; Berwick Flora, ii. 180; A. squamula, Sowerby, t. 93.
On dead leaves in woods, N. and D.

90. A. clavus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 380; Bolton, t. 39, B; Purton, iii. 236; Berwick Flora, ii. 180.
Among moss in shady woods, N. and D.

91. A. Du-Boisii.

Berwick Flora, ii. 180; Ray. Syn. i. 10, No. 54, t. 1, f. 2, a, a.
On old moss-grown trees, particularly willows, near Berwick — Dr. G. Johnston.

92. A. arundicola.

Berwick Flora, ii. 181, t. 0, fig. inf.
Parasitical on the stalks of the Sea Bent. On Spital Links, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

93. A. spinipes.

Sowerby, t. 206; Berwick Flora, ii. 181.
On decayed Fir cones, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

94. A. fimiputris.

With. iv. 312; Berwick Flora, ii. 179; Bull. t. 66, var. 2; A. varius, Bolton, t. 66, f. 1; A. helvolus, Schaeff. t. 202.
On dung-hills, frequent, also in gardens and meadows.

95. A. striatus.

Sowerby, t. 106; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 88.
On the stumps of willows near Winlaton Mill, D.

96. A. cinnamomeus.

With. iv. 316; Sowerby, t. 205; Persoon, Syn. 297; Berwick Flora, ii. 171; Bolton, 150; A. croceus, Persoon, Syn. 297.
In Heaton Dene and East Common Wood, N. In Bradley Wood, and near Chester-le-Street, D.

97. A. roseus.

With. iv. 317; Gr. Fl. Eds. 383; Sowerby, t. 72; Bull. t. 162; A. purus, Persoon, Syn. 339.
Near Medomsley and Bradley, in woods, D.

98. A.fissus.

With. iv. 319; Bolton, t. 35; A. pascuus, Persoon, Syn. 427.
On the banks of Waskerley Bourn, D. In Felton Woods, N.

99. A. aurantius.

With. iv. 320; Curt. Lond. t. 308; Berwick Flora, ii. 172; Bolton, t. 67, f. 2; Lightfoot, 1025; A. croccus, Bull. t. 50 and 524, f. 3; A. conicus, Schaeff. t. 2; Persoon, Syn. 335, δ; A. hyacinthus, Batsch. 81, f. 28.
In meadows and pastures near Newcastle, also on Holy Island, N. On the coast near South Shields, Whitburn, and Sunderland, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

100. A. ceraceus.

With. iv. 323; Gr. Fl. Eds. 377; Sowerby, t. 20; Persoon, Syn. 337.
In meadows and pastures, but not frequent.

101. A. psittacinus.

With. iv. 323; Gr. Crypt, t. 74; Sowerby. t. 82; Berwick Flora, ii. 172; Schaeff: t. 301; Persoon, Syn. 335; A. chamaeleon, Bull. 562, t. 545, f. 1; Earn, and De Cand. ii. 180.
In meadows and pastures near Gateshead, Gibside, and Medomsley, D. On Holy Island, and near Belford, also about Newcastle, but not common, N.

102. A. aquosus.

Bolton, t. 71, f. 1; A. cryptarum, With. iv. 324, var. 1.
On decayed wood not frequent. Near Medomsley, D. In Horsley and Felton Woods, N.
Probably not a good species.

103. A. floccosus.

With. iv. 326; Gr. Crypt, t. 2; Sowerby, t. 284; Schaeff. t. 61; A. squarrosus, Persoon, Syn. 268; A. squamosus, Bull. t. 266; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 101.
In East Common, Horsley, and Heaton Woods, N. In Bradley Wood, Waskerley Dene, and near Chester-le-Street, D.

104. A. fascicularis.

With. iv. 327; Gr. Crypt, t. 329; Persoon, Syn. 421; Bolton, t. 29; Sowerby, t. 285; Berwick Flora, ii. 177; A. pulverulentus. Bull. t. 178; A. lateritius, Schaeff. t. 49; exclude, f. 6.
On decayed wood, common.

105. A. lateritius.

Persoon, Syn. 421; Gr. Fl. Eds. 392; Berwick Flora, ii. 177; A. fascicularis, With. iv. 328, var. 3.
On the stumps of trees in a state of decay, N. and D.

106. A. semiglobatus.

With. iv. 330; Gr. Crypt. t. 344; Persoon, Syn. 407; Sowerby, t. 248; Berwick Flora, ii. 178; A. glutinosus, Curt. Lond. 1, t. 144; A. nitens. Bull. t. 566, f. 4; A. virosus, Sowerby. t. 407 and 408.
In meadows and pastures, common.

107. A. procerus.

With. iv. 331; Gr. Fl. Eds. 370; Sowerby. t. 190; Persoon, Syn. 257; Berwick Flora, ii. 181; Curt. Lond. t. 39; A. annulatus, Lightfoot. 1025; A. columbrinus, Bull. t. 73.
In Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, also near Lanchester, D. Near Blanchland, and in Horsley Wood, N.

108. A. clypeolarius.

With. iv. 335; Gr. Fl. Eds. 370; Sowerby, t. 14; A. columbrinus, Persoon, Syn. 258.
On the borders of woods, N. and D.

109. A. cristatus.

Gr. Crypt, t. 176; Bolton, t. 7; A. clypeolarius, With. iv. 336, var. 3.
In the county of Durham on the borders of woods, but not common. In Horsley and Felton Woods, N.

110. A. alliaceus.

With. iv. 337; Gr. Fl. Eds. 382; Sowerby, t. 81; Purton, t. 11; A. porreus, Persoon, Syn. 376.
On decayed leaves in woods near Medomsley and Chester-le-Street, D. Near Blanchland and in Dilston Park, N.

111. A. piluliformis.

With. iv. 339; Bull. t. 112.
On the stumps of trees near Chirton, N.

112. A. micaceus.

With. iv. 342; Gr. Crypt. 76; Bull. t. 565 and 246; A. congregatus, With. iv. 341; Berwick Flora, ii. 183; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 23; Sowerby, t. 261; A. ferrugineus, Persoon, Syn. 400; A. turbinatus, With, iv. 339, var. 1.
Oil the stumps of trees and gate posts, frequent. =====113. A. flavipes.===== With. iv. 342; Persoon, Syn, 382; Sibthorp, 305; A. plicatus, Shaeff. t. 31.
In woods and denes, not rare, N. and D.

114. A. filopes.

Bull, t.320; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 90.
Near Medomsley, D. Near Wylam and Hexham, N.

115. A. atro-rufus.

With. iv. 344; Bolton, t. 51, f. 1.
Near Medomsley and Wolsingham, D. Near Denton and Stamfordham, N.

116. A. titubans.

With. iv. 374; Gr. Fl. Eds. 393; Sowerby, t. 128; Persoon, Syn. 415; Bull. t. 425, f. 1.
On horse and cow dung, not rare.

117. A. comatus.

Gr. Crypt. t. 119; Persoon, Syn. 395; A. cylindricus, With. iv. 347; Berwick Flora, ii. 182; Schaeff. t. 8; Sowerby, t. 189; A. fimetarius, Bolton, t. 44; A. typhoides, Bull. t. 16 and 582, f. 2; H. ovatus, Schaeff. t. 7.
In meadows, pastures, and by the banks of hedges, frequent.

118. A. lacrymabundus.

With. iv. 350; Gr. Fl. Eds. 391; Sowerby, t. 41; A. veluinus, Persoon, Syn. 409.
In woods and by road sides, not rare.

119. A. reticulatus.

With. iv. 350; A. phlebophorus, Gr. Crypt, t. 173.
In Scotswood and Heaton Denes, and near Fenham, N.

120. A. dryophyllus.

With. iv. 351; Gr. Fl. Eds. 379; Sowerby, 1. 127; Persoon, Syn. 452; Bull. t. 6; A. repandus, Bolton, t. 6.
In Bradley and Longacre Woods, D. In meadows, pastures, and the borders of woods near Benwell, Fenham, and Kenton, N.

121. A. flavus.

With. iv. 352; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 91; A. laceratus, Bolton, t. 68.
In Butsfield Dene, four miles east of Wolsingham, D. In woods at Felton, and below Stannington Bridge, N.

122. A. velutipes.

With. iv. 354; Berwick Flora, ii. 177; Gr. Fl. Eds. 378; Curt. Lond. 4, t. 40; Sowerby, t. and 384, f. 3; Persoon, Syn. 314; A. nigripes, Bull. t. 344.
In woods and on the borders of fields, frequent.

123. A. atramentarius.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 394; A. fimetarius, Sowerby, t. 188; A. ovatus, With. iv. 355; Curt. Lond". t. 101; Berwick Flora, ii. 183; A. plicatus, Persoon, Syn. 396.
About villages, and on dung hills, frequent.

124. A. disseminatus.

Gr.Fl. Eds. 393; Persoon, Syn. 403; A. striatus, Sowerby, t. 166; A. digitaliformis, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 92; Bull. 525, f. 1.
On decayed trunks of trees, common.

125. A. ephemerus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 395; Persoon, Syn. 406; Bull. 542, f. l, d.; A. stercorarius, Sowerby, t. 262; With, iv. 334; Berwick Flora, ii. 183.
On dung, frequent.

126. A. radiatus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 395; Persoon, Syn. 407; Bolt. 39, C.; A. ephemerus. Bull. 542, in part; A. momentarius, With. iv. 356.
In meadows and pastures on dung.

127. A. cinercus.

With. iv. 357; Gr. Fl. Eds. 394; Persoon, Syn. 398; A. pultatus, Bolton, t. 20; A. fimetarius, Hudson, 617.
In gardens, meadows, and pastures, common.

128. A. campanulatus.

With. iv. 357; Lightfoot, 1022; Robson, Syn. 322; A. striatus, Bull. t. 552, f. 2.
Near Medomsley and Gibside, D.

129. A. semiovatus.

With. iv. 359; Gr. Fl. Scot. 392; Sowerby, t. 131; Persoon, Syn. 408; Berwick Flora, ii. 179.
On dung in pastures, frequent.

130. A. plicatilis.

With. iv. 359; Gr. Fl. Eds. 395; Sowerby, t. 364; Berwick Flora, ii. 184; Curt. Lond. t. 200; A. pulcher, Persoon, Syn. 404.
In gardens on dung.

131. A. exaratus.

With. iv. 360; A. brunneus, Schaeff. t. 32? A. campanulatus, Bolton, t. 31; A. plicatus, Bull. t. 80.
Near Medomsley and Farnacres, D. Near Fenham. Benwell, and Denton, N.

132. A. chalybeus.

Persoon, Syn. 343; A. columbarius, Sowerby, t. 161; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 92.
Near Medomsley and Chester-le-street, D. Near Stannington Bridge and Blagdon, N.

133. A. variabilis.

Gr. Crypt, t. 235; Persoon, Syn. 483; A. sessilis, Bull. t. 152 and 581, f. 3; With. iv. 362; A. niveus, Sowerby, t. 97; Dick. Crypt. Fasc. 1 , p. 17; A. flabelliformis, Bolton, t. 72, f. 2.
On rotten sticks in woods, not rare. In Scotswood, Walbottle, Horsley, Heaton, and East Common Woods, N. Near Gateshead Park, Ravensworth and Bolt's Hope, also in Beamish and Cawsey Woods, D.

134. A. ulmarius.

Gr. Fl. Eds, 395; Sowerby, t. 67; Persoon, Syn. 473.
On the trunks of trees in Horsley Wood, and in Dilston Park, N. At Urpeth, Beamish, and Tanfield, D.

135. A. ostrcatus.

With. iv. 362; Gr. Fl. Eds. 396; Persoon, Syn. 477; Sowerby, t. 421.
In Longacre Wood near Lamesley, on Chowdon Fell, and in Gibside and Lumley Woods, D. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson. In East Common and Horsley Woods, also at Blagdon and Felton, N.

136. A. planus.

With. iv. 465; Bolton, t. 72; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 92; Sowerby, t. 362.
On the ground in Gibside, Ravensworth, and Lumley Woods, D. Near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson. In Walbottle Dene and Horsley Woods, N. In East Common Wood near Hexham, N. — Mr. F. Scott. =====137. A. conchatus.===== Bull. t. 298 and 517, o; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 92; A. inconstans β, Persoon, Syn. 476.
On trees near Medomsley and Lanchester, D. At Blagdon and Stannington Bridge, N.

138. A. flabelliformis.

With. iv. 365; Sowerby, t 109; Schaeff. t. 208; Berwick Flora, ii. 184; A. stypticus, Bull. t. 140; Persoon, Syn. 481.
On trees near Medomsley and Wolsingham, D. Near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson. In East Common Wood near Hexham, and Horsley Wood, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

139. A. lateralis.

Bolton, t. 71, f. 2; A. flabelliformis. With, iv. 366, var. 2; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 92, var. 2.
Near Gibside and Medomsley, D. In Walbottle Dene, and Felton, Blagdon, and Horsley Woods, N.

140. A. mollis.

With. iv. 366; Gr. Fl. Eds. 396; Persoon, Syn. 480; Berwick Flora, ii. 184; Sowerby, t. 98; A. commentarius, Schaeff. t. 213.
On stumps of trees in Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, also near Medomsley, D. In Walbottle Dene and near Denton, N. In a wine cellar in Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

141. A.ficoides.

With. iv. 366; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 92; A. betulinus, Bolton, t. 72, f. 1.
In East Common and Horsley Woods, N. In Bradley Wood, D.

142. A. reniformis.

With. iv. 367; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 93; A. flabelliformis, Boltun, t. 157.
On birch trees in Gibside Woods, D. Near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson. In Horsley Wood and Dilston Park, N.

143. A. applicatus.

With. iv. 368; Batsch. t. 24, f. 125; Sowerby, t. 301; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 93; A. epixylon, Bull. 581, f. 2.
In Longacre Wood near Lamesley, D. In Scotswood and Walbottle Denes, also in East Common Wood near Hexham, N.

144. A. Rotula.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 381; Sowerby, t. 95; Persoon, Syn. 467; Merulius collariatus, With. iv. 195.
On dried sticks and dead leaves in woods, frequent.

145. A. umbelliferus.

Bolton, t. 39, f. A; Lightfoot, 1026; Merulius umbelliferus. With. iv. 193; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 80.
Among rotten leaves in Benwell and Walbottle Denes, N. In Long-acre and Gibside Woods, D.

146. A. androsaccus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 381; Berwick Flora, ii. 173; Sowerby, t. 94; Lightfoot, 1027; Merulius androsaccus, With. iv. 194; Agaricus epiphyllus, Bull. t. 569, 2.
On decayed leaves and Fir cones in Heaton and Scotswood Denes, N. In Long-acre and Lumley Woods, also near Ryton, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

147. A. epiphyllus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 381; Persoon, Syn. 468; Merulius squamula, With. iv. 198; Agaricus squamula, Sowerby, t. 93; Batsch. t. 17, f. 84; A. lacteas, Bull. t. 601, f. 2.
On the dead leaves of the Ivy, not uncommon.

148. A. foetidus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 382; Merulius foetidus, With. iv. 198; Sowerby, t. 21.
On the dead branches of trees in Gibside and Bradley Woods, D. Near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson. In Heaton, Scotswood, Benwell, and Walbottle Denes, N.

149. A. cornucopioides.

Bolton, t. 8; Purton, t. 12; A. cochleatus β, Persoon, Syn. 450; Merulius cornucopioides, With, iv. 198.
In Bradley and Gibside Woods, D. In Horsley and East Common Woods, N.

150. A. fuscus.

A. ericetorum δ, according to Steudel Merulius fuscus, With. iv. 196; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 80.
In Ravensworth Woods near Farnacres, D.

102. SCHIZOPHYLLUM.

1. S. commune.

Gr. Crypt. t. 61; Agaricus alneus. With. iv. 370, Sowerby, t. 183; Schaeff. t. 246; Bull. t. 346 and 581, f. 1; Lightfoot, 1029; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 134.
On trees in Horsley and East Common Woods, N. Near Hilton, Gibside, and Bradley, D.

103. CANTHARELLUS.

1. C. cibarius.

Gr. Crypt, t. 258; Berwick Flora, ii. 186; Merulius Cantharellus, Purton, t. 10; Persoon, Syn. 488; With. iv. 196; Agaricus Cantharellus, Bull, t. 62 and 505, f. 1; Sowerby, t. 46; A. Cantharellus, Schaeff. t. 82; Bolton, t. 62.
On decayed sticks in woods and plantations, N. and D.

2. C. Inteus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 397; Merulius lutescens, Persoon, Syn. 489; Agaricus cantharelloides, Sowerby, t. 47.
In Bradley Wood near Medomsley, also in the neighbourhood of Darlington, D. In Horsley and Felton Woods, N.

3. C. cornucopioides.

Merulcus purpureus, With. iv. 199; M. cornucopioides, Persoon, Syn. 491; Peziza cornucopioides, Sowerby, t. 74.
On the banks of the Derwent near Winlaton Mill, and in Bradley Wood, D. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson. In Dilston Park, N.

4. C. cinereus.

Merulius infundibuliformis, With. iv. 199; Agaricus infundibuliformis, Bolton, t. 34.
In Bradley Wood, D. In Horsley Wood, Dilston Park, and near Stannington Bridge.

5. C. muscigenus.

Merulius muscigenus. With. iv. 199; Agaricus muscigenus, Bull. t. 288.
Near Ravensworth and Gibside, growing on moss, D. Near Blagdon, N.

6. C. lobalus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 397; Berwick Flora, ii. 186; Merulius membranaceus, With. iv. 200; Helvetia membranacea, Sowerby, t. 348; Bolton, t. 177; H. retiruga, Bull. t. 498, f. 1; Merulius retirugus, and M. lobatus, Persoon, Syn. 494.
In East Common and Horsley Woods, N. Upon moss on Ravensworth Fell, and on boggy ground near the Wear in the neighbourhood of Chester-le-Street, D. From the county of Durham. — Bolton. On Tortula ruratis near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson. Upon the same moss on Spittal Links, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

104. MERULIUS.

1. M. lacrymans.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 397; M. destruens, Persoon, Syn. 496; Boletus lacrymans, With. iv. 393; Sowerby, t. 113; B. arboreus, t. 346.
On rotten wood generally in vaults and cellars.

2. M. lamellosus.

Sowerby, t. 403.
In the wine cellars at Wallington, N. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

105. FISTULINA.

1. F. hepatica.

Gr. Crypt, t. 270; With. iv. 371; F. buglossoides, Bull. t. 74, 464, 497; Boletus hepaticus, Sowerby, t. 58; Bolton, t. 79; Schaeff. t. 116 and 120; Persoon, Syn. 549.
On trees near Gibside, Beamish, and Cawsey, D. At Fenham, Longhorsley, and Blagdon, N.

106. DÆDALEA.

1. D. quercina.

Gr. Crypt, t. 238; Persoon, Syn. 500; Agaricus quercinus, With. iv. 370; Sowerby, t. 181; Bolton, t. 73; Batsch. Fasc. i. 95.
In Long-acre, Ravensworth, Gibside, and Cawsey Woods, D. In Horsley Wood and Walbottle Dene, also at Blagdon and Felton, N. Near Darlington, D Mr. E. Robson.

2. D. betulina.

Agaricus betulinus, With. iv. 368; Sowerby, t. 182; Bolton, t. 72, f. 1.
In East Common and Horsley Woods, N. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson.

3. D. salicina.

Polyporus salicinus, Gr. Fl. Eds. 400; Boletus salicinus, Sowerby, t. 227; Persoon, Syn. 530; With. iv. 391; Bull. t. 433, f. 1.
On old willows near Gateshead and Saltwellside, D. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse. Near Fenham and Earsdon, also at Stannington Bridge, N.

4. D. suaveolens.

Boletus suaveolens, With. iv. 392; Sowerby, t. 288; Bull. t. 310; B. suberosus, Bolton, t. 162.
On willows near the Derwent at Swalwell, also near Little Eppleton and Castle Eden, D. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson. Near Stannington Bridge and Bedlington, N.

5. D. confragosa.

Persoon, Syn. 501; Boletus confragosus, Bolton, t. 160; Boletus labyrinthiformis, With. iv. 395; Bull. t. 491, f. 1.
In Blagdon, East Common, and Horsley Woods, N. In Waskerley Dene, D. On willows near Darlington, D. — Bolton.

6. D. albida.

Purton. iii. 243, t. 38; Boletus albidus, With. iv. 386; B. rugosus, Sowerby, t. 422 ?
On the ground near Benwell Lodge, and in Fenham grounds, N. Near Cawsey and Beamish, N.

7. D. angustata.

Persoon, Syn. 502; Boletus angustatus, Sowerby, t. 193; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 97.
In Castle Eden and Ryhope Denes, D. Near Darlington, D — Sent to Sowerby by Mr. E. Robson. In Blagdon, Felton, and Belford Woods, N.

107. POLYPORUS.

1. P. squamosus.

Gr. Crypt, t. 107; Berwick Flora, ii. 158; Boletus squamosus, With. iv. 388; Bolton, t. 77; Sowerby, t. 206; B. platyporus, Persoon, Syn. 521; B. rangeferinus, Bolton, t. 138; B. polymorphus. Bull. t. 114; B. subsquamosus, Batsch, t. 10, f. 41.
On stumps of Ash trees near Gateshead, at Crow Hall near Heworth, and Saltwellside, D. In Heaton Dene, also at Gosforth, and near Fenham, N. In East Common Wood near Hexham, N. — Mr. F. Scott.

2. P. varius.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 399; Berwick Flora, ii. 157; Boletus varius, Persoon, Syn. 523; P. badius, Persoon, Syn. 523; B. variegatus, Sowerby, t. 368; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 97; B. lateralis, Hook. Fl. Scot. 27; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 95; Bolton, t. 83; With. iv. 390; B. nigripes, With. iv. 381; B. nummularis, With. iv. 380; Sowerby, t. 89, B. calceolus, With. iv. 389; Bolton, 168; Bull, t. 360 and 445, f. 2.
On the trunks of trees in Howns Wood near Me- domsley, and in Cawsey and Gibside Woods, D. At Blagdon, Hartford Bridge, Horsley Wood, and in Dilston Park, N.

3. P. perennis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 389; Boletus perennis, With.iv. 378; Sowerby, t. 192; Persoon, Syn. 518; Bolton, t. 87; B. fimbriatus, Bull. t. 254.
About the roots of trees in Cawsey and Howns Woods, and near Darlington, D. In East Common and Horsley Woods, also near Fenham, Denton, and Kenton, N.

4. P. lucidus.

Gr. Crypt, t. 245; Boletus lucidus, Persoon, Syn. 522; Sowerby, t. 134; B. rugosus, With. iv. 386; B. obliquatus, Bull. 335, t. 7 and 459.
On the stumps of trees in Scotswood and Walbottle Denes, also near Blagdon and Bedlington, N. In Castle Eden Dene, and near Hetton and Lumley, D.

5. P. betulinus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 400; Crypt. t. 229; Boletus betulinus, Sowerby, t. 212; Persoon, Syn. 535; With. iv. 387; Bolton, t. 159.
In Schackerton Wood near Darlington, D.— Bolton. In Wallington Woods, N. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. In Horsley Wood and Walbottle Dene, N. In Cawsey, Gibside, and Ravensworth Woods, D.

6. P. hispidus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 400; Crypt, t. 14; Persoon, Syn. 526; Boletus hispidus, Lam. and De Cand. ii. 120; With. iv. 397; Bolton, t. 161; B. velutinus, Sowerby, t. 345.
Near Castle Eden and Hart, on the trunks of Beech trees, D. Near Darlington, on Oaks and Elms — Mr. E. Robson. At Fenham, Blagdon, and Stannington Bridge, N.

7. P. fomentarius.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 400; Berwick Flora, ii. 159; Boletus fomentarius, Sowerby, t. 1 33; Persoon, Syn. 536; With. iv. 401.
On Birch trees in the woods near Corbridge and Hexham, N. Near Auckland and Durham.

8. P. igniarius.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 401; Berwick Flora, ii. 158; Boletus igniarius, Sowerby, t. 132; With. iv. 400; Persoon, Syn. 534. Bolton, t. 80.
On old trees, particularly the Cherry. β near Medomsley, D. At Newburn and Denton, N.

9. P. caesius.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 401; Boletus caesius, Sowerby, t. 226; Persoon, Syn. 526.
On Fir trees in a state of decay, N. and D.

10. P. velutinus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 401; Boletus velutinus, With. iv. 399; Persoon, Syn. 539; B. lutescens, 539; B. spongiosus, With. iv. 393.
On the trunks of trees, not rare. Near Seaton Delaval, N. Near Gateshead and Saltwellside, D, Near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson.

11. P. versicolor.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 402; Berwick Flora, ii. 160; Boletus versicolor, With. iv. 394; Bolton, t. 81; Sowerby, t. 229; Persoon, Syn. 551. On the stumps of trees, rails, &c., common.

12. P. abietinus.

Gr. Crypt, t. 226; Fl. Eds. 402; Hook. Lond. t. 180; Berwick Flora, ii. 160; Boletus abietinus. With. iv. 396; Dick. Crypt. Fasc. iii. t. 9, f. 9; Purton. t. 13; Sistotrema violaceum, Persoon, Syn. 551.
On decayed Fir trees at Gibside, Fryerside, Cawsey, and Snow's Green near Shotley Bridge, D. Near Corbridge, Hexham, and Wylam, N. In woods near Berwick, not rare. — Dr. G. Johnston.

13. P. ferruginosus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 402; Boletus ferruginosus, Persoon, Syn. 544; Gr. Crypt, t. 155; Hook. Lond. t. 163.
On rotten logs of wood in damp places.

14. P. medulla-panis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 402; Berwick Flora, ii. 159; Boletus medulla-panis, Persoon, Syn. 544; Bolton, t. 167 (the lower figure); With. iv. 391; Sowerby, t. 326.
On trees in a state of decay in Heaton Wood and at Paradise, also in East Common Wood, N. In Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, also near Darlington, D. Near Berwick, N. — Dr. G.Johnston.

15. P. vulgaris.

Gr.Fl. Eds. 403; Berwick Flora, ii. 160; Boletus proteus, Bolton, t. 166; B. medulla-panis, With. iv. 391, var. 2.
On decayed wood near the ground, common.

16. P. ovinus.

Boletus substrictus, With. iv. 385; Bolton, t. 170; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 95.
Near Darlington, D Mr. E. Robson.

17. P. cuticularis.

Boletus cuticularis, With. iv. 394; Bull. t. 462; B. alneus, Persoon, Syn. 528; B. triqueter, Persoon, Syn. 528.
On the stumps of Alder trees, but not frequent.

18. P. cryptarum.

Boletus cryptarum, Persoon, Syn. 542; With. iv. 395; Bull. t. 478; Bolton, t. 165.
Near Castle Eden and Easington, D. Near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson. Near Bywell and Hexham, N.

19. P. frondosus.

Boletus frondosus, With. iv. 387; Sowerby, t. 87; Bolton, t. 76.
On stumps of trees near Cawsey and Knitsley, D. Near Kenton, Gosforth, and Blagdon, N.

20. P. impuber.

Boletus impuber, Sowerby, t. 695; Bolton, t. 195; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 97.
On decayed trees in woods on the Derwent, N. In East Common Wood near Hexham, Dilston Park, and Horsley Wood, on the Tyne, N.

21. P. ulmarius.

Boletus ulmarius, Sowerby, t. 31; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 97.
In the hollow trunks of old Elms in Cawsey Wood, and at Saltwellside, D. At Fenham and Denton, also near Bedlington and Blagdon, N.

22. P. heteroclitus.

Boletus heteroclitus, Sowerby, t. 367; Bolton, t. 164; Persoon, Syn. 528.
On the ground at the roots of trees at Castle Eden Hetton and Painsher, D. Near Darlington Mr. E. Robson. Near Kenton, and in the upper part of Heaton Dene, N.

23. P. sulphureus.

Gr. Crypt, t. 113; Boletus sulphureus. Bull. t. 429; Sowerby, t. 135; With. iv. 397; B. tenax, Bolton, t. 75; Lightfoot, 1031; B. citrinus, Persoon, Syn. 524; B. ramosus, Bull. t. 418.
On trunks of trees in Horsley Hope Dene, D. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson. At Fenham, Benwell, and Heaton, N.

108. BOLETUS.

1. B. luteus.

Gr. Crypt, t. 183; Sowerby, t. 265; Berwick Flora, ii. 156; Schaeff: t. 114; With. iv. 382; B. annularius, Bolton, t. 169; Bull. t. 332; B. flavus, With. iv. 384.
In plantations and pastures near Butsfield, Greencroft, Medomsley, and in Bradley Wood, D. — Near Corbridge and Warden, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. B. bovinus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 403; B. gregarius. With. iv. 382.
In Fir plantations at Medomsley, the Woodlands and Greencroft, D. In similar situations on the edge of the Northumberland moors.

3. B. piperatus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 404; Sowerby, 34; Persoon, Syn. 507; Bull. t. 451; With. iv. 380.
In woods, thickets, and denes, not rare. =====4. B. subtomentosus.===== Gr. Fl. Eds. 404; With. iv. 379; Persoon, Syn. 506; Berwick Flora, ii. 156; B. communis, Bull. 490, f. 3; Schaeff. t. 112 and 133.
In woods and plantations, not rare.

5. B. luridus.

Gr. Crypt, t. 121; Schaeff. t. 107; Persoon, Syn. 512; B. rubeolarius, Bull. t. 100 and 490, f. 1; Persoon, Syn. 512; Sowerby, t. 250; With. iv. 379; B. bovinus, Bolton, t. 85.
Near Sherburn, Greencroft, Castle Eden, and at Baydales near Darlington, D. In East Common and Horsley Woods, N.

6. B. constrictus.

Persoon, Syn. 508; B. cyanescens, Bull. t. 369; With. iv. 374; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 93.
On the edge of the wood near Hamsterley, and in Gibside Woods, D. Near Stannington Bridge and Gosforth, N.

7. B. edulis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 404; Persoon, Syn. 510; Sowerby, t. 111; With. iv. 381; B. elephantinus, With. iv. 381.
In Gibside, Ravensworth, Longacre, and Bradley Woods, D. In Scotswood and Heaton Denes, N.

8. B. subfuscus.

With. iv. 373; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 93.
In Seggerston Wood and Waskerley Dene, D. Probably a variety of B. edulis.

9. B. scaber.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 405; Persoon, Syn. 505; Berwick Flora, ii. 156; Sowerby, t. 175; B. aurantiacus, Sowerby, t. 110; With. iv. 375; Bull. t. 236 and 489, f. 2, R. S.
In Gibside, Ravensworth, Hamsterley, and Medomsley Woods, also near Sherburn and Darlington, D. In Scotswood, Denton, and Walbottle Denes, N.

10. B. castaneus.

Persoon, Syn. 509; Bull. t. 328; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 94.
In Fir plantations at Butsfleld, Lanchester, and Gibside, D. In Dilston Park, and near Corbridge, N.

109. SISTOTREMA.

1. S. confluens.

Gr. Crypt, t. 248; Fl. Eds. 405; Persoon, Syn. 551; Hydnum sublamellosum, Bull. t. 453, f. 1; Sowerby, t. 112.
In Fir plantations at Butsfield, D. In Dilston Park N.

2. S. cinercum.

Persoon, Syn. 551; Boletus unicolor, Bull. t. 501, f. 3; Bolton, t. 163; With, iv. 396; Sowerby, t. 325.
In East Common Wood, Scotswood and Heaton Denes, also near Bywell, N. In Howns, Longacre, Bradley, and Gibside Woods, D. At Baydales near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

3. S. cerasi.

Persoon, Syn. 552.
On the branches of the Plum and Cherry, N. and D.

4. S. spatulatum.

Persoon, Syn. 553; Hydnum spatulatum, Gr. Fl. Eds. 406.
On prostrate trunks of trees, not rare.

110. HYDNUM.

1. H. repandum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 405; Crypt, t. 44; Sowerbv, t. 176; Berwick Flora, ii. 162; Bolton, t. 89; With. iv. 403; Persoon, Syn. 555; Bull. t. 172; H. rufescens, Schaeff. t. 141.
In East Common Wood, and woods near Corbridge, N. In Bradley and Cawsey Woods, D. Near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson.

2. H. Auriscalpium.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 406; Crypt, t. 196; Berwick Flora, ii. 162; Schaeff. t. 143; Bull. t. 481; With. iv. 401; Persoon, Syn. 557; Lightfoot, 1042.
On the cones of Pinus sylvestris, in Raby Park, also near Darlington, D. At Benwell and Blagdon, N. In East Common Wood near Hexham. — Mr. F. Scott, Sp. In woods at Wallington.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. In the vicinity of Berwick, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. H. Erinaceus.

Bull. t. 34; Dick. Crypt. Fasc. ii. 24; With. iv. 404; Persoon, Syn. 560.
In East Common and Horsley Woods, N.

4. H.? Barba Jovis.

With. iv. 405; Sowerby, t. 328; Bull. 481, f. 2; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 98.
On the under side of decayed wood. Near Castle Eden and Hetton, D. At Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson. In Felton Woods, and near Longhorsley, N.

111. THELEPHORA.

1. T. laciniata.

Gr. Crypt, t. 264; Persoon, Syn. 567; Auricularia caryophyllaea, Sowerby, t. 213; Helvella caryophyllacea, Bolton, 173; Merulius caryophyllaceus, With. iv. 200; T. caryophyllaea, Gr. Fl. Eds. 406.
On stumps of trees in Howns, Bradley, and Gibside Woods, D. Near Benwell, Fenham, and Denton, N. On Hexham Fell, N.— Mr. F. Scott.

2. T. terrestris.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 400; Persoon, Syn. 506.
In Fir plantations, but not frequent. In Twizell Dene, N. — Mrs. Selby, Sps. from Dr. G. Johnston.

112. AURICULARIA.

1. A. ferruginea.

With. iv. 410; Berwick Flora, ii. 161; Bull. t. 378; Sowerby, t. 26; Bolton, t. 82, d.; Thelephora rubiginosa, Gr. Fl. Eds. 408; Persoon, Syn. 567.
On decayed wood, not rare. In East Common Wood and Dilston Park, N.

2. A. nicotiana.

With. iv. 410; Bolton, t. 174; A. tabacina, Sowerby, t. 25; Thelephora ferruginea, Persoon, Syn. 569.
On wood in a state of decay, not rare, N. and D. Near Darlington Robson.

3. A. corylea.

Berwick Flora, ii. 161; Thelephora corylea, Gr. Fl. Eds. 408.
On dead Hazel trees, sent to Dr. G. Johnston, from the neighbourhood of Wooler, N., by J. Mitchell, Esq. =====4. A. papyrina.===== With. iv. 410; Sowerby, t. 349; Bull. t. 402; Thelephora laevis, Persoon, Syn. 575.
On pales near Staindrop, also near Medomsley, D. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson.

5. A. corticalis.

With. iv. 410; Berwick Flora, ii. 161; Bull. t. 436, f. 1; Thelophora quercina, Gr. Crypt. 1. 142; Persoon, Syn, 573.
On dead branches of the Oak, not rare, N and D. In Wellington Woods, N.

6. A. cinerea.

Sowerby, t. 388, f. 3; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 99.
On the dead branches of trees.
Probably a variety of A. corticalis.

7. A. refexa.

With. iv. 412; Gr. Crypt. t. 256; Berwick Flora, ii. 161; Bull. t. 274; Sowerby, t. 27; Boletus auriformis, Bolton, t. 82, f. C.; Thelephora hirsuta, Persoon, Syn. 570.
On the dead branches of trees, posts, and paling, abundant.

8. A. fraxinea.

Thelephora fraxinea, Gr. Fl. Eds. 410; T. cinerea β, Persoon, Syn. 580.
On dead branches of the Ash, frequent.

9. A. tremelloides.

With. iv. 412; Bull. t. 290; A. corrugata, Sowerby, t. 290; Helvella mescuterica, Bolton, 1. 172; Teelephora mesenterica, Persoon, Syn. 571; T. purpurea, Persoon, Syn. 571.
On rotten wood, not rare, N. and D. On the Bedey Hills, abundant, and in East Common Wood, N.

10. A. elegans.

Sowerby, t. 412; Purton, t. 6.
On Ash trees in Longacre Wood, D.

11. A. laevis.

Sowerby, t. 388, f. 2; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 99; Thelephora hepatica, Fr. iv. 11, p. 19.
In East Common Wood and Walbottle D.

12. A. intybacca.

Thelephora intybacca, Persoon, Syn. 567; Gr. Fl. Eds. 407.
Near the ground on stumps of trees.

13. A. persistens.

Sowerby, t. 388, f. 1; Thelephora purpurea, Persoon, Syn. 571; Gr. Fl. Eds. 407.
On stumps of trees, gate posts, &c.

14. A. corylea,

Thelephora corylea, Gr. Fl. Eds. 408; T. rugosa, β, Persoon, Syn. 569.
On dead Hazel sticks in woods, frequent, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

15. A. ochracea.

Thelephora ochracea, Gr. Fl. Eds. 408.
On decayed trees, not rare.

16. A. Corium.

Thelephora Corium, Gr. Crypt. t. 147; Persoon, Syn. 574; Gr. Fl. Eds. 409.
On dead branches in Walbottle Dene, N.

17. A. quercina.

Thelephora quercina, Gr. Fl. Eds. 409; Persoon, Syn. 573.
On dead branches of the Oak, not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

18. A. Padi.

Thelephora Padi, Gr. Crypt, t. 234.
On dead branches of the Bird Cherry, Oak, and Hazel, N. and D.

19. A. sanguinolenta.

Thelephora sanguinolenta, Gr. Fl. Eds. 409; Crypt, t. 225.
On the trunks of Fir trees, not uncommon. At Benwell and Fenham, N. At Lanchester and the Woodlands, D.

20. A. sinuans.

Thelephora sinnans, Gr. Fl. Eds. 409.
On the branches of old Oak trees, N. and D.

21. A. Tiliae.

Thelephora Tiliae; Gr. Fl. Eds. 410.
On dead branches of the Lime, not rare.

22. A. epidermea.

Thelephora epidermea, Gr. Fl. Eds. 410.
On dead branches of trees, N. and D.

23. A. incrustans.

Thelephora incrustans, Gr. Fl. Eds. 410; Persoon, Syn. 577; T. sebacea, Persoon, Syn. 577.
On the mossy trunks of trees, not rare.

24. A. calcea.

Thelephora calcea, Gr. Fl. Eds. 411; Persoon, Syn. 581.
On decayed trees, frequent.

25. A. Sambuci.

Thelephora Sambuci, Gr. Fl. Eds. 411; Crypt, t. 242.
On dead trunks of the Elder near Team and Field House, D. Near Benwell and Denton, N.

113. MARISMA.

1. M. cristatum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 411; Persoon, Syn. 583; Clavaria laciniata, Sowerby, t. 158; With. iv. 436.
In Walbottle and Denton Denes, N. In Cawsey, Longacre, Ravensworth, and Bradley Woods, D.

2. M. foetidum.

Gr. Crypt. t. 46; Clavaria anthrocephala, With. iv. 437; Bull. t. 452, f. 1; Sowerby, t. 156.
On decayed leaves and sticks in Ravensworth Woods, D. In East Common Wood and Scotswood Dene, N.

114. CLAVARIA.

1. C. cristata.

Gr. Crypt. t. 190; Persoon, Syn. 591; C. albida, Schaeff. t. 170.
In Ravensworth and Longacre Woods, D. In Heaton and Scotswood Denes, N.

2. C. pratensis.

Gr. Fl. Scot. 412; Persoon, Syn. 590; Berwick Flora, ii. 154; C. fastigiata; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 29; Bull. t. 538; With. iv. 438.
In meadows and pastures, and on the borders of woods.

3. C. corniculata.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 412; Persoon, Syn. 589; Schaeff. t. 173; C. muscoides, Sowerby, t. 157; Bolton, t. 114; Bull. t. 351, f. A. B.; With. iv. 339.
In Gibside, Bradley, and Longacre Woods, D. In East Common and Horsley Woods, N.

4. C. abictina.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 412; Persoon, Syn. 589; Gr. Crypt. t. 117. In the Fir plantations at Butsfield, D. In Blagdon Woods, N.

5. C. coralloides.

Gr. Fl. Eds. iv. 412; Sowerby, t. 278, upper figure; Berwick Flora, ii. 154; Bull. t. 222 and 496, f. 3; Bolton, t. 113, a. b. d.
At Farnacres near Ravensworth, and in Bradley Wood, D. Near Benwell and Denton, N.

6. C. rugosa.

Gr. Crypt, t. 328; Bull. t. 448, f. 2; Persoon, Syn. 594; Berwick Flora, ii. 154; C. coralloides, Sowerby, t. 278, the lower figure; C. elegans, Bolton, t. 115; With iv. 436.
Near Beamish, Medomsley, and in Bradley Woods, D. In Heaton, Scotswood, and Walbottle Denes, N.

7. C. cristata.

Gr. Crypt, t. 190; Fl. Eds. 413; Persoon, Syn. 591; Berwick Flora, ii. 154; C. albida, Schaeff. t. 170.
In Ravensworth, and Longacre Woods, D. In Heaton, Denton, and Scotswood Denes, N.

8. C. cinerea.

Gr. Crypt, t. 64; Fl. Eds. 413; Bull. t. 354; Persoon, Syn. 586; C. grisca, Persoon, Syn. 586; C. coralloides, With. iv. 438, var. 6.
In woods and on the borders of fields, but not very common, N. and D.

9. C. cornea.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 413; Persoon, Svn. 596; Sowerby, t. 40; Batsch. t. 28, f. 161; β C. aculciformis, Bull. t. 463, f. 4.
On decaying Fir trees, common.

10. C. herculanca.

With. iv. 432; Sowerby, t. 277; C. pistillaris. Bull. t. 244; Schaeff. t. 169; Batsch. t. 11, f. 46.
In Bradley Wood, and on the shady hank of a hedge near Gateshead, D. In Fenham Woods, and near Benwell Hall, N.

11. C. inaequalis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 414; C. vermiculata, Sowerby, t. 253; Berwick Flora, ii. 153.
In meadows and pastures, frequent.

12. C. helvola.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 414; Persoon, Syn. 598.
In meadows and pastures.

13. C. vermicularis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 414; C. vermiculata, Berwick Flora, ii. 153 β; Persoon, Mycol. i. 184
In meadows and pastures.

14. C. fragilis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 414; Crypt, t. 37; C. eburnea, Persoon, Syn. 603; C. gracilis, Sowerby, t, 232; C. cylindrica, Bull. t. 463, f. 1.
On the borders of woods, and in meadows and pastures.

15. C. pistillaris.

With. iv. 434; C. fistulosa, Bull. t. 463, I, A. L. M.
In meadows and pastures, not rare. At Stoney-flat near Gateshead, and at Cocken, D. Near Denton, Benwell, and Heddon-on-the-Wall, N.

16. C. fuciformis.

Persoon, Syn. 601; Sowerby, t. 234.
In meadows and pastures, not rare. On the Wind mill Hills near Gateshead, D.

17. C. pencillata.

Bull. t. 448, f. 3; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 105.
In Bradley Wood, D. In Blagdon Woods, N.

18. C. militaris.

With. iv. 431; Linn. Sp. Pl. 1652; Hudson, 638, No. 2; Sphaeria militaris, Sowerby, t. 60; Bolton, t. 128; Purton, t. 23.
Among moss in bogs, not rare, N. and D.

115. HELOTIUM.

1. H. coccincum.

Persoon, Syn. 11; Sphaeria miniata, Bolton, t. 127, f. 1; S. tremelloides. With, iv. 465; Clavaria coccinea, Sowerby, t. 294.
On rotten sticks in woods, not rare. In Heaton Wood, and Scotswood, N.

116. TYPHULA.

1. T. phacorhiza.

Gr. Syn. 25, 1; Phacorhiza filiformis, Gr. Crypt, t. 93; Clavaria phacorphiza, Sowerby, t. 253; Persoon, Syn. 607; With. iv. 430.
Near Hetton and Castle Eden, on dead leaves, D. Near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson.

2. T. erythropus.

Gr. Syn. 25, 2; Berwick Flora, ii. 152; Phacorhiza erythropus, Gr. Crypt. t. 43; Clavaria erythropus, Sowerby, t. 606; C. gyrans, With. iv. 430; Bolton, t. 112.
On dead leaves and sticks at Farnacres near Ravensworth and Gibside D. In Heaton Wood, and near Fenham, N. On decayed straws in the Dene above Twizell Bridge, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

117. GEOGLOSSUM.

1. G. hirsutum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 185; Fl. Eds. 416; Persoon, Syn. 608; Clavaria ophioglossoides, With. iv. 435; Sowerby, t. 83; Berwick Flora, ii. 153; Schaeff. t. 327.
Near Medomsley and Darlington, D. In East Common, Heaton, and Scotswood, N.

2. G. viscosum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 55; Fl. Eds. 416; Persoon, Syn. 609.
In moist meadows near Ravensworth and Gibside, D. Near Fenham and Denton, N.

3. G. viride.

Gr. Crypt, t. 211; Persoon, Syn. 610.
Near Oakwood and Horsley Wood, on the banks of Tyne, N.

118. LEOTIA.

1. L. uliginosa.

Gr. Crypt, t. 312; Fl. Eds. 416; L. Ludwigii, Persoon, Syn. 611, t. 3, f. 13; L. Bulliardi, Syn. 612; L. Dicksoni, Syn. 612; L. laricina, Syn. 614; Clavaria epiphylla, Dick. Crypt. t. 9, f. 10; With. iv. 430; Sowerby, t. 293.
Among dead leaves near Medomsley, and in Longacre Wood, also near Lumley Castle, D. At Fenham, Denton, Blagdon, and Horsley Wood, N.

2. L. lubrica.

Gr. Crypt. t. 56; Persoon, Syn. 613; Berwick Flora, ii. 154; Helvella gelatinosa, Bull. t. 473, f. 2; Sowerby, t. 70; With. iv. 407.
Among dead leaves in Walbottle Dene, N. In woods at Hilton and Lumley Castle, D. In the neighbourhood of Berwick, N., rare. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. L. Mitrula.

Gr. Crypt, t. 81; Persoon, Syn. 611; Clavaria ferruginea, Sowerby, t. 84.
In Fir plantations at Butsfield, D. Near Corbridge and Hexham, N.

119. SPATULARIA.

1. S. flavida.

Gr. Crypt, t. 165; Persoon, Syn. 610; Helvella spatulata, Sowerby, t. 35; H. feritoria, Bolton, t. 96; Clavaria spatulata, With. iv. 431; Elvella clavata, Schaeff. t. 149.
In woods near Butsfield, Lanchester, and Medomsley, D. Near Darlington Mr. E. Robson. Near Wylam and Ovingham, N.

120. HELVELLA.

1. H. Mitra.

Gr. Crypt, t. 86; Fl. Eds. 417; Bull. t. 190 and 466; Persoon, Syn. 615; With. iv. 406; Elvella nigricans, Schaeff. t. 154; E. monacella, t. 162.
On the ground near Kibblesworth, and in Gibside, Cocken, and Lumley Woods, D. Near Stannington Bridge and Hartford, N.

2. H. leucophaea.

Gr. Crypt, t. 143; Fl. Eds. 417; H. Mytra, Sowerby, t. 39; Bull. t. 466, var. fulva, 1. c.; H. albida, Schaeff. t. 282.
In woods at Ravensworth and Beamish, D. Near Darlington Mr. E. Robson. In woods at Fenham, Blagdon, and Wylam, N.

3. H. fuliginosa.

With. iv. 409; Sowerby, t. 154; H. Mitra, Bolton, t, 95; H. elastica, Bull. f. 242; Elvella fuliginosa, Schaeff. t. 320.
In Gibside and Longacre Woods, D. In woods by the Coquet at Felton, N.

4. H. plana.

With. iv. 409; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 98; H. planus, Hudson, 633.
In Longacre Wood, and Gibside Woods, D.
Probably not a good species.

121. MORCHELLA.

1. M. esculenta.

Gr. Crypt, t. 68; Fl. Eds. 417; Persoon, Syn. 618; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 213; Berwick Flora, ii. 155; Phallus esculentus, With. iv. 428; Bull. t. 218; Bolton, t. 91; Helvetia esculenta, Sowerby, t. 51, the left hand fig.
Near Ryton, Prudhoe Castle, Medomsley, Gibside, Chester-le-Street, Cocken, and Darlington, also in Weardale and Teesdale, D. Near Wylam and Corbridge, also in East Common Wood N. Near Mitford on the Wansbeck, and near Twizell House. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. In the neighbourhood of Berwick, N., rare. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. M. hybrida.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 418; Crypt, t. 89; Persoon, Syn. 620; Helvetia hybrida, Sowerby, t. 238; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 98.
Near Darlington, D. Sent to Sowerby by Mr. E. Robson. In Cocken and Lumley Woods, D.

122. PHALLUS.

1. P. foetidus.

Gr. Crypt, t. 213 and 214; Fl. Eds. 418; Sowerby, t. 329; Berwick Flora, ii. 155; P. impudicus, Bull. t. 182; Bolton, t. 92; Schaeff. t. 196, 8; With. iv. 428; Persoon, Syn. 243.
Near Hexham, Wallington, Wylam, Heaton, and Jesmond, N. In Castle Eden Dene near Darlington, Cocken, Beamish, Urpeth, and the woods on the Derwent, D.

2. P. caninus.

With. iv. 429; Curt. Lond. t. 235; Sowerby, t. 300; Persoon, Syn. 245; Sehaeff. t. 330; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 103.
On an old stone fence in the Spital Grounds near Hexham, N. — Mr. F. Scott, Sp. In plantations near Corbridge, N.

123. PEZIZA.

1. P. inquinans.

Persoon, Syn. 631; Bull. t. 460, f. 1; Schaeff. t. 158; P. polymorpha, Lightfoot, 1055; P. nigra, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 102.
In Ravensworth Wood near Farnacres, D. In Walbottle, Denton, and Heaton Denes, N.

1. P. sarcoides.

Persoon, Syn. 633; Gr. Fl. Eds. 423; P. turbinata, Persoon, Syn. 634.
On the trunk of an old Ash tree near Berwick Dr. G. Johnston.

3. P. campanulata.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 423; Berwick Flora, ii. 151.
On dead twigs in woods, N. and D. Near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston.

4. P. cinerea.

Persoon, Syn. 634; With. iv. 425; Sowerby, t. 64; Batsch. Obs. 80, f. 107.
On stumps of trees, not rare, N. and D. In Bradley Wood, D. In fields west of Hexham, N.

5. P. albida.

With. iv. 419; Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. iii. t. 9, f. 11. In Dilston Park, East Common Wood, and Walbottle Dene, N.

6. P. aurea.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 424; Persoon, Syn. 635; P. chrysocoma, Sowerby, t. 150; With. iv. 421; Bull. t. 376, f. 2.
On decayed wood in Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, D. In Heaton and Scotswood Denes, also near Blagdon and Stannington Bridge, N.

7. P. aurantia.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 418; Persoon, Syn. 637; P. coccinea, Sowerby, t. 78; Bull. t. 474; With. iv. 417, var. 2; Helvella coccinea, Bolton, t. 100.
On rotten sticks in woods near Newcastle, N. and D.

. P. leparina.

Persoon, Syn. 637; Schaeff. 156; Batsch. 117.
In Fir plantations, N. and D.

9. P. onotica.

Persoon, Syn. 637; P. leporina, Sowerby. t. 79.
On dead leaves of the Beach, rare, N. and D.

10. P. vesiculosa.

With. iv. 423; Gr. Fl. Eds. 419; Crypt, t. 107; Sowerby, t. 4; Persoon, Syn. 641; Bull. t. 457;
P. turbinata, Persoon, Syn. 636; Helvella vesiculosa, Bolton, t. 175.
In Horsley and East Common Woods, in Dilston Park, in Heaton Dene, and near Fenham, N. In Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, and near Team, D.

11. P. umbrina.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 419 ; Persoon, Syn. 638 ; P. cochleata, Sowerby, t. 5 ; With. iv. 420; Bolton, t. 99; Bull. t. 154.
On the ground near Sheepcote, Medomsley, Urpeth, and Chester-le-Street, D. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. E. Robson. In East Common Wood and Dilston Park, N.

12. P. repanda.

Gr. Crypt, t. 59 ; Fl. Eds. 419.
Under Beach trees in Heaton Wood, N.

13. P. stipitata.

Hudson, 636; With. iv. 414; Bull. t, 457; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 100; P. micropus, Gr. Fl. Eds. 419; Crypt. Fl. t. 76; Persoon, Syn. 645; Helvella hispida, Bolton, t. 97; Schaeff. t. 167.
In Longacre and Hilton Woods, D. In Benwell and Scotswood Denes, N.

14. P. minutula.

With. iv. 415; P. spadicea, Batsch. 39, 217.
In Heaton Dene near the Busy Cottage, N.

15. P. cupularis.

With. iv. 415 ; Bull. t. 369, f. 3.
In Dilston Park and Oak Wood, N.

16. P. radicata.

With. iv. 415; Bull. t. 485, f. 2.
Near Castle Eden and Hetton, D. Near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson.

17. P. sulphurea.

Gr. Crypt. t. 83; Fl. Eds. 420; Persoon, Syn. 649.
On decaying stems of herbaceous plants.

18. P. nidulus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 420; Berwick Flora, ii. 149.
On the decayed stems of large herbaceous plants near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

19. P. Hydnoidea.

Sowerby, t. 178; Berwick Flora, ii. 150; P. sulphurea, Persoon, Syn. 649?
Near Berwick, rare. — Dr. G. Johnston.

20. P. scutellata.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 423 ; Sowerbv, t. 24 ; Persoon, Syn. 650; Berwick Flora, ii. 148; With. iv. 422; Bolton, t. 108; Bull. t. 10 and 438, 2; Batsch. t. 54.
On rotten wood and old cow-dung, frequent.

21. P. granuliformis.

Persoon, Syn. 651 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 421 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 149; P. sessilis, Sowerby, t. 389, f. 1; P. villosa, Persoon, Syn. 655.
On the decayed stems of herbaceous plants, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

22. P. coccinea.

Gr. Crypt. t. 171 ; Fl. Eds. 421 ; With. iv. 417 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 152; Bolton, t. 104; Persoon, Syn. 652 ; P. epidendra, Bull. t. 467 ; Sowerby, t. 13; P. cyathoides, Lightfoot, 1052 (in part).
On rotten sticks in woods near Newcastle, not rare, N. and D. In Twizell Dene, N.—Dr. G. Johnston.

23. P. melastoma.

Sowerby, t. 149; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 100.
On sticks in East Common Wood near Hexham, N. —Mr. F. Scott, Sp.

24. P. calyciformis.

With. iv. 413 ; Batsch. 135.
In Dilston Park and East Common Wood, N.

25. P. virginea.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 421; Persoon, Syn. 653; Berwick Flora, ii. 152; P. nivea, Sowerby, 1. 65 ; With, iv. 413 ; P. lactca, Bull. t. 376, f. 3.
On rotten sticks in Bradley Wood, D. In Heaton and Walbottle Denes, also in Dilston Park and East Common Wood, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

26. P. pulchella.

Persoon, Syn. 653; Berwick Flora, ii. 149; P. bicolor, Bull. t. 410 ; Sowerby, t. 17 ; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 100.
On rotten sticks in woods near Newcastle, N. and D. On the Furze near Berwick upon Tweed.— Dr. G. Johnston.

27. P. clandestina.

Persoon, Syn. 653 ; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 83 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 149 ; Bull. t. 416, f. 5.
On dead branches of the Willow, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

28. P. fusca.

Gr. Crypt t. 192; Persoon, Syn. 657.
On the dead branches of trees in woods near Newcastle.

29. P. inflexa.

With. iv. 418; Gr. Fl. Eds. 422; Sowerbv, t. 306; Bolton, t. 106, f. 2; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 100; P. coronilla, Persoon, Mycol. i. 287.
In Gibside and Bradley Woods, D. Near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson. In Castle Eden and Ryhope Denes, D.

30. P. ochroleuca.

With. iv. 418; Gr. Fl. Eds. 422; Sowerby, t. 115; Berwick Flora, ii. 151; Bolton, t. 105, f. 1; P. Firma, Persoon, Syn. 658.
On rotten sticks in Longacre Wood, also near Healeyfield Lead Mine, D. In Heaton Dene, N.

31. P. infundibulum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 423; Persoon, Mycol. i. 279; P. calyculus, With. iv. 418; Sowerby, t. 116; Persoon, Syn. 660; Batsch. 57 ; Bull. t. 416, f. 3.
In Scotswood Dene, East Common Wood, and Dilston Park, N.

32. P. fructigena.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 422 ; Sowerby, t. 117 ; Bull. t. 228 ; Batsch. 150 ; With. iv. 419 ; Persoon, Syn. 660.
In woods on Nuts, Acorns, and Beach-mast, N. and D.

33. P. serotina.

Persoon, Syn. 661; Helvetia cartilogina, With. iv. 407; Bolton, t. 101, f. 1.
In Oak Wood and Scotswood Dene, N.

34. P. cartilagina.

Sowerby, t. 369, f. 2; Berwick Flora, ii. 148 ; P. scutellata β, With. iv. 388, var. 2. Among moss on clay banks near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

35. P. aeruginea.

Gr. Crypt, t. 241; Persoon, Syn. 663; Berwick Flora, ii. 151; Helvetia aeruginea, Sowerby, t. 347; With. iv. 409; Persoon, Syn. 617.
On half-rotten wood, not rare. In Long-acre Wood, D. In Heaton Dene and Wellington Woods, N. Near Berwick Dr. G. Johnston.
This Peziza, as well as the decayed wood on which it grows, is of a verdigris green colour. To ascertain the nature of this colouring matter, Mr. W.C. Trevelyan is at present engaged in a series of chemical experiments, the result of which will appear in the Society's Transactions.

36. P. citrina.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 424; Persoon, Syn. 663; Berwick Flora, ii. 150; P. aurea, Sowerby, t. 150; Helvetia aurea, Bolton, t. 98, f. 2; With. iv. 408.
On rotten sticks in woods, N. and D. In Bradley Wood, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

37. P. pallescens.

Persoon, Syn. 664; Berwick Flora, ii. 151.
On dead twigs in woods, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

38. P. faginea.

Persoon, Syn. 664; Berwick Flora, ii. 150.
On the fruit of the Beech near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

39. P. atra.

Persoon, Syn. 669; Berwick Flora, ii. 148.
On the stalks of large Herbaceous plants near Newcastle, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

40. P. immersa.

Sowerby, t. 369, f. 9; Berwick Flora, ii. 148.
On rotten wood, gate posts, &c., N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

41. P. nigra.

Berwick Flora, ii. 148; Bulgaria inquinans, Bot. Gall. ii. 738.
On dead Ash trees near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

42. P. hispida.

With. iv. 424; Sowerby, t. 147; Bull. t. 204; Schaeff. t. 151.
In Fir plantations near Butsfield, Medomsley, and in Bradley Wood, D. In Dilston Park, East Common, and Korsley Woods, N.

43. P. polymorpha.

With. iv. 425; Sowerby, t. 428; Batsch. t. 50; Bull. t. 116 and 460, f. 1; Schaeff. 158.
Near Wylam and Walbottle, N. Near Darlington and Barnardcastle, D. — Mr. E. Robson.

44. P. albo-violascens.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 504; Berwick Flora, ii. 149.
On dead branches of the Furze, near Berwick. — Dr. Johnston.

45. P. plumbea.

Gr. Crypt, t. 11; Berwick Flora, ii. 150.
On rotten wood and sticks, not rare. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

46. P. punctiformis.

Gr. Crypt, t. 63.
On dead Oak and Beach leaves.

47. P. crumpens.

Gr. Crypt, t. 99.
On the decaying leaf-stalks of the Sycamore.

48. P. reticulata.

Gr. Crypt, t. 156.
On the ground near Fenham, N.

124. ASCOBOLUS.

1. A. furfuraceus.

Gr. Crypt, t. 307; Fl. Eds. 426; Persoon, Syn. 676; Peziza stercoraria, Bull. t. 376; Sowerby, t. 18 and 389; With. iv. 421; P. fusca, Bolton, t. 109, f. 2; P. atra, Hudson, 639; With. iv. 426.
On cow-dung, frequent.

125. STRICTIS.

1. S. radiata.

Gr. Crypt, t. 227; Peziza strictis radiata, Persoon, Syn. 674; P. marginata, With. iv. 419; Sowerby, t. 16.
On sticks in Bradley and Gibside Woods, D. In Heaton, Scotswood, and Walbottle Denes, N.

126. CENANGIUM.

1. C. ferruginosum.

Gr. Syn. 20; Fries, iv. t. 197; Peziza Abietis, Persoon, Syn. 671; Berwick Flora, ii. 147; P. cervina, Persoon, Syn. 647.
On the small branches of the Scotch Fir, frequent.

127. TYMPANIS.

1. T. conspersa.

Gr. Syn. 20; Crypt. t. 338; Peziza Aucupariae, Gr. Fl. Ed. 426; P. populena, Persoon, Syn. 671; P. Piri, 671.
On the dead branches of trees, not rare.

127. TREMELEA.

1. T. mesenterica.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 426; Persoon, Syn. 622; Eng. Bot. 709; With. iv. 93; Bull. t. 406; Berwick Flora, 144.
On the dead branches of trees, but not very common, N. and D. In the plantations at New-water Haugh, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. T. clavariaeformis.

Persoon, Syn. 629; Gr. Fl. Eds. 427; Podisoma clavariaeformis, Bot. Gall. ii. 881; Berwick Flora, ii. 146.
On the bark of Juniper at the Bede Hills, N. On the same shrub near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. T. Auricula-judae.

Persoon, Syn. 624; T. auricula, Eng. Bot. 2447; Peziza auricula, With. iv. 420.
On old Elder trees in hedges near Gateshead, and in Long-acre Wood, D. Near Benwell, Denton, Fenham, and Hexham, N.

4. T. spiculosa.

Persoon, Syn. 624; Berwick Flora, ii. 145; Exidia glandulosa, Bot. Gall. ii. 732.
Near Berwick.
Dr. G. Johnston considers this distinct from T. arborea.

5. T. albida.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 427; With. iv. 90; Berwick Flora, 145; Eng. Bot. 2117; Bull. t. 221; T. Candida, Persoon, Syn. 624.
On the dead branches of trees, rare. =====6. T. arborea.===== Gr. Fl. Eds. 427; Eng. Bot. 2448; With. iv. 91; Bull, t. 420.
On the dead branches and trunks of trees.

7. T. sarcoides.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 427; Eng. Bot. 2450; Berwick Flora, 145; Bolton, t. 101, f. 2; With. iv. 92; Batsch. t. 53; T. amethystea, Bull. t. 499, f. 5.
On rotten wood, frequent.

8. T. granulata.

With. iv. 95; Eng. Bot. 324; Bull. 10, 17.
In Bradley Wood, by a rivulet, D. In Dilston Park and Oak Wood, N.

129. DACRYMYCES.

1. D. Urticae.

Bot. Gall. ii. 729; Berwick Flora, ii. 144; Tremella Urticae, Persoon, Syn. 628; Fusarum tremelloides, Gr. Crypt, t. 10.
On the dead stems of the Nettle.

2. D. deliquescens.

Bot. Gall. ii. 729; Berwick Flora, ii. 143; D. stillaris, Gr. Crypt, t. 159; Tremella deliquescens, Gr. Fl. Eds. 427; T. lacrymalis, Persoon, Syn. 628; Bull. t. 445, f. 3.
On wood in a state of decay, frequent.

130. AGYRUM.

1. A. rufum.

Gr. Syn. 24; Fries, iv. t. 232; Tremella? Stictis, Persoon, Syn. 628.
On old dry Fir wood, not rare.

131. ACROSPERMUM.

1. A. compressum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 182; Clavaria Herbarum, Persoon, Syn. 605; Purton, t. 19, f. 3; Sowerby, t. 353.
On the dead stems of herbaceous plants.

132. NIDULARIA.

1. N. campanulata.

With. iv. 426; Purton, t. 17, f. 3; Sowerby, t. 28; N. vernicosa, Bull. t. 448, f. 1; Peziza lentifera, Bolton, t. 102, f. 1; Cyathus olla, Persoon, Syn. 237; Gr. Fl. Eds. 459.
Near the Windmill Hills Gateshead, and at Ravensworth, Team, and Medomsley, D. Near Benwell and Denton, also in East Common Wood, N. Near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson.

2. N. striata.

With. iv. 426; Sowerby, t. 29; Purton, t. 17, f. 1; Peziza striata, Bolton, t. 102, f. 2; P. hirsuta, Schaeff. t. 178; Bull. t. 40; Cyathus striatus, Persoon, Syn. 237.
On decayed wood at Spring Gardens and Fenham, N.

3. N. laevis.

With. iv. 427; Purton, t. 17, f. 2; Sowerby, t. 30; Bull. 140; Cyathis crucibulum, Gr. Crypt. t. 34, Fl. Eds. 459; Persoon, Syn. 238; Berwick Flora, ii. 191.
On rotten wood at Kenton, Wallington, and in East Common Wood, N. Near the Redheugh above Gateshead, D. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson.

LYCOPERDACEAE.

133. SCLERODERMA.

1. S. Cepa.

Gr. Crypt, t. 66; Persoon, Syn. 155; Berwick Flora, ii. 186; Tuber solidum, With. iv. 443.
Near Wallington, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

2. S. Semen.

Gr. Crypt, t. 144, f. 2; Persoon, Syn. 123; Sphaeria Brassicae, Bolton, t. 119, f. 2; Sowerby, 393, f. 3; With. iv. 471; Lam. and De Cand. v. 113.
On putrid leaves of the Cabbage and stalks of the Potatoe, N. and D. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

3. S. citrinum.

Persoon, Syn. 153; Lycoperdon citrinum, Bolton, t. 116.
Near Medomsley, D. Near Wylam and Bywell, N.

4. S. verrucosum.

Persoon, Syn. 154; Gr. Crypt, t. 48; Lycoperdon verrucosum, Bull. t. 24; With. iv. 451; L. defossum, Sowerby, t. 311.
By the sides of woods near Medomsley, Wolsingham, and Lanchester, and on stone walls near Gateshead, and Ravensworth, D. In Dilston Park, Oak Wood, and East Common Wood, N.

134. DIDYMIUM.

1. D. globosum.

Gr. Syn. 14; Diderma globosum, Gr. Crypt. t. 122; Persoon, Syn. 167.
On dead Oak and Beach leaves, common.

135. GEASTRUM.

1. G. coliforme.

Persoon, Syn. 131; Lycoperdon coliforme, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. i. t. 3, f. 4; Sowerby, t. 313; With. iv. 444; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 105.
In pastures on Langley Moor near Lanchester, D. Near Wylam and Bywell, N.

2. G. quadrifidum.

Persoon, Syn. 133; Lycoperdon fornicatum, With. iv. 446; Sowerby, t. l98; Purton, iii. 480.
Near Castle Eden, D. Near Barnardcastle. — Rev. James Dalton. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson.

3. G. hygrometricum, β anglicanum.

Persoon, Syn. 135; Lycoperdon recolligens, With. iv. 447; Sowerby, t. 401; Bull. t. 238.
Near Easington and Harton, D. Near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson.

4. G. multifidum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 306; G. coronatum α, Persoon, Syn. 132; Lycoperdon stellatum, Bolton, t. 179; With. iv. 445, var. 1; Sowerby, t. 312; Purton. t. 20; Linn. Tr. ii. 54.
Near Wylam, Stamfordham, and Hexham, N. Near Castle Eden and Easington, D. Near Darlington. — Mr. E. Robson. Near Barnard Castle, D. — Rev. Jas. Dalton.

136. SPHAEROBOLUS.

1. S. stellatus.

Gr. Crypt, t. 158; Persoon, Syn. 115; Purton, t. 30; Lycoperdon Corpobolus, Sowerby, t. 22; With. iv. 449.
On rotten wood near Warney Bourn and Chester-le-Street, D. Near Gosforth and Denton, N.

137. LYCOPERDON.

1. L. giganteum.

Persoon, Syn. 140; Batsch. El. Fung. t. 165; Berwick Flora, ii. 187; L. Proteus, With. iv. 452, var. 1; Sowerby, t. 332 (upper figure); L. Bovista, Bull. t. 447; Bovista gigantea, Gr. Crypt, t. 336; Fl. Eds. 458.
In fields near Lintz Green and Medomsley, D. In pastures at Spindlestone, N. — Wallis.

2. L. nigrescens.

L. Bovista, Sowerby, t. 331; Bovista nigrescens, Persoon, Syn. 136; Gr. Fl. Eds. 458.
In meadows and pastures, not rare, N. and D.

3. L. Bovista.

Persoon, Syn. 141; Gr. Fl. Eds. 456; Berwick Flora, ii. 187; L. Proteus, Sowerby, t. 332 (middle figure).
In pastures, not rare, N. and D. Under the floors of the Vicarage and Infirmary, Newcastle.

4. L. pratense.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 457; Persoon, Syn. 142; Berwick Flora, ii. 187; L. Proteus cepaerforme, Bull. t. 435, f. 2.
In pastures, frequent.

5. L. excipuliforme.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 457; Persoon, Syn. 143; Berwick Flora, ii. 187; L. Proteus, var. excipuliforme. Bull. t. 550, f. 2; I. Proteus, Sowerby, t. 332 (lower figures); Bolton, t. 117. f. 9.
In pastures, rare.

6. L. pyriforme.

Persoon, Syn. 148; Gr. Crypt, t. 304; L. Proteus, var. pyriforme, With. iv. 453; var. ovoideum, Bull. t. 435, f. 3.
On the rotten stumps of trees, and on the ground in woods, not rare.

138. TULOSTOMA.

1. T. brumale.

Gr. Crypt, t. 340; Persoon, Syn. 139; Lycoperdon pedunculatum, With. iv. 451; Bull. t. 294 and 471; Sowerby, t. 406.
On old stone walls among moss, N. and D.

139. ONYGENA.

1. O. equina.

Gr. Syn. 11; Crypt, t. 343; Persoon, Syn. 203; Berwick Flora, ii. 189; Lycoperdon equinum, With. iv. 450.
On the horns and hoofs of animals in a state of decay. Near Yetholm. — Rev. A. Baird.

140. LYCOGOLA.

1. L. argentea.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 453; Crypt, t. 106; Berwick Flora, ii. 188; Reticularia Lycoperdon, With. iv. 459; Sowerby, t. 272.
On rotten gate posts, &c.

2. L. miniata.

Gr. Crypt, t. 38; Berwick Flora, ii. 188; Persoon, Syn. 158; Lycoperdon epidendrum, With, iv. 457; Sowerby, t. 52; Bolton, t. 119, f. 1.
On rotten wood, not rare. Near Darlington, D. — Mr. E. Robson. In Dilston Park, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. L. fuliginosa.

Berwick Flora, ii. 189.
On decayed Fir trees near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

141. LEANGIUM.

1. L. Trevelyani.

Gr. Syn. 14; Crypt, t. 132.
On Bryum ligulatum in woods at Hartburn, north of Wallington, N. — W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.

142. PHYSARUM.

1. P. luteum.

Persoon, Syn. 172; Sphaerocarpus luteus, Bull. t. 407, f. 2; Trichia flava, With. iv. 474; Bolton, t. 93, f. 4.
On rotten timber in Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, D.

2. P.? globuliferum.

Persoon, Syn. 175; Sphaerocarpus globuliferus, Bull. t. 484, f. 3; Trichia globulifera, With. iv. 475; T. sphaerocarpa, Sowerby, t . 240; Clathrus sphaerocarpus, Bolton, t. 94, f. 1.
On rotten wood in Cawsey Dene, and near Ryton and Gateshead, D.

3. P. nutans.

Persoon, Syn. 171; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 12; Trichia alba, Lam. and De Cand. ii. 252; Sowerby, t. 259; Sphaerocarpus albus, Bull. t. 407, f. 3; Clathrus sphaerocephalus, Bolton, t. 91, f. 1.
On dead leaves and sticks in Cawsey Dene, D. In Heaton and Denton Denes, N.

4. P. aureum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 124; Persoon, Syn. 173.
On decayed trunks of trees, not rare. Near Wallington, N. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

5. P. farinaceum.

Bot. Gall. ii. 860; Berwick Flora, ii. 190.
On decayed Beach leaves, not rare. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

143. LEOCARPUS.

1. L. vernosus.

Gr. Crypt, t. 111; Berwick Flora, ii. 189; Fl. Eds. 453; Diderma vernosum, Persoon, Syn. 165; Lycoperdon fragile, With. iv. 458; Sowerby, t. 136; Dick. Crypt, t. 3, f. 6.
On moss in Cawsey Wood, D. In Heaton, Scotswood, and Walbottle Denes, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

144. CRATERIUM.

1. C. leucocephalum.

Gr. Syn. 13; Crypt, t. 65; Berwick Flora, ii. 190.
On dead leaves and straws in woods. — Dr. G. Johnston.

145. PERICHAENA.

1. P. populina.

Gr. Crypt, t. 252; Licea circumscissa, Persoon, Syn. 196; Gr. Fl. Eds. 451; Sploerocarpus subsessilis, Bull. t. 417, f. 5.
Between the wood and the bark of Aspen trees near Jesmond, N.

146. LICEA.

1. L. fragiformis.

Gr. Crypt, t. 308; Tubulina fragiformis, Persoon, Syn. 198; Trichia fragiformis, With. iv. 475; Sphaerocarpus fragiformis, Bull. t. 384.
On rotten wood and dead leaves, not rare.

147. TRICHIA.

1. T. nigripes.

Persoon, Syn. 178; T. pyriformis, With. iv. 474; Sowerby, t. 400, f. 6; Sphaerocarpus pyriformis, Bull. t. 417, f. 2.
In Long-acre and Gibside Woods, D. In East Common and Horsley Woods, N.

2. T. ovata.

Persoon, Syn. 180; Berwick Flora, ii. 190; Gr. Fl. Eds. 454; T. turbinata, Sowerby, t. 85; With. iv. 476; Clathrus turbinatus, Bolton, t. 94, f. 3.
In Long-acre and Gibside Woods, D. In Horsley Wood and Scotswood Dene, N. Near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston.

3. T. coccinea.

Lam. and De Cand. ii. 255; T. rufa, With. iv. 473; Sphaerocarpus coccineus. Bull. t. 368, f. 1.
In East Common Wood and Dilston Park, N.

4. T. faginea.

Berwick Flora, ii. 191.
On dead branches of the Beach near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

5. T. clavata.

Lam. and De Cand. vi. 101; Persoon, Syn. 178; Berwick Flora, ii. 190.
On decayed Fir wood near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

148. ARCYRIA.

1. A. punicea.

Gr. Crypt, t. 130; Fl. Eds. 455; Persoon, Syn. 185; Berwick Flora, ii. 191; Trichia cinnabarina, Bull. t. 502, f. 1; T. denudata. With. iv. 472; Sowerby, t. 49; Clathrus denudatus, Bolton, t. 93, f. 2.
On rotten wood in Long-acre and Gibside Woods, D. In Heaton and Scotswood Denes, N. At Murton Crags, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. A. flava.

Gr. Crypt. t. 309; Persoon, Syn. 184; A. nutans, Gr. Fl. Eds. 455; Trichia nutans, Bull. t. 502, f. 3; With. iv. 474; Sowerby, t. 260.
On rotten wood near Benwell and Denton. N.

149. STEMONITES.

1. S. fasciculata.

Gr. Crypt, t. 170; Berwick Flora, ii. 191; Persoon, Syn. 187; Trichia axifera. Bull, t. 177, f. 1; T. nuda, With. iv. 472; Sowerby, t. 20; Clathrus nudus, Bolton, t. 93, f. 1.
On rotten wood at Wallington, and in Dilston Park and Heaton Dene, N. in Ravensworth and Gibside Woods, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G.Johnston.

150. DICTYDIUM.

1. D. cernuum.

Gr. Crypt. t. 153; Cribraria cernua, Persoon, Syn. 189.
On rotten wood, not very rare.

151. TRICHOMERMA.

1. T. viride.

Gr. Crypt, t. 271; Persoon, Syn. 231.
On decayed trees, common.

152. ILLOSPORUM.

1. I. roseum.

Gr. Syn. 10; Berwick Flora, ii. 144; Palmella rosea, Crypt, t. 51; Tubercularia rosea, Persoon, Syn. 114.
On the bark of the Hawthorn and Apple, not rare, N. and D. On Lichens in Twizell Dene, and near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

153. SCLEROTIUM.

1. S. Semen.

Gr. Crypt, t. 144, f. 2; Persoon, Syn. 128; Berwick Flora, ii. 137; Sphaeria Brassicae, Bolton, t. 119, f. 2; Sowerby, t. 393, f. 3; With. iv. 471.
On stalks of putrid vegetables, common.

2. S. clavus.

Lam. and De Cand. v. 115; Berwick Flora, ii. 138.
On the seeds of Agrostis alba. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. S. muscorum.

Persoon, Syn. 120; Berwick Flora, ii. 138; S. subterraneum, Gr. Fl. Eds. 461; Crypt, t. 101.
On the roots of Hypna in Longridge Dene near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. S. Pteridis.

Gr. Fl.Eds. 463; Berwick Flora, ii. 139.
On the stems of Pteris aquilina, common. On Aspidium Filix-mas. — Dr. G. Johnston.

5. S. salicinum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 462; Xyloma salicinum, Bot. Gall. ii. 875; Berwick Flora, ii. 140.
On the leaves of the broad-leaved Willows. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

6. S. populeum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 463; Persoon, Syn. 125; Xyloma populeum, Bot. Gall. ii. 875; Berwick Flora, ii. 140.
On the leaves of the Aspen. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

7. S. durum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 1; Persoon, Syn. 121; Berwick Flora, ii. 137; Sphaeria solida, Sowerby, t. 314.
On the dead stems of large herbaceous plants, frequent, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

8. S. quercinum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 77; Persoon, Syn. 124; S. pustula, Spring. Syst. Veg. iv. 522; Berwick Flora, ii. 137.
On dead Oak leaves.

154. ERYSIPHE.

1. E. communis.

Gr. Syn. 9; E. Pisi, Lam. and De Cand. ii. 274;
Berwick Flora, ii. 141; Gr. Crypt, t. 134; E. Trifolii, Fl. Eds. 459.
On Trefoil, Vetches, and the Garden Pea, frequent. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. E. adunca.

Gr. Crypt, t. 296; E. Populi, Lam. and De Cand. vi. 104; E. Prunastri, Lara, and De Cand. l.c. p. 108.
On both sides of the leaves of the Willow, Poplar, Elm, &c., common.

3. E. compositarum.

Bot. Gall. ii. 870; Berwick Flora, ii. 142; E. depressa. Link, in Willd. vi. i. 110; E. Arctii, Gr. Fl. Eds. 460; E. Artemisiae;, Gr. Fl. Eds. 459.
On the leaves of the Burdock and Mugwort.

4. E. divaricata.

Bot. Gall. ii. 870; Link, in Willd. vi. i, 120; Berwick Flora, ii. 142; E. Lonicerae, Gr. Fl. Eds. 461.
On the leaves of the Honeysuckle.

5. E. penicillata.

Link, 113; Bot. Gall. ii. 871; Berwick Flora, ii. 142; E. berberidis, Lam. and De Cand. v. 275.
On the Barberry. — Dr. G. Johnston.

6. E. lamprocarpa.

Bot. Gall. ii. 869; Berwick Flora, ii. 142; Alphitomorpha lamprocarpa, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 408.
On the leaves of Plantago lanceolata. — Dr. G. Johnston.

7. E. guttata.

Link, 116; Bot. Gall. ii. 871; Berwick Flora, ii. 143; E. Coryli, Lam. and De Cand. ii. 272; Sclerotium Erysiphe β, Persoon, Syn. 124.
On the leaves of the Hazel. — Dr. G. Johnston.

155. LASIOBOTRYS.

1. L. Lonicerae.

Gr. Crypt, t. 191; Xyloma Xylostei, Lam. and De Cand. ii. 599 and vi. 154.
On the leaves of the Honeysuckle.

156. AEGERITA.

1. A. Candida.

Gr. Crypt, t. 268, f. 1.
On wood in decay, not rare.

157. TUBERCULARIA.

1. T. granulata.

Gr. Crypt, t. 187; Persoon, Syn. 113; Berwick Flora, ii. 147.
On dead branches of the Sycamore near Berwick, rare. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. T. vulgaris.

Persoon, Syn. 112; Berwick Flora, ii. 146; Tremella purpurea, Linn. Syst. Veg. xv. 1004; Sphaeria miniata, Bolton, t. 127, f. 1.
On the dead branches of the Currant, not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. T. confluens.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 463; Persoon, Syn. 113; Berwick Flora, ii. 146.
On dead branches of trees, very common.

4. SPUMARIA.

1. S. Mucilago.

Gr. Crypt, t. 267; Persoon, Syn. 163; S. alba, Gr. Fl. Eds. 452; Reticularis alba. Bull. 326; Sowerby, t. 280; R. ovata. With. iv. 461 , var. 2.
On dead sticks and grass, frequent.

159. AETHALIUM.

1. A. flavum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 272; Fuligo flava, Persoon, Syn. 161; F. vaporaria, Persoon, Syn. 161; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 12; F. Candida, Persoon, Syn. 162; Reticularia hortensis, Bull. t. 424; Sowerby, t. 399, f. 1; R. lutea, Sowerby, t. 399, f. 2; Bull, t. 380, f. 1; R. ovata, With. iv. 460; R. septica, With. iv. 460; R. carnosa, Sowerby, t. 399, f. 3; R. cerea, Sowerby, t. 399, f. 4; Mucor septicus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1656; Bolton, t. 134; Lightfoot, 1073.
On tan in hot- houses, and also among dead leaves and decaying trees, very frequent.

160. RETICULARIA.

1. R. minuta.

Gr. Syn. 11; Lycogola minuta, Crypt, t. 40.
On dead leaves and sticks, not rare.

2. R. argentea.

Gr. Syn. 11; Lycogola argentea, Crypt, t. 106; Persoon, Syn. 157; R. Lycoperdon, Bull. t. 446, f. 4 and t. 476, f. 1; Sowerby, t. 272; With. iv. 459; Mucor lycogolus, Bolton, t. 133; M. carneus Schaeff. t. 195, f 3.
On rotten wood, leaves, &c., frequent, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

161. ANGIORIDIUM.

1. A. sinuosum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 310; Reticularia sinuosa, Bull. t. 446, f. 3; Sowerby, t. 6; With. iv. 460; Physarum bivalve, Persoon, Syn. 169.
On the stumps of Willows by the Team, and in Gibside Woods, D.

---

UREDINEAE.

162. PUCCINIA.

1. P. Anemones.

Persoon, Syn. 226; Aecidium fuscum, Sowerby, t. 53.
On the leaves of the wood Anemone, frequent.

2. P. Rubi.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 428; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 218; Berwick Flora, ii. 193; P. mucronata β, Persoon, Syn. 230.
On the leaves of the common Bramble.

3. P. Potentillae.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 428; Crypt, t. 57; Berwick Flora, ii. 193.
On the Strawberry and Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil, N. and D.

4. P. gracilis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 428; Berwick Flora, ii. 193; P. Rubi Idaei, Lam. and De Cand. v. 54.
On the wild Raspberry. — Dr. G. Johnston.

5. P. Ulmariae.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 433; Berwick Flora, ii. 194.
On the leaves of the Meadowsweet, near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston. =====6. P. Ciracae.===== Gr. Fl. Eds. 429; Persoon, Syn. 228; Berwick Flora, ii. 194.
On the leaves of the Enchanter's Nightshade. — Dr. G. Johnston.

7. P. Aviculariae.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 429; Persoon, Syn. 227; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 221; Berwick Flora, ii. 195.
On the leaves of Polygonum aviculare, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

8. P. Menthae.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 430; Persoon, Syn. 227; Berwick Flora, ii. 195.
On the leaves of Menthae, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

9. P. Polygoni.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 430; Persoon, Syn. 227; Berwick Flora, ii. 195.
On the leaves of Polygonum amphibium. — Dr. G. Johnston.

10. P. compositarum.

Bot. Gall. ii. 890; Berwick Flora, ii. 196; P. Centaurea, Gr. Fl. Eds. 430.
On the leaves of different species of Compositae, N. and D. On the leaves of Centaurea nigra, near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

11. P. variabilis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 431; Crypt, t. 75; Berwick Flora, ii. 196.
On Leontodon Taraxacum, not rare, near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

12. P. Buxi.

Gr. Crypt. 17; Sowerby, t. 439; Lam. and De Cand. vi. 60.
On the leaves of Box in gardens about Newcastle, N. and D.

13. P. Calthae.

Link, in Willd. vii. ii. 79; Bot. Gall. ii. 891; Berwick Flora, ii. 196.
Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

14. P. Epilobii.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 431; Lam. and De Cand. v. 61.
Near Berwick, on the leaves of Epilobium palustre.—Dr. G. Johnston.

15. P. Veronicarum.

Bot. Gall. ii. 889; Berwick Flora, ii. 194.
On the leaves of Veronica Chamaedrys. — Dr. G. Johnston.

16. P. Lychnidearum.

Link, in Willd. iv. ii. 80; Bot. Gall. 887; Berwick Flora, ii. 1 94.
On the Red Lychnis, near Berwick Dr. G. Johnston.

17. P. Violae.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 432; Lam. and De Cand. v. 62; Berwick Flora, ii. 196.
On the leaves of Viola canina, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

17. P. Scorodonia.

Link, in Willd. iv. ii. 72; Bot. Gall. ii. 888; Berwick Flora, ii. 194.
On Teucrium Scorodonia, not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

18. P. Galii-cruciata.

Bot. Gall. ii. 890; Berwick Flora, ii. 196; P. Valantia, Gr. Fl. Eds. 432; Persoon, Syn. 227.
On Galium verum and G. cruciatum, near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

19. P. Fabae.

Gr. Crypt, t. 29; Berwick Flora, ii. 197; P. globosa, Gr. Fl. Eds. 434; Uredo appendiculata, Bot. Gall. ii. 897.
On the leaves of Orobus tuberosus, in autumn, N. and D.

20. P. Porri.

Uredo Porri, Sowerby, t. 411.
On Leeks and Onions, not frequent.

21. P. glomerata.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 433; Berwick Flora, ii. 194.
On the leaves of Senecio Jacobaea, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

22. P. syngenesiarum.

Link, in Willd, iv. ii. 74; Berwick Flora, ii. 197.
On the leaves of Thistles, and of the Tragopogon. — Dr. G. Johnston.

23. P. Graminis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 433; Persoon, Syn. 228; Berwick Flora, ii. 195; Uredo Frumenti, Sowerby, 1. 140.
β Arundinis.
α On the stems and leaves of Corn and Grasses.
β On Phalaris arundinacea, and Arundo Phragmites. — Dr. G. Johnston.

24. P. Arundinacea.

Bot. Gall. ii. 889; Berwick Flora, ii. 195; P. Graminis, var. Arundinacea, Gr. Fl. Eds. 433.
On the leaves and sheaths of Reeds. — Dr. G. Johnston.

25. P. Bullaria.

Link, ut Supp. 78; Berwick Flora, ii. 197; Bullaria umbelliferarum, Bot. Gall. ii. 886.
On the stem of the Hemlock, in autumn, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

26. P. Umbelliferarum.

Lam. and De Cand. v. 58; Gr. Fl. Eds. 430; Berwick Flora, ii. 196.
On the leaves of the Hemlock, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

163. PHRAGMIDIUM.

1. P. mucronatum.

Gr. Syn. 3; Puccinia Rosae, Crypt, t. 15; Berwick Flora, ii. 193; P. mucronata, α Rosa, Persoon, Syn. 233.
On the leaves of the Rose, common.

164. UREDO.

1. U. Geranii.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 434; Crypt, t. 8; Lam. and De Cand. vi. 73; Berwick Flora, ii. 201.
On the leaves of various species of Geranium, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr, G. Johnston.

165. U. Candida.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 442; Crypt, t. 251; Persoon, Syn. 223; Berwick Flora, ii. 197; U. Thlaspi, Sowerby, t. 340.
On Tetradynamous plants, not rare; most common on Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris.

3. U. Epilobii.

Lam. and De Cand. vi. 73; Berwick Flora, ii. 200.
On the leaves of Epilobium montanum, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. =====4. U. Violarum.===== Lam. and De Cand. vi. 73; Berwick Flora, ii. 202.
On the leaves of Viola canina, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

5. U. Ficariae.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 434; Lam. and De Cand. vi. 65; Berwick- Flora, ii. 203.
On the leaves of Ranunculus Ficaria. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

6. U. suaveolens.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 434; Persoon, Syn. 221; Berwick Flora, ii. 202; Aecidium Cardui, Sowerby, t. 398, f. 5.
On Cnicus arvensis, N. and D. Near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

7. U. Polygonorum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 434; Crypt, t. 80; Lam. and De Cand. vi. 71; Berwick Flora, ii. 201.
On the leaves of various species of Polygonum, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

8. U. Cichoraceum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 425; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 229; Berwick Flora, ii. 201.
On the leaves of the Composite, N. and D. On the Lapsana communis, near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston. On the Dandelion, common.

9. U. bifrons.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 435; Berwick Flora, ii. 201; U. Rumicum β, Lam. and De Cand. vi. 66.
On the leaves of the Sorrel, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

10. U. Rumicum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 436; Lam. and De Cand. vi. 66; Berwick Flora, ii. 201; U. bifrons. Lam. and De Cand. ii. 229.
On Rumex crispus, and R. obtusifolius, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

11. U. intrusa.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 436; Berwick Flora, ii. 201.
On the inferior surface of the leaves of Alchemilla vulgaris. Near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

12. U. Fabae.

Gr. Crypt, t. 95; Fl. Eds. 436; Persoon, Syn. 221; Lam. and De Cand. v. 69; U. fusca, Purton, iii. 507.
On the leaves of the Bean, Vetch, &c.

13. U. Labiatarum.

Lam. and De Cand. vi. 72; Berwick Flora, ii. 203; Gr. Fl. Eds. 436; U. Mentha, Persoon, Syn. 220.
On the leaves of Ajuga reptans, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

14. U. oblongata.

Gr. Crypt, t. 12; Fl. Eds. 437; Berwick Flora, ii. 202; U. caricis, Fl. Dan. t. 1317; U. caricina, Lam. and De Cand. vi. 83.
On the leaves of Luzulae and Carices.

15. U. Vitellinae.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 437; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 231; Berwick Flora, ii. 200.
On the leaves of Salix vitellina, viminalis, and Smithiana, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

16. U. farinosa.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 437; Berwick Flora, ii. 200; Persoon, Syn. 217 α; U. Caproearum, Lam. and De Cand. vi. 80.
On Salix capraea, and S. aurita. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

17. U. Gnaphalii.

Berwick Flora, ii. 200.
On the leaves of Gnaphalium germanicum, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

18. U. Senecionis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 438; Berwick Flora, ii. 198; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 231; U. farinosa β, Persoon, Syn. 218.
On the leaves of Senecio sylvaticus, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

19. U. Tussilaginis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 441; Berwick Flora, ii. 198.
On the leaves of the Colts-foot, frequent.

20. U. Potentillae.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 438; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 232; Berwick Flora, ii. 199.
On Potentilla Fragaria. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

21. U. Rosa.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 438; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 232; Berwick Flora, ii. 199.
On Rose leaves, N. and D. Near Berwick Dr. G. Johnston.

22. U. Ruborum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 438; Berwick Flora, ii. 199; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 234; U. Rubifruticosi, Persoon, Syn. 218.
On the leaves of Brambles, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

23. U. effusa.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 439; Crypt, t. 19; Berwick Flora, ii. 199; U. miniata α, Persoon, Syn. 216; U. spiraeae, Sowerby, t. 298.
On the leaves and seed vessels of wild Roses, frequent, and on Spiraea Ulmaria, N. and D.

24. U. Lini.

Gr. Crypt, t. 31; Fl. Eds. 439; U. miniata β, Persoon, Syn. 216.
On the leaves of Linum catharticum, N. and D.

25. U. Alchemillae.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 439; Persoon, Syn. 215; Berwick Flora, ii. 199.
On Alchemilla vulgaris, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

26. U. Rhinanthacearum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 439; Lam. and De Cand. vi. 80; Berwick Flora, ii. 200.
On the leaves, &c., of the Yellow Rattle, N.—Dr. G. Johnston.

27. U. Campanula.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 440; Persoon, Syn. 217; Berwick Flora, ii. 200.
On the leaves of different species of Campanula, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

28. U. Pyrolae.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 440; Berwick Flora, ii. 198.
On the leaves of Pyrola minor, at Wallington, N. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. At Gibside, and the Howns Woods, D.

29. U. linearis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 440; Persoon, Syn. 216; Berwick Flora, ii. 198; U. frumenti, Sowerby, t. 140; U. longissima, t. 139.
On the leaves of Corn and Grasses, common. =====30. U. Sonchi.===== Gr. Fl. Eds. 441; Berwick Flora, ii. 198; U. Sonchi arvensis, Persoon, Syn. 217.
On the leaves of Sonchus arvensis, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

31. U. Petasitis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 441; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 236; Berwick Flora, ii. 198.
On the leaves of Tussilago Petasites, N. and D. Near Berwick Dr. G. Johnston.

32. U. Populina.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 442 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 200 ; Persoon, Syn. 219 α; U. longicapsula, Bot. Gall. ii. 895.
On the lower surface of the leaves of Populus nigra, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

33. U. ovata.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 442; Berwick Flora, ii. 198; β Betulae, U. populina β, Persoon, Syn. 219; U. longicapsula β, Lam. and De Cand. v. 84.
On the leaves of Betula alba, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

34. U. segetum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 442; Persoon, Syn. 224; Berwick Flora, ii. 203.
Within the fructification and glumes of Corn, too frequent.

35. U. urceolarum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 443; Lam. and De Cand. vi. 78 ; U. Caricis, Persoon, Syn. 225 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 204.
On the fructification of Sedges, N. and D.

36. U. caries.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 443 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 16 ; Lam. and De Cand. vi. 78 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 204.
Within the grains of Wheat, too common.

37. U. antherarum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 443 ; Lam. and De Cand. vi. 79 ; U. violacca, Persoon, Syn. 225.
On Lychnis dioica, and Cerastium viscosum, N. and D.

38. U. flosculorum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 443 ; Lam. and De Cand. vi. 79 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 204 ; Farinaria Scabiosa, Sowerby, t. 269, f. 2.
On Scabiosa arvensis, rare, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

39. U. caryophyllaccarum.

Link, in Willd. iv. ii. 26 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 199.
On Stellaria graminea, and Cerastium viscosum, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

40. U. Vacciniorum.

Berwick Flora, ii. 199; Coeoma Vacciniurum, Link, Supp. Cit. 15.
On the leaves of Vaccinium Myrtillus, — Dr. G. Johnston.

41. U. Umbellatarum.

Berwick Flora, ii. 202; Coeoma umbellatarum, Link, in Willd, iv. ii. 23 ; U. Cynapii, Bot. Gall. ii. 900.
On the leaves of the Hemlock — Near Berwick —Dr. G. Johnston.

165. AECIDIUM.

1. A. Epilobii.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 444 ; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 238 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 204.
On the leaves of Epilobium palustre, and E. hirsutum, near Berwick.— Dr ,G. Johnston.

2. A. Chicoraceum.

Lam. and De Cand. ii. 239 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 205; β A. Tragopogi, Persoon, Syn. 211.
α. Near Berwick-upon-Tweed.— Dr. G. Johnston. β near Newcastle, upon Tragopogon pratense.

3. A. Sonchi.

Berwick Flora, ii. 205.
On the leaves of Sonchus arvensis.— Dr. G. Johnston.

4. A. Violarum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 444 ; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 240 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 205.
On the leaves of Viola canina. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

5. A. albescens.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 444 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 205.
On Adoxa muschatellina.

6. A. Taraxaci.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 444 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 205.
On the lower surface of the leaves of the Dandelion, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

7. A. Periclymeni.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 445 ; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 597 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 206.
On the leaves of the Woodbine. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

8. A. Prenanthes.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 445 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 206.
On the leaves of Hieracium paludosum, — Dr. G. Johnston.

9. A. Urticae.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 445 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 206.
On the leaves and stem of Urtica dioica.

10. A. confertum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 446; Berwick Flora, ii. 205.
On the leaves of Ranunculus Ficaria.

11. A. Geranii.

Lam. and De Cand. vi. 93 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 205; Uredo hemisphaerica, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 571.
On the leaves of Geranium pretense, near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

12. A. Grossulariae.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 446 ; Crypt, t. 62; Berwick Flora, ii. 206 ; A. Rumicis β, Persoon, Syn. 207.
On the leaves of the Gooseberry.

13. A. Valerianarum.

Bot. Gall. ii. 908; Berwick Flora, ii. 206.
On the leaves and footstalks of the Valerians. Near Berwick — Dr. G. Johnston.

14. A. Ranunculaceum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 446 ; Lam. and De Cand. vi. 97 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 206 ; A. Ranunculi acris, Persoon, Syn. 210.
On the leaves of different species of Ranunculi, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

15. A. Berberidis.

Gr. Crypt, t. 96; Fl. Eds. 44 ; Persoon, Syn. 209; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 246.; Berwick Flora, ii. 207.
On the leaves, &c., of the Barberry, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

10. A. laceratum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 447 ; Crypt, t. 209; Berwick Flora, ii. 207 ; Sowerby, t. 318 ; A. Oxyacanthae, Persoon, Syn. 206.
On the fruit and fruit-stalks of the Hawthorn, near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. =====17. A. cornutum.===== Gr. Fl. Eds. 447; Crypt, t. 180; Sowerby, t. 319; Persoon, Syn. 205; Berwick Flora, ii. 207.
On the leaves of the Mountain Ash, N. and D. In Twizell Dene, N Mrs. Selby.

18. A. Tussilaginis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 447; Persoon, Syn. 209; Sowerby, t. 397, f. 1; Berwick Flora, ii. 207.
On the leaves of Tussilago Farfara.

19. A. Allii.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 447; Persoon, Syn. 210; Berwick Flora, ii. 207.
On the leaves of Allium urcinum, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

---

MUCEDINEAE.

166. ERINEUM.

1. E. aureum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 33; Persoon, Syn. 700; Berwick Flora, ii. 290.
On the leaves of the Populus nigra.

2. E. griseum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 141, f. 1.
On the leaves of the Oak, common.

3. E. clandestinum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 141, f. 2; E. Oxyacanthae, Persoon, Mycol. i. 145.
On the leaves of the White Thorn.

4. E. faginum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 250, f. 1; Persoon, Syn. 700; Berwick Flora, ii. 208.
On the leaves of the Beach, common, Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

5. E. populinum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 250, f. 2; Persoon, Syn. 700; Berwick Flora, ii. 209.
On the leaves of Poplars and the Aspen.

6. E. Padi.

Gr. Crypt, t. 157, f. 1.
On the leaves of the Bird Cherry, N. and D. Near Twizell House, N — P. J. Selby, Esq. Near Beamish, D. — Greville.

7. E. roseum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 451; Crypt, t. 21.
On Betula alba, in sub-alpine situations.

8. E. betulinum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 451; Edin. Ph. Jour, vi. 79, t. 3; Berwick Flora, ii. 208.
On the leaves of Betula alba, frequent.

9. E. Alneum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 157, f. 2; Persoon, Syn. 701; Berwick Flora, ii. 209; Mucor ferrugincus, Bull. t. 504, f. 12.
On the leaves of the Alder.

10. E. roseum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 451; E. Betulae;, Crypt, t. 21.
On the leaves of the Birch in Teesdale, and other sub-alpine situations.

11. E. pyrinum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 22; Persoon, Syn. 700; Berwick Flora, ii. 208.
On the leaves of the Crab and Pear, not rare.

12. E. tortuosum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 94.
On the leaves of the Birch.

13. E. Sorbi.

Gr. Crypt, t. 263, f. 1.
On the leaves of the Mountain Ash. Near Wellington, N.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

14. E. Juglans.

Gr. Crypt. 263, f. 2.
On the leaves of the Walnut.

15. E. acerinum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 449; Persoon, Syn. 700; Berwick Flora, ii. 208.
On the under surface of the leaves of the Sycamore, common.

167. MUCOR.

1. M. caninus.

Persoon, Syn. 201; Gr. Crypt, t. 305; Syn, 7; Berwick Flora, ii. 210.
In stercore canino.

168. MYRIOTHECIUM.

1. M. Carmichaelii.

Gr. Crypt, t. 140.
On decayed vegetables.

169. CHAETOMIUM.

1. C. datum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 230.
On dead Grasses and Reeds.

---

BYSSOIDEAE.

170. BYSSUS.

1. B. floccosa.

Bot. Gall. ii. 934; Berwick Flora, ii. 212; Byssus septica, With. iv. 192, var. 2; Dill. t. 1, f. 9.
In wine cellars. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. B. olivacca.

Filaments, long, tubular, even, continuous, simple, pellucid, and of an olive green colour. Abundant in an oil cellar in Newcastle, where the plant formed a loosely matted covering to the walls behind the casks.
Dr. G. Johnston, to whom I sent this plant, and to a more accurate observer specimens could not have been submitted, observes, "The tubes are empty, but in some of them I thought I perceived a granular matter. There are no sporules."

171. OZONIUM.

1. O. auricomum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 260; Dematium strigosum, Persoon, Syn. 695; Byssus barbata, Eng. Bot. 701; With, iv. 191.
On rotten wood in damp places, and in caverns.

172. DEMATIUM.

1. D. violaceum.

Persoon, Syn. 697; Auricularia phosphorea, Sowerby, t. 350; Byssus phosphorea, With. iv. 189; Conferva phosphorea, Dillwyn, t 88.
On rotten wood and bark, not rare. ====173. HIMANTIA.====

1. H. Candida.

Gr. Crypt, t. 228; Persoon, Syn. 704; Berwick Flora, ii. 213; Fibrellaria stellata, Sowerby, t. 387, f. 1; Byssus Candida, Hudson, 607; Lightfoot, 1003.
On decaying leaves, sticks, &c. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. H. flammea.

Linnaea, A. D. 1830, p. 408.
On dead Beach leaves near Wallington, N. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

174. RACODIUM.

1. R. cellare.

Gr. Crypt, t. 259; Persoon, Syn. 701; Berwick Flora, ii. 212; Fibrellaria vinaria, Sowerby, t. 432; Byssus Cryptarum, Lam. and De Cand. ii. 67; B. septica, With. iv. 192, var. 2.
In damp vaults and cellars.

2. R. aluta.

Persoon, Syn. 702; Byssus aluta, Lam. and De Cand. vi. 10.
In rotten trees, but not very frequent.

3. R. xylostroma, β Corium.

Persoon, Syn. 702; Xylostroma giganteum, Sowerby, t. 358.
On decayed Oaks in woods.

175. HELMISPORIUM.

1. H. macrocarpon.

Gr. Crypt, t. 148, f. 1.
On rotten bark.

176. TORULA.

1. T. herbarum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 469; Bot. Gall. ii. 931; Berwick Flora, ii. 210; Monilis herbarum, Persoon, Syn. 693.
On the dead stems of vegetables. — Dr. G. Johnston.

177. FUSIDIUM.

1. F. griseum.

Gr. Crypt. 1. 102, f. 1; Fl. Eds. 464.
On dead Oak and Beach leaves.

1. F. flavo-virescens.

Gr. Crypt, t. 102, f. 2; Fl. Eds. 464; Berwick Flora, ii. 209.
On dead Oak and Beach leaves. Near Berwick — Dr. G. Johnston.

178. POLYTHRINCIUM.

1. P. Trifolii.

Gr. Crypt, t. 216.
On the leaves of the Trefoils.

179. EXOSPORIUM.

1. E. Tilliae.

Gr. Crypt, t. 208.
On the dead branches of the Linden.

180. DIDYMOSPHORUM.

1. D. profusum.

Gr. Syn. 3; Stilbospora profusa, Crypt, t. 212.
On branches of the Beach and Sycamore.

2. D. betulinum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 273.
On dead branches of the Birch.

181. FUSARIUM.

1. F. tremelloides.

Gr. Crypt. t. 10; Tremella urticae, Persoon, Syn. 628; Lam. and De Cand. vi. 28.
On the dead stems of the Nettle, common, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

182. ASCOPHORA.

1. A. Mucedo.

Gr. Crypt, t. 269; Mucor Mucedo, Persoon, Syn. 201; Berwick Flora, ii. 210.
On putrefying substances, common.

183. EUROTIUM.

1. E. Herbariorum.

Gr. Crypt. t. 164; Mucor Herbariorum, Persoon. Syn. 202.
On the leaves and stems of dried plants when exposed to damp, common.

2. E. Bosarum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 164, f. 2.
On the branches and capsules of the Rose.

184. ACREMONIUM.

1. A. fuscum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 124, f. 1.
On dead wood and herbaceous plants.

2. A. verticillatum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 124, f. 2.
On dead wood and trunks of trees.

185. PENICILLIUM.

1. P. glaucum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 58, f. 1; Berwick Flora, ii. 211.
On putrifying fruit, fungi, &c.

186. BOTRYTIS.

1. B. agaricina.

Gr. Crypt, t. 126, f. 1.
On decaying fungi.

2. B. diffusa.

Gr. Crypt, t. 126, f. 2.
On decaying herbaceous plants.

3. ACROSPORIUM.

1. A. monilioides.

Gr. Crypt. t. 73; Berwick Flora, ii. 210; Oidium monilioides, Bot. Gall. ii. 932.
On the leaves and stems of Grasses.

188. SPOROTRICHUM.

1. S. minutum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 108, f. 1.
On putrid substances.

189. TRICHOTHECIUM.

1. T. roseum.

Gr. Crypt. t. 172; Trichoderma roseum, Persoon, Syn. 231.
On rotten branches of trees. ====190. SEPEDONIUM.====

1. S. mycophilum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 198; Berwick Flora, ii. 209; Uredo mycophila, Persoon, Syn. 214; Mucor chrysospermus, Bull. t. 504, f. 1; Sowerby, t. 378; With. iv. 479.
On putrescent fungi.

191. CLADOSPORUM.

1. C. herbarum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 469; Bot. Gall. ii. 930; Berwick Flora, ii. 209.
On the dead stems of umbelliferous plants, Oak leaves, &c.

192. ASPERGILLUS.

1. A. glaucus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 467; Berwick Flora, ii. 211.
On putrefying fruit, &c.

2. A. penicillatus.

Gr. Crypt, t. 32.
On damp Hay.

193. BOTRYS.

1. B. cinerea.

Berwick Flora, ii. 212; Link, in Willd. iv. i. 60.
Parasitical, on Sclerotium durum. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. B. agaracina.

Link, in Willd. iv. i. 54; Berwick Flora, ii. 212.
Parasitical, on Uredo Candida. — Dr. G. Johnston.

194. CYLYNDROSPORIUM.

1. C. concentricum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 27; Fl. Eds. 471.
On the leaves of the garden Cabbage.

---

ALGAE.

195. SARGASSUM.

1. S. bacciferum.

Agardh, Syn. 6; Gr. Algae, 3; Fucus bacciferus. Turn. Hist, t. 47; Eng. Bot. 1967.
Among the rejectamenta of the sea at the foot of Castle Eden Dene, D. — Mr. Backhouse. On the coast of Northumberland. — With. iv. 101.

196. CYSTOSEIRA.

1. C. ericoides.

Agardh, Syn. 52; Gr. Algae, 4; Fucus tamariscifolius, Ner. Brit. 44, t. 11; F. selaginoides. Turn. Syn. 85; F. ericoides, Eng. Bot. 1968; Turn. Hist. t. 191.
Among the rejectamenta of the sea near Sunderland.— W. Weighell's Herb. At Seaton, D.-Mr. E. Robson.

197. HALIDRYS.

1. H. siliquosa.

Gr. Algae, 9; Cystoseira siliquosa, Agardh, Syn. 71; Fucus siliquosus, Eng. Bot. 474; Ner. Brit. 8, t. 5; Turn. Hist. t. 159; Berwick Flora, ii. 223.
On rocks and stones on the coast, frequent.

198. FUCUS.

1. F. nodosus.

Agardh, Syn. 85; Eng. Bot. 570; Turn. Hist. t. 91; Berwick Flora, ii. 222; Ner. Brit. 35, t. 10; Gr. Algae, 16.
On rocks and stones on the coast, common.

2. F. vesiculosus.

Agardh, Syn. 87; Turn. Hist. t. 88; Berwick Flora, ii. 221; Gr. Algae, 12; Eng. Bot. 1066.
β spiralis, Eng. Bot. 1685; Ner. Brit. 10, t. 5.
α and β on rocks upon the sea coast, abundant.

3. F. serratus.

Agardh, Syn. 95; Turn. Syn. 110; Hist. t. 90; Berwick Flora, ii. 222; Eng. Bot. 1221; Ner. Brit. 1, t. 1; Gr. Algae, 15.
On rocks on the coast, common.

4. F. canaliculatus.

Agardh, Syn. 96; Eng. Bot. 823; Turn. Syn. 242; Hist. t. 3; Gr. Algae, 18; Berwick Flora, ii. 223.
Upon rocks on the coast, common.

199. HIMANTHALIA.

1. H. lorca.

Gr. Algae, 20; Berwick Flora, ii. 224; Fucus lareus, Agardh, Syn. 98; Turn. Hist. t. 196; Eng. Bot. 569; 'Ner. Brit. 37, t. 10.
On rocks on the coast at Hartley Bates, Dunstanborough, Holy Island, and Bamborough, N.

200. FURCELLARIA.

1. F. fastigiata.

Agardh, Syn. 103; Gr. Algae, 67; F. lumbricalis, Berwick Flora, ii. 223; Fucus lumbricalis, Eng. Bot. 824; Turn. Hist. t. 6; Ner. Brit. t. 6; F. fastigiatus, With. iv. 133.
On rocks on the coast, frequent.

2. LICHINA.

1. L. pygmaea.

Agardh, Syn. 105; Gr. Crypt, t 219; Algae, 22; Berwick Flora, ii. 220; Fucus pygmaus, Eng. Bot. 1332; Turn. Hist. t. 204, f. a, h.
On rocks on the coast, frequent.

2. L. confinis.

Aghard, Syn. 105; Gr. Crypt, t. 221; Algae, 23; Berwick Flora, ii. 221; Fucus confinis, Eng. Bot. 2575; F. pygmaeus β, Turn. Hist. 204, f. i, o.
On rocks near high-water mark.
Probably Turner is right in making this a variety of the preceding species.

202. LAMINARIA.

1. L. esculenta.

Agardh, Syn. 110; Berwick Flora, ii. 224; Fucus esculentus, Eng. Bot. 1759; Turn. Hist. t. 117; Alaria esculenta, Gr. Algae, 25.
On rocks in deep water, not rare.

2. L. digitata.

Agardh, Syn. 112; Gr. Algae, 27; Berwick Flora, ii. 225; Fucus digitatus, Eng. Bot. 2274; Turn. Hist. 162; Ner. Brit. v. t. 3.
On rocks in deep water, common. =====3. L. bulbosa.===== Agardh, Syn. 114; Gr, Algae, 29; Berwick Flora, ii. 225; Fucus bulbosus, Eng. Bot. 1760.
On the shores of Holy Island, N.

4. L. saccharina.

Agardh, Syn. 117; Gr. Algae, 32; Berwick Flora, ii. 226; Fucus saccharimis, Turn. Hist. t. 163; Eng. Bot. 1376.
β attenuata, Gr. Fl. Eds. 282; L. Phyllitis, Agardh, Syn. 121; Fucus Phyllitis, Eng. Bot. 1331; Ner. Brit. 33, t. 9; Turn. Hist. t. 164; Laminaria Phyllitis, Gr. Algae, 34; Berwick Flora, ii. 226.
On the sea coast in deep water, frequent.

203. SPOROCHNUS.

1. S. aculeatus.

Agardh, Syn. 151; Fucus aculeatus, Turn. Hist. t. 187; Eng. Bot. 2445; Ner. Brit. 24, t. 8; Desmarestia aculeata, Gr. Algae, 38; Berwick Flora, ii. 223.
On rocks and stones on the coast, not rare.

2. S. viridis.

Agardh, Syn. 154; Dichloria viridis, Gr. Algae, 39; Fucus viridis, Eng. Bot. 1669; Ner. Brit. t. 17; Turn. Hist. t. 97.
Among the rejectamenta on the coast at Sunderland. — W. Weighell's Herb. Among the rocks at Hartlepool, D. — John Hogg, Esq. Near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston.

3. S. villosus.

Agardh, Syn. 155; Gr. Algae, 42; Conferva villosa, Eng. Bot. 546; Dillwyn, t. 37.
On the beach near Whitburn, D.— W. Weighell's Herb.

4. S. ligulatus.

Agardh, Syn. 158; Desmarestia ligulata, Gr. Algae, 37; Fucus ligulosus, Eng. Bot. 1636; Turn. Hist. t. 98; Lightfoot, 946, t. 29; Ner. Brit. 60, t. 20; F. herbaceus, Hudson, 582.
On the beach at Seaton, D. — Mr. Backhouse. On the coast of Northumberland. — Hudson.

204. DELESSERIA.

1. D. sanguinea.

Agardh, Syn. 172; Berwick Flora, ii. 229; Gr. Algae, 72; Fucus sanguineus, Eng. Bot, 1041; Ner. Brit. 20, t. 7; Turn. Hist. t. 36.
On the sea coast, not rare.

2. D. sinuosa.

Agardh, Syn. 174; Berwick Flora, ii. 230; Gr. Algae, 73; Fucus rubens, Lightfoot, 943; Ner. Brit. 18, t. 7; F. sinuosus, Eng. Bot. 822; Turn. Hist. t. 35.
On the stems of large Algae, but not common.

3. D. ruscifolia.

Agardh, Syn. 175; Gr. Algae, 76; Fucus ruscifolius, Eng. Bot. 1395; Turn. Hist. t. 15.
Among the rejectamenta of the sea on the coast near Sunderland, D. — W. Weighell's Herb.

4. D. Hypoglossum.

Agardh, Syn. 176; Gr. Algae, 75; Fucus Hypoglossum, Eng. Bot. 1396; Turn. Hist. t. 14; F. hypoglossoides, Ner. Br.t. t. 13.
Among the rejectamenta of the sea on the beach near Sunderland. — Mr. J. Robson. At Hartlepool, D. —J. Hogg, Esq.

5. D. alata.

Agardh, Syn. 178; Berwick Flora, ii. 230; Gr. Algae, 73; Fucus alatus, Ner. Brit. 79, t. 13; Eng. Bot. 1837; Turn. Hist. t. 160.
On rocks and stones on the coast, also on the stems of Algae.

6. D. Plocamium.

Agardh, Syn. 180; Fucus Plocamium, Lightfoot, 957; F. coccineus, Eng. Bot. 1242; Turn. Hist. t. 59; Plocamium coccineum, Berwick Flora, ii. 232; Gr. Algae, 98.
On the sea coast, common.

7. D. lacerata.

Agardh, Syn. 184; Halymenia lacerata, Bot. Gall. ii. 944; Berwick Flora, ii. 228; Nitophyllum laceratum, Gr. Algae, 83; Fucus laceratus, Eng. Bot. 1067; Turn. Hist. t. 68; Ner. Brit. 77.
Upon rocks and stones on the coast.

205. BONNEMAISONIA.

1. B. asparagoides.

Agardh, Syn. 197; Gr. Algae, 107; Fucus asparagoides, Eng. Bot. 571.
Among the rejectamenta of the sea on the coast near Sunderland, D W. Weighell's Herb.

206. HALYMENIA.

1. H. Brodiaei.

Bot. Gall. ii. 942; Fucus Brodiaei, Eng. Bot. 1966; Chondrus Brodiaei, Gr. Algae, 133; Sphaerococcus Brodiaei, Agardh, Syn. 139.
Among the rejectamenta of the sea near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. On Holy Island, N.— P.J. Selby, Esq.

2. H. edulis.

Agardh, Syn. 202; Berwick Flora, ii. 227; Fucus edulis, Eng. Bot. 1307; Ner. Brit. 57, t. 12; Turn. Hist. t. 114; Iridaea edulis, Gr. Algae, 158.
On rocks on the coast, not rare.

3. H. palmata.

Agardh, Syn. 204; Berwick Flora, ii. 228; Fucus palmatus, Eng. Bot. 1306; Turn. Hist. t. 115; Rhodomenia palmata, Gr. Algae, 93.
On rocks and the stems of Algae, common.

207. CATENELLA.

1. C. opuntia.

Gr. Algae, 166; Halymenia opuntia Agardh, Syn. 217; Rivularia opuntia, Eng. Bot. 1868; Fucus caespitosus, Ner. Brit. t. 12.
Among the rejectamenta of the sea, rare, N. and D.

208. SPHAEROCOCCUS.

1. S. rubens.

Agardh, Syn. 237; Fucus rubens, Eng. Bot. 1053; Turn. Hist. t. 12; Ner. Brit. t. 19; F. prolifer, Lightfoot, 949, t. 30; Phyllophora rubens, Gr. Algae, 135; Halymenia rubens, Bot. Gall. ii. 943; Berwick Flora, ii. 227.
On the sea shore, not very rare, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. S. membranifolius.

Agardh, Syn. 240; Fucus membranifolius, Eng Bot. 1965; Turn. Hist, t. 74; Ner. Brit. t. 20, Chondrus membranifolius, Gr. Algae, 131; Haly Halymenia membranifolia, Bot. Gall. ii. 943; Berwick Flora, ii. 227.
Upon rocks and stones on the coast, not rare.

3. S. crispus.

Agardh, Syn. 256; Fucus crispus, Eng. Bot. 2285; Ner. Brit. 19; Turn. Hist. t. 216 and 217; Chondrus crispus, Gr. Algae, 129; Berwick Flora, ii. 230.
Upon rocks and stones on the coast, not rare.

4. S. mammillosus.

Agardh, Syn. 260; Fucus mammillosus, Eng. Bot. 1054; Turn. Hist. t. 218; Chondrus mammillosus, Gr. Algae, 127; Berwick Flora, ii. 230.
On rocks and stones on the coast.

5. S. ciliatus.

Agardh, Syn. 263; Fucus ciliatus, Eng. Bot. 1069; Ner. Brit. 90, t. 15; Turn. Hist. t. 70; Rhodomenia ciliata, Gr. Algae, 90.
Among the rejectamenta on the Durham coast, rare.

6. S. laciniatus.

Agardh, Syn. 297; Fucus laciniatus, Turn. Hist. t. 69; Eng. Bot. 1068; F. crispatus, Ner. Brit. 92, t. 15; Rhodomenia laciniata, Gr. Algae, 86; Halymenia laciniata, Bot. Gall. ii. 945; Berwick Flora, ii. 229.
On rocks and stones on the coast, not rare.

7. S. bifidus.

Agardh, Syn. 299; Fucus bifidus, Turn. Hist. t. 154; Eng. Bot. t. 773; Rhodomenia bifida, Gr. Algae, 85.
Among the rejectamenta on the coast at Whitburn, D. At Tynemouth and Seaton Sluice, N., rare.

8. S. cristatus.

Agardh, Syn. 300; Fucus cristatus, Gr. Fl. Eds. 296; Turn. Hist. 23; F. gigartinus ? Fl. Dan. t, 394; Rhodomenia cristata, Gr. Algae, 89; Halymenia cristata, Berwick Flora, ii. 229.
On the coast at Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

9. S. confervoides.

Agardh, Syn. 303; Fucus confervoides, Eng. Bot. 1668; Turn. Hist. t. 84; F. verrucosus, Ner. Brit. 27, t. 8; 96, t. 15; Gracillaria confervoides, Gr. Algae, 123.
On rocks and stones on the coast.

10. S. plicatus.

Agardh, Syn. 313; Fucus plicatus, Eng. Bot. 1089; Turn. Hist. t. 180; Ner. Brit. 23, t. 7; Gigartina plicata, Gr. Algae, 150; Berwick Flora, ii. 234.
Upon rocks and stones on the coast.

11. S. purpurascens.

Agardh, Syn. 318; Fucus purpurascens, Eng. Bot. 1243; Turn. Hist. t. 9; F. tuberculatus, Lightfoot, 926; Gracillaria purpurascens, Gr. Algae, 122; Gigartina purpurascens, Bot. Gall. ii. 952; Berwick Flora, ii. 234.
On the coast, not uncommon.

208. GELIDEUM.

1. G. cornutum.

Gr. Algae, 143; Berwick Flora, ii. 231; Sphaerococcus corneus, Agardh, Syn. 279; Fucus corneus, Eng. Bot. 1970; Ner. Brit. t. 12.
On Basaltic rocks near Bamborough — Greville.

209. CHONDRIA.

1. C. pinnatifida.

Agardh, Syn. 337; Fucus pinnatifidus, Eng. Bot. 1202; Turn. Hist. t. 20; Ner. Brit. 48, t. 11; Laurentia pinnatifida, Gr. Algae, 108; Berwick Flora, ii. 231.
Upon rocks and stones on the coast, frequent.

2. C. obtusa.

Agardh, Syn. 340; Fucus obtusus, Eng. Bot. 1201; Turn.Hist. t. 21; Laurentia obtusa, Gr.Algae, 111.
On Algae near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. C. clavellosa.

Agardh, Syn. 353; Fucus clavellosus, Eng. Bot. 1203; Turn. Hist. t. 30; Gastridium clavellosum, Gr. Algae, 115; Lomentaria clavellosa, Bot. Gall. ii. 950; Berwick Flora, ii. 233.
Among the rejectamenta near Sunderland and Whitburn, D. Near Seaton, D. — John Hogg, Esq. Berwick Bay. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. C. articulata.

Agardh, Syn. 357; Fucus articulatus, Eng. Bot. 1574; Turn. Hist. t. 106; Ner. Brit. 28, t. 8; Lightfoot, 959; Gastridium articulatum, Gr. Algae, 120; Lomentaria articulata, Bot. Gall. ii. 950; Berwick Flora, ii. 233.
Upon rocks on the coast, not rare.

210. GIGARTINA.

1. G. flagelliformis.

Bot. Gall. ii. 952; Berwick Flora, ii. 234; Chordaria flagelliformis, Agardh, Syn. 166; Gr. Algae, 44; Fucus flagelliformis, Eng. Bot. 1222; Ner. Brit. 41, t. 16; Turner, Hist. t. 85.
In pools on the coast, frequent.

211. RHODOMELA.

1. R. dentata.

Agardh, Syn. 370; Fucus dentatus, Eng. Bot. 1241; Turn. Hist. t. 13; Ner. Brit. 95, t. 15; Odontalia dentata, Gr. Algae, 101; Berwick Flora, ii. 230.
Among the rejectamenta of the sea, not rare. On the rocks called Hartley Bates, N. Near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

2. R. lycopodioides.

Agardh, Syn. 377; Gr. Algae, 102; Berwick Flora, ii. 234; Fucus lycopodioides, Eng. Bot. 1163; Turn. Hist. t. 12; F. Lycopodium, Ner. Brit. 107, t. 17.
On the stems of Laminaria digitata, not rare, N. and D. At Hartley Bates, N.—Mr. J. Thornhill. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. R. subfusca.

Agardh, Syn. 378; Gr. Algae, 203; Berwick Flora, ii. 235; Fucus subfuscus, Eng. Bot. 1164; Turn. Hist. t. 10.
On rocks and the stems of Algae, not rare.

212. PTILOTA.

1. P. plumosa.

Agardh, Syn. 285; Plocamium plumosum, Berwick Flora, ii. 232; Gr. Algae, 155; Fucus plumosus, Eng. Bot. 1308; Turn. Hist. t. 60; Ner. Brit. 105, t. 15.
β capillaris, Gr. Fl. Eds. 297.
On the stems of large Algae, but not common. ====213. POLYIDES.====

1. P. lumbricalis.

Agardh, Syn. 392; P. rotundus, Gr. Algae, 70; Berwick Flora, ii. 233; Fucus rotundus, Eng. Bot. 1738; Turn. Hist. t. 5; Ner. Brit. 15, t. 6.
On rocks and stones on the coast, not rare. Near Berwick — Dr. G. Johnston.

214. DUMONTIA.

11. D. filiformis.

Gr. Algae, 165; Berwick Flora, ii. 246; Halymenia filiformis, Agardh, Syn. 214; Chondria purpurasecus, Gr. Fl. Eds. 290; Ulva purpurascens, Eng. Bot. 641.
On rocks in pools left by the tide, frequent.

215. CHORDA.

1. C. Filum.

Gr. Algae, 47; Berwick Flora, ii. 247; Scytosiphon Filum, Agardh, Syn. 161; Fucus Filum, Eng. Bot. 2487; Turner, Hist. t. 86.
On the coast in deep water.

216. ASPEROCOCCUS.

1. A. echinatus.

Gr. Alga, 50; Berwick Flora, ii. 248; Encoelium Lyngbyanum, Gr. Crypt. Fl. t. 290; Fistularia attenuata, Gr. Fl. Eds. 300; Ulva fislulosa, Eng. Bot. 642.
On the beach at. Manhaven near Whitburn, D. Near Cullercoats, N. At Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

217. PUNCTARIA.

1. P. plantaginea.

Gr. Algae, 53; Berwick Flora, ii. 248; Zonaria plantaginea, Sprengel, Syst. Veg. iv. 326; Ulva plantaginea, Eng. Bot. 2136.
On rocks near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

218. ZONARIA.

1. Z. deusta.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. 327; Berwick Flora, ii. 248.
On rocks near high-water mark in Berwick Bay, frequent. — Dr. G. Johnston, who considers it Zonaria parvula of Greville, in a mature state.

219. PORPHYRA.

1. P. laciniata.

Gr. Algae, 168; Agardh, Syn. 190; Ulva laciniata, Berwick Flora, ii. 249; Lightfoot, 974, t. 33, U. umbilicalis, Eng. Bot. 2286.
On rocks and stones on the coast, N. and D.

2. P. vulgaris.

Gr. Algae, 169; P. purpurea, Agardh, Syn. 191; Ulva umbilicaris, var. elongata, Gr. Fl. Eds. 299.
On rocks and stones on the coast, N. and D.

220. ULVA.

1. U. latissima.

Gr. Algae, 171; Agardh, Syn. 407; Berwick Flora, ii. 250; U. Lactuca, Eng. Bot. 1551; Gr. Fl. Eds. 299; U. Lactuca, var. latissima, Lightfoot, 971.
On stones and rocks, frequent, N. and D.

2. U. Lactuca.

Agardh, Syn. 409; Gr. Crypt. 313; Algae, 172; Berwick Flora, ii. 250.
On rocks on the coast, abundant.

3. U. linza.

Agardh, Syn. 412; Gr. Fl. Eds. 299; Algae, 173. β lanceolata, Dill. t. 9, f. 5.
On the beach near Hartley, N. Near Sunderland, D. At Hartlepool, D.— J. Hogg, Esq.

4. U. bullosa.

Agardh, Syn. 414; Eng. Bot. 2320; Hook. Fl. Scot. 91; Berwick Flora, ii. 250; Gr. Algae, 174; A. lactuca β, Lightfoot, 971; Hudson, 567.
In ditches at Jarrow Slake, D. In ponds in the Magdalen Fields at Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

5. U. crispa.

Agardh, Syn. 416; Lightfoot, 972; Berwick Flora, ii. 250; Gr. Algae, 175; Tremella crispa, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 67; T. terrestris, Dill. t. 10, f. 12.
On old walls near Harton and Sunderland, D. On old walls and on the roofs of cottages, N. and D. On the ground in East Common Wood near Hexham, N. Near Berwick Dr. G. Johnston.

6. U. calophylla.

Berwick Flora, ii. 251; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 368; Gr. Algae, 176; Bangia calophylla, Crypt. t. 220.
On rotten wood near Berwick, mixed with Conferva muralis. — Dr. G. Johnston.

221. ENTEROMORPHA.

1. E. intestinalis.

Gr. Algae, 179; Fistularia intestinalis, Gr. Fl. Eds. 300; Ulva intestinalis, Agardh, Syn. 418; Dill, t. 9, f. 7; Berwick Flora, ii. 249.
In Jarrow Slake and Coble Dene, on the Tyne, N. In the Tweed. Thompson's Berwick Plants. In the Wear near Southwick and Pallion, D.

2. E. compressa.

Gr. Algae, 180; Fistularia compressa, Fl. Eds. 300; Ulva compressa, Agardh, Syn. 420; Eng. Bot. 1739; Berwick Flora, ii. 249; Dill. t. 9, f. 8.
On the sea coast, not rare.

222. BRYOPSIS.

1. B. plumosa.

Agardh, Syn. 448; Ulva plumosa, Eng. Bot. 2375; Gr. Algae, 187.
In rocky basins on the coast at Whitburn, Seaton, and Hartlepool, D. At Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

223 VAUCHERIA.

1. V. terrestris.

Gr. Algae, 191; Berwick Flora, ii. 251.
Under shelving rocks on the coast near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston.

2. V. caespitosa.

Gr. Algae, 194 : Berwick Flora, ii. 251; Conferva amphibia, Dillwyn. t. 41.
Common on mill dams, and wherever wood is exposed to the dropping of water.

3. V. geminata.

Gr. Algae, 139, t. 19, f. 3; Berwick Flora, ii. 1 52; Eng. Bot. 1766.
In ditches near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. =====4. V. Dillwynii.===== Gr. Alga;, 191; Fl. Eds. 305; Berwick Flora, ii 251; Conferva frigida, Dillwyn. t. 16.
β C. amphibia, Dillwyn, t. 41.
α In moist shady places. β in ponds and ditches.

5. V. granulata.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 306; Tremella granulata, Eng. Bot. 324.
On the ground in damp places.

224. NODULARIA.

1. N. fluviatilis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 300; Conferva fluviatilis, Dillwyn. t. 29; Eng. Bot. 1763; Lemanea fluviatilis, Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 84; Berwick Flora, ii. 246.
In Cawsey Bourn and rivulets near Lanchester, also in all the rivulets in the west of the county of Durham. Among the Cheviots, and in the Irthing at Gilsland, N.

225. DICTYOSIPHON.

1. D. foeniculatum.

Gr. Algae, 56; Berwick Flora, ii. 246; Conferva foeniculata, Lightfoot, 981; Halymenia subtilis, Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 108.
In rocky pools on the Durham coast. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

226. GLOINEMA.

1. G. foetidum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 301; Conferva foetida, Dillwyn, t. 104; Eng. Bot. 2101.
On rocks and stones at Tynemouth, N. At Hartlepool, D.

227. BANGIA.

1. B. fusco-purpurea.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 301; Berwick Flora, ii. 259; Conferva fusco-purpurea, Eng. Bot. 2055; Dillwyn, t. 92; C. atro-purpurea, Dillwyn, t. 103; Eng. Bot. 2085; Gr. Algae, 177.
In Limestone caves between Sunderland and Shields, on Marsden Rocks and Sunderland Pier, D. On Blackhall Rocks, D. — John Hogg, Esq. Near Berwick upon Tweed, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. B. Johnstoni.

Greville, MSS., Berwick Flora, ii. 260.
On Slate rocks near Berwick. Not uncommon at high-water mark. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. B. Laminariae.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 302; Berwick Flora, ii. 259.
Parasitical on the fronds of Laminaria esculenta. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. B. ? atro-virens.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 302; Conferva atro-virens, Dillwyn, t. 25; Cornicularia pubescens, Ach. Syn. 302; Lichen pubescens, Eng. Bot. 2318; Lightfoot. 893.
On Simonside and Cheviot, N. On stones in Hag Crag in Teesdale Forest, D. — Rev. J. Harriman.

228. SCYTONEMA.

1. S. ocellatum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 302; Conferva ocellata, Dillwvn, Sup. t. D.; Eng. Bot, 2530.
In springs near Hamsterley, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

2. S. comoides.

Conferva comoides, Dillwyn, t. 27; Eng. Bot. 1700; C. radicans, Dillwyn, 72, t. C.; Eng. Bot. 2138.
On rocks, stones, and the stems of Fuci, N. and D. Near Seaton, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

3. S. Myochrous.

Conferva Myocrous, Eng. Bot. 1555; Dillwyn. t. 19.
In springs near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

229. OSCILLATORIA.

1. O. limosa.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 303; Berwick Flora, ii. 265; Conferva fontinalis, Dillwyn, t. 64.
In slow streams, ponds, &c., common, floating on the surface of the water.

2. O. tenuis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 303; Conferva limosa, Dillwyn. t. 20; Eng. Bot. t. 2053.
In wells and slow streams.

3. O. ochracea.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 304; Berwick Flora, ii. 265; Conferva ochracea, Dillwyn, t. 62.
In springs near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse. Near Benwell, N.
I suspect that this plant owes its colour, from the water in which it grows, being impregnated with iron.

4. O. scopulorum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 304; Conferva scopulorum, Eng. Bot. 2171; Dillwyn, Sup. t. A.
On rocks on the coast.

5. O. viridis.

Bot. Gall. ii. 993; Berwick Flora, ii. 264.
On mud in stagnant water. In the Low below Goswick, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

6. O. decorticans.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 304; Conferva decorticata, Dillwyn, t. 26.
On damp wood and pumps, also on walls.

7. O. confervicola.

Conferva confervicola, Dillwyn, t. 8; Eng. Bot. 2576.
On the stems of Algae.

8. O. vaginata.

Conferva vaginata, Dillwyn, t. 99; Eng. Bot. 1995; Vaginaria epthonoplustes, Gr. Fl. Eds. 305, f. 1; Gray, i. 280.
On damp walls, garden posts, &c.

9. O. aeruginea.

Dillwyn, t. T.E.; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 75.
On the beach near Hartley, N. Near Sunderland, D.

10. O. violacca.

Berwick Flora, ii. 264; Conferva violacca, Hudson, 592; C. confragosa. With. iv. 156; Lightfoot. ii. 976; C. mucosa, Dillwyn, Muse. 15, t. 2, f. 4.
On stones in rapid streams near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

230. BULBOCHAETA.

1. B. setigera.

Agardh, Syn. Conferva vivipara, Dillwyn, t. 59; Eng. Bot. 2086.
At Rice Carr, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

231. ASPEROCAULON.

1. A. Arbuscula.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 307; Conferva arbuscula, Dillwyn, t. 85; Eng. Bot. 1916. On rocks on the coast near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston. Near Whitburn, D.

2. A. coccincum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 307; Conferva coccinea, Dillwyn, t. 36; Eng. Bot. 1055.
On rocks and stones on the coast.

232. POLYSIPHONIA.

1. P. fastigiata.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 308; Berwick Flora, ii. 235; Conferva polymorpha, Dillwyn, t. 44; Eng. Bot. 1764.
On the stems of large Fuci, abundant.

2. P. fucoides.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 308; Berwick Flora, ii. 236; Conferva fucoides, Dillwyn, t. 75; Eng. Bot. 1743; C. nigrescens, Eng. Bot. 1717.
On stones and rocks on the coast, frequent.

3. P. Brodiaei.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 349; Berwick Flora, ii. 237; Conferva Brodioei, Eng. Bot. 2589; Dillwyn, t. 107; C. atro-rubesceus, Dillwyn, t. 70.
In Berwick Bay, N. — Dr. G. Johnston. On rocks on the coast, and on Algae, N. and D.

4. P. urceolata.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 309; Berwick Flora, ii. 238; Conferva urceolata, Eng. Bot. 2365; Dillwyn, 82, t. G.
On rocks, stones, and large Fuci, N. and D. Near Berwick-upon-Tweed, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

5. P. nigrescens.

Berwick Flora, ii. 236; Conferva nigrescens, Dillwyn, Syn. p. 81.
On the coast near Berwick, rare. — Dr. G. Johnston.

6. P. parasitica.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 309; Conferva parasitica, Eng. Bot. 1429; Dillwyn, 87.
On the stems of Algse, rare.

7. P. stricta.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 309; Berwick Flora, ii. 237; Conferva stricta, Dillwyn, t. 40.
On rocks on the coast near Cullercoats, N. Near Whitburn, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

8. P. Agardhiana.

Gr. Crypt, t. 210.
On rocks and stones on the coast, D.

9. P. spinulosa.

Gr. Crypt, t. 90.
Among the rejectamenta of the sea at Whitburn, D.

10. P. badia.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 350; Berwick Flora, ii. 237; Conferva badia, Dillwyn, Syn. 85.
On the coast near Berwick upon Tweed. — Dr. G. Johnston.

11. P. allochroa.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 309; Berwick Flora, ii. 238; Conferva fibrata, Dillwyn, p. 84, t. 9.
On the sides of caves on the coast near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. At Holy Island, N.

233. CERAMIUM.

1. C. elongatum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 310; Berwick Flora, ii. 238; Conferva elongata, Dillwyn, t. 33; Eng. Bot. 2429.
On stones and rocks, frequent, N. and D.

2. C. rubrum.

Gr. Fl, Eds. 310; Berwick Flora, ii. 239; Conferva rubra, Eng. Bot. t. 1166; Dillwyn, t. 33 and 34.
On rocks and the stems of Fuci, common.

3. C. diaphanum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 310; Berwick Flora, ii. 239; Conferva diaphana, Eng. Bot. 1742; Dillwyn, t. 38.
On rocks, stones, and large Fuci, not rare. On the beach at Hartlepool and Seaton, D.— J. Hogg, Esq.

4. C. ciliatum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 311; Berwick Flora, ii. 240; Conferva ciliata, Dillwyn, t. 53; Eng. Bot. 2428.
On rocks and stones on the coast, rare.

5. C. Mertensii.

Conferva Mertensii, Eng. Bot. 999.
On rocks opposite Seaton, D. — Mr. Backhouse.
Is this a plant?

6. C. Linum.

Conferva Linum, Eng. Bot. 2363; C. capillaris, Dillwyn, t. 9; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 77.
In ditches near Jarrow Slake, D. In salt marshes near Hartlepool, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. In salt marshes near Hartley, N.

7. C. flexuosum.

Conferva flexuosa, Dillwyn, t. 10; Eng. Bot. 1944.
In Jarrow Slake and Southwick Marsh, D.

8. C. pulchellum.

Conferva corymbifera, Eng. Bot. 1996; C. chalybea, Dillwyn, t. 91.
In springs near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

9. C. tetragonum.

Conferva tetragona, Dillwyn, t. 65; Eng. Bot. 1690.
On rocks at Hartlepool, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

10. C. ? vermiculatum.

Rivularia vermiculata, Eng. Bot. 1818.
On the coast at Seaton, D.— Mr. Backhouse. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

234. CALLITHAMNION.

1. C. purpurascens.

Berwick Flora, ii. 240; C. roseum, Gr. Fl. Eds. 311; Conferva purpurascens, Eng. Bot. 2465; C. roseum, Eng. Bot. 966? Dillwyn, t. 17?
On Algae and rocks, not rare. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. C. Turneri.

Berwick Flora, ii. 241; Ceramium Turneri, Gr. Crypt, t. 355; Conferva Turneri, Dillwyn, t. 100; Eng. Bot. 2339.
In Berwick Bay on Furcellaria lumbricalis. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. C. Rothii.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 312; Berwick Flora, ii. 241; Ceramium Rothii, Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 85; Conferva Rothii, Dillwyn, t. 73; Eng. Bot. 1702.
On rocks and stones on the coast, but not common, N. and D. Near Berwick upon Tweed. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. C. repens.

Berwick Flora, ii. 241; Conferva repens, Dillwvn, t. 18; Eng. Bot. 1608.
Upon the coast on Fuci, N. and D. At Seremmerston near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

235. GRIFFITHSIA.

1. G. setacea.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 312; Berwick Flora, ii. 242; Conferva setacea, Eng. Bot. 1G89; Dillwyn, t. 82.
Among the rejectamenta on the coast, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. G. equisetifolia.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 312; Conferva equisetifolia, Eng. Bot. 98; Dillwyn, t. 54.
On the beach at Hartlepool, D.

3. G. corallina.

Hook. Fl. Scot. 84; Conferva corallina, Dillwyn, 98; Eng. Bot. 1815; Lightfoot, 988.
On the coast near Hartley, and at Newbiggin, N. In Manhaven near Whilburn, D.

236. CLADOSTEPHUS.

1. C. verticillatus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 312; Conferva verticillata, Dillwyn, t. 55; Eng. Bot. 1718.
On the beach at Sunderland and Hartlepool, D.

2. C. spongiosus.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 313; Berwick Flora, ii. 245; Conferva spongiosa, Eng. Bot. 2427; Dilhvyn, t. 42.
On rocks near Hartley, N. Near Hartlepool, Whitburn, and Sunderland, D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

237. TRENTEPOHLIA.

1. T. pulchella.

Berwick Flora, ii. 242; Conferva nana, Eng. Bot. t. 2585.
In sub-alpine brooks on mosses, N. and D.

1. T. chalybaea.

Berwick Flora, ii. 24.1; Conferva chalybaea, Dillwyn, t. 91; C. corymbifera, Eng. Bot. t. 1996.
In sub-alpine rivulets, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

238. SPHACELLARIA.

1. S. scoparia.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 313; Conferva scoparia, Eng. Bot. 1552; Dilhvyn, t. 52.
On the sea shore, not rare.

2. S. pennata.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 313; Conferva pennata, Dillwyn, t. 86; Eng. Bot. t. 2330 (the upper and lower figures).
On the coast near Sunderland, D.

239. ECTOCARPUS.

1. E. littoralis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 314; Berwick Flora, ii. 245; Conferva littoralis, Dillwyn, t. 31; Eng. Bot. 2290.
On rocks and wood-work on the coast.

2. E. tomentosus.

Gr. Crypt. t. 316; Conferva tomentosa, Dillwyn, t. 56.
On the stems of Fuci, but not common.

240. AMPHICONIUM.

1. A. aureum.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 334; Berwick Flora, ii. 243; Ectocarpus aureus, Gr. Fl. Eds. 315; Ceramium aureum, Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 86; Conferva aurea, Dillwyn, t. 35; C. ilicicola, Eng. Bot. 1639; Byssus aurea, Eng. Bot. 212; With, iv. 190.
On rocks in Cawsey Wood, also near Gainford and Sunderland, and on the bark of the Holly in Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, D. On rocks at Roadley, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

2. A. Linnaei.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 345; Berwick Flora, ii. 245.
On the bark of Ash Trees.—Dr. G. Johnston.

241. CONFERVA.

1. C. tortuosa.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 315; Eng. Bot. 2220; Dillwyn, t. 46; Berwick Flora, ii. 253.
On the Tweed side above the Old Castle, Berwick, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. C. flaccida.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 316; Dillwyn, p. 53, t. C; Eng. Bot. 2310; Berwick Flora, ii. 253; C. curta, Dillwyn, t. 76.
On Fucus nodosus and F. vesiculosus, N. and D. At Seaton, D. — Mr. Backhouse. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

3. C. fucicola.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 316; Dillwyn, t. 66; Berwick Flora, ii. 253.
Parasitical on Fucus nodosus and F. vesiculosus.

4. C. lanosa.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 316; Eng. Bot. 2099; Dillwyn, Syn. t. E.
On Alga; on the coast, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

5. C. rupestris.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 316; Dillwyn, t. 23; Eng. Bot. 1699; Berwick Flora, ii. 255.
On rocks and stones on the coast, common. Near Berwick. — Dr. G.Johnston.

6. C. confervicola.

Dillwyn, Syn. 38, t. 8 and t. A; Eng. Bot. 2576; Berwick Flora, ii. 252.
Parasitical on small Algae;. Near Berwick — Dr. G. Johnston.

7. C. flacca.

Dillwyn, Syn. 53, t. 49; Eng. Bot. 1943; Berwick Flora, ii. 253.
Parasitical on large Algae. Near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

8. C. capillaris.

Eng. Bot. 2364; Berwick Flora, ii. 253; C. crispa, Dillwyn, Syn. 46, t. B.
Near Berwick, in small streams. — Dr. G. Johnston.

9. C. fugacissima.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 317; Dillwyn, Syn. p. 43, t. B.
In springs on moors near Wolsingham, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

10. C. sordida.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 317; Eng. Bot. 2303; Dillwyn, t. 60; Berwick Flora, ii. 254.
In ditches and pools, frequent. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

11. C. rivularis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 318; Dillwyn, t. 39; Eng. Bot. 1654; Berwick Flora, ii. 254.
β bipartita, Eng. Bot. 2302; Dillwyn, Syn. No. 19, t. 105. α In streams. β in pools, &c.

12. C. fracta.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 318; Dillwyn, t. 14; Eng. Bot. 2338; Berwick Flora, ii. 255. In ditches and pools not rare. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. Backhouse. Near Berwick.—Dr. G.Johnston.

13. C. glomerata, α. fluviatilis.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 318; Dillwyn, t. 13; Eng. Bot. 2192.
β littoralis, Berwick Flora, ii. 255; C. laete-virens, Dillwyn, t. 48; Eng. Bot. 1854. α In the rivulet in Pandon Dene near Newcastle and in Heaton Dene, N. In Umby Springs near Conniscliff, D.—Mr. Backhouse. Near Berwick in springs.—Dr. G. Johnston. β on the sea shore of Northumberland and Durham.

14. C. alternata.

Dillwyn, Syn. No. 22, B; Eng. Bot. 2304.
In pools and ditches not rare.

15. C. riparia.

Eng. Bot. t. 2100; Dillwyn, 111, t. E; Berwick Flora, ii. 254. On rocks at Tynemouth, &c., N. At Hudshead, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

16. C. zonata.

Dillwyn, Syn. 41; Berwick Flora, ii. 254; C. lucens, Eng. Bot. 1655; Dillwyn, t. 47.
In rivulets in the west of the county of Durham. In the river Skern near Darlington. — Mr. Backhouse. In streams near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

17. C. aegagropila.

Eng. Bot. 1377; Dillwyn, t. 87. In Prestwick Carr, N.

18. C. nivea.

Eng. Bot. 2529; Dillwyn, Syn. 54, T.C.
In the sulphur springs at Dinsdale and Middleton-one-Row, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

19. C. lactea.

Dillwyn, t. 79. In the rivulets in Cawsey and Ravensworth Woods, D. In the Skern near Darlington, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

20. C. ericetorum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 318; Eng. Bot. 1553; Dillwyn, 1. On the Teesdale moors, D. On moors near Hexham, and Gilsland, N. On Green Leijrhton Moss, and on moors near Hunstonworth, N.—W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

21. C. rubiginosa.

On rotten sticks in Cawsey and Ravensworth Woods,

22. C. pectinalis.

Dillwyn, t. 51; Eng. Bot. 1611.
Attached to dead leaves in ditches near Hamsterley, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

23. C. protensa.

Dillwyn, t. 67.
In a spring near Darlington, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

24. C. castanea.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 319; Dillwyn, t. 72; Eng. Bot. 1701.
In Scotswood Dene and other woods near Newcastle and Wallington, N.

25. C. Orthotrichi.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 319; Dillwyn, t. 89; C. muscicola, Eng. Bot. 1038.
On various species of Orthotrichum, and on Bartramia fontana, N. and D.

26. C. ebenca.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 319; Dillwyn, t. 100; Byssus nigra, Eng. Bot. 702.
On rocks in woods, and upon trunks of trees, N. and D. In Cawsey Wood, and at Hamsterley, D.

27. C. purpurea.

Dillwyn, t. 43; Byssus purpurea, Eng. Bot. 192.
On rocks and stones in Alpine situations, and in Limestone caverns near Whitburn and Sunderland, D. On Limestone rocks near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

28. C. lichenicola.

Eng. Bot. t. 1609.
Growing on Lecidea marmorea in the west of the county of Durham.

29 C. cryptarum.

Eng. Bot. 2588; Byssus cryptarum, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 80.
In caves in the Limestone rocks between South Shields and Sunderland, D.

30. C. ? velutina.

Dillwyn, 77; Gr. Fl. Eds. 319; Eng. Bot. 1556.
On damp ground and the banks of hedges, not rare.
Both Mr. Drummond, of Cork, and Dr. Greville agree in considering this heretofore species nothing more than the radicals of Polytrichum aloides; and, that a Conferva, scarcely to be distinguished from it is so of Bryum caespetitium, careful observation has convinced me. It is by no means improbable that other supposed Conferva:, upon close investigation, may turn out to be no more than the first germination of mosses. I would particularly direct the attention of botanists to Oscillatoria muralis.

242. ZYGNEMA.

1. Z. genuflexum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 320; Berwick Flora, ii. 257: Conferva genuflexa, Eng. Bot. 1914; Dillwyn, t. 6.
In pools and ditches, N. and D. At Polam, D.—Mr. Backhouse. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

2. Z. deciminum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 320; Berwick Flora, ii. 255; Conferva nitida, Eng. Bot. 2337; Dillwyn, t. 4, A, B; C.jugalis, Dillwyn, t. 5.
In ditches near Darlington, D.—Mr. Backhouse. Near Wallington, N. Near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston.

3. Z. quininum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 320; Berwick Flora, ii. 256; Conferva spiralis, Dillwyn, t. 3; Eng. Bot. 1656.
In pools and ditches not rare. Near Berwick.—Dr G. Johnston.

4. Z. bipunctatum.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 300; Berwick Flora, ii. 256; Conferva bipunetata, Dillwyn, t. 2; Eng. Bot. 1610.
In ditches near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

243. DRAPARNALDIA.

1. D. glomerata.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 321; Conferva mutabilis, Eng, Bot 1746. In ditches near Darlington, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

2. D. plumosa.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 369; Berwick Flora, ii; Conferva lubrica, Eng. Bot. t. 2087; C. mutabilis, Dillwyn, 63, t. 12.
In springs near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

244. BATRACHOSPERMUM.

B. moniliforme.

Hook. Fl. Scot, ii. 77; Berwick Flora, ii. 257; Conferva gelatinosa, Eng. Bot. 689; Dillwyn, Syn. 63, t. 22.
In springs at the head of Horsley Hope Bourn near Healey Field, D. In springs near Wardrew and Wallington, and in loughs on the moors, N.

2. B. atrum.

Conferva atra, Dillwyn, t. 11; Eng. Bot. 690.
In Horsley Hope Bourn, D.

3. B. caerulescens.

Berwick Flora, ii. 258.
In moss holes on the moors near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

245. CHAETOPHORA

1. C. elegans.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 321; Rivularia elegans, Eng. Bot. 1797.
In Prestwick Carr, N. In ditches near Darlington, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

2. C. marina.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 322; Gr. Crypt, t. 53; Berwick Flora, ii. 260; Rivularia tuberiformis, Eng. Bot. 1956.
On the sea coast upon rocks, shells, and corallines. At Holy Island, N.

3. C. endiviaefolia.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 371; Berwick Flora, ii. 261; Ulva incrassata, Eng. Bot. t. 967; Hudson, 572; Tremella incrassata, Hull, 310.
In ditches near Darlington, D.— Mr. Backhouse. On Limestone in fresh-water ponds near Scremmerston, N. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. C. tuberculosa.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 371; Berwick Flora, ii. 260; Rivularia tuberculosa, Eng. Bot. 2366.
In springs near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

246. LINCKIA.

1. L. dura, β calcarea.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 322; Berwick Flora, ii. 261; Rivularia calcarea, Eng. Bot. 1799.
In pools of water in Teesdale Forest, D. On moors near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. L. atra.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 322; Berwick Flora, ii. 261; Rivularia atra, Eng. Bot. 1798.
On the sea shores upon Algae and corralines.

247. COCCOCHLORIS.

1. C. protuberans.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 373; Berwick Flora, ii. 262; Palmella protuberans, Gr. Fl. Eds. 323; Crypt, t. 243, f. 1.
On rocks covered with moss and Lichens near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. C. radicata.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 372; Berwick Flora, ii. 262; Palmella botryoides, Gr. Fl. Eds. 323; Crypt, t. 243, f. 2.
On moist heathy banks. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. C. vulgaris.

Berwick Flora, ii. 263; Chlorococcum vulgare, Gr. Crypt. t. 262; Lepraria botryoides, Acb. Syn. 331.
Common on wood in damp places.

4. C. cruenta.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 373; Berwick Flora, ii. 263; Tremella cruenta, Eng. Bot. 1800; Palmella cruenta, Gr. Crypt, t. 205.
On the lower parts of damp walls, frequent.

5. C. rupestris.

Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 373; Berwick Flora, ii. 263; Palmella rupestris, Lyngby, Hyd. Dan. 207, t. 69, according to Dr. G. Johnston.
On rocks at the calcareous spring below Twizell Castle, N. — Rev. A. Baird. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

248. LYNGBIA.

1. L. muralis.

Bot. Gall. ii. 987; Berwick Flora, ii. 258; Oscellatoria muralis, Gr. Fl. Eds. 304; Conferva muralis, Eng. Bot. 1554; Dillwyn, 39, t. 7; β autumnalis, Oscillatoria autumnalis, Gr. Fl. Eds. 305; Agardh, Syn. 106; Lingby, 95.
On damp walls and wood work, everywhere.

249. NOSTOC.

1. N. commune.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 322; Berwick Flora, ii. 262; Tremella Nostoc, Eng. Bot. 461.
In meadows and pastures, N. and D. On walls near Berwick.

2. N. verrucosum.

Tremella verrucosa, With. iv. 96.
On stones in Horsley-hope Bourn, D.

3. N. intumescens.

Tremella intumescens, Eng. Bot. 1870; With. iv. 95.
On Limestone rocks near Old Park, Stanhope, D. — W.C. Trevelyan, Esq.

4. N. caeruleum.

Gr. Crypt, t. 131.
Upon moss near Picktree and Lambton, D.

250. PALMELLA.

1. P. botryoides.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 323; Crypt, t. 243.
Upon the ground on heaths and moors, N. and D. On walls near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. P. protuberans.

Gr. Fl. Eds. 323; Gr. Crypt. 243; Ulva protuberans, Eng. Bot. 2583; Coccochloris protuberans, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 373.
Upon mosses on moors, not common.

251. MONEMA.

1. M. Dillwynii.

Gr. Syn. 38; Crypt, t. 297.
On Slaty rocks, particularly when covered with a thin coating of fine mud, on the coast at Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston.

2. M. apiculata.

Gr. Syn. 38; Gloionema apiculata, Crypt, t. 30.
On rocks and stones on the coast, rare.

252. SCHIZONEMA.

1. S. Smithii.

Gr. Syn. 38; Crypt, t. 298; Berwick Flora, ii. 260; Ulva foetida, Eng. Bot. t. 2101. On Algae, &c., not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

253. GOMPHONEMA.

1. G. minutissima.

Gr. Syn. 39; Crypt, t. 244, f. 1 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 266.
In ditches. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. G. paradoxum.

Gr. Syn. 38; Berwick Flora, ii. 266; Echinella paradoxa, Gr. Crypt, t, 25.
On marine plants, not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. G. geminatum.

Gr. Crypt. t. 244 ; Syn. 39 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 266.
On moors near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

254. EXILARIA.

1. E. circularis.

Gr. Syn. 37 ; Echinella circularis, Gr. Crypt, t. 35 Berwick Flora, ii. 267.
On plants in rivulets. — Dr. G. Johnston.

2. E. fasciculata.

Gr. Syn. 37; Echinella fasciculata, Gr. Crvpt. t. 16, f. 1, 3, and t. 298, f. 3, a. ; Berwick Flora, ii. 266.
On stones and small Alga?, not very rare, near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

3. E. truncata.

Gr. Syn. 37 ; Echinella fasiculata β, Crypt, t. 16, f. 4 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 267.
On Fuci, &c., near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

4. E. acuta.

Echinella acuta, Berwick Flora, ii. 267.
Near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston.

5. E. lunulata.

Echinella lunata, Berwick Flora, ii. 267.

In streams attached to plants.— Dr. G. Johnston.

ADDENDA,

Containing Plants and Habitats ascertained since the preceding Pages were printed.

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PART I.

Veronica montana, Page 2, Genus 6, No. 7.
In the woods at Wardrew, N., abundant.

Utricularia intermedia, P. 2, G. 8, No. 2.
In a bog near Crag Lake, N. — Mr. J. Thompson, Sp.

U. minor, P. 2, G. 8, No. 3.
In ditches on Baron House Bog, about a mile from Wardrew, N.

Iris foetidissima, P. 3, G. 16, No. 2.
In a wood to the north of Sunderland Bridge, near Rushyford, D.— Mr. Backhouse.

Scirpus pauciflorus, P. 3, G. 19, No. 2.
By the Irthing near Gilsland, N.

S. fluitans, P. 3, G. 19, No. 3.
In Bromley Lake, N.—Mr. J. Thompson.

Eriophorum pubescens α., P. 4, G. 21, No. 3.
Near Bourn House, in the neighbourhood of Ridley Hall, N. — Mr. John Thompson, Sp.

Sagina maritima, P. 11, G. 65, No. 2.
On the coast near Hartley Bates, N.

S. apetala, P. 11, G. 65, No. 3.
On the coast at Newbiggin and Near Hartley, N.

Myosotis repens. Creeping Water Scorpion-grass, P. 11, G. 68, No. 6.

Eng. Bot. 2703; Berwick Flora, ii. 274; Hook. Br. Fl. 83, under M. palustris; M. scorpioides, Alpine variety; Northumberland and Durham Guide, i. 18.
By the Irthing, on the moors above Gilsland, and by the rivulet near the summit of Cheviot, N. In the vale below Langley Ford, and in Horncliff Dene. —Dr. G. Johnston. On the moors near Redpath, N.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. By the High Force, and on Widdy Bank, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

This plant requires too long a specific character to be a very good species. — See Eng. Bot. Sowerby's drawing in that work appears to me to be very faithful, and the yellowish hue of the herbage true to nature. Is it not a moorland variety of M. palustris?

Primula farinosa, P. 13, G. 77, No. 2.
On bogs near Chollerford Bridge N.

Viola lutea, P. 14, G. 86, No. 6.
The blue variety, on Wall-Town Crags, N.

Atropa Belladonna, P. 15, G. 90, No. 1.
On the banks of a rivulet which enters the Tweed at Horncliff, N Mr. H. Carr, in Berwick Flora.

Oenanthe crocata, Page 19, Genus 122, No. 4.

By Dr. Hooker's remarks in his British Flora, at p. 123, my attention has been recalled to a plant of common occurrence on the banks of Tyne and the other rivers in this neighbourhood, which, from Smith's description, and Sowerby's figure at 2213, of the English Botany, and in the Medical Botany, t. 267, I had considered as the Hemlock Water Dropwort, overlooking the circumstance, that Oenanthe crocata has a yellow juice. Lamarck and De Candolle, in their Flora of France, Woodville, in the Medical Botany, and Dr. Withering, in his Arrangement of

British Plants, make no mention of this yellow fluid, but Sprengel, in his edition of the Systema Vegetabilium, i. 889, when speaking of the plant says, "Succo luteo venenoso scatet;" and when he describes the succeeding plant, Oenanthe apiifolia, adopted from Brotero's Flora Lusitanica, he adds to a description which, with the exception of the stem being smooth instead of furrowed, might answer for either species, "Succo nullo peculiari gaudet." Certain it is, that in this particular, the Water Dropwort of our district resembles the Portuguese plant, but whether it be identically the same, I cannot take upon me to say for want of authenticated specimens of the Celery-leaved Water Dropwort.

Galanthus nivalis, P. 21, G. 145, No. 1.
In the dene at Halton Castle, N.

Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, P. 21 , G. 146, No. 2.
Near Chillingham, N.—Mrs. Langhorne, in Berwick Flora.

Allium Schoenoprasum, P. 22, G. 147, No. 5.
This plant, which is notenumerated in Ray's Synopsis of British Species, grows in considerable abundance on the flat Basaltic rocks between the Roman Station at Wall-Town and the Crags, near an ancient well called the King's Well, N.

Ornithogalum luteum, P. 22, G. 149, No. 1.
In woods at Halton Castle, N. — Miss Atkinson, of Carlisle.

Convallaria mulliflora, P. 22, G. 151, No. 3.
Near Stannington Bridge, N.—Mr. R.B. Bowman.

Probably naturalized in that locality.}}

Juncus lampocarpus β, P. 23, G. 153, No. 12.

Hooker, Fl. Brit. 162; J. nigritellus, Eng. Bot. 2643.

Near the Bourn House, three quarters of a mile south of Ridley Hall, and in Lipwood Moss, two miles north of Lipwood, N.—Mr. John Thompson, Sp.

m

Epilobium angustifolium, Page 24, Genus 165, No. 1.
At Hareshaw Linn, to the north of Bellingham, N. —Mr. John Thompson.

Vaccinium uliginosum, P. 25, G. 167, No. 2.
On the summit of Wall-Town Crags, and on the moor near Caervoran, and on Baron House Bog, a mile from Wardrew, N.

Daphne Laureola, P. 25, G. 170, No. 2.
In hedges near Hedworth, D. — Mr. John Thornhill, Jun.

Paris quadrifolia, P. 26, G. 173, No. 1.
In the woods at Gilsland, N.—Miss Atkinson, of Carlisle. Near Lipwood, N.—Miss E. Errington. In the dene at Halton Castle, N.

Pyrola minor, P. 27, G. 179, No. 3.
On the banks of the Irthing below the Cascade, near Gilsland, N.

Saxifraga aizoides, P. 28, G. 181, No. 3.
On rocks close to Gilsland Spa, sparingly, but in abundance beyond the upper stepping stones, and by the Cascade of the Irthing, two miles above Wardrew, N.

S. tridactylites, P. 28, G. 181, No. 5.
On Wall-Town Crags, N.

Dianthus deltoides, P. 28, G. 184, No. 2.
In fields near Wolsingham, D. — Mr. Backhouse.

Arenaria verna, P. 29, G. 187, No. 4.
On Spindlestone Crags N. —Mr. R. Embleton, in Berwick Flora.

Reseda lutea, P. 31, G. 197, No. 2.
Berwick Flora, ii. 281.
On Spital Links, N.—Dr. G. Johnston.

Rosa scabriuscula, P. 33, G. 203, No. 6.
In woods at Wardrew, N.

Rubus suberectus. Red-fruited Bramble, P. 33, G. 204, No. 8.
Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 406; Eng. Bot. 2572; Hook. Fl. Scot. 159; Anderson, Lin. Tr. xi. 218, t. 16.
At Hareshaw Linn, a little to the north of Bellingham, N.—Mr. John Thompson, Sp.

R. affinis. Great Hairy Bramble, P. 35, G. 204, No. 8.
Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 405.
By the Skerne near Darlington, D.—Mr. Backhouse.

Tormentilla reptans, P. 35, G. 207, No. 2.
Near Cowpen, N.—Miss E. Errington, Sp.

Geum urbanum, β intermedium, P. 35, G. 208, No. 1. In woods at Gilsland, N.—Miss Atkinson, of Carlisle. Near Warden Mill and Warkworth, N.—Miss E. Errington, Sps.

Trollius europaeus, P. 38, G. 226, No. 1.
In boggy meadows between Wardrew and Wall-Town Crags, N.

Scutellaria galericulata, P. 41, G. 245, No. 1.
Near Reedsmouth, N.—Mr. John Thompson.

Lathraea squamaria, P. 41, G. 251, No. 1.
Near Lipwood House and Ridley Hall, N.—Mr. John Thompson, Sp.

Arabis hirsuta, P. 45, G. 276, No. 2.
On Wall-Town Crags, N.

Vicia sylvatica, P. 48, G.294, No. 1.
On the banks of Allen not far from Ridley Hall, N.

V. sativa γ, Page 48, Genus 294, No. 3.
V. Bobartii, Eng. Bot. 2708.
On the sea coast and Magnesian Limestone, not rare.

V. lathyroides, P. 48, G. 294, No. 4.
On the edges of fields near Cullercoats, N.—Mr. R.B. Bowman, Sp. in seed. On the sea banks near South Shields, and below Westoe, D.

Melilotus leucantha, P. 49, G. 300, No. 2.
Eng. Bot. 2689; Trifolium leucanthum, Berwick Flora, ii. 286.
Near Cowpen, N.—Miss E. Errington, Sps. In Coupland plantations near Wooler, and on the sea banks near Berwick, N.— Dr. G. Johnston.

Hieracium murorum, P. 51, G. 312, No. 2.
On rocks at Gilsland, N. Near Crag Lake, N.—Mr. J. Thompson.

H. sylvaticum, P. 51, G. 312, No. 3.
At Thorngrafton, near Bardon Mill, N Mr. J. Thompson, Sp.

H. sabaudum β, P. 51, G. 312, No. 5.
Stem tall, slender, leaves lanceolate, narrow, slightly toothed, hairy on their under sides and edges, and supported by long foot-stalks, and blotched with blackish purple oblong spots.
This singular variety was gathered by Mr. John Thompson, at Thorngrafton, in the vale of South Tyne, N.

H. prenanthoides. Rough-bordered Hawk-weed, P. 51, G. 312, No. 8.
Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 368; Eng. Bot. 2235; Hook. Fl. Scot. 232; H. spicatum, Dick, in Linn. Tr. ii. 288.
On the banks of Allen, not far from Ridley Hall, N. — Mr. J. Thompson, Sp.

Orchis bifolia, P. 56, G. 344, No. 1.
About Wardrew, N., abundant.

O. viridis, P. 56, G. 344, No. 7.
On Doddington Moor, N.—Dr. G. Johnston.

O. latifolia β, P. 56, G. 344, No. 8.
The most common variety about Wardrew, N.

Listera Nidus-avis, P. 57, G. 347, No. 3.
In woods at Gilsland, pointed out by Miss Atkinson, of Carlisle. Near Streatlam Castle, D.—Miss M. Hancock.

L. cordata, P. 50, G. 347, No. 2.
On Hedgehope, N.—Dr. G. Johnston.

Carex dioica, P. 59, G. 357, No. 1.
Near the Irthing at Wardrew, N.

C. curta, P. 59, G. 357, No. 5.
On the Muckle Moss, N.— Mr. John Thompson, Sp.

C. limosa, P. 59, G. 357, No. 17.
On the Muckle Moss, N.— Mr. John Thompson, Sp.

C.fulva, P. 60, G. 357, No. 21.
On Baron House Bog near Wardrew, N.

C. filiformis. Slender-leaved Carex, P. 60, G. 357, No. 39.
Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 128; Eng. Bot. 904; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 172, t. 20, f. 5; Hook. Fl. Scot. 270; C. tomentosa, Lightfoot, 553; Hudson, 650.
On Baron House Bog, about a mile from Wardrew, N.

Salix amygdalina, Page 62, Genus 376, No. 2.
Between Plawsworth and Witton-Gilbert, D.—Mr. John Thornhill, Jun.

S. pentandra, P. 62, G. 376, No. 3.

In a boggy meadow near Caervoran, (Magna,) N.
At the head of Howns Wood.— Mr. John Thornhill, Jun.

S. radicans, Page 62, Genus 376, No. 4.
In woods at Wardrew, by the Irthing, N.

S. Croweana, P. 63, G. 276, No. 13.
In Castle Eden Dene, D Mr. Backhouse.

S. Andersoniana Mas., Page 63, Genus 376, No. 23.
In woods at Wardrew, N.

S. Forsteriama, P. 63, G. 376, No. 24.
By the Irthing at Gilsland, N.

Taxus baccata, P. 65, G. 388, No. 1.
On high rocky cliffs by the Irthing, above Wardrew Spa, N.

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PART II.

Chara hispida, Page 66, Genus 1, No. 2.
In the Mill Race at Reedsmouth, N. — Mr. John Thompson.

C. aspera, P. 66, G. 1, No. 3.
In the Irthing, near the lower stepping stones above Gilsland Spa, N. In a Limestone Quarry near Rushyford, D.— Mr. Backhouse.

C. norvegica, Hooker MSS., P. 66, G. 1, No. 5.
In the lake at Hardwick, D.— Mr. Backhouse.

Equisetum variegatum, P. 66, G. 2, No. 7.
On rocks above the second stepping stones over the Irthing, near Gilsland Spa, scarce, but in great abundance half a mile higher up the stream, N.

Ophioglossum vulgatum, P. 67, G. 6, No. 1.
In moist meadows south of Wardrew, N. Near Hilton Castle, and Howns Wood, D., and near Stannington, N. — Mr. R. B. Bowman.

Botrychium Lunaria, P. 67, G. 7, No. 1.
In meadows south of Wardrew, N. Near Hilton Castle, D.—Mr. R.B. Bowman.

Cryptogramma crispa, P. 67, G. 10, No. 1.
On Wall-Town Crags, N.

Aspidium Oreopteris, P. 68, G. 13, No. 2.
On the banks of Allen, not far from Ridley Hall, N. —Mr. J. Thompson.

Polypodium Phegopteris, P. 68, G. 14, No. 2.
In the woods at Wardrew, N.

P. Dryopteris, P. 68, G. 14, No. 3.
In the woods at Wardrew, N.

Cystea fragilis, P. 69, G. 16, No. 1.
On walls at Gilsland and Wardrew, N.

Phascum patens, Page 69, Genus 18, No. 5.
In bogs near Wardrew, N. At Prestwick Carr, N.—Mr. R. B. Bowman.

Gymnostomum Donianum, P. 70, G. 20, No. 7.
On Sandstone rocks at Gilsland, N. In Cawsey Wood, D — Mr. R.B. Bowman.

Grimmia Doniana, P. 72, G. 29, No. 5.
Hook, and Tay. Muse. 72 ; Eng. Bot. 1259; Arn. Disp. Muse. 20.
On Cheviot, N.

Weissia verticillata, P. 72, G. 31, No. 7.
By the Irthing, near Wardrew, N.

Orthotrichum anomalum, P. 74, G. 37, No. 2.
Eng. Bot. 2696.
On rocks near Wardrew, N.

Anomodon viticulosum, P. 74, G. 39, No. 2.
On rocks by the Irthing, at Wardrew, N.

Hypnum Crista-castrensis, P. 78, G. 44, No. 53. Hook, and Tay. Muse. 190; Eng. Bot. 2108; Arn. Disp. Muse. 69.
Found in fructification on the south side of Tees near Gainford by Mr. Backhouse.

Bryum caespetitium, P. 78, G. 45, No. 11
The note attached to this species of moss is an error. It should have followed Polytrichum aloides; P. 71, G. 23, No. 7.

Collema saturninum, P. 93, G. 83, No. 5.
By the Irthing at Gilsland, N.

Phragmidium Potentillae, P. 118, G. 163, No. 2. Gr. Syn. 3; Puccinea Potentillae, Crypt. t. 57.
On the leaves of Potentillae; and Tormentillae.

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EXOTIC PLANTS

Gathered on the Ballast Hills by the Shores of the Rivers Tyne and Wear.

Blitum virgatum.
Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 30.
A native of France and Spain.

Phalaris paradoxa.
Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 329.
The south of Italy and the Levant.

Bromus madritensis.
Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 437.
Spain.

Convolvulus tricolor.
Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 874.
The south of Europe and north of Africa.

Hyoscyamus albus.
Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 1101.
The south of Europe.

H. aureus.
Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 1101.
The Greek Islands and the Levant.

Solanum Lycopersicum.
Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 1033.
South America.

Tordylium syriacum.
Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 1381.
Syria.

Cumynum Cyminum.
Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 1441.
Egypt.

Apium Petroselinum.
Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 1475.
Mediterranean Islands.

Reseda odorata.
Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 875.
Italy and Egypt.

R. fruticulosa.
Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 878.
Spain.

R. alba.
Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 879.
South of France.

Euphorbia Tithymaloides.
Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 890.
South America.

E. spinosa.
Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 908.
South of France.

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.
Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 1033.
Greece.

M. falcatum.
Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 1046.
The Cape of Good Hope.

M. glomeratum.
Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 1046.
The Cape of Good Hope.

Argemone mexicana.
Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 1148.
Mexico and the West Indies.

Nigella arvensis.
Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 1248.
France and Germany.

N. damascena.
Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 1248.
The south of Europe.

Ranunculus muricatus.
Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 1329.
The south of Europe.

Lepidium sativum.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 435.
Habitat unknown.

Alyssum incanum.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 463.
The north of Europe.

Lavatera trimestris.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 797.
The south of Europe and the Levant.

Pisum Ochrus.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1071.
Italy and the Mediterranean Islands.

Ornithopus compressus.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1156.
Italy and Sicily.

Scorpiurus vermiculata.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1159.
The south of Europe.

Vicia benghalensis.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1101.
The East Indies and the Levant.

V. cordifolia.
Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 265.
Carniola.

Trifolium indicum.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1353.
India.

T. messanense.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1353.
Sicily, and the north of Africa.

T. elegans.
Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 209.
The south of Europe, and north of Africa and the Levant.

Medicago prostrata.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1405.
Italy, and the south of Europe.

M. coronata.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1413.
The south of France.

M. rigidula.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1417.
The south of Europe, and north of Africa.

Scolymus maculatus.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1630.
South of Europe, and north of Africa.

Chrysanthemum italicum.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 2148.
Italy.

Anthemis tomentosa.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 2176.
Greece, and Asia Minor.

A. mixta.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 2177.
France and Italy.

A. valentina.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 2188.
South of France and Spain.

Centaurea galactites.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 2327
South of Europe, and north of Africa.

Calendula officinalis.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 2310.
South of Europe.

Cannabis sativa.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 768
Persia and India.

Atriplex hortensis.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 961.
Tartary?

Salix acutifolia.
Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 668.

S. violacea, Andr.; S. caspica, Hortulorum.
Russia? Naturalized in woods and hedges near Gilsland.

==OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRECEDING FLORA.==

READ JUNE 20, 1831.

In collecting the materials for the preceding Catalogue Raisonné of the Flora of Northumberland and Durham no merit can be claimed, but such as is due to some degree of patience and perseverance, which, in a favourite pursuit, may be considered very trivial indeed. However, it is the result of more than thirty years' attention to our native Botany, and may prove useful to those who shall have leisure and inclination to follow up and extend these researches. The indigenous plants of this portion of England are numerous, considering its northern latitude,^[1] and many of them rare, notwithstanding none of its mountains reach the height of three thousand feet, for it is at a superior elevation
At Edinburgh, lat. 55° 47', mean temperature, 47° 8'. This calculation has been made from six years' excellent observations, by Professor PLAYFAIR; during this time, the thermometer was never seen above 75° 8'. Vegetation continues from March 20, to Oct. 20. The mean temperature of these seven months is, from 55° 8' to 50° 9'; accordingly, the years are more or less fruitful; wheat does not ripen if the mean temperature descends to 47° 6'. The mean heat of the summers of Scotland in the environs of Edinburgh, is found again on the table lands of New Grenada, so rich in wheat, at 1,400 toises of elevation, and at 4° of north latitude.—Humboldt.

Keswick, lat. 54° 33'	mean temperature	48°
—	of Springs	46.6
Kendal, 54° 17'	—	46.2
—	of Springs	47.2
		Dalton.

The range of temperature of the springs in the neighbourhood of Newcastle has been, for the preceding twelve months, from 42° to 49½°. Those which appear most regular are, the Cradle Well, by the road to Jesmond, and the Holy Well, in Jesmond Dene, the courses of which must be in the Seventy-fathom Post, as the miners call it. This stratum of Sandstone is nearly 50 feet thick, and crops out on the south-west side of the Town Moor, covering the high main seam of Coal, which has been worked out from under the springs; and as the old colliery is now drained, the water cannot rise from below the Coal.

During the month of April, 1818, the Jesmond Springs, stood at 42°
On the 19th of May, 44
On the 1st of June, 46
On the 10th of June, 47
On the 15th of July, 48
On the 28th of ditto, 49

On the 6th of September, 49½
On the 1st of November, 49
On the 15th of ditto, 48
On the 15th of December, 45
On the 17th of January, 44
On the 27th of ditto, 43
On the 5th of March, 42

Mean temperature, ascertained by fifty observations, 45¾°.
From a spring rising in the higher part of Newcastle, at an elevation of 180 feet above the level of the sea, the following less correct results were obtained, owing to its flowing for some distance nearer the surface of the earth :—

During the month of April, 1818, the temperature was 42°
On the 19th of May, 46
On the 1st of June, 48
On the 10th of ditto, 50
On the 15th of July, 52
On the 28th of ditto, 54

On the 6th of September, 56
On the 1st of November, 53
On the 15th of ditto, 51
On the 15th of December, 47
On the 17th of January, 44
On the 27th of ditto, 43
On the 5th of March, 42

Mean temperature, 49°. WINCH on the Geographical Distribution of Plants through the Counties of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Durham. — Pamphlet, 8vo., 2d Edition, 1825. that the extremely scarce plants of the Welch and Scotch Alps, reward the toil of the Botanist.

To those long conversant with this science, the natural arrangement, generally adopted by the French school, would seem to have given the preceding pages the air of greater research; but the Linnaean method, though artificial, has been chosen: for, as Dr. Hooker justly remarks, "the experience of a hundred years has proved to every unprejudiced mind, that no system can be compared to that of the immortal Swede, for the facility with which it enables any one hitherto unpractised in botany to arrive at a knowledge of the genus and species of a plant." And as the chief value of these memoranda will be in assisting those who are commencing their botanic career, an enumeration of genera and species adapted to their line of study was to be preferred.

One of the first difficulties the student will have to encounter is the unsettled state in which he will find many genera, and far more species, of plants, so common as to be met with in every hedge and wood; for, unfortunately, scarcely two botanists of the present day can agree upon what should constitute generic, much less specific, distinctions. This may appear a startling assertion, but in making it I am borne out by one of the best and most accomplished botanist of our time, whose ideas on this subject I shall take the liberty to give in his own words. " In nothing is more consideration now required than to determine what of new genera ought to be adopted and what rejected. Had you and I begun our botanic career when old Dickson was in his prime, we should have had the same aversion to the Hedwigian improvements which he had, but which have nevertheless tended so very much to the advancement of muscology. At the same time I must agree with you, that modern Botanists are carrying their ideas of division and subdivision to a most unwarrantable length, and that they are thereby doing an injury rather than a benefit to science, and are deterring many from undertaking the study altogether. I must not be supposed to condemn the subdivision of genera on every occasion. If there is a distinction in the habit of the plant, and a different mode of fructification at the same time, then I will allow the genus may be a good one. Then again there is another class of Botanists more injurious than these, they too are generally men who set their faces against any increase of genera, but who, at the same time, consider that the most trifling difference in a leaf, a serrature, or a hair, should constitute a specific distinction : and to such an extravagant pitch is this system now carried in certain genera — take Rosa, Rubus, Salix, Myosotis, no two persons are or can be agreed on what constitutes a species and what not, in such tribes. The consequence is, that all sober-minded Botanists will have nothing to do with these genera, and the crazy ones have each their own ideas as to species. You and I may set our faces against these species-mongers, but it is to no purpose."

But as the native Roses, with which this district abounds in a remarkable degree, contribute greatly to the beauty of our woodland scenery and hedge-rows, it may be worth while to inquire into the cause of the difficulty which attends the defining the species of such conspicuous flowers. That there is difficulty in the task we may be assured of, for WOODS, an indefatigable Botanist, in his paper published by the Linnaean Society, in the 12th vol. of their Transactions, enumerates no less than twenty British species, while LINDLEY, who bestowed no less pains on the same subject, in his Rosarum Monographia reduced their numbers to twelve. The difference of opinion, existing between these acute Botanists, must be accounted for by those marks which generally afford permanent specific distinctions in other plants, such as the roughness or smoothness of their leaves, the form of the prickles, whether the segments of the calyx be simple or divided, or the leaves be singly or doubly serrated being of small avail in this genus. To these must be added, the almost insurmountable difficulty that the various species or varieties pass by insensible degrees into each other, and though at first sight, no two Roses may appear more dissimilar than Rosa canina on the one hand, and Rosa villosa on the other, yet links can easily be furnished to form a complete chain between them. Rosa canina is well known as a robust growing bush, with hooked prickles, smooth oval fruit and shining leaves. In Rosa sarmentacea the plant becomes slender in habit, and with us its leaves generally assume a glaucous hue. Rosa Forsteri begins to show a tendency to pubescence on the midrib of its leaves, and Rosa dumetorum or caesia has leaves covered with a velvety down. In all these the prickles are strongly hooked. The next link of the chain claims particular attention, as it appears to connect two sections of the genus. I allude to Rosa tomentosa, the prickles of which are in part hooked, and in part straight, its fruit sometimes smooth, at others hispid, and this frequently occurs on the same bush, but its leaves are always pubescent. Rosa scabriuscula has straight prickles, its flowers are white, except the extremity of the petals which are tipped with red. Rosa villosa, of SMITH (not the plant so called by SWARTZ and most of the continental Botanists, that being an exotic and the Apple Rose of the gardeners), has invariably straight prickles, pubescent leaves, globose fruit, occasionally hispid, and full rose-red flowers. The Roses most nearly allied to Rosa canina have pale pink blossoms, those to Rosa villosa red, with the exception of Rosa scabriuscula as previously mentioned. With respect to Rosa Eglanteria, it will be found to vary through Rosa micrantha to Rosa Borreri, or inodora of the foreign Botanists, a bad name for a plant which still possesses, in some degree, the odour of the Eglantine, and which the old herbalists would have denominated a savage Sweet Briar. Passing on to another section of the genus, we find the same uncertainty of specific character to continue. Thus in Rosa gracilis of Woods, the prickles on the stem are hooked, but not so on the young branches, — in its variety Rosa Sabini or Doniana (for there is not the slightest difference between them), all the prickles are straight, as well as in its dwarf sea-side variety, Rosa involuta. Rosa spinosissima, in its wild state, varies only in size, though the parent of the numerous beautiful Roses sold by nurserymen under the name of Scotch Roses, and Rosa arvensis continues true to its well-defined specific character. Of Rosa rubella, which is nearly allied to Rosa alpina of the south of Europe, as Rosa arvensis is to Rosa sempervirens — too little is known to enable one to say whether it passes into any other supposed species — its pendent scarlet fruit keeps it asunder from any British Rose. A dark red flowered variety is not rare in the gardens near London, but I could not learn from whence it came. The foregoing remarks are confined to that portion of the genus indigenous in the north of England, and which have been long under my observation in their native habitats. It remains for the experimental gardener, by sowing and resowing the seeds, to clear up the obscurity in which many of the supposed species are involved, for that alone can remove all conjectures respecting them. Of the Rubi, another intricate family, we have but six shrubby species, Rubus idaeus, R. suberectus, R. caesius, R. fructicosus, R. corylifolius, and R. glandulosus, and in determining these, there can be no difficulty, unless we attempt to divide them into the endless varieties dignified by specific names by some German Botanists. For one well defined Bramble, very common in the vales of the Highlands of Scotland and Cumberland, we have but a single locality at present, though I think it must have been overlooked in our sub-alpine vallies, among the Cheviot mountains ; I allude to Rubus suberectus. In Borrowdale, and at the foot of Skiddaw, it is not uncommon, both with double and single flowers. It is most nearly allied to Rubus idaeus, but has bright green leaves, and its fruit is nearly black. The figure in English Botany is a good representation of the plant, but I suspect the Bramble of the south of England, by several Botanists considered the same as the Highland plant, will prove to be distinct from it, at least I am led to think so, by dried specimens collected in the former part of the kingdom.

Notwithstanding that the Willows are much more numerous than the Roses, their different species may, with attention, be settled with greater certainty and upon surer grounds, for they are less liable to run into varieties. But from this general rule, Salix aquatica, and more particularly Salix repens must be excluded. Between Salix argentea, the Silky Willow of SMITH, which shoots into a tall upright shrub, and the small decumbent varieties of the Creeping Willow, the difference is very obvious at first sight; but, I mistake, if intermediate varieties cannot be traced to unite the two plants. The series comprises Salix prostrata, S. fusca, S. parvifolia, S. adscendens, and S, incubacea of the English Botany, — probably S. foetida of the English Flora, might be added to the list, but of this I do not possess authenticated specimens. The sub-alpine glens which descend from our moors are the true localities of several of the rare Willows with broad leaves, and it is in such places they should be studied, rather than in Botanic Gardens, where their habits become materially altered by cultivation.

With the aid of the excellent works of DRS. HOOKER and TAYLOR, and the assistance of the microscope, the botanic student will be enabled to master the numerous species of Mosses and Jungermanniae, these minute vegetables, aptly denominated the watch-work of nature, seldom deviating into varieties, or appearing to pass into each other; but it will require glasses of higher magnifying powers, and the exercise of more patient attention, to arrive at a competent knowledge of the Algae and minute Fungi described in the elaborate publications of DR. GREVILLE; but, that this abstruse department of the science may be acquired even by persons whose time and attention are otherwise greatly occupied in professional pursuits, is evinced in the Flora of Berwick, a publication so highly creditable to one of our associates, DR. GEORGE JOHNSTON. Yet, notwithstanding these helps, the cryptogamic Botanist is still obliged to look to the continental writers for assistance, and must possess a part, at least, of the works of ACHARIUS, PERSOON, AGARDH, and DE CANDOLLE. Probably, the Botanicon Gallicum of DE CANDOLLE, in which a considerable proportion of the plants described by the before-named authors are comprised, will be found most useful, the climate of a large part of France differing not widely from our own. LINK, LYNGBY, and FRIES are the present guides among the most minute of Nature's vegetable productions, whose very genera are almost as unsettled as the sands on the sea shore.

SOWERBY's excellent delineations of the Lichens in the English Botany have materially facilitated the study of these intricate families, and their arrangement by ACHARIUS is probably as good a one, for mere practice, as could be adopted. Yet many individuals of these obscure tribes are to be found enumerated in his pages, not only as distinct species, but as belonging to more than one genus. This is owing in a great measure to the altered and degenerate state in which many appear when growing out of their natural localities, but more particularly to the slow mode of increase common to many of the crustaceous species. I have observed that, after the lapse of ten years, specimens of Lecanora atra, portions of which I had chipped from a stone wall, had not again formed the circular patches of crust, which is their natural mode of growth. Considerable obscurity still hangs over the manner of the reproduction of these stone-like plants, though it appears evident that the minute particles of the crusts of various species must be viviparous, for who can believe that so common a plant as Lecidea incana, which covers walls and rocks in almost every situation, can alone be propagated by sporules or seeds from its shields ; for these shields, though sufficiently conspicuous, have been noticed but twice in England; in Hampshire by Mr. LYELL, and in Sussex by Mr. D. TURNER.
In the preceding pages, a few habitats of rare plants are given on the authority of the works of TURNER,^[2] RAY,^[3] WILSON,^[4] and Robson,^[5] and many more on the authority of WALLIS^[6]. By the perusal of his Natural History of Northumberland, Botanists, even of the present day, may obtain useful information, though, unfortunately for his reputation as a correct man of science, two or three of the most remarkable plants, which he supposed he had discovered growing with us, were not the species he took them for ; yet, on most occasions, I have ascertained him to be correct ; and, let it be remembered, that in his time, no well executed and coloured engravings, such as those which adorn Curtis and Hooker's Flora Londinensis, or SMITH and SOWERBY'S English Botany, had been published to assist the diligent, but more commonly to spoil the indolent Botanist.

From Mr. HOGG's valuable Tract,^[7] appended to the second edition of Brewster's History of Stockton, numerous habitats have been extracted, for the south-eastern corner of the county of Durham is propitious to the growth of several southern plants which here terminate their range towards the north. Their appearance on this side of the Tees is partly owing to the shelter afforded by the Cleveland hills, but more especially by the warm and fertile soil originating from the decomposition of the Red Sandstone rocks, prevalent in the lower part of this vale.

On referring to the latter pages of this Catalogue, it will readily be seen how greatly its numbers have been increased by the assiduity of Dr. G. Johnston, author of the Berwick Flora^[8], who has shown how much may be learned respecting the most minute cryptogamic productions, by a diligent use of the microscope, and by a fixed determination to follow up a peculiar line of study and investigation.

To my other numerous friends, who have favoured me with specimens or delineations of plants, I beg leave to acknowledge the kindness conferred, and whenever the name of a correspondent is attached to a locality, thanks for the communication are to be implied as a matter of course.

INDEX

TO

MR. WINCH'S FLORA OF NORTHUMBERLAND, &c.

---

PART I.

	Page.	Gen.
Acer,	26	171
Achilla,	55	341
Adonis,	37	224
Adoxa,	26	174
AEgopodium,	19	126
AEthusa,	19	119
Agrimonia,	31	196
Agrostemma,	30	190
Agrostis,	5	28
Aira	5	31
Ajuga	33	229
Alchemilla,	10	61
Alisma,	24	162
Allium	21, 133	147
Alnus,	61	360
Alopecurus,	5	25
Amarantbus,	61	363
Anagallis	13	82
Anchusa	12	70
Andromeda,	27	177
Anemone,	37	221
Angelica,	19	128
Anthemis,	55	340
Anthoxantbum,	3	13
Anthriscus,	18	111
Anthyllis,	47	291
Antirrhinum,	41	253
Apargia,	51	311
Apium,	19	125
Aquilegia	37	219
Arabis,	45, 134	276
Arbutus,	27	178
Arctium,	52	317
Arenaria,	29, 134	187
Artemisia,	53	326
Arum,	61	368
Arundo,	44	8
Asarum,	31	194
Asperugo,	74	12
Asperula,	55	9
Aster,	54	332
Astragalus,	48	299
Atriplex,	65	389
Atropa,	15, 90	133
Avena,	8	43
Ballota	40	239
Barbarea	44	272
Bartsia,	41	247
Bellis,	55	336
Berberis,	23	155
Beta,	17	101
Betonica,	40	237
Betula	62	372
Bidens,	53	323
Borago,	12	73
Brassica,	45	275
Briza,	7	38
Bromus,	7	42
Bryonia	61	364
Bunium,	18	115
Bupleurum	20	134
Butomus,	26	175
Cakile	43	268
Calendula,	56	343
Callitriche	58	352
Calluna,	25	168
Caltha	38	228
Camelina,	42	260
Campanula,	14	84
Cardamine,	43	269
Carduus	52	319
Carex,	59, 134	357
Carlina	53	322
Carpinus,	62	373
Carum,	20	131
Caucalis	18	109
Centaurea,	55	342
Cerastium,	30	192
Ceratophyllum,	61	365
Cheiranthus,	44	274
Chaerophyllum,	18	113
Chelidonium,	35	211
Chlora,	25	166
Chenopodium,	16	100
Chrysanthemum,	55	337
Chrysosplenium,	27	180
Cichorium	52	316
Cicuta	19	118
Circaea	1	5
Cistus	36	217
Cladium,	3	12
Clematis	37	222
Clinopodium,	40	242
Cnicus	52	320
Cnidium,	20	133
Cochlearia,	43	264
Colchicum	24	161
Comarum,	35	210
Conium,	19	120
Convallaria,	22, 133	152
Convolvulus,	14	83
Conyza	53	328
Coriandrum	19	121
Cornus,	10	59
Corylus,	62	374
Crepis,	51	313
Crithmum,	19	123
Cuscuta,	17	104
Cynoglossum,	12	71
Cynosurus,	7	40
Cypripedium,	57	350
Dactylis,	7	39
Daphne,	25, 134	170
Datura,	15	88
Daucus,	18	108
Delphinium,	36	218
Dianthus,	28, 131	184
Digitalis,	42	255
Digitaria,	5	29
Dipsacus,	9	51
Doronicum,	54	335
Draba,	42	259
Drosera,	21	143
Dryas,	35	209
Echiutn,	12	76
Eleocharis,	4	20
Elymus,	8	47
Elyna	61	358
Empetrum,	64	377
Epilobium,	24, 134	165
Epipactis,	57	348
Erica,	25	169
Erigeron,	53	329
Eriophorum,	4, 21	133
Erodium,	45	281
Ervum,	48	295
Eryngium,	17	106
Erysimum,	44	273
Erythraa	15	92
Euonymus,	15	96
Eupatorium,	53	324
Euphorbia,	58	351
Euphrasia	41	249
Fagus,	62	371
Fedia	3	15
Festuca,	41	7
Fragaria,	35	205
Frankenia,	23	156
Fraxinus,	1	4
Fumaria,	46	285
Galanthus,	21, 133	145
Galeopsis,	40	236
Galium,	9	56
Genista	47	288
Gentiana,	17	105
Geranium,	45	282
Geum,	35, 134	208
Glaucium,	36	212
Glaux,	16	99
Glechoma	39	234
Glyceria,	6	35
Gnaphalium	53	327
Goodyera	57	346
Hedera	16	98
Hedysarum	48	298
Helleborus,	38	227
Heracleum	20	137
Hesperis,	44	275
Hieracium,	51, 134	312
Hippocrepis,	48	297
Hippuris,	1	2
Holcus,	6	82
Hordeum,	8	48
Hottonia,	13	80
Humulus	64	381
Hydrocharis,	65	386
Hydrocotyle,	20	135
Hyoscyamus,	15	89
Hypericum,	50	304
Hvpochaeris,	51	314
Iberis,	43	266
Ilex,	10	62
Imperatoria,	19	127
Inula,	54	334
Iris,	3, 16	133
Isatis,	43	267
Jasione,	14	85
Juncus,	22, 134	153
Juniperus,	65	387
Knautia	9	52
Lactuca,	50	308
Lamium,	39	235
Lapsana,	52	315
Lathraa	41, 134	251
Lathrus,	47	293
Lavatera,	46	284

	Page.	Gen.
Lemna,	2	9
Leontodon,	51	310
Leonurus,	40	241
Lepidium,	42	261
Ligusticum	19	129
Ligustrum,	1	3
Limosella,	42	257
Linnsea,	42	256
Linum	21	142
Listera	57, 131	347
Lithospermum,	12	69
Littorella,	61	359
Lolium,	45
Lonicera	15	94
Lotus,	49	302
Luciola	23	154
Lychnis,	30	191
Lycopsis	12	75
Lycopus,	2	10
Lysimachia,	13	61
Lythosperrnum,	12	69
Lvthrum,	31	195
Malaxis	57	349
Malva,	46	283
Marrubium,	40	240
Matricaria,	55	339
Medicago	49	303
Melampyrum,	41	250
Melica,	6	33
Melilotus,	49, 134	300
Mentha,	39	233
Menyanthes	13	78
Mercurialis,	65	385
Mespilus	31	200
Meum,	20	130
Milium,	5	27
Mcenchia,	11	66
Monotropa,	27	176
Montia,	9	50
Myosotis,	11, 133	68
Myosurus,	21 144
Myrica,	64	380
Myriophyllum,	61	366
Myrrhis,	18	114
Narcissus,	21, 133	146
Nardus,	4	22
Narthecium,	22	151
Nasturtium,	44	270
Nepeta,	39	231
Nuphar,	36	215
Nymphaea,	36	214
Œnanthe,	19, 122	133
Œnothera, 24	164
Ononis	47	290
Onopordum,	53	321
Ophrys,	57	345
Orchis,	56, 134	344
Origanum,	40	243
Ornithogalum,	22	149
	133	149
Ornithopus, 48	296
Orobanche, 42	258
Orobus,	47	292
Oxalis,	30	189
Panicum,	5	30
Papaver	36	213
Parietaria	10	60
Paris,	26, 134	173
Parnassia	20	140
Pastinaca	20	136
Pedicularis,	41	252
Peplis,	23	157
Phalaris,	4	23
Phleum,	4	24
Picris,	50	306
Pimpinella,	20	132
Pinguicula,	2	7
Pinus,	62	375
Plantago,	10	57
Poa,	6	36
Polygala,	47	286
Polygonum,	26	172
Polypogon,	5	26
Populus,	64	383
Potamogeton,	10	63
Potentilla,	35	206
Poterium,	61	369
Prenauthes,	51	309
Primula,	12, 77	133
Prunella	41	246
Prunus,	31	199
Pulmonaria,	12	71
Pyrethrum,	55	338
Pyrola,	27, 134	179
Pyrus	32	201
Quercus,	61	370
Radiola,	11	67
Ranunculus,	37	225
Raphanus,	45	280
Reseda,	31, 134	197
Rhamnus,	15	95
Rhinanthus,	41	248
Rhodiola,	61	384
Rhyncospora,	3	18
Ribes,	16	97
Rosa,	32, 134	203
Rottbollia,	8	46
Rubus,	34, 134	203
Rumex, 23	158
Ruppia,	11	64
Ruscus,	64	378
Sagina, 11, 65	133
Sagittaria, 61	378
Salicornia,	1	1
Salix,	62, 134	376
Salsola	17	102
Salvia,	3	11
Sambucus,	20	139
Samolus,	15	93
Sanguisorba	10	58
Sanicula,	18	107
Saponaria	28	183
Saxifraga,	27, 134	181
Scabiosa,	9	53
Scandix,	18	112
Schœnus,	3	17
Scilla,	22	150
Scirpus	3, 19	133
Scleranthus,	28	182
Scrophularia,	42	254
Scutellaria,	41, 134	245
Sedum,	29	188
Sempervivum,	31	198
Senebiera,	43	265
Senecio,	54	331
Serratula,	52	318
Sesleria	6	34
Sherardia	9	54
Silene	28	185
Sinapis,	45	279
Sison,	18	116
Sisymbrium,	44	271
Sium,	18	116
Smyrnium,	19	124
Solanum,	15	91
Solidago,	54	333
Sonchus	50	307
Sparganium,	58	356
Spartium	47	237
Spergula,	30	193
Spiraa,	32	202
Stachys,	40	238
Statice,	20	141
Stellaria	29	186
Stratiotes,	37	220
Symphytum,	12	72
Tamus,	61	382
Tanacetum,	53	325
Taxus,	65, 134	388
Teesdalia	43	262
Teucrium,	39	230
Tilia	36	216
Thalictrum,	37	223
Thlaspi,	43	263
Thymus,	40	211
Tofieldia,	24	159
Torilis,	18	110
Tormentilla,	35, 134	207
Tragopogon,	50	305
Trientalis,	24	163
Trifolium,	49	301
Triglochin,	21	160
Triodia,	6	37
Triticum,	9	49
Trollius,	38, 134	226
Turritis,	45	277
Tussilago,	51	330
Tulipa,	22	143
Typha,	58	355
Ulex	47	289
Ulmus,	17	103
Urtica,	61	361
Utricularia,	2, 8	133
Vaccinium,	25, 134	167
Valeriana,	3	14
Verbascum,	11	67
Verbena,	39	232
Veronica,	1, 6	133
Viburnum,	20	138
Vicia,	48, 131	291
Villarsia,	13	79
Vinca,	16	100
Viola,	14, 86	133
Viscum,	61	379
Xanthium,	61	362
Zannichellia,	58	351
Zostera,	58	353

---

PART II

	Page.	Gen.
Acremonium, ... 122
Acrospermum,... ll-l
Acrosporium,.... 122
Actinothyrium, 99
iEcidium, 120
JEgerita, 117
JEthalium, 117
Agaricus, 99
Agyrium, Ill
Alectora, 92
Amanita, 99
Amphtconium,... 129
Andrasa, , 79
Angioridium, .... 117
Anictangium, ... 70
Gen.
Page.
Gen.
Anomodon,..
, 135
Anthoceros, ..
.... 81
.... 81
.. 116
.... 113
.... 122
Aspergillus, .
.... 123
Asperocaulon
... 127
Asperococcus
... 126
Aspidium, ...
, 135
Asplenium, ..
.... 67
Auricularia, ..
.... 108
Baiomyces, ..
.... 92
.... 127
»7
Page. Gen.
Batrachosper- 1 , 30 „,,
mum, J
Blechnum 67 9
Boletus, 107 109
Bonnemaisonia, 124 204
Borrera, 90 63
Botrvchium, 67, 135 7
Botrytis, 122 186
Bryopsis, 126 222
Bryum, 78. 135 45
Bulbochasta, '. 127 230
Byssus, 121 170
Calicium, 84 55
Callithamnion,... 128 234
Cantharellus, .... 105 103
Page. Gen.
Catenella, 124 206
Cenangium, 113 126
Cenomyce, 91 71
Ceramium, 128 233
Cetraria, 90 69
Ceuthospora, 93 96
Clmra 66, 135 1
Chastomium, 121 169
Ch;etophora, 131 215
Chondria, 125 209
Chorda, 126 215
Cinclodotus 71 26
Cladosporium, ... 123 191
Cladostephus, ... 129 236
Clavaria, 109 114

Page. Gen.

Coccochloris, ... 131 247
Collema, ...... 93, 135 83
Conferva, ........ 129 241
Cornicularia, ....93 81
Cryptogramma, 67, 135 10
Cylindrosporium, 123 193
Cystea,......... 69, 135 16
Cystoceira, ....... 123 195
Dacrymyces, ...... 114 129
Daedalea, 106 106
Delesseria, ..... 124 203

Dictyosiphon, .. Vil

Didymosporium,

Draparnaldia, ...

Dyphyscium, ....

Ectocarpus,

Enteromorpha,

EquisetutD,...66,

98

123

Fusarium,

125

Gelideum,

no

Page. Gen. Gornphonema, ... 132 253 Graphis, 85 58 Griffithsia, 128 235 Grimmia, .... 29 : 135 71

1 

Gymnostomum, ,., 3 > 20 Gyropbora, 84 56 Halidrys, 123 196 Halymenia, 124 205 Helmisporium, 122 175 Helotium, 110 115 Helvella, Ill 120 Himanthalia, .... 123 198 Himantia 122 173 Hookeria, 75 43 Hydnum, 108 110 Hymenophyllum, 69 17 Hypnum, 75, 135 44 Hysterium 98 89 Illosporium 116 152 Isidium, 92 76 Isoetes, 66 3 Jungermannia,... 79 47 Laminaria, 123 201 Lasiobotrys, Il7 155 Leangium, 115 141 Lecanora 87 66 Lecidea, 81 54 Leocarpus, 115 143 Leotia, 110 118 Lepraria, 94 84 Leucodon, 73 34 Licea, 116 146 Lichina, 123 200 Linckia 131 246 Lycogola 115 140 Lycoperdon 115 137 Lycopodium 67 5 Lyngbya, 181 248 Marchantia 81 48 Merisma, 109 113 Merulius 106 104 Monema, 131 251 Morchella Ill 121 Mucor, ... 121 167 Myrothecium,.... 121 168 Neckera, 74 38 Nephroma, 91 72 Nidularia, 114 132 Nodularia, 127 224 Page. Gen. Nostoc, 131 249 Onygena, 115 139 Opegrapha, 84 57 Ophioglossutn, ^ | 6 Orthotrichum,... ,|*| 37 Oscillatoria, 127 229 Ozonium, 121 171 Palmella 131 250 Parmelia 89 67 Peltidea 90 71 Penicillium, 122 1S5 Perichaena 115 145 Peziza, Ill 123 Phacidium, 98 90 Phallus, Ill 122 Phascum, 69, 135 18 Phoma, 99 98 Phraginidium, ... , 35 ]l63 Physarum, 115 142 Pilularia, 66 4 Polyides 126 213 Polypodium, 68, 135 14 Polyporus, 106 107 Polysiphonia, ... 128 2S2 Polystigma, 97 88 Polythrincium, 122 178 Polytrichum, .... 70 25 Porina, 86 61 Porphyra 126 219 Pteris, 67 9 Pterogonium, ... 72 30 Ptilota, 125 212 Puccinea, 117 162 Punctaria, 126 217 Pyrenula 86 63 Racodium 128 174 Ramalina, 92 80 Reticularia 117 160 Rhizomorpha, ... 94 85 Rhodomela, 125 211 Rhytisma 98 91 Riccia, 81 50 Schizonema, 131 252 Schizophyllum, 105 102 Scleroderma, .... 114 133 Sclerotium, 116 153 Scolopendrium, 67 11 Page. Gtn. .. 127

.. 123

.. 98

.. 123

.. Ill

.. 129

Sphcerobolus, . .. 114

Sphaerococcus, .. 124

SphEerophoron, .. 92

Sphagnum, .. 69

.. 70

.. 124

Sporotrichum, .. 122

.. 117 .. 116

Stereocaulon, . .. 92

f>

.. 70

.. 108

.. 86

.. 71

.. 129

Trentepohlia, ..

.. 116

Trichoderma, ..

Tricotheeium, . .. 123

Trichostomum,

S3 Tubercularia, .. .. 117

.. 113

Ulva, .. 87

. 93

Variolaria, . .. . 86

. 126

. 85

Weissia, 72, 135

VOL. II.

Qq

No. II.—Remarks on a peculiar Colouring Matter in Decayed Wood.
By W. C. Trevelyan, Esq., of Wallington.

Read, July 19, 1831.

I have lately been engaged in some experiments on the colouring matter of the decayed wood on which Peziza æruginosa (well represented in Greville's Cryptogamic Flora, t. 241) generally occurs. It is often to a considerable depth of the same beautiful green colour as that remarkable Fungus, and frequently when none of that plant appears upon it, so that I should think that this colour is derived from a peculiar matter unconnected with the Peziza.

I find that it is most readily soluble in nitric acid, which soon acquires a deep emerald-green colour from a small portion of the wood. When evaporated a sap-green deposit is left, consisting of the colouring matter, and some earthy matter from which it may be separated by alcohol or ether; the latter after exposure to the flame of a blow pipe, exhibits alkaline qualities, turning the vegetable blues, green.

If a larger quantity of the solution is exposed for a length of time to a low heat the colour gradually disappears, and if allowed to stand, crystals of oxalic acid appear.

Chlorine and muriatic acid have no effect on the solution in nitric acid, but destroy the colour of the wood.

Alcohol and ether acquire a green colour, gradually changing to a brownish red from the wood, which, also, when immersed in them, becomes of the same colour, but the green is restored by nitric acid. A solution of a brown colour is obtained by the action of alkalis on the wood; they give also the same colour to the solutions in nitric acid, and in alcohol, and to paper stained by these solutions, the original colour is restored by nitric, muriatic, sulphuric, tartaric, acetic, and and in alcohol, and to paper stained by these solutions, the original colour is restored by nitric, muriatic, sulphuric, tartaric, acetic, and arsenic acids; the three latter of which have no effect on the green colouring matter in the wood, or on its solution in nitric acid or in alcohol; the sulphuric acid gradually decomposes it, becoming of a dark colour.

This paper was accompanied with specimens of the Wood, and of the solution of the colouring matter in nitric acid.

Since writing the above observations, I find the green solution in nitric acid, after keeping for a few months, gradually loses its colour.

W.C.T.

No. III.— An Account of the Method of Smelting Lead Ore and Refining Lead, practised in the Mining Districts of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Durham, in the year 1831. By Mr. H.L. PATTINSON.

READ, Oct. 17, 1831.

The total quantity of Lead ore, produced in the northern mining districts annually, is about 70,000 bings, of 8 cwt. avoirdupois each, or 28,000 avoirdupois tons. Nearly the whole of this quantity is Galena, which, on reduction, yields Lead containing from two to twenty-four ounces of silver per fodder of 21 cwt. or 2352 lbs. The other varieties of Lead ore which occur, are Carbonate and Phosphate of Lead, but they are always found in situations near the surface, and in comparatively small quantities.

The Galena is principally cubical, but some veins produce steel- grained, compact, and antimoniated Galena. Cubical and steel-grained Galena are often variously blended together, and every variety is, in most cases, intimately mixed with Spar and Vein Stone, or Rider, as it is provincially called, when brought out of the mines. Each vein contains generally a peculiar, and frequently a distinguishing, species of Spar and Rider. The Spars are Fluate and Carbonate of Lime, Pearl Spar, Sulphate of Barytes, Baryto-calcite, and among them may be included Blende and Iron Pyrites. The Riders differ nearly as much. In some veins they consist of fragments of the adjacent strata, apparently cemented together by interposed spar or ore; and in others, the Rider is a hard and (as the miners term it) burnt, or soft and friable stone, strongly impregnated with iron.

However these substances are intermingled with the ore, they ought to be removed as much as possible in the process of washing, for, except this is done entirely, the residual portion affects the ore, and gives it a peculiar character in the subsequent operation of smelting. The ore itself may be cubical, steel-grained, or antimoniated, or a mixture of two or the whole of these in various proportions; and, besides heterogeneous impurities, it frequently contains a greater or less proportion of iron, as an ingredient in its composition; these circumstances render its quality so various, that, when laid down at the smelting-house, it is very difficult to pronounce two parcels from different veins, or from the same vein in different strata, exactly alike. It consequently happens that one variety of ore is sometimes found, without any very obvious cause, to be much more refractory in the fire and less easily reducible than another, and among a number of parcels this difference is occasionally very considerable.

At nearly all the smelting-houses in this district, the practice prevails of smelting the ore from each vein, where the quantity is considerable, by itself, although most smelters admit that a mixture of different kinds of ore has frequently a very beneficial effect in promoting the reduction of each. In smelting ore from the same vein, it is the practice to treat the different portions, into which it is divided in the washing process, separate from each other; that is, the portions called, technically, seive ore and smiddam, are smelted separate from the slime ore, lest the latter, which is in very small particles, should be driven away by the draught and blast, by which the former is roasted and reduced into Lead.

The process of smelting may be most conveniently described under four heads, viz. :—

Roasting of the Ore.

Smelting in the Ore Hearth.

Smelling in the Slag Hearth.

Smelting of Hearth Ends and Smelters' Fume.

ROASTING OF THE ORE.

The process of roasting is nothing more than heating the ore to a proper temperature in a reverberatory furnace, during which it undergoes a change, by the partial expulsion or acidification of the sulphur it contains, which renders it afterwards more easily reducible. At Plate I., Fig. 1, is a perspective view of the Roasting Furnace. Its bed or bottom, inside, upon which the charge of ore is spread to receive the action of the fire, is usually about six feet square, quite flat and formed of fire bricks, set upright upon their ends, and in contact. The fire-place is 3 feet 4 inches long, by 1 foot 4 inches broad, which, with the roof and sides, is formed of fire-bricks, enclosed by solid masonry, and strongly bound together by iron bars. The tease-hole, through which coals are supplied to the fire, is not represented in the figure, being, in this case, on the opposite side of the furnace. Three doors are usually formed on each side when convenience admits of it, through which, and an end door b, the ore can be turned and raked backwards and forwards; the middle door a in front, is made larger than the óthers, for the purpose of more easily introducing and withdrawing the charge of ore. Immediately below this door is a trough c, 18 inches deep, 2 feet wide, and 4 feet long, filled with water, into which the ore is suffered to fall red hot when raked out of the furnace; and directly above this door is a wide-mouthed sheet-iron tube, d, communicating with the chimney, through which the unwholesome effluvia of the ore is conducted away, without injuring the workmen, during the operation of withdrawing the charge. A moveable iron screen e is at the same time placed over the trough, against the side of the furnace, within which the ore falls, effectually preventing the escape of noxious vapour.

Although the construction and size of the roasting furnaces, at most of the smelting mills in this district, are nearly alike, yet considerable difference is found in the rate and mode of working them. At some places, two men manage a furnace, into which one bing of ore is put at a charge, and the furnace is charged and drawn five times in eight hours. Each pair of men work 8 eight-hours-shifts per week, and are relieved at the end of each shift by another couple, who work with them alternately eight hours on and eight off; in this manner roasting eighty bings of ore per week in one furnace.
At other places three charges, making together four bings of ore, are worked in eight hours by one man; and three men, working each six shifts per week, roast in one furnace seventy-two bings of ore; and, at other mills, the quantity roasted in eight hours by one man is three bings, at three charges, and thus three men working each 6 eight-hours' shifts, roast but fifty-four bings of ore per week.

The manner of conducting the process of roasting is the same in all cases. The proper charge of ore is spread evenly over the bed of the furnace to the depth of two or three inches, and the fire is at first pushed moderately, during which the ore is frequently turned and stirred, in order that the whole may be uniformly heated, but care is to be taken that no part is prematurely fused. If the fire is judiciously managed, the charge gradually attains a dull red heat — a greater heat is then given and the ore vigorously stirred, when, in a little time, it begins to feel soft and adhere slightly to the tool, in which state it is withdrawn from the furnace. The roasting process is conducted in the best manner, when great care is taken to apply the heat very gently at first, to keep, by constant stirring and change of place, the temperature of the whole charge as uniform as possible, and to withdraw it at the proper time from the furnace.

After the furnace is properly heated and working, two Winchester bushels, or about 1½ cwt. avoirdupois, of free coal, are required to roast one bing of ore; but some varieties of ore can be more easily reduced into the pasty state, mentioned above, than others; that is, they fuse at a lower degree of heat, and this in proportion to their purity. The least fusible ores are generally the most difficult to smelt, and undergo the greatest loss in that operation. It is well known that a considerably greater produce of Lead can be obtained from the same ore after being properly roasted, than before. This difference is of course variable, but in some instances, 20 bings of roasted ore have yielded 8 or 9 cwt. more Lead than 20 bings of the same ore smelted in its raw state.

At nearly all smelting mills long horizontal chimneys or flues are constructed (generally on the slope of an adjacent hill if practicable), which the smoke from the various processes of smelting is made to traverse before it escapes into the atmosphere. As the heat of the furnace in roasting, if incautiously applied, may volatilize a portion of the ore, and the draught has a tendency to draw along with it some of the smaller particles, the fume from the roasting furnace is conveyed into this flue, where the heavy metallic portion is deposited.

SMELTING IN THE ORE HEARTH.

The furnace in which the roasted ore is reduced into Lead is called an Ore Hearth. Its construction is almost exactly the same in all smelting houses in the north of England, and seems to have undergone but little alteration from a very remote period. It may be briefly described as a square furnace, close on three of its sides, and open towards the bottom of the fourth. Immediately in front of this opening is placed a sloping cast-iron plate, the upper edge of which is four and a half inches above the bottom of the furnace, forming a reservoir of that depth, in which the reduced lead accumulates, and out of which it flows, through a channel in the plate, into a pot below, after the reservoir becomes full.
To construct an ore hearth, twelve pieces of cast iron are necessary, (exclusive of the melting pot, f, Plate II., Figs. 1 and 3), viz.:— A hearth bottom, Fig. 5 and i, Figs. 1 and 3, 22 inches square, inside measure, the bottom 3 inches thick, and the sides 3 inches thick and 4½ deep. In building an ore hearth, it is usual to place the hearth bottom upon a layer of sand a few inches deep above the brick or stone bed.
A workstone e, Figs. 1 and 3. This is a plate 3 feet long, by 1½ broad, and 2½ inches thick, having a raised border an inch high on its two ends and front side, with a channel o, Figs. 1 and 3, 2 inches wide, and 1 deep, running diagonally across it. It is placed at a slope of three or four inches from its upper to its under edge.
Two bearers d, d, Fig. 1, being square prisms of cast iron of 6 inches a side, by 26 or 28 inches in length. There is an advantage in making these long, as they can be turned when worn at one end, and, as they project over and rest upon the workstone, they tend to keep it firm in its place.

A backstone h, Fig. 3, upon which the bellows-pipe rests, as in the figure. It is a parallelopiped 28 inches long, 6½ in height, and 5 inches broad.

PL. I.

Engraved by M. Lambert.

PL. II.

Engraved by M. Lambert.

A pipestone g, Figs. 1 and 3, being a prism 10 inches square, and 28 inches long, with an opening to admit the bellows-pipe, as in Fig. 6, where it is shewn separate, and lying upon what is its upper part when properly placed in the hearth.

An upper backstone a, Figs. 1 and 3, a parallelopiped 28 inches long, 4 inches deep, and 5 inches wide, which completes the back part of the hearth.

A forestone c, Figs. 1 and 3, 26 inches long, 6A inches deep, and 5 inches broad, and Four keystones being exact 10-inch cubes of iron b, b, b, b, Fig 1. The two cubes nearest the back of the hearth, are placed upon the bearers d, d, so as to correspond with them on the inside, and are thus 22 inches apart; but the two cubes in front are made to lie against the ends of the forestone, and are consequently 26 inches distant from each other.

The forestone itself is moveable to a certain extent. It can be placed at the distance of 10 inches from the backstone, by being put in contact with the two keys nearest the back, and it can be lowered down so as to rest upon the two bearers d, d, if necessary, and in that case would be only 6 inches above the upper edge of the workstone. In Figs. 1 and 3, it is represented 12 inches from the back of the hearth, and supported by a fire brick at each end, placed upon the bearers; its under edge being thus 11 or 12 inches above the workstone, which is its usual position. The various castings are secured in their places by brick-work, and the top of the hearth is finished level with masonry, to receive any particles of ore, called hearth ends, that may be expelled by the blast. Each hearth is placed under a chimney supported by an arch (as shewn in Figure 1), and communicating with the horizontal flues already referred to, by passages through which the fume and smoke are conveyed away.

In Figure 3, the pipe of the bellows is represented to enter the hearth 6½ inches above the level of the upper edge of the workstone, which regulates the surface of the lead when the hearth is in a working state, but it more frequently happens, that by the bearers and hearth-bottom sinking down a little behind, the nozzle of the bellows is not more than 3 or 4 inches above the surface of the Lead. The blast is always directed downward into the hearth, so as to cut the upper edge of the work-stone, as shewn by the dotted line leading from the bellows-pipe in Fig. 3, by which means it is more thoroughly distributed through the contents of the hearth. In Figure 3, there is a space shewn between the workstone and hearth-bottom. This is generally filled up with fire clay, or a mixture of slime ore and bone ashes, properly moistened with water; but a plan sometimes adopted, is to have the hearth-bottom and workstone cast together, which renders stopping unnecessary. Another modification of the hearth, adopted by some intelligent smelters, is making the bottom, instead of 44 inches, 10 or 12 inches deep, by this means increasing the quantity of lead retained in the hearth, and proportionally lessening its tendency to get too hot, during the process of smelting.

In proceeding to smelt by means of an ore hearth, two workmen are required to be in attendance from the beginning to the end of each smelting shift, the duration of which is from 12 to 15 hours. The first step in commencing a smelting shift, is to fill up the hearth-bottom and space bellow the workstone with peats, placing one already kindled before the nozzle of the bellows. The powerful blast very soon sets the whole in a blaze, and by the addition of small quantities of coal at intervals, a body of fire is obtained filling the hearth. Roasted ore is now put upon the surface of the fire, between the forestone and pipestone at l, Fig. 3, which immediately becomes heated red hot and reduced; the lead from it sinking down and collecting in the hearth-bottom. Other portions of ore of 10 or 12lbs. each, are introduced from time to time, and the contents of the hearth are stirred and kept open, being occasionally drawn out and examined upon the workstone, until the hearth-bottom becomes full of lead to the dotted line n, Fig. 3. The hearth may now be considered in its regular working state, having a mass of heated fuel, mixed with partly fused and semi-reduced ore, called Brouse, floating upon a stratum of melted lead. The smelting shift is then regularly proceeded with by the two workmen, as follows:—The fire being made up into the shape represented by the dotted line at l, and m, Fig. 3, with the flame and blast principally issuing between the forestone and workstone, as at m, a stratum of ore is spread upon the horizontal surface of the brouse, at l, and the whole suffered to remain exposed to the blast for the space of about five minutes. At the end of that time, one man plunges a poker into the fluid lead, in the hearth bottom below the brouse, and raises the whole up, at different places, so as to loosen and open the brouse, and in doing so, to pull a part of it forwards upon the workstone, allowing the recently added ore to sink down into the body of the hearth. The poker is now exchanged for a shovel, with a head six inches square, with which the brouse is examined upon the workstone, and any lumps that may have been too much fused, broken to pieces; those which are so far agglutinated by the heat, as to be quite hard, and further known by their brightness, being picked out, and thrown aside, to be afterwards smelted in the slag hearth. They are called Grey Slags. A little slaked lime, in powder is then spread upon the brouse, which has been drawn forward upon the workstone, if it exhibit a pasty appearance; and a portion of coal is added to the hearth, if necessary, which the workman knows by experience. In the mean time, his fellow workman, or shoulder-fellow, clears the opening, through which the blast passes into the hearth, with a shovel, and places a peat immediately above it, which he holds in its proper situation, until it is fixed, by the return of all the brouse, from the workstone into the hearth. The fire is made up again into the shape before described, a stratum of fresh ore spread upon the part I, and the operation of stirring, breaking the lumps upon the workstone, and picking out the hard slags repeated, after the expiration of a few minutes, exactly in the same manner. At every stirring a fresh peat is put above the nozzle of the bellows, which divides the blast, and causes it to be distributed all over the hearth; and as it burns away into light ashes, an opening is left for the blast to issue freely into the body of the brouse. The soft and porous nature of dried peat moss, renders it very suitable for this purpose; but, in some instances, where a deficiency of peats has occurred, blocks of wood of the same size have been used with little disadvantage. As the smelting proceeds, the reduced lead, filtering down through all parts of the brouse into the hearth bottom, flows through the channel o, Fig. 1. into the pot f out of which it is laded into a proper mould, and formed into pigs.

The principal particulars to be attended to in managing an ore hearth properly, during the smelting shift, are these: First.—It is very important to employ a proper blast, which should be carefully regulated, so as to be neither too weak, nor too powerful. Too weak a blast would not excite the requisite heat to reduce the ore, and one too powerful, has the effect of fusing the contents of the hearth into slags. In this particular no certain rules can be given; for the same blast is not suitable for every variety of ore. Soft free-grained Galena, of great specific gravity, being very fusible, and easily reduced, requires a moderate blast; while the harder and lighter varieties, many of which contain more or less iron, and are often found rich in silver, require a blast considerably stronger. In all cases, it is most essential, that the blast should be no more than sufficient to reduce the ore, after every other necessary precaution is taken in working the hearth. Second.—The blast should be as much divided as possible, and made to pass through every part of the brouse. Third.—The hearth should be vigorously stirred, at due intervals, and part of its contents exposed upon the workstone; when the partially fused lumps should be well broken to pieces, and those which are further vitrified, so as to form slags, carefully picked out. This breaking to pieces, and exposure of the hottest part of the brouse upon the workstone, has a most beneficial effect in promoting its reduction into lead; for the atmospherical air immediately acts upon it, and, in that heated state, the sulphur is readily consumed, or converted into sulphureous acid, leaving the lead in its metallic state; hence it is, that the reduced lead always flows most abundantly out of the hearth, immediately after the return of the brouse, which has been spread out and exposed to the atmosphere. Fourth, the quantity of lime used, should be no more than is just necessary to thicken the brouse sufficiently; as it does not, in the least, contribute to reduce the ore by any chemical effect: its use is merely to render the brouse less pasty, if from the heat being too great, or from the nature of the ore, it has a disposition to become very soft. Fifth.—Coal should be also supplied judiciously; too much unnecessarily increasing the bulk of the brouse, and causing the hearth to get too full.

When the ore is of a description to smelt readily, and the hearth is well managed in every particular, it works with but a small quantity of brouse, which feels dry when stirred, and is easily kept open and permeable to the blast. The reduction proceeds rapidly with a moderate degree of heat, and the slags produced are inconsiderable; but, if in this state, the stirring of the brouse and exposure upon the workstone are discontinued, or practised at longer intervals, the hearth quickly gets too hot, and immediately begins to agglutinate together; rendering evident the necessity of these operations, to the successful management of the process. It is not difficult to understand why these effects take place, when it is considered, that in smelting by means of the ore hearth, it is the oxygen of the blast and the atmosphere which principally accomplishes the reduction; and the point to be chiefly attended to, consists in exposing the ore to its action, at the proper temperature, and under the most favourable circumstances. The importance of having the ore free from impurities, is also evident; for all the stony or earthy matter it contains impedes the smelting process, and increases the quantity of slags. A very slight difference of composition of perfectly dressed ore may readily be understood to affect its reducibility; and hence it is, that ore from different veins, or the same vein in different strata, as before observed, is frequently found to work very differently when smelted singly in the hearth. It happens, therefore, that with the best workmen, some varieties of ore require more coal and lime, and a greater degree of heat, than others; and it is for this reason that the forestone c, Figs. 1 and 3, is made moveable, so as either to answer for ore which works with a large or a small quantity of brouse.

It has been stated that the duration of a smelting shift is from 12 to 15 hours, at the end of which time, with every precaution, the hearth is apt to become too hot, and it is necessary to stop for some time, in order that it may cool. At mills where the smelting shift is 12 hours, the hearths usually go on 12 hours, and are suspended 5; four and a half or five bings of ore (36 to 40 cwt.) are smelted during a shift, and the two men, who manage the hearth, each work four shifts per week; terminating their week's work at three o'clock on Wednesday afternoon. They are succeeded by two other workmen, who also work four 12-hours shifts; the last of which they finish at four o'clock on Saturday. In these eight shifts, from 36 to 40 bings of ore are smelted, which, when of good quality, produce from 9 to 10 fodders of lead. At other mills where the shift is fourteen or fifteen hours, the furnace is kindled at four o'clock in the morning, and worked until six or seven in the evening each day, six days in the week; during this shift, 5 or 5½ bings of ore are smelted, and two men at one hearth, in the early part of each week, work three such shifts, producing about 4 fodders of lead—two other men work each three shifts in the latter part of the week, making the total quantity smelted per week, in one hearth, from 30 to 33 bings. Almost at every smelting mill a different mode of working, in point of time and quantity, is pursued; in some cases the quantity of ore smelted in one hearth, in a week, by four men, is 40 bings; but a fair rate of working is from 30 to 35 bings per week.

The quantity of coal required to smelt a fodder of lead, as has been already stated, varies with the quality of the ore. When this latter is of moderate goodness, 8 Winchester bushels, or 6 cwt. avoirdupois, are sufficient to smelt 18 or 20 bings; but, when the ore is refractory, the quantity required is very considerably greater. In general, from 8 to 12 Winchester bushels of coal, or from 6 to 9 cwt., are consumed during four smelting shifts of twelve hours each; and, as the quantity of lead made during this time is from 4½ to 5 fodders, the coal consumed is, after the rate of, from 1½ to 2 cwt. per fodder. The quantity of peats used in the same time is about four small cart loads, being something less than a cart load per fodder of lead. The lime expended is about 12 Winchester bushels, or something below 3 bushels per fodder of lead.

SMELTING IN THE SLAG HEARTH.

The slags picked out of the brouse during the process of ore hearth smelting are subjected to another operation, in what is called a slag hearth. A view of this hearth, in perspective and section, is shewn Plate II. Figs. 2 and 3. It is simply a square furnace, open towards the bottom of the front side. Its dimensions are various, but a common size is 26 inches from back to front, 22 inches broad, and 36 inches deep, inside measure. The blast enters through the back wall, about 12 or 14 inches from the top, and below this, as the heat is inconsiderable, the sides of the furnace are usually made of cast iron (at working smelting-houses old bearers, or other worn parts of ore hearths, are economically used), but above the blast, where the heat is intense, the sides are formed of the most refractory firestone, or firebrick. A cast-iron plate, 2 inches thick, placed at a slight slope outwards, forms the bottom of the hearth. A cast-iron pan, Plate II. Fig. 7. of a peculiar form, is placed opposite to the opening in front, Plate II. Fig. 2, one lip of which is made to project inwards towards the furnace, and to extend a little below the sloping bottom of the hearth, as shewn in the section a, Plate II. Fig. 4. This pan is divided with two compartments, by an iron partition, b, reaching nearly to its bottom, and is kept hot by a small fire underneath, which is not represented in the figures, but a section of the flue is shewn at c, Plate II. Fig. 4. Below the front of this pan, a square pit, 6 or 8 feet long, and 4 or 6 feet broad and deep, is dug; shewn at A, Plate II. Fig 2. Pipes to convey water are laid to this pit, by which it can be kept constantly filled to within a few inches of the top, when the hearth is at work.

The only fuel used at the slag hearth is coke, and the method of working it is as follows:—

The larger division of the iron pan, and the whole space of the hearth below the orifice through which the blast enters, is filled with cinders of a moderate size, generally obtained from below the grate of an adjacent reverberatory furnace. Upon the top of these cinders, and opposite to the nozzle of the bellows, a kindled peat is placed, and the whole of the upper part of the hearth is filled with peat and coal, which is continually supplied, with the addition of coke as the fire gets hotter, until an intense heat is produced, and a body of fuel obtained, filling the uppper part of the hearth. Some of the grey slags from the smelting hearth, unbroken, as picked out of the brouse, are now thrown upon the top, or rather round the edges of the fire, which fuses them rapidly into a liquid glass, and any lead they contain is set at liberty; the blast at the same time tending to reduce any particles of ore which may have escaped the action of the ore hearth. The lead and the melted glass both sink down through the porous mass of cinders placed in the lower part of the hearth; the lead descending more rapidly, both on account of its greater tenuity and superior specific gravity, very soon collects below the cinders, in the metal pan placed to receive it, and filtering through under the division, b, is obtained without much impurity in the part c, Plate II. Fig. 2, out of which it is cast into pigs. The thick fluid glass, called black slag, after reaching the cast-iron bottom of the furnace, having cooled and thickened a little, does not sink further, but is made to issue through a small taphole, and flow over the cinders placed in the pan, running into the pit filled with water in a continued stream. By falling while hot into cold water, the black slag is granulated, and, as small particles of lead may be carried over with it, through inattention on the part of the workman, or otherwise, the granulated slags are carefully washed at most smelting mills before being thrown away. According to Dr. Thompson (Ann. Phil. vol. iv.) these slags consist of silex, lime, and oxide of iron, with some alumine, oxide of antimony, and oxide of lead. Their composition must, however, be various, depending upon the nature of the ore from which they are produced; in all cases they are formed from the earthy matter contained in the ore and coal, which the metallic oxides convert into a glass.

In working a slag hearth, the workman's attention is principally required to supply grey slag and fuel as it is melted down and consumed, to keep the nozzle of the bellows clear, and to guard against the metallic lead running along with the slag, into the pit of water.

Two men are generally employed to work a slag hearth, but, at some mills, a man and a boy are deemed sufficient; the attention of one is wholly given to the fire, while the other supplies coke and grey slag. The length of a shift is 14 or 16 hours, during which, the quantity of lead made varies from 10 to 21 cwt., according to the nature of the slags. Twenty to twenty four bushels of coke are required to produce one fodder of lead. The quantity of slag lead made in smelting, as may be conceived, is considerably greater in poor and refractory than in rich and free-running ores, but, it may be stated generally at one-thirteenth of the lead yielded at the smelting hearth, so that it is usual to reckon, in large transactions, 13 twelve-stone pigs of common lead, and 1 of slag lead, to the fodder.

HEARTH ENDS AND SMELTER'S FUME.

In the operation of smelting, as already described, it happens that particles of unreduced and semi-reduced ore are continually expelled from the hearth, partly by the force of the blast, but principally by the decriptation of the ore on the application of heat. This ore is mixed with a portion of the fuel and lime made use of in smelting, all of which are deposited upon the top of the smelting hearth, as mentioned in page 157, and are called hearth-ends. It is customary to remove the hearth-ends from time to time, and deposit them in a convenient place until the end of the year, or some shorter period, when they are washed to get rid of the earthy matter they may contain, and the metallic portion is roasted at a strong heat, until it begins to soften and cohere into lumps, and afterwards smelted in the ore hearth, exactly in the same way as ore undergoing that operation, for the first time, already described.

It is difficult to state what quantity of hearth-ends are produced by the smelting of a given quantity of ore, but, in one instance, the hearth-ends produced in smelting 9751 bings, on being roasted and reduced in the ore hearth, yielded, of common lead 315cwt., and the grey slags separated in this process gave, by treatment in the slag hearth, 47cwt. of slag lead; making the total quantity of lead 362cwt., which is at the rate of 3cwt. 2qrs. 23lbs. from the smelting of 100 bings of ore.

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PLATE III

Plan and Section of Crummock Colliary.

and without the preface of any small hitch, as shewn in the Diagram, No. 1, Plate III.

The change is most singular in the Master Band, because the metals, or bands, intersecting the seam, are in no way altered; the Coal only is turned into Stone.
In the specimens,* No. 1 is of the top Stone, No. 2 of the middle, and No. 3 of the bottom Stone.
The Crow Band being a pure seam, without metals, exhibits after the change, a solid stratum of Stone.
I could not trace any connexion between the two seams at the point of changing; the strata between them seemed unaltered and regular.
As the Main Band has never been wrought under this part, it is not proved whether the same occurs in it also, but it was not found in the old Main Band Colliery to the rise, where, according to its line of direction, it might have been expected. I had an account of the Coal being somewhat inferior in quality there, but the only irregularities were a small hitch, and a white freestone "Rib," or Dyke, about 12 inches thick, standing perpendicularly through the seam, but they are probably not connnected with it, as they occur in other parts of the Colliery.
The breadth of the Stone Bands continues the same, till the outcrop of the two Seams.
These irregularities seem to be coeval with the deposition of the Seam, and thus distinct from Dykes which have evidently been formed long afterwards; but that there is some connexion between the Freestone "Ribs" or Stone Dykes, and the Slips, must be inferred by the former being found invariably where the strata are much confused by the action of the latter. I have added a section of a Stone Dyke found in the William Pit, at Whitehaven (see Diagram No. 2, Plate III.) as cut through in working the Coal, and which may also be seen at the surface, having passed through all the intermediate strata in a perpendicular direction. Like the riders described in a former paper,† it is in
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The Limestone in a quarry at Gallow Hill, north-east of Harrington, is much contorted; it is above, and must be very near the Whin, as immediately behind the farm house a quarry has formerly been worked in that stratum. To the north-east of this the Whin again appears in the front of the farm house at Green Leighton Dyke Head. At Newbiggin, near Fallowlees, at the southern extremity of the parish of Rothbury, columnar Basalt may be seen on the right bank of Fallowlees Burn.

On Ward Hill, south of Forest Burn, the Whin forms the capping of the hill above a Limestone. A seam of Coal is here worked below the Limestone at a spot called the Lea, or High Healey Hirst.

A large quantity of Iron scoria is found upon this hill, denoting it to be the site of an ancient Iron work: this circumstance probably induced a late trial to be made of the Whin itself as an Iron ore.

In Maggie Burn, which runs into Forest Burn, the Whin may be seen, but was no where found beyond this, until we reached a farm called Shield Dykes, about four miles north-east, the vale of the Coquet cutting through it. Near Shield Dykes, at a spot called Swinelee Hill, it makes its appearance in large masses above the surface, and is worked in a quarry for the use of the roads. The Whin is also worked for mending the great north road in Hampeth Quarry, a mile and half north-east of Shield Dykes. North of Snipe House, the "Whin is seen by the side of the road to Rugley.

At Rugley it has been quarried, as also at Green's Field, near the edge of Alnwick Moor, where it is three to four fathoms thick, and reposes upon a Shale of a light ash grey colour, used as a hone and sharpening stone. At Hope House, on the road side, below the tower at Swansfield, it has been formerly worked, but does not appear again until we reach Harlow Hill, near Denwick, on the opposite side of the valley, the denudation caused by the river Aln having removed it along with the other beds of the series. At Ratcheugh Crag,^[9] the Basalt forms a bold escarpment facing the west, upon the top of which the Duke of Northumberland has a tower which commands an extensive prospect. Near Ratcheugh House the Whin is overlaid by a thin bed of Limestone, not more than six inches thick, which is rendered perfectly chrystalline and white. From this spot the edge of the Whin forms a ridge indicated by a series of round-topped eminences proceeding towards Long Houghton; these may be easily traced by the eye running towards the sea-coast.

At the north end of Long Houghton, the Whin rises above the surface by the road side, and to the east of Howick Hall it forms a bold cliff presenting its face to the west, the bed being here seven to eight fathoms thick; this line of escarpments continues with the usual depressions by Craster Sea Houses to Dunstanbrough Castle. At this spot the Whin forms the uppermost bed, which by the natural course of the strata dips into the sea in an unbroken face of rock, which is constantly black by being wet with the spray; this forms the horrible rocky coast to the east and south of the castle.

A small stream, called Embleton Mill Burn, cuts through the Whin in its passage to the sea. At the south end of the village of Embleton the Whin is worked for the roads, and is found reposing upon a Shale bed of a light blue colour (here called a pencil bed), the natural and perpendicular partings of which contain thin films of brown Sulphuret of Zinc. From Embleton, the edge of the Whin is indicated by a series of low hillocks gradually approaching the sea until it disappears a little north of Newton.

By a general depression of the strata the bed under review reappears about two miles south of Bambrough, and running by Elford, which is upon its edge, it sweeps up to Belford by Spindleston and Easington, its course being marked, as usual, by a series of irregular eminences. From Belford it runs by Raven Crag to Kyloe; at Raven Crag it rises majestically into a cliff of eighty or ninety feet high. The Whin here is underlaid by a series of thick Sandstone beds which present their Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/218 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/219 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/220 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/221 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/222 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/223 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/224 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/225 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/226 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/227 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/228 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/229 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/230

Sketch Map of St Kilda

PLATE III.^*

No. VII.—A Notice of the Island of St. Kilda, on the North-west Coast of Scotland. By Mr. G. C. Atkinson.

Read, January 16, 1832.

During an excursion among some of the less-explored Hebrides, made last spring, I was astonished at the frequent occurrence of the most magnificent rock scenery, in its most imposing forms, and, the more so, that it is almost unknown. The Isle of Skye abounds in it, and Harris, which is the only other I saw much of, has some magnificent precipices; but they are both inferior to the solitary isles of St. Kilda, which far exceeded any conception I had formed of their grandeur, and seemed so interesting to me, both on that account and from their inhabitants, that, I beg leave to present the following notice of them to the Natural History Society, under the impression that a description of that which was so abundant in interest to me, may not be devoid of it to others, and perhaps induce some more competent person to visit, and describe more fully, these magnificent islands.

From the infrequency, I imagine, of the visits of strangers to St. Kilda, a most unreasonable degree of difficulty is attributed to the undertaking; so much so, that McCulloch is not exaggerating when he observes, in his amusing Letters on the Highlands and Western Islands, "In Scotland universally, we had heard of the voyage to this island, as of a mighty problem in navigation," for I can add in corroboration, that on our return, the fact of our departure for it had been reported throughout the islands, and the oft-repeated questions about it soon became sufficiently tiresome.

It will be asked, "What, then, is the usual communication?" The island belongs to McLeod, of Harris, and is visited twice a year by his tacksman, who generally goes from a small island, called Pabbah, situated somewhat nearer to it than Harris, to which it lies nearly opposite. Thus the Pabbah men, who probably have not much intercourse with the larger islands, form a kind of exclusive channel of communication with St. Kilda, which accounts in some measure for its being comparatively unknown to the other islanders. Considering, therefore, its remote situation, and the difficulties, real and imaginary, with which its attainment is regarded, it is scarcely to be wondered that this interesting island is so little known.

I will not say that the voyage is entirely without danger, for St. Kilda is so exposed to the Atlantic, that only vessels capable of riding at anchor in safety on its heavy swell, or small enough to be hauled up on the beach on arrival, are safe to go in. Of course the latter, to general tourists, will be the most convenient mode, and was the one adopted by my brother and me last summer; hiring a boat for £5. at a small village called Coshlatter, on Harris, with three men as its crew. It was 18 feet in the keel, yaul built, and contained several wisps of straw for us to sleep on, a sack of oatmeal, a peat fire in an iron pot, and five or six bottles of whiskey. We sailed from Rowdil at 10 o'clock p.m., on the 30th of May, and entered the small bay on the south-east of St. Kilda, at 11 next morning, after a pleasant 13 hours' trip in a beautiful night, so light throughout, though there was no moon, that I could easily consult my watch at midnight.

As it was about the time of the tacksman's visit, the natives thought it was his boat, and were anxiously waiting to receive us, and although our nearer approach undeceived them, bestowed on us and our crew every care and attention. Mr. McKenzie, the minister, met us on the rocks, at the landing, which is close to the village, and took us home to a most acceptable cup of tea: and to his kindness we were indebted for hospitable entertainment during our stay, as well as for much of the information concerning the islands, that I now relate.

The group called St. Kilda^[10] situated about 60 miles west from the Sound of Harris, consists of three islands, and their adjacent rocks. Of these, St. Kilda, properly so called, is alone inhabited; it is about four and a half miles long, from north-west to south-east, and two or two and a half wide. Soa, which lies 200 yards to the west of it, is nearly triangular, and about a mile across; and Borera, five miles to the north-east, rather larger. Martin, who published an excellent history of these islands more than a century ago, calls St. Kilda 1450 feet high; but McCulloch, who I should think measured it more accurately, makes it 1380. The highest precipices are on the north side, where they descend unbroken to the sea from the very summit of Conachar, the loftiest hill in the island, presenting to the eye the finest precipice in Great Britain. Soa is not nearly so lofty, or so precipitous; but Borera is of about the same height, and more inaccessible, containing on its north side, which like St. Kilda is the steepest, some most stupendous and extraordinary scenes.
Of these islands, the largest alone possesses an abundant supply of water, the others only having a single bad spring each; but on St. Kilda it is most abundant and of excellent quality, each spring being celebrated for some particular virtue it is imagined to possess, and named accordingly.
We were much struck with the good looks of the inhabitants as they turned out, men, women, and children, to receive us. They are of rather short stature, but present neat compact specimens of the human form, set off by lively intelligent countenances, adorned almost always with beautifully white teeth. Their number is a little more than a hundred, and has remained nearly unchanged for centuries; the lack of increase being generally attributed to want of surgical aid for their women in childbed. I did not hear that longevity is common among them, but from the hale countenances we saw, and the temperance of their habits, I should think it must be so. The dress worn on the island is much the same as that of fishermen at our remote fishing villages, coarse bluejacket and trousers, and sometimes with, though frequently without, shoes and stockings. These latter, however, are often worn with a soling of sea fowl feathers compactly sewed to them, and must be very safe to traverse the slippery precipices in. Hats or caps they seldom wear. The women wear a gown of the same blue woollen material of which the men's coats are made, drawn in at the waist, but as they are not generally, I think, so good-looking as the men, this negligence is not becoming.
Their habitations lie in a cluster, within a hundred yards of the bay on the south-east side of St. Kilda, and are about thirty in number ; as the manners of the people are very uncleanly, and all the refuse of the fowl and other filth, is carefully accumulated, within them, to be removed annually, mixed with the straw thatchings thoroughly saturated with smoke, to manure their barley, it may be imagined how unsavoury they become. The inhabitants sleep in apartments like rabbit-holes in construction, excavated from the earth surrounding their houses, and fasten their doors — a rather unnecessary precaution — with simple but ingenious wooden locks of their own manufacture.
On our departure for St. Kilda, we were assured that we should imbibe a smell, from living among them, that would adhere to us for five or six weeks: fortunately the newly built parsonage house, of which our informants had been unaware, presented a comfortable and in-odorous habitation while we staid.
No specific trade or profession is followed by any of the Kildeans; each man farms, weaves, makes shoes, and does joiner work for himself and children alone, nor though naturally kind and obliging in an admirable degree, will they, without a recompence, lend assistance to a neighbour. All their thoughts are bent on the one subject of fowling, and all energies of mind and body centered in it. To say it is of as exclusive importance to them, as the capture of whales is to a Greenland crew, would convey but a slight idea of the value of fowl to the Kildean; for to the one his profession is matter of choice, and his mode of life may be changed at will for any other which appears more agreeable; to the other, it constitutes his only means of livelihood and sustenance, and that not for a season, to be alternated with other fairer scenes and less hazardous occupation, but for the whole period of existence, as they never leave the island, only one or two instances occurring of their being found over the whole of Scotland. From their childhood the rock is the only field of their industry or hardihood, and the produce of it almost the only desirable object to them: constituting at once their food, the staple commodity of the island, and very generally its circulating medium, for the use and value of money is scarcely known, and all bargains among themselves, and between them and the tacksman, are calculated in fowl.
With regard to morality, they are in a curiously primitive state, which may be attributed to the absence of the usual inducements to crime, aided by the utter impossibility of escape in case of detection. Moreover, they cannot indulge in that beginner of mischiefs, intoxication, as no fermented or spirituous liquor is made on the island, and the supplies of the tacksman are very small. Dishonesty is therefore very rare; murder has not been committed within the memory of man, and adultery is unknown. In disposition they are cheerful, gentle, and obliging, strongly mindful of their promise, and highly tractable.
With such materials to work on, Mr. McKenzie has a prospect of being of much utility to them; in fact, though he had only been there a year, he had got them to attend the church very attentively and regularly twice a week. Gaelic is the only language spoken, but one man, I believe, understanding any English. Mrs. McKenzie, a Glasgow lady, does not speak it, and therefore, was, I am inclined to think, very glad to see us, as it must have been six months since she exchanged a sentiment with any one but her husband.
The complicated machinery of the law, seems as unknown, as it would be useless among them; but all the interests of the community are managed by a general assembly of the men, on a house somewhat larger than the rest in the middle of the village: on the broad wall of this they sit,* and portion out the rock to the climbers, examine into the state of ropes which have lain by for the winter, and settle any dis- putes which may have arisen among their number ; any thing of more weighty import being left for the decision of the tacksman on his visit.
The whole front of the vast precipices at St. Kilda is abundant in narrow shelves and ledges, covered with the richest vegetation; and on

• I should observe, that the rafters of the houses rise from the inner side of a broad low

wall, which leaves the thickness of the wall as a seat, or shelf to place household utensils onthese the Fulmar and other fowl deposit their eggs, and the daring skill of the natives is usually called forth. The fowlers generally climb in pairs, each being furnished with a stout rope eight fathoms long, one of which connects the two climbers by the waists, and the other is car- ried coiled on the neck of the one who has least to do : thus they scramble from shelf to shelf, assisting each other apparently so slightly by the little touches and checks of the rope which are observable be- tween them, that their movements are almost unintelligible to a behold- er ; though when it is considered, how slender a thread will determine a nicely balanced object, it will readily be imagined that much of their skill consists in these movements. In descending a smooth, perpendicular face of rock, of twenty or thirty feet in height, they have a method of assisting each other which struck me as remarkably ingenious : in it both ropes are employed, each climber having one end of his own rope firmly attached to his waist, while the other remains at liberty. Suppose it is their object to place A on a ledge 20 feet below where they both stand ; B chooses as deep a niche of the rock as he can find, and leaning far back into it, fixes himself firmly in his situation ; A then lays hold of the rope attached to B's waist, and B simulta- neously seizes that tied to A, and A, leaving the ledge with his feet, begins to let himself down by the rope at his companion's waist, relieved at the same time of one half his weight by B, who is sup- porting him by the other rope. Sometimes, when a deeper descent is made, and ledges do not present themselves, a longer rope is employ- ed, and climbers are let dov/n one by one by their companions, to places where their usual system of climbing in pairs is available. Yet with all their skill, no season passes over without the destruction of some of these men, and there is scarcely a portion of rock of any extent which has not some mournful tale attached to it. The only weapon, they use in capturing the birds, is a clumsily made rod of thirteen or fourteen feet in length, with a noose of horse hair, stiffened at its junction to the wood, with slips of quill ; this is cauti- ously thrust forward until it encircles the head of the victim, and then rapidly and unceremoniously withdrawn with its struggling burden. This is the most destructive and common method, and is used against Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/239 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/240 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/241 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/242 sent to the eye an unbroken precipice of nearly 1400 feet in height. If it be remembered that Arthur's Seat, near Edinburgh, standing on an uneven surface, and presenting no precipitous boldness of outline, is far from being an insignificant object, yet is only about 800 feet in elevation; let it be conceived, how imposing a mass must be presented by an island in the open sea, rising almost perpendicularly in gigantic grandeur to a height so much greater, with no other speck of earth to rest the eye on, or interfere with the vastness and independence of these tremendous rocks. Nothing can be more interesting, or more instructive and ennobling, to the mind of man, than the contemplation of the works of his Maker, which are daily before us, but when scenes of such immensity and grandeur present themselves, that even imagination has not pictured them, the soul must indeed be unsubdued which does not bow with admiration and awe. It would be difficult to explain the feeling that predominates in the mind in the contemplation of such a scene, but one of conscious insignificance and littleness must arise, when human beings are suspended and crawling among these cliffs, and our faculties are scarcely able to distinguish their diminished forms in the chaos of rocks which surrounds them.
Whatever I might say on the subject, however, cannot convey an adequate idea of the rocks of St. Kilda; but if in laying before the Natural History Society so imperfect a description of this most unknown part of the British dominions, I am the means of inducing others to visit these islands, with a portion of the satisfaction I experienced in doing so, it will be matter of sincere pleasure to me, and tend to convince me that even this brief notice has not been in vain. No. VIII.— Narrative of the Sinking of Preston Grange Engine Pit, from the Surface to the Great Seam, Seventy Fathoms, situate in the Parish of Preston Pans, near Edinburgh. By Mr. Matthias Dunn. Read, February 20, 1832. In order to illustrate by example the incalculable advantages of stop- ping backwater in the sinking of deep mines, and also for the purpose of exhibiting in a plain and practical point of view the arrangement of the shaft, and the mode of applying engine power, I submit to the Natural History Society of this town the following Narrative of the win- ning of Preston Grange Colliery, executed under my direction, and in the success of which I am greatly interested. The system of tubbing back the water found in sinkings, although familiarly known to the professional gentlemen of this neighbourhood, where it is so extensively practised, has nevertheless extended itself in a very small degree to other districts, and has never, until the present instance, been adopted in Scotland. In Ireland I also applied it, for the first time, in the sinking of one of the Castle Comer Pits, in the county of Kilkenny, where a plank tubbing of 10 fathoms long, supported by inside cribs, accomplished the win- ning of a tract of Coal, without that method unattainable. By the invention of this principle, and the improvement of the steam engine, the deepest and most valuable collieries in this neighbourhood have been brought into work, and which had the effect of nullifying a previously attempted monopoly of the coal district. In August, 1830, I laid before the Society of Arts, Edinburgh, a description of this then unfinished work, as it was only completed to

the bottom of the second tub, with a view of establishing a claim to

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Read, March 19, 1832.

In the month of January, 1832, Mr. Phillips, of York, having sent me a fragment of a Lepidodendron, which had been presented to him by the Rev. C.G.V. VERNON HARCOURT, rector of Rothbury, whose zeal and activity have induced me to take the liberty of naming this fossil plant after him, I felt anxious, by means of slicing the stem, to obtain an insight into its internal structure. I had so repeatedly examined the stems of vascular cryptogamic plants without detecting any traces of organization, that I cannot refrain from mentioning the delight which I experienced when I observed a structure so perfect.
I am the more gratified as it affords me an opportunity of corroborating the opinion of so distinguished a fossil botanist as Mr. A. BRONGNIART, although founded solely upon the external markings of the peculiar plants. To ascertain the correctness of his views, it became necessary for me to examine into the internal structure of recent Lycopodiaceous plants, of which, however, I have only obtained specimens of a single species. In so far as I have discovered, the structure of this species is analogous, in most respects, to that of the stem presented to me by Mr. PHILLIPS. The specimens of this plant which I have seen, consist of subcylindrical or slightly compressed dichotomous stems. The surface is covered by a thick envelope of carbonaceous matter, presenting indistinct spiral protuberances, and beneath which are observed numerous small papillae of an elliptical form, higher than broad, and very regularly arranged in spiral series. Fig. 1 . Plate V. represents a portion of one of the stems, with some of the carbonaceous envelope remaining.
Viewed in relation to its structure, the stem presents a central axis,

which may be seen in the transverse section, Fig. 1. a. Pl. VI., and in

Drawn by W. Mac Gillivray Engraved by W. H. Lizars

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the longitudinal section, Fig. 2. Pl. V., in the latter of which it is eentirely filled by calcareous spar, and a tube of carbonaceous matter. This axis consists of a central portion, which in the transverse section, presents rather an irregular cellular texture, around which is a layer of

cellular tissue, of large irregular polygonal cells, and lastly, a layer with very small meshes. These appearances are seen in Fig. 2 a, b; Figs. 4 and 5, Pl. VI. In Fig. 2, a, the central part of the axis is destroyed.
From the central column or axis, emanate on all sides cylindrical bodies, consisting of cellular tissue, with central fasciculi of vessels. They proceed obliquely upwards and outwards, as is seen in Fig. 2, b, b, Pl. V., and terminate in the papillary eminences of the surface of the stem. They are seen cut obliquely, in the transverse section of the stem, Fig. 3, Pl. V. where they constitute the white oblong markings dispersed in the brown parenchymatous substance.
Fig. 4, Pl. V. represents a longitudinal section of the stem, in which these bodies are seen, as regularly arranged as the papilla? of the surface, to which they proceed.
These processes, from the central axis or pith, are embedded in cellular tissue, constituting the great mass of the stem. In the transverse section of the stem, it presents the appearance of pretty regular meshes, assuming more or less of a polygonal form, as seen in Fig. 5, b, Pl. V. The cellular tissue is more condensed towards the surface of the stem, as is represented at c of the same figure, which, also shews at a, the appearance of one of the processes, in which the cellular substance and vessels have been thrust aside, and the cavity filled by calcareous Spar.
The meshes of the general mass of cellular tissue are somewhat elongated in the longitudinal direction of the stem, but present the same general appearance as may be seen in Fig. J, Pl. V., in which there is also one of the processes partially filled by calcareous spar.
The cellular and vascular nature of these processes is pretty distinctly seen in a transverse section of one of them, Fig. 6, Pl. VI., which, though considerably altered, shews the appearance of vessels in the centre, and cellular tissue in the other parts (in the surrounding parts the regular texture of the parenchyma is altered). The oblique section, Fig. 7, Pl. VI. shews one of these processes near its insertion into the leaf, an bears a considerable resemblance to one of Lycopodium clavatum, Fig. 9, Pl. V. Fig. 6, Pl. V. represents an oblique section in which the meshes are more entire than usual.
From certain indications presented by some of the transverse sections of the stem, it would seem that bundles of vessels exist round the axis or pith, as seen in Fig. 4, a, a, and Fig 2, e, Pl. VI.
The above is the ordinary structure of the stems as usually observed in specimens; but in a stem of somewhat greater diameter, of which a transverse section is represented by Fig. 1, Pl. VI. (much altered), the cellular or parenchymatous tissue is, at the surface of the stem, surrounded by a very thin layer of tissue which assumes a remarkable degree of regularity, b b. It is seen magnified in Fig 2, d d, which is a portion of a transverse section including the pith, b b., and the other parts to the surface. Fig. 3 shews it more highly magnified. The tissue of this superficial layer has a remarkable resemblance to that of the coniferae, the cellules being arranged in parallel series, and of a form approaching to the hexagonal, but without indications of medullary rays. In this more regular portion of the cellular tissue circular vacuities are observed, which are probably vasa propria,
The Lepidodendra are generally supposed to be Lycopodia, or plants allied to them, and there is nothing in the structure of the present species that might tend to invalidate the opinion A transverse section of Lycopodium clavatum is represented by Fig. 8, Pl. V., but as I have had no opportunity of examining the structure of any large recent species, and as no figures of such exist, it does not become me to institute any comparison. Whatever light may be thrown on the nature of the Lepidodendron by the anatomy of the present species, I must leave to others better qualified than myself to point out; but, I trust, the figures which I have given, will be useful for comparison, should other species occur, in which the structure may be found to have remained. This much is certain, that the plant here described, evidently belongs to the vascular cryptogamic class, and that in its structure there is nothing to invalidate the opinion derived from the external configuration of the

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PLATE Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/277 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/278 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/279 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/280 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/281 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/282 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/283 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/284 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/285 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/286 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/287 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/288 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/289 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/290 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/291 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/292 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/293 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/294 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/295 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/296 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/297 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/298 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/299 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/300 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/301 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/302 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/303 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/304 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/305 surface, the meshes bounded by threads that are somewhat toothed or spinous. The fecal orifices are numerous, and dispersed all over the sponge.

2. H. papillaris, encrusting, spreading irregularly; the surface porous, and studded over with large often papillary fecal orifices with smooth margins; spicula fusiform, slightly curved (tab. nost. ix. fig. 3.)
H. papillaris, Flem. Brit. Anim. 520.
Spongia informis durior, compressa, Raii Syn. 30.
Spongia urens, Soland. Zooph. 187.
S. tomentosa, Montagu in Wern. Mem. ii. 99.
S. papillaris, Montagu in Wern. Mem. ii. 90; Grant in Edin. New Phil. Journ. for Oct. 1826, p. 121, tab. ii. fig. 21, and fig. 2; also in the number for April, 1826, p. 343. Sponge like crumb of bread, Ellis, Corall. 80. t. xvi. f. d.
Hab. On rocks and the stalks of the large Fuci, near low-water mark, very abundant.
Forms an irregular and often very extensive crust on rocks and sea-weed, from one-eighth to a quarter of an inch in thickness. The colour is in general a dirty orange-yellow, sometimes with a considerable mixture of green: in texture it is finely cellular, rather firm, and perforated with wide canals which open on the surface in the form of papillary tubercles, but sometimes even with it. The edges of the external orifices are sim- ple and entire; and within them we can readily discover from two to five smaller and sepa- rate holes of unequal sizes. The spicula are very numerous, interlaced in every direction, but forming obscure stellated figures : they are siliceous, crystalline, slightly curved, and ta- pered at the ends. . GRANTIA. . G. compressa, compressed, tubular, with simple terminal and lateral orifices; spicula of two kinds, triradiate and clavate. G. compressa, Flem. Brit. Anim. 524. Spongia compressa, Grant in Edin. New Phil. Journ. for April 1826, p. 166, and for Oct. 1826, p. 127, tab. ii. f. 11, 12, 13, and 23. S. foliacea, Montagu in Wern. Mem. ii. 92, tab. xii. Hab. On sea-weeds and rocks near low-water-mark, common. Sponge greatly compressed, compact, white, oval, generally about half an inch in height on our coast. Montagu says, this species " is always observed to be pendent," but this is not uniformly the case, and indeed we have found it in situations where to grow pendent was a physical impossibility. . G. botryoides, small, white, clustered, irregularly branched tubular, minutely tomentose; branches oblong, cylindrical, with a terminal simple orifice; spicula tri-radiate. G. botryoides, Flem. Brit. Anim. 525. Spongia botryoides, Soland. Zooph. 190, tab. 58, fig. 1, 4; Turt. Lin. iv. 660; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 382. Sp. complicata, Montagu in Wern. Menr. ii. 97, tab. 9, fig, 2, 3.^[11]

Hab. At the roots of the smaller sea-weeds.

This small species grows in a thickly clustered manner, so that it is often difficult to ascertain the exact height and limits of a single specimen. I have a specimen which appears to be nearly an inch in height; the branches are slender, about a line in diameter, and often inosculate.

3. G. ciliata, small, white, simple, sub-cylindrical, tubular, slightly contracted towards the terminal aperture which is encircled with a row of erect radiating spicula.

G. ciliata, Flem. Brit. Anim. 525.

Spongia coronata, Soland. Zooph. 190, tab. 58, fig. 8, 9; Montagu in Wern. Mem. ii. 88; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 370.

Hab. On the roots of the smaller sea-weeds.

I have once only met with this species on our coast; the specimen was half an inch in height. "The surface is closely covered with linear pointed spicula, having a terminal direction; in the substance of the sponge, besides those linear, there are other tri-radiated spicula. The internal surface is full of irregularly shaped pores." — Fleming.

21. MILLEPORA.

1. M. polymorpha, encrusting, irregular, surface very uneven and studded over with mammiliary tubercles perforated on the top; or even and smooth.

M. polymorpha, Linn.; Soland. Zooph. 130; Turt. Brit. Faun. 205; Stew. Elem. ii. 428; Hogg's Stockton, 37; Flem. Br. Anim. 528.

Hab. On rocks, very common.

Crust of a dull purplish colour, adherent throughout, inclined to spread circularly, at first very thin, even, and smooth, but afterwards often studded over with close-set mammillary tubercles perforated on the top. When old, or when placed in favourable situations, it attains a quarter of an inch in thickness, and becomes very uneven and knobbed.

I have quoted the above synonymes without any mark of doubt because the authors agree that the species intended by them is common on all the British coast, and that described by us is the only one which is so. At the same time I must remark that the figure of Ellis which they refer to (Corall. t. xxvii. f. c) is very unlike any thing I have seen on this coast, and is surely a different species. Were it not that Dr. Fleming seems to consider the Millepora lichenoides of Ellis and Solander as comparatively rare, and confined to the "English coast," I would have referred our Millepore to that species. The figure (Soland. Zooph. tab. 23, f. 10, 11, 12) is not uncharacteristic, and the description is at least as applicable as that of M. polymorpha.

22. CORALLINA.

1. C. officinalis, much branched, bushy, fastigiate; branches dichotomous or trichotomous, doubly pinnate ; joints somewhat compressed, longer than their diameter, enlarged upwards ; the short lateral shoots clindrical, with longer joints, the ultimate pointed or capitate. Officinal Coralline.
C. officinalis, Linn. ; Soland. Zooph. 118, t. 23, f. 14, 15; Turt. Lin. iv. 671; Turt. Brit. Faun. 211; Stew. Elem. ii. 439 ; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 328 ; Lamour. Corall. 127; Bosc, Vers, iii. 77, t. 28, f. 2, a bad copy of Ellis's; Flem. Brit. Anim. 514; Hogg's Stockton, 38; Loud. Journ. 1, 278, f. 148, d; Stark, Elem. ii. 426, t. viii. f. 4, a copy of Ellis's; Grant, in Edin. Phil. Journ. xiv. 183.
Coralline anglica, Ger. Herb. 1572, cum fig.; Raii Syn. 33, No. 1.

Muscus corallinus albus et purpureus, Sib. Scot. ii. lib. quart. 55.

Coralline of the shops, Ellis, Corall. 48, t. xxiv. No. 2, a.

Hab. On rocks in pools left by the recess of the tide, most abundant.

From one to four inches high, of a dull purplish colour when recent, but becoming very white when left to bleach on the shore. Many modern naturalists of eminence are of opinion that the Corallinae belong to the vegetable kingdom (as BASTER always maintained in opposition to ELLIS), an opinion which has been much strengthened by the observations of Professor SCHWEIGGER of Konigsberg. — See the Edin. New Phil. Journal, vol. i. p. 220. I have made many experiments on our species both when recent, and after being macerated in weak acids, but I could never detect the slightest vestige of any animal or polype. ==== No. XI. — An Account of Two rare British Birds. By Prideaux John Selby, Esq. ====

Read, May 21, 1832 May 21, 1832.

The accompanying drawings^[12] are faithful portraits of two rare British birds, both of which I was so fortunate as to receive in the flesh. The first to which I direct your attention, is the beautiful variety of the Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus Pernis apivorus), one of the rarest of the British Falconidae Falconidae. This bird was killed early in October, 1831, at Cheswick Cheswick, in North Durham, which place is situated between the turnpike and the sea, about four miles to the south of Berwick Berwick-upon-Tweed. It had been observed to haunt a grove adjoining the residence of JOHN DONALDSON, Esq., for two or three evenings in succession, and was shot in the same, when at roost, by his servant; and I may add, as a curious coincidence, that about the same time G.T. FOX, Esq., of Durham Durham, communicated to me the capture of another specimen near that city. The principal and striking variation in this individual, from the usual plumage, consists in the great mass of white about the head and neck, but other differences, as compared with the descriptions of authors, are also apparent. Upon dissection it proved a male, and though in beautiful plumage, was rather poor in condition, and very different from the state of that killed at Thrunton, and described by the Hon. H.T. LIDDELL, in the first volume of the Transactions of the Society.^[13] The following is a correct description taken from the bird before dissection :— Bill, black; the cere and basal part of both mandibles, Dutch orange; space between the bill and eyes, covered with small, close set feathers, of a clove brown

1. I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Losh for allowing me to extract the data on which the following table of the temperature of the atmosphere in lat. 55°, is founded, from a meteorological register kept by him at Jesmond, for several years past. The height of the thermometer was noted each day at 9, 2, and 1 1 o'clock, so that the result is drawn from upwards of 2,500 observations. The elevation of Jesmond is about 200 feet above the level of the sea ; and it is distant from the coast between seven and eight miles :—

   	1812.	1813.	1814.	1815.	1816.	1817.	1818.
   January	36½	36¾	28½	33½	37½	40½	38
   February	40¾	43¼	35¾	43	36	44	32
   March	37½	45	38½	43½	37½	41½	38½
   April	42	47	50¼	46½	41	46½	42
   May	51	52¾	47¾	53½	48¾	49	51
   June	56¾	56½	53	57¼	54¾	57¾	62¼
   July	57¾	60¾	60½	58	56¼	57¼	63
   August	58	58	60¼	59	56¾	55¾	58
   September	55¾	56¼	56¼	56½	52	55¼	55½
   October	49	47	48	50¼	44	44	53¼
   November	42	40	41¾	43	39¼	45¾	48¾
   December	37	39¾	38½	33	36¾	35	40¾
   	——————	——————	——————	——————	——————	——————	——————
   	47	48 7/12	46 7/12	48 1/12	45 1/24	47 7/12	49 1/2
   	——————	——————	——————	——————	——————	——————	——————

   Average temperature of seven years, 47 29/48 degrees,

2. The complete edition of TURNER's Herbal was printed by Birkman. It is a folio, in black letter, and containing 512 figures of plants, but which are the same as used in the 8th ed. of FUCHSIUS, printed in 1545.
3. Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarum, by JOHN RAY, 8vo., 3d ed. London, 1724. Edited by DILLENIUS.
4. Synopsis of British Plants, by JOHN WILSON, 8vo. Newcastle upon Tyne, 1744.—BROWN, in his Prodromus of Australian Plants, p. 490, has named a genus belonging to the order Convolvulacece after him, accompanied with the remark, "In memoriam Joannis Wilson auctoris operis haud spernandi" A compliment not to be despised, coming from such high authority. The first volume of WILSON's Synopsis was printed in 1744, by JOHN GOODING, on the Side, Newcastle upon Tyne, but the author does not appear to have received sufficient encouragement to induce him to publish the second volume. It was to have contained the Fungi, Mosses, Grasses, and Trees, which he says were omitted, "to avoid raising the price of the first volume too high by enlarging the bulk of it too much." From Dr. PULTNEY, we learn, "That in the year 1762, a person here, into whose hands the MS. had passed, meditated the publication of it with a new edition of the first volume, which was out of print, and much called for, but the design never took effect." WILSON appears to have paid frequent visits to this place, and delivered lectures to a Botanic class, but with what success I know not. To the English Flora, he added Valeriana rubra, on Ely Minster, and on walls in many other places, on the authority of Mr. MARTIN, and Allium Schaenoprasum, in a place called Chivey-syke, in Cartmell Fell, in Lancashire, about six miles from Kendal. Botanists, since his time, have disputed the right of these plants to be considered truly indigenous, not being mentioned by RAY." The former is abundant on Limestone rocks and walls in the north of France, and the latter is certainly wild on Basaltic rocks at Wall-town Crags, and Copping Crags by the Wansbeck, near Kirkwhelpington, Northumberland. In an interleaved copy of the Synopsis, once the property of the late Mr. ROBERT HARRISON, is the following notice of WILSON's death. "Newcastle Journal, July the 27th, 1751. —We hear from Kendal, in Westmorland, that last week, died there, Mr. JOHN WILSON, a noted Botanist of that place, and author of a Synopsis of British Plants, after Mr. RAY's method. He had uncommon natural parts, which (without the advantage of a learned education), by his own industry in study and application, he had so much improved, as to become, perhaps, one of the most knowing herbalists of his time; and was, besides, a most facetious and agreeable companion, of a just, ready wit, a quick descernment, a firm integrity, and candid intention, which made him vastly beloved by all his friends and acquaintance, who deeply regret the loss of so valuable a man."
5. The British Flora, by STEPHEN ROBSON, 8vo. York, 1777.
6. The Natural History and Antiquities of Northumberland, by JOHN WALLIS, A.M., 2 vols., 4to. London, 1769. I am not aware that any life of the historian of Northumberland has been published, but short biographical notices of him may be seen in HUTCHINSON's History of Cumberland, vol. ii. p. 267, and BREWSTER's History of Stockton, second edition, p. 391-395. To these I could have added several characteristic anecdotes communicated to me by the Rev.G. WILSON, Rector of Wolsingham, and Mrs. HOGG, of Norton, who were personally acquainted with WALLIS in his latter years, but it was not in my power to detail these without attaching censure to persons who neglected and treated with harshness so worthy and single-hearted a man in the decline of life ; and such strictures would be out of place in the Transactions of this Society. On leaving Simonburn, WALLIS retired first to Billingham, and then to Norton, in the county of Durham, where he died, and was interred. His tomb-stone bears the following inscription :— "Under this stone are deposited the remains of the Rev. JOHN WALLIS, A.M., who died July 19, 1793, aged 78. Also of Elizabeth, his wife, who died January 13, 1801, aged 90. A marble tablet is erected to their memory in the north aisle of the church." This tablet never was erected.
7. The Natural History of the Vicinity of Stockton on Tees, by J. Hogg, A.M. 8vo. Stockton, 1827.—Forming an Appendix to Brewster's History of Stockton.
8. A Flora of Berwick upon Tweed, by G. JOHNSTON, M.D. 2 vols. 12mo., Edinburgh, 1829 and 1831.
9. See Mr. F. FORSTER's Observation on the Geology of Ratcheugh Crag, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. i., page 75.
10. See Map, Plate 3*.
11. This valuable essay of a very excellent naturalist Lamoroux has ascribed, with culpable carelessness, to Mr. Donovan — Encydop. Meth., Vers, ii. 327, &c.
12. The Drawings were presented to the Society by Mr. SELBY, and are preserved in their collection.
13. Vol. i. p.3.

colour; at the posterior angle of the eye, a streak of darker brown. Forehead, white, the shafts of some of the feathers brown; auriculars, light chesnut brown, with darker shafts. The rest of the head, throat, and neck, white tinged with cream yellow, some of the feathers having a dark streak down their centres. Back and wing coverts, with the basal half of the feathers, pure white; the exposed or visible part, amber brown, with paler margins. Greater quills, black, barred with white towards the base; their extreme tips, also white. Tail, hair brown, with four bars of a deeper colour, the intermediate spaces also irregularly barred with dark hair brown; the tips of the feathers white-Breast and under plumage, cream white, with lanceolate streaks of dark brown, largest upon the abdomen and thighs. Legs, short and

strong, saffron yellow; the claws but little hooked, and black.

The other is a figure of the Scolopax Sabini Scolopax Sabini, contrasted with that of the common species, and taken from a specimen that was shot at Butterwell Butterwell,Northumberland, near Morpeth Morpeth,Northumberland, on the 15th of February, 1832 February 15, 1832, and kindly sent to me by Mr. John Jackson, of that town, in the fresh state. This is the third instance only upon record of the capture of this rare and curiously marked species. The first having been killed in Queen's County County Laois, Ireland, and which, fortunately for science, fell into the hands of Mr. Vigors, who described it as a new species, in the Transactions of the Linnean Society, vol. xiv.; the other was taken a year or two afterwards upon the Medway, near to Rochester Rochester, Kent, in Kent. In the colours and disposition of the plumage, the present individual accords in every particular with the two just mentioned, possessing the same deep saturated plumage, and agreeing with them in the relative proportions of its various parts. In size it nearly equals the common Snipe, but is thicker and rounder in form, and its legs considerably shorter in proportion. The colours are also so disposed, and the form of the feathers of the back and scapulars are such, as to discountenance any idea of its being a variety of the Common Snipe, and equally so of our other acknowledged species, the Scolopax major Gallinago media and S. Gallinula Lymnocryptes minimus. The following is a description taken previous to dissection :— Length from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail, ten inches and a quarter; length of bill, two inches and five-eights; the colour, blackish brown, inclining to flesh red at the base; forehead, cheeks, and chin, blackish brown, having a soft velvety appearance : crown and occiput, deep black, with a few yellowish specks upon the eyebrows; neck and upper part of breast, dingy yellowish brown, the shafts of the feathers and a transverse bar near their tips, black; mantle, black, each feather with a small yellowish spot on each side the rachis near the tip; scapulars, black, barred and tipped with buff and yellowish brown; the tertials with paler bars; wing coverts, blackish brown, those near the ridge of the wing immaculate, the rest with yellowish brown bars; quills, deep hair brown; rump and under tail coverts, barred with yellowish brown and black; tail feathers, black, with two bars of pale chesnut brown near their tips, the extreme end black; tail, extending about five-eights of an inch beyond the closed wings : lower breast, belly, and abdomen, deep brocoli brown, and shewing upon the sides undulations and bars of a paler colour; under wing coverts and wing, axillary feathers very deep brocoli brown, inclining to blackish brown; legs and toes blackish grey the tarsus nearly 1 inch and a quarter in length. It proved a female, and the ovary contained a vast number of embryo eggs, some of them as large as a No. 5 shot.

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No. XII. — On the Application of Isometrical Projection to Geological Plans and

Sections ; with descriptive Notices of the Mining District at Nentsberry, in the County of Cumberland. By T. Sopwith, F. G. S. Read May 21, 1832. Jn pursuing geological researches, and especially such as relate to the stratification of important mineral districts, the aid of drawings, plans, and sections, is indispensable. The ablest pen is inadequate to the description of many objects and circumstances which it is highly important should be known, but which the drawings of the artist, or the plans of the engineer, at once present in a clear and definite manner. Such being the value of correct delineations of geological phenomena, whatever tends to render such drawings more applicable to scientific pur- poses, or more generally intelligible, is especially deserving the attention of a society so interested as this is, in the Geology and Mining of the North of England, and which derives so much illustration from the plans and sections annexed to many of the papers in its transactions. Horizontal and vertical plans and drawings are so commonly used as to be generally well understood. In both these modes of projection the eye is supposed to be at an infinite distance, so that no one part of the surface represented appears less than another, which would be the case if the point of view was considered as being in any finite distance, however great. The horizontal plan and vertical section afford a correct idea of the respective planes which they represent, but they comprehend such objects only as are exactly upon each plane, or parallel to it. Whatever deviates from that plane either cannot be shown at all, or must be more or less distorted. These two planes are shown in the Plan of Holyfield Mine, Plate XIII., and it will be seen that the Section comprising one vertical plane only, viz., that above the Holyfield Sun Vein, does not include the northern VOL. II. 3 K portion of the Mine. In like manner, the ground plan shows the relative position of the horizontal workings, but gives no idea as regards their rela- tive heights. The Holyfield Vein Level, which is ten fathoms higher than the Sun Vein Level cannot be delineated otherwise than it would be if it were exactly on the same plane with the other. If, therefore, it was deemed necessary to record the relative situation and extent of these workings, several separate plans and sections would be required, each of which would accurately represent one portion of the Mine ; but from so many detached plans it would be difficult to form a clear idea of the relative position of the whole. The clearness and sim- plicity of the common ground plan and section arise from the circum- stance, that one scale is applicable to every part and in every direction of them, an advantage exceedingly great and which no other kind of projection possesses. The disadvantages consist chiefly in the number of separate drawings required, and the impossibility of showing with correctness any objects that are not exactly on the plane represented or parallel with it. As a common plan and section is a surface viewed from an infinite dis- tance, so also the isometrical projection varies from common perspective, in supposing the eye placed at an infinite distance in that direction which coincides with the diagonal of a cube produced. An interesting paper on this mode of drawing, by Professor Farish, of Cambridge, is contained in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, in which its nature and application are elucidated by several examples. Professor Farish, who was the first to point out the peculiar properties of Isometrical Drawing, observes, that it may be advantageously employed for representing the surface of mountainous countries and the geological features of a district. As for the latter purpose it possesses several advantages, the object of the present paper is to offer some illustration of its practical application to geological and mining plans, accompanied with a descriptive notice of the mining district selected as the subject of illustration. The manor of Alston Moor, so well known for its abundant produce of mineral treasures, is hollowed by the Rivers Tyne and Nent into two prin- cipal vallies, which unite near the town of Alston. The vale of Nent, extending from this point of junction in a south-east direction for about HUDGILL-BURN. Fathoms. Feet. 3 five miles, is terminated by a spacious amphitheatre of bleak and lofty hills, which, together with the mountainous ridges on each side of the vale of Nent, have from time immemorial been celebrated for the abundance and value of their mineral deposits. Rampgill Mine, in the last century, and Hudgill-burn, in the present, have been particularly distinguished by the richness of their mineral veins. The strata of the Vale of Nent consist entirely of the Mountain Lime- stone formation, and to the favourable position of the principal stratum of Limestone much of its subterranean wealth may be attributed. The fol- lowing are sections of the strata as found in Hudgill-burn Mine on the west, and in Nentsberry Shaft on the east side of the River Nent : — NENTSBERRY. Fathoms. Feet. Three yards Limestone, 2 3 Greybeds Six fathom Hazle, 9 Five yards Limestone, 2 Slaty Hazle, 4 Plate, 2 Scar Limestone, 8 Hazle Post, Plate, 1 Hazle, Hazle and Plate, 3 Cockle-shell Limestone, Plate, Plate and Hazle, 4 Hazle, 3 Post Limestone, 1 Plate, 1 Surface of Water in Nentforce Level

1

5 4 3 1

2 4

4 1 °2

Plate, Firestone, 3 Plate. 6 Pattinson's Sill, 1 Plate, 4 Little Limestone, 1 White Hazle, .-. Plate, 3 Coal, Hazle, called the High Coal Sill, 1 Plate, 2 Low Coal Sill, Plate, 2 Great Limestone, 9 Hazle, called the Tuft, 2 Plate, 3 Limestone Post, Plate, Hazle, called the Quarry Hazle, 3 Plate 3 Girdle, or Till Bed, 2 Four fathom Limestone, 3 Plate and Greybeds, 1 Natrass-gill Hazle, 2 These strata preserve considerable uniformity, except when deranged by what are called Cross Veins, which intersect them in a north and south direction. Brownley Hill Cross Vein has what is locally called a throw or

i

i " downcast of the east side of the vein 19 fathoms, and Nentsberry Greens Cross Vein has a similar throw of 27 fathoms. By far the most important stratum of this district is the Great Lime- stone, the bassett of which, in this and several adjacent dales, forms the limit of cultivated land and of human habitations. It preserves a nearly uniform thickness of 9 or 10 fathoms, and has produced as much ore as all the other strata put together ; the Rampgill Vein having, in this Limestone alone, produced 400 tons of Lead ore in each fathom of length for a consider- able distance. It is from the Great Limestone also that the mineral riches of Hudgill-burn have been chiefly obtained. The Aqueduct of Nentforce Level is driven for three miles and a quarter under the bed of the River Nent, and may be navigated in boats to the shaft at Nentsberry represented in Plate XII* It was projected by the celebrated Smeaton when one of the receivers of Greenwich Hospital, in 1775, was commenced in the following year, has been regularly prose- cuted since that time, and is now being continued on the top of the Scar Limestone towards the important mining field of Nenthead, the extent originally proposed. The Scar Limestone is next in thickness to the Great Limestone, varying from 7 to 9 fathoms, but has been much less productive of Lead. It forms many romantic features in the scenery of Alston from its precipitous basset, especially at the waterfalls of Eshgill and Nentforce, the latter of which is only a few yards from the entrance of Nentforce Level. Having thus premised a few of the circumstances which attach geological and mining interest to the vale of Nent, it remains to offer some remarks on the application of Isometrical Projection to a plan of a portion of this dis- trict. The situation which I have selected for this purpose is an area of about a mile square at Nentsberry, midway between the source of the River Nent and the market town of Alston. It includes several of the objects alluded to, embracing the strata from above the Great Limestone down to the aqueduct of Nentforce Level, showing the shaft and higher level, the course of Old Carr's, or Nentsberry Greens Cross Vein, the great disruption of the strata, and the subterranean workings in the Great Limestone at Welgill Cross Vein, &c. Fig. 3, Plate XIII., is a ground plan of this district : that portion of it which is unshaded represents the surface, with the houses, roads, fences, &c. Those parts which are shaded are supposed to be excavated or re- moved in order to afford a view of the strata, as, in fact, every section requires such an assumed removal of the intervening objects. The strong dotted lines denote the course of several sections required to illustrate the subterranean formation and mining operations, and this, by the ordinary mode, could only be done by 5 or 6 separate and detached sections, in addition to the ground plan. By Isometrical Projection all these sections, as well as the ground plan, are combined in one drawing, as in Plate XII* every part of which admits of accurate measurement, and which conveys, at a single glance, a clear idea of the connection of the various parts of the district. It is obvious also that many more particulars might be introduced, and that pictorial effect might be employed to give additional force and truth to the representation. By this means, both the horizontal and vertical work- ings may be delineated together. The connection of levels of different ran- doms,* of shafts in various positions, the throw and hade of veins, &c., may all be clearly represented, and form a faithful geometrical delineation of the interior of mines, and of the geology of the district in which they are situated. On the Ground Plan of Holyfield Mine (Fig. 2, Plate XIII.), the workings, &c., are represented as they would appear if viewed from an extreme perpen- dicular height, and are consequently projected on a horizontal plane, or base. On this base, lines may be supposed to be drawn, forming geometrical squares, as at a a, in the same figure, for the purpose of reference. In Isome- trical Projection these squares assume the figure represented in Fig. 4, Plate XIII., and that portion of the Sun Vein Level which is represented on the horizontal squares from b to c is delineated on the Isometrical Squares in Fig. 4 at d e. By means of the Isometrical Squares, any plan may be represented with great ease and accuracy, and thus we obtain the ground plan drawn in Isometrical Projection, But now arises the distinguishing feature of this kind of projection ; the shaft, which on a common ground plan is only shown by its circumference, as at Fig. 5, can be deli-

• A mining phrase for the situation in which levels are driven in regard to height; thus,

a level above another is said to be driven at a higher random. neated so as to exhibit its depth, and the several strata sunk through, as at Fig. 6, Plate XIII. The levels of Holyfield Vein and Holyfield Sun Vein, which, on a common ground plan, appear on one plane, may be shown in their proper situations, one above and the other below, the stratum of Limestone in which the mine is principally wrought. Such parts of the surface as have been correctly levelled can be exactly delineated, and whatever accessions of this kind are gained can at any time be added on an Isometrical Plan. Hence, if it is desired to sink a shaft, or drive a level to meet other workings a clear and intelligible record of the relative positions required is at hand, supplying the place of a numerous and unconnected series of Plans and Sections. True it is that when the parts of a mine become very numerous and complicated, the Isometrical Plan will appear so likewise, but this is an imperfection common to all plans, though certainly not so much to those which include only one plane, instead of a number of planes in all directions.

From what is here said, it must not be supposed that the advantages of this perspective are such as to supersede the use of other plans; on the contrary, it must be kept in mind that the common ground plan and vertical section are among the very clearest and most perfect aids which drawing can afford to science: the application of one common scale in every direction of them renders them so easily understood, and so much within the reach of even the most ordinary understanding, that no other kind of projection can excel them as a popular and useful mode of delineating subterranean features. But as an auxiliary to these, and as possessing peculiar advantages, Isometrical Projection claims a share of attention, and may be employed with success in a variety of instances. Its minuter details require an eye and hand more intimately familiar with the principles of its projection than ordinary plans, but its general features are easily understood. Those who are at all accustomed to geological plans will have little difficulty in understanding the example given in the Plan of the mining district at Nentsberry Greens, Plate XII The surface, with its walls, fields, roads and houses appears as if viewed obliquely from a great distance, and where the surface is supposed to be removed, a view of the strata is afforded in numerous vertical sections. By a perpendicular line the thickness of the strata can be measured by the same scale in any part of the plan, and the perpendicular direction is easily ascertained by means of the angles of the Isometrical Squares.

Near the left hand corner at the bottom of the plan, is Nentsberry engine house and shaft, with adjacent cottages. The shaft is nearly 60 fathoms in depth, and the several strata intersected by it are delineated on the plan. The shaft communicates with the aquaduct of Nentforce Level, which here terminates, at a distance of three miles and a quarter from its entrance at Nentforce, near Alston.

In order to measure the relative height of objects represented on the plan, some fixed horizontal plane must be assumed, and, in the present instance, a plane coinciding with the base of the level mouth of Nentsberry Greens Level is adopted. This plane may be familiarly compared to what would be formed if an immense horizontal plane was inserted in the earth so as to extend over and define every part of the district which is on the same plane or level with the base of Nentsberry Greens Level mouth. On this plane, squares are drawn for convenient reference, the sides of which may form meridian, and east and west lines.

At the distance of 61 fathoms below this plane, a horizontal line is drawn and above it are represented the various strata, together with the line of surface. The continuation of Nentforce Level on the top of the Scar Limestone is also shown.

The south limit of the plan is marked by the termination of the squares on the right hand side of the drawing, and coinciding with this boundary is another section, having for its base a line 61 fathoms below the horizontal plane. Here the strata are seen rapidly rising towards Old Carr's Cross Vein, by which they are thrown down 25 fathoms. The strata then continue level (which is shown by their parallelism with the horizontal base line), until they approach Wellgill Cross Vein, they then rise rapidly towards it, and on the other side of the vein are thrown up about three fathoms.

The Section in the middle of the drawing exhibits the adit or level of Nentsberry Greens Mine, which, by the throw of Old Carr's Vein, suddenly passes from a soft argillaceous bed into a solid mass of Limestone. The upper section exhibits the subterranean workings of Wellgill Cross Vein Mine.

These, and the other sections introduced in this plan, suffice to show that whenever it is desirable to combine several geological Sections in one drawing, this mode of projection affords the means of doing so. The escarpment and surface of rocks may be represented so as to show the connection of the several beds or strata of which they are composed. Outlines of the surface of a mountainous district may be represented in various directions, and coloured so as to denote the basset of different strata. Isometrical Projections may be made either from given measurements or from ordinary plans and sections, by a process much more simple and easy than the rules of common perspective. It approaches more nearly than any other mode of drawing to the clearness of a model.

The collection of information respecting the strata and subterranean phenomena of the great mining fields of the north of England is an especial object of this Society, and is of great importance in a district so dependent as this is on subterranean sources of wealth. Next to the collection of such details, their arrangement in such a form as may be generally useful, claims attention; and, in many instances, the simple and comprehensive mode of Isometrical Projection may be employed with considerable effect, and present the details of geological structure, combined with the attractions of a picture.

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No. XIII.—Notice on the Gravel Bed of St. Lawrence Colliery. By Mr. Matthias Dunn.

Read November 30, 1834.

Whilst Geology is making such rapid strides, and is met by so laudable a readiness to communicate facts, whereby to elucidate theory and to enable human reason to dive into the hidden mysteries of past ages, it has occurred to me to submit to the examination of the Society, a short description of a peculiar formation of Sand and Gravel, which spreads over a part of the collieries of Saint Lawrence and Gateshead Park, in this neighbourhood.

In prosecuting the workings of the latter colliery in the High Main Coal about the year 1790, the roof of the workings suddenly altered from a firm and united Sandstone to a mixture of Gravel, which floated sometimes on the Coal head, and sometimes in the roof above it. As this Gravel gave out a considerable quantity of water, and as the workings were approaching the River Tyne, they were, from a measure of prudence, discontinued. The accompanying Plan, Plate XIV., shews the extent of the Gravel in that direction, but it does not at all seem to have infringed upon the thickness of the coal.

In the year 1831, the Saint Lawrence Colliery, on the north side of the River Tyne, was re-opened; and in pursuing the old workings, at the depth of about 28 fathoms from the surface, it was discovered that they had also been originally stopped by the intervention of the same Gravel and Sandbed; an attempt had been made to drift through it when I got the management of the Colliery in May, 1832, but had failed, owing to the weakness of the timber.

As we considered this an important point to perforate, we re-commenced the drift by repairing all the timber and strengthening it, as described by the sketch, Plate XIV., Fig. 2, leaving the drift 4 feet 3 inches high, and 4 feet wide, the intermediate space A being for air-way and strength. The process was carried on by horizontal piling, followed up by close timbering; and after the bottom-stone disappeared the flooring was also close planked; without going further into detail, we pursued the drifting through Gravel, Quick-sand, and water, to the distance of 82 yards, Avhen we found it expensive and impracticable, and, moreover, without any signs of coming to a termination. At intervals the drifting was interrupted by large gushes of water and sand, which, together with a most severe pressure, alarmed us not only for the safety of the drift, but also of the colliery; so that at the above distance we abandoned the attempt on the 1st October, 1832.

The sketch, Plate XIV., Fig. 3, will shew the arrangement of the metals passed through in the drifting.

A box of specimens accompanies this notice, exhibiting several varieties of rounded fragments which do not belong to the neighbourhood, and which tend to shew that this was once the bed of a rivulet or lake, and that many of the specimens have been rolled from afar.

It may perhaps be worth mentioning that in the neighbourhood of the Barras Bridge, Newcastle, where the said High Main Coal has cropped out, a similar Gravel formation exists to a very considerable extent, but we have no evidence that it is connected with that at Saint Lawrence, although in the same line of country, and upon the same rivulet.

With regard to the extent of this Gravel Bed we are ignorant, further than the proofs we have gone into at Saint Lawrence, in the working of the Colliery, and having bored down upon it at the west side of the Ouseburn at A, therefore we have no doubt that the Main Coal is entirely displaced throughout that extent; but we have reason to believe that it terminates shortly to the westward, where the coal is ascertained to be covered by a very thick stratum of clay. There have been sinkings and borings in the neighbourhood of the Lead Factory, further up the burn, but no symptoms of Gravel.

There is no reason to believe that the lower seams are at all affected by the Gravel, as we are now prosecuting the Low Main Seam, under the part B, without any such symptoms. Since writing the above I have ascertained that Gravel Beds have been met with in the working of Jesmond Colliery, at the distance of about a mile, which cut off the coal in a similar manner, but have been passed through without much difficulty.

No. XIV.—On the Quadrupeds and Birds inhabiting the County of Sutherland, observed there during an Excursion in the Summer of the Year 1834. By P. J. Selby, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., &c., &c.

Read May 18, 1835.

The following notices of the quadrupeds and birds inhabiting the county of Sutherland, were made during an excursion to that interesting district in the summer of 1834, expressly undertaken for the purpose of investigating its zoological productions. To enable the party^[1] to pursue this to the greatest advantage, the sanction of the Duchess-Countess of Sutherland was requested to the undertaking, and readily obtained; and letters of introduction from Mr. Loch, M.P., to the different factors upon the estate, procured the assistance of those gentlemen whose local knowledge and information were found of essential service in furthering the objects of the undertaking. From Mr. Baigerie, in particular, the intelligent factor of the Scourie and Assynt districts, much interesting information relating to the salmon fishery was procured, as well as a detail of the experiments which for the last two years have been, and are still in active operation at the various fisheries, to determine facts of essential importance to the clearing up of the natural history of the salmon and its congeners, especially of those species that are migratory, or inhabit at times the salt as well as the fresh water; but as the ichthyology of the county has already engaged the pen of one of the party, it is unnecessary to advert to it any further at present. The accuracy of the lists, so far as they go, can be vouched for, the whole of the birds, with the exception of the Scolopax Gallinula, having come under the observation of the party; and the quadrupeds described were either seen alive, or their recent pelts examined, when in the possession of the fox-hunters, or regu- larly deputed vermin-destroyers of the districts. In a wild, mountainous, and thinly inhabited country, abounding in lochs and rivers, and whose zoology had previously been little attended to, it was naturally expected that some interesting facts connected with the breeding, distribution, &c., of various species of birds, would reward an excursion of this description. Nor were the party disappointed, for they had the pleasure of ascertaining that the va- rious interior fresh-water lochs are selected by that beautiful bird the Black- throated Diver (Colymbus arcticus Colymbus arcticus) for the rearing of its offspring, and both eggs and young were for the first time obtained. The Bean Goose (Anser ferus, Flem. Anser fabalis) was also frequently seen with its young upon some of the larger lochs ; and the Wigeon (Mareca Penelope Anas penelope), Scaup Pochard (Fuligula marila), and the Greenshank (Totanus glottis), were for the first time de- tected building in Britain. Among the warblers, it is interesting to trace the extensive distribution of the Willow Wren (Sylvia Trochilus), and Sedge Warbler ( Salicaria phracjmitis ), both of which were found extending their migration to the northern verge of the county, wherever situations at all suited to their habits were met with. Two or three instances of the White throat (Curruca cinerea) were noticed at Tongue, but the want of woods, and other protecting cover, had arrested the progress of the other ar- boreal warblers, viz. the Blackcap {Curruca atricapilla), Pettychaps (Curruca hortensis), Wood Wren (Sylvia sibilatriw), and Chiff-chaff (Sylvia rufa), though the three first were traced as far as Dingwall, upon the northern side of the Moray Frith. Of the other forms belonging to the Sylviadce, the three British species of Sawicola were met with, the Wheatear being remarkably abundant, and very generally spread over the county ; the Red- start (Phcenicura ruticilla) was also twice seen. Of the Motacillince, the Pied and Grey Wagtails were generally dispersed, but the common Pipit was the only species of Anthus observed. The Pari or Titmice were con- fined to the southern confines of the county, where fir and other planta- tions commenced. The mountainous and rocky character of the greater part of the county, abounding as it does in cliffs of vast perpendicular height, renders it a district peculiarly favourable to the larger raptorial Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/332 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/333 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/334 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/335 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/336 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/337 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/338 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/339 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/340 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/341 their violent outcries and alarm, they evidently had their nest or young, though we were unable to find either.
59. Scolopax gallinago, Common Snipe.
Is very abundant in all the moory and marshy tracts. 60. S. gallinula. Jack Snipe.
The gamekeeper of the Tongue district assured us that the jack snipe breeds in Sutherland almost every year, and that he had obtained the eggs, as well as young, in some boggy ground, about two miles from Tongue. He shewed such an intimate knowledge of the bird, as to do away with any impression upon our minds of a mistake as to the species. Sir William Jardine accompanied him to a spot where he had frequently seen them in summer, but he was not so fortunate as to meet with any. The situation and ground was, however, apparently exactly suited to their habits. In winter it is plentiful in the lower springs.
61. Tringa variabilis, Dunlin or Purre.
In the summer or dunlin plumage we found the common purre abundant upon the margins of all the lochs. The nest is usually placed under the shelter of some tuft or bush, removed a short distance from the usual water-line of the loch.
62. Crex pratensis, Meadow Crake or Corn Crake.
Is very abundant in all the lower straths, where cultivation exists.
63. Fulica atra, Common Coot.
Was heard among the reeds which skirt the southern side of Loch Douliah, about two miles and a half from Lairg. 64. Hamatopus ostralegus, Oyster Catcher.
Common upon the margin of Loch Shin, where it breeds, and upon most of the salt-water friths and lochs, such as those of Eribol, Tongue, &c.
65. Vanellus cristatus, Common Lapwing.
Very abundant throughout the county.
66. Charadrius pluvialis, Golden Plover.
Plentiful throughout the county, but particularly abundant in the district between Lairg and Tongue, the parish of Durness, Scourie, &c. Sutherland appears to be the great breeding station of this species.
67. C. Hiaticula, Ring Plover or Ring Dottrel.
Upon the margins of all the lochs and larger streams very numerous. 68. Anas ferus (Segetum, auct.), Bean-goose.
We were agreeably surprised to find that the bean-goose annually breeds upon several of the Sutherland lakes. The first intimation we received of this interesting fact was at Lairg, where we were informed that a few pairs bred upon some islands about twelve miles up Loch Shin. We accordingly took boat the following morning, and upon arriving at the place, discovered a single pair, attended by four or five young goslings. None were obtained, as the old birds, being wild, escaped seemingly uninjured, although repeatedly fired Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/343 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/344 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/345 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/346 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/347 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/348 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/349 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/350 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/352 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/353 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/354 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/355 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/356 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/357 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/358 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/359 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/360 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/361 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/362 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/363 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/364 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/365 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/366 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/367 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/368 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/369 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/370 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/371 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/372 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/373 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/374 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/375 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/376 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/377 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/378 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/379 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/380 No. XVII. — Supplement to a Catalogue of the Land and Fresh-water TESTACEOUS MOLLUSC, found in the Vicinity of Newcastle. By JOSHUA ALDER.

SINCE the publication of the the Catalogue of Land and Fresh-water Mollusca, in the first volume of the Society's Transactions, further investigation has brought to light a few additional species and localities, which it is the purpose of this communication to record ; together with some additional remarks, and such corrections of the former list as increased information renders necessary. Among the species included in this Supplement will be found four or five now first described as British. Gen. LIMNEUS* L. auricularius, Drap. In ponds at Prestwick Car. — Mr. A. Hancock. L. ovatus, Drap. (Nat. Hist. Trans, vol. i. p. 30.) This may be reduced to the rank of a variety of L. pereger. L. lineatus, Bean, in Loudon s Mag. vol. yii. p. 493, which I take to be also a variety of L. pereger, occurs in a pond at Redheugh. The reversed variety has not been found here. PHYSA. P. fontinalis. (vol. i. p. 30.) Additional localities — Mill stream, near Busy Cottage, Ouse Burn ; Mr. Brandling's Lake, Gosforth ; Pond, near Marsden ; and Haughs below Ryton. PLANORBIS. P. contortus. (vol. i. p. 30.) Additional localities. — Gosforth Lake ; Ryton Haughs. P. Icevls. Shell flat, perforated on both sides, brownish horn-coloured, semi-transparent, smooth, or slightly wrinkled by the lines of growth, with 3 to 4 compact and rounded whorls and a nearly circular aperture. Diameter about l-8th of an inch.

• This Genus is in the Catalogue written Lymncea after the orthography of Lamarck, but most modern

writers now agree in spelling it as above. Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/382 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/383 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/384 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/385 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/386 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/387 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/388 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/389

No. XIX. —Narrative of the Explosion which occurred at Wallsend Colliery, on the I8th of June, 1835, by John Buddle, Esq.

Read November 16, 1835. This explosion, the most fatal in its consequences, as to the loss of human life, that is to be found in the annals of coal-mining, cannot, perhaps, be recorded in a more appropriate place than in the Transactions of this Society, especially as we look forward to its rooms becoming a place of deposit for mining records.
The intense degree of interest excited by this accident in the immediate neighbourhood, and the general sympathy evinced by the whole country for the families and relatives of its unfortunate victims, will not soon be forgotten. But at the same time, I trust, that a faithful narrative of the particulars of so awful a catastrophe, may not be found altogether unacceptable to this Society, nor to those who feel an interest in the welfare of that great source of our national prosperity — our coal mines.

It will shew to posterity the inadequacy of our present means of guarding against the difficulties and dangers which are incidental to coal-mining in the present state of our knowledge of that science; and may, by directing attention to the subject, as the knowledge of physical science advances, lead to the discovery of the means of preventing, or of greatly diminishing, the risk of such catastrophes; the melancholy effects of which have been but too often witnessed in our time.

Before I proceed to narrate the particulars of this accident, it may not, perhaps, be uninteresting to those who are not conversant with coal-mining operations, to give a brief sketch of the various modes of ventilating collieries, and then to describe the system pursued at Wall's End Colliery at the time this explosion occurred. As I feel satisfied, that the more fully occurrences of this kind are explained to an enlightened and intelligent commu

Plate XVI

Plan shewing the situation of the workings of the Bensham Steam, Wallsend Colliery, on the 18th June 1835.

nity, and the more clearly their nature is understood, the less reason will be found to impute blame to those whose lot it is to have the direction and superintendence of collieries, which are subject to such dreadful catastrophes, and which imposes upon them such serious responsibility.

All the collieries in this district, which are worked below the sea level,^[2] are subject to an evolvement of carburetted hydrogen gas, to a greater or less extent. Such mines must, therefore, be subject to explosion, in spite of the means which have yet been devised for its prevention. For, although those means may be considered as giving security under certain conditions, still, like every thing else, of human invention, and of human application, they are fallible. Consequently, the utmost stretch of the Colliery Viewer's art and vigilance, only amounts to an approximation towards safety. It is, however, exceedingly difficult to define precisely, what import or value we are to attach to our ideas of safety, even in many of the ordinary occurrences of life. As in all cases involving risk of any kind, the idea of safety can only be taken in a qualified sense.

If we mount our horse, take a journey in a gig or coach, or set out on a voyage in a steamer, we consider ourselves, in the common acceptation of the word — safe. Yet, in all those cases, fatal accidents frequently happen. It is not necessary that I should multiply examples, but thus it is with our fiery collieries. We presume they are safe, when we have carried all the means which we possess for effecting that object into full operation, and we can only hope they may be efficacious, but cannot guard against incidental and unforeseen causes of danger over which we have no controul. This was the case at Wall's End Colliery, as will afterwards appear, and it is the case with not only that, but with every other colliery in the neighbourhood. They are all safe in the qualified sense already stated, but are all subject to risk from causes for which human ingenuity has not yet been able to point out an effectual remedy.

Ventilation is the only means with which we are yet acquainted for clearing our coal mines from the constant influx of inflammable air to which they are subject. Sir HUMPHRY DAVY, and other chemists, have ascertained that it requires fourteen or fifteen volumes of atmospheric air to dilute one volume of the carburetted hydrogen of our collieries below the point of explosion. It, therefore, follows, that to place any colliery in a safe working state, requires fourteen or fifteen times as much atmospheric air to be passed through the workings, as they produce of gas. But this is not all, this current of air must be carried through every part of the mine where gas is to be found, so as to prevent accumulations; otherwise, no current of air, however, powerful, would render the workings safe from explosion. It is the impossibility of preventing such accumulations of gas, in collieries working pillars which renders them more liable to heavy explosions.
The first step towards the ventilation of a colliery is, to introduce a powerful current of atmospheric air into it. The next is to regulate and conduct that current into the several workings and ramifications of the mine as circumstances may require. I shall only state, in this place, the various means by which the former is effected, as the latter will be explained in the sequel.
The ventilation of mines is sometimes effected by the natural operation of the atmosphere; as, for example, when two pits are situated upon different surface levels, the rise of the ground being more than the rise of the seam between them, as represented in the diagram. In this case the top of the Pit A being lower than the top of the Pit B, supposing the atmosphere to be in a quiescent state, and the temperature of the air to be nearly equal at the two points, the weight of the additional column a b on the mouth of the Pit A, naturally causes the column of air in the Pit B to ascend, and to cause a continuous current of fresh air to pass through the workings c d, between the two pits. Nothing but the temperature of the air at the top of the Pit A, being raised to such a degree as to more than compensate for the lesser weight of the atmospheric column at the top of the Pit B, could alter this natural law of the current of air between the pits.
It does not, however, often happen in practice that we find this sort of natural ventilation applicable, or sufficient for our purpose. We are, therefore, obliged to resort to other more powerful and efficient means.
We find the water-fall amongst the most ancient contrivances resorted to by miners, for urging a current of air through underground workings Bellows, and circular blowing machines, were also used, at an early period for the same purpose, but rarifaction by fire, which is by far the most efficacious and certain mode, seems to have been the latest in being discovered. The water-fall is effected by pouring a stream of water down one of the pits, A or B, which, carrying a column of air with it, forces the current through the workings, and up the opposite pit. Bellows, and blowing machines, have been used in the same manner, for forcing a current of air down one pit and up another; but the blowing of a current of air has long been discontinued, and the circular machine has been more advantageously applied to draw the current of air through the workings.
All those different methods have their advantages and disadvantages, according to the circumstances in which they are used. In deep collieries, the water-fall is objectionable, on account of the expense of pumping the water out again, and also from the inconvenience of having the stream of water falling down a working pit. The circular machine is objectionable on account of its being dependent, on mechanical means for its operation, and because it cannot be employed in the same pit, up which coals are to be drawn.
None of those objections attach to the furnace. It can be applied in a working pit, and is certain and steady in its operation. The only defect of the furnace is, its liability to explosion when the current of air by which it is supplied, becomes so charged with inflammable air, in its passage through the workings, as to be explosive. This objection to the furnace is, however, greatly obviated by what I call the system of double ventilation. The principle of this system is to supply the furnace with a current of air, which is not exposed to the hazard of being contaminated by an admixture of inflammable air. While the current of air, which is exposed to such contamination, is delivered into the up-cast shaft by a separate out-let, so as not to expose it to the risk of coming in contact with the flame of the furnace. The annexed diagram explains the mode in which this is managed.

a the upcast shaft, b the furnace, c the drift, by which the contaminated air is carried off into the upcast shaft.
The furnace b, always heats the air in the shaft a, sufficiently to draw the current through the drift c. A furnace may be placed at d to be used occasionally, as it frequently happens in practice that the furnaces have to be worked alternately. The furnace d will draw the current of air as well through the b furnace drift, as the furnace b, will draw the current through the d furnace drift. Which ever furnace happens not to be at work is called the dumb furnace, and the drift leading from it into the shaft is called the dumb furnace drift. This system admits of great modification, according to circumstances, and the Bensham Seam, at Wall's End Colliery, has, from its first opening in 1820, been ventilated according to its principles.
The enormous discharge of gas from this seam rendered it necessary to have several distinct currents of air passing through the workings, some of which supplied the burning furnaces, and the remainder were carried off by the dumb furnace drifts. The drifts of communication between the dumb furnace drifts, and the workings were called gas-pipe drifts, because they were subject to be charged, and generally were charged with an explosive current. Those gas-pipe drifts were only travelled by the wastemen for the purpose of repairing and keeping them in good order, and no light except the Davy lamp was ever used in them. For the more effectual ventilation of the Bensham workings, four pits, the A, B, C, and G, Pits, had been sunk to it. See the plan, Plate XVI.

The A and B were the up-casts, powerful furnaces being placed at their bottom, and the C and G. were the down-casts. Each up-cast pit had its furnace supplied by a current of inexplosive air from the workings of the the whole coal^[3], while the dumb furnace drift at the B Pit carried off the contaminated current from the pillar working, the dumb furnace drift at the A Pit not having been completed at the time of the accident.
The G Pit had been sunk to the High-main Seam 13 feet diameter, and was divided into two coal and one engine-shaft, by a three-tailed brattice; thus

a being the engine-shaft. But having witnessed the fatal consequences arising from the blowing out of the brattice by the explosion in the A Pit in 1820, I sunk the G Pit from the main coal to the Bensham Seam, in two separate shafts, leaving a division of solid stone between them as represented in the diagram. By this plan, I expected that, in the event of an explosion, the two separate shafts would give the blast a direct perpendicular line of direction, and prevent its blowing out the brattice above. It will, however, appear in the sequel that my expectation in this respect was not realized.

The darts on the plan of the colliery (Plate XVI.) shew the run of the different currents of air to the burning as well as the dumb furnaces. It will also be seen by the plan, that the workings were carried on upon the system of pannel-work, that is to say, in small divisions, separated by barriers of coal, so that the working and ventilating of the different divisions might be carried on, in a great degree, independently of each other.

The object of this mode of working was two-fold — to prevent the effect of any explosion which might happen in any one of these divisions from extending to other parts of the workings, and also to ensure a more effectual working of the pillars. The pillars had been worked out of several of those divisions, as shown on the plan, and as the goaf, or void, made by the working of the pillars could not be ventilated, those divisions became charged with gas, and all that could be done was to carry off the stream of gas issuing from them, by the pipe-drifts, through the dumb furnaces, into the up-cast shafts. Thus there were a number of capacious gasometers unavoidably standing charged, at all times, but as no naked lights were ever allowed to be taken into the pipe drifts, or up-cast shafts, little or no danger was apprehended; especially as the man doors^[4], by which the wastemen had access to the pipe drifts, for the purpose of travelling and keeping them in repair, were double, and kept locked, the keys being kept by the master wastemen.

It is frequently necessary to alter the currents of air, but at the time of this explosion the ventilation of the workings was effected by two up-cast and three down-cast shafts. The A and B Pits were the up-casts, the C and G were the down-casts; the latter being a double shaft, as already described, afforded the convenience of two down-casts.

The two up-cast pits had each a burning furnace, and two pipe-drift currents were discharged through the B Pit dumb furnace. The current of air which supplied the burning furnaces ventilated the divisions in which the whole coal was being worked, and where gunpowder and naked lights were used. The current which passed through the dumb furnaces, ventilated those divisions in which the pillars were being worked, and where the Davy lamps were exclusively used; and these carried off the gas discharging from the several divisions of the mine where the pillars had been worked by the pipe-drifts and dumb furnaces, as already described. The whole extent of the workings, at the time the accident occurred, only amounted to about twenty-five acres.
Matters were in this state, and had been going on in a very satisfactory manner for several years, up to the moment of the fatal accident, which happened about 2 o'clock in the afternoon of the 18th June, 1835.

The only places in which danger was apprehended, were in the district marked A on the plan, in the C Pit, and B, in the G Pit; both those districts were working in the pillars, and the coals were all drawn at the G Pit, the C being only used at the time for the convenience of letting the people up and down to their work.

Both those districts were working in the pillars with Davy lamps, exclusively; the latter rising gently to the east, the gas could not be swept so effectually away from the tail of the goaf, behind the workmen, and, therefore, required greater vigilance on the part of the under-viewer and overmen, and I had when at home, a daily report from Mr. Atkinson, the under-viewer, of the state of the workings, &c.

I had been absent from the 15th, on professional business in Scotland, and only returned home on the morning of the 18th. I saw Mr. Atkinson at 1 o'clock, P.M., and heard his report as usual, which was favourable, as to the general state of the underground affairs of the colliery. Nothing unusual had occurred during my absence, except a "bag of foulness"^[5] having backed out of the goaf in the G Pit, east district, marked B on the plan, on the preceding day, which fired in the Davys, but the overmen withdrew the men for about three-quarters of an hour, and all was right again. Mr. Atkinson had made a careful examination of the place that morning, the 18th, and went upon the fall at the tail of the goaf, immediately behind where the men were working, as far as he could go for the falling of the roof, but did not see the least appearance of gas. He reported further that he had travelled up the gas-pipe drift from those goaves, in the current of air, passing from them all the way from where the men were working, to the out-let man-doors, C, at about eighty yards west of the shaft, and did not find any appearance of inflammable air in all that distance.
I considered this as favourable a report as I could possibly expect, and set off for Seaham Harbour to inspect the works there. I arrived at Seaham between 3 and 4 o'clock, and remained there till after 5, and on my way to Pensher met the post-boy at Warden Law, who informed me that a messenger had come for me from Wall's End, where the G Pit had blasted that none of the men or boys had got to bank when he left, and that no account had been obtained of the extent of the mischief done, but it was apprehended that many lives were lost.
I immediately hurried off with Mr. Geo. Hunter, who accompanied me, to render all the assistance he could. On our way we met Mr. M'Intyre, the surgeon, coming from the colliery, who informed us that none of the men or boys had been got out of either the C or G Pits, that the two furnace keepers, at the A and B Pits, were the only persons who had, with great difficulty, escaped, and he apprehended that all the rest, about one hundred in number, were lost. Mr. M'Intyre added, that seven or eight men, who had gone down the A Pit, for the purpose of putting out the furnaces after the explosion, had very nearly been suffocated by the afterdamp.
On arriving at the colliery it is impossible for me to describe the scene of woe which presented itself. No loud lamentations were heard, but the deep expression of silent grief in the women, and the patient suffering of mental agony in the men was most penetrating. As yet the lingering hope of the possibility of saving life was entertained, and the men belonging to Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/401 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/402 They found Moor and Watkin at the bottom of the C pit, who had been down the east Mothergait, as far as the entrance at D, into the 3d south-east district, marked A on the plan, where it was known that 21 men and boys were working, but they could not proceed any further for want of air.
Mr. Atkinson, with his party, found a powerful current of air, as usual, passing down the east Mothergait, and felt little difficulty in travelling with it as far as the crossing F, between the second and third south-east districts. This crossing, which at the time merely answered the purpose of a stopping was damaged, and the greater part of the current of air was leaking through it into the A Pit furnace return drift^[6]. They, nevertheless, persevered as far as the entrance into the third south-east district, D.

At this point they found all the air stoppings blown out, and the after-damp so strong, that they became exhausted, and could not proceed any further. They found the atmosphere at this place explosive, filling the Davys with flame, which showed that the workings had been rapidly recharged with gas after the explosion. In consequence of this Mr. Atkinson decided to extinguish the furnaces at the A and B Pit, lest the gas, which was accumulating so rapidly in the workings, should reach and explode at them.

A party of eight men, under the charge of Alexander Haxon, the masterwasteman, was now sent down the A Pit for this purpose, but they found the after-damp so strong that they could not effect their object, and escaped to bank again with the utmost difficulty. Further operations were now suspended to allow time for the furnaces to burn out, as all hope of saving life was given up.

When the explosion took place, William Elliott and Thomas Kennedy were at the furnaces in the A and B Pits, which are only 70 yards asunder. They were alarmed by the shaking of the door, near the A Pit furnace, although they did not feel any concussion in the air.

They went immediately to the frame doors which separated the two pits to see if they were disturbed, but found all right, and then went to the B Pit furnace, and found the after-damp coming upon it very strong like a thick smoke. They then went to the A Pit furnace, and found the after- damp coming upon it in the like manner. This convinced them that an explosion had taken place some where, and they consulted, as to whether it would be most advisable to go through to the C or G Pit, and, fortu- nately for them, they decided to go to the former, as, had they attempted to go to the latter, they would inevitably have perished. Before they left their furnaces, they stirred up their fires, and laid on fresh coals, thinking it their duty to make their fires good at all events. The time which elapsed between their first alarm, and leaving their furnaces, was about a quarter of an hour. They then made the best of their way together towards the C Pit ; they found the after-damp very strong, and Elliott became exhausted, and was obliged to lie down before he reached the bottom of the C Pit, by 200 yards, and Kennedy also became exhausted, and sat down at about 110 yards from the C Pit. In the meantime Anthony Hunter, another furnace-man, went down the C Pit, in search of his marrows* and with great difficulty assisted them out, and thus, at the risk of his own life, saved theirs. This pause in the operations had taken place a short time beftwe my ar- rival, about eight o'clock in the evening ; and as I had every reason, from circumstances, to believe that further efforts to save life, at that time, would be attended with great risk, and little, or no hope of success, I decided not to make any further efforts underground before two o'clock next morning. This was the more necessary, as all the official per- sons, belonging to the colliery, were in a state of great fatigue and ex- haustion, from exertion and exposure to the effects of the after-damp. I had also reason to apprehend that the coal was on fire below, and that ano- ther explosion was not improbable. I, therefore, appointed a party to re- sume operations in the C Pit next morning at two o'clock, as I considered, if the coal was on fire, it would shew itself before that time. Meantime some of the relatives of the sufferers became impatient and anxious that further efforts should be made, and at 11 o'clock Messrs. Geo. Hunter, and John Atkinson, Jun., with several able men, as volun-

• Comrades. teers, who had suffered the least from their former exertions, went down the C Pit, with the determination to penetrate into the third south-east division A, if possible. They found a very good current of air going as far as the entrance of this division, but from the crossing F, and the stoppings near to it, having only been repaired in a temporary manner, the current of air fell slack as they proceeded, and they reached the ninth board south

with difficulty, where they got sight of some dead bodies. But although the Davys burnt very well, the after damp was so strong that it overpowered them, and, but for the exertions of the reserve, assisted by a party of able and experienced men from Jarrow Colliery, under the direction of Mr. John A. Forster, the viewer, who kindly came, unsolicited at the moment, to render all the assistance he could, some of their lives would have been lost. Mr. Hunter was brought out in a state of insensibiilty, and Mr. Atkinson, Jun., and others were much exhausted and very ill.
Men were immediately set to work to put the crossing F into a more complete state of repair as a stopping, and to replace the brick stoppings which had been blown out, with temporary wooden ones, to throw a stronger current of air into the third south-east district. By this time it was near two o'clock in the morning of the 19th, when I went down the C Pit, with Mr. Atkinson and a party of men; we found a pretty good air passing into this district, but not sufficiently powerful to enable us to go with prudence beyond the point where Mr. Hunter and his party had reached.
It was evident that a more powerful current of air was wanting, as well as more time, to clear away the after-damp. The ventilation was, however, sufficiently strong to carry off the gas, as the atmosphere was not explosive in the Davys.
Here we found the body of John Robson, one of the deputy-ovemen, and three or four others near to it. Robson was not burnt, but had died of suffocation, after creeping some distance.
The further repair of the stoppings for conveying a more efficient current of air into this district was now set about with great dilligence; and as it was anticipated that the main current would slacken, as the mass of brickwork about the furnaces and the upcast shafts cooled, the furnaces being now burnt out, preparations were made for applying a waterfall at the C Pit; and the sinkers had been employed incessantly in endeavouring to effect a passage down the G Pit south shaft, through the wreck of the brattice.

In this state of affairs, I requested the professional advice of Messrs. Fenwick, Morriss, Geo. Johnson, N. Wood, Matt. Dunn, and J. A. Forster. — See my request and their report, Appendix, No. 1.

The restoring of the stoppings was pursued unremittingly during the morning and early part of the day, which so far removed the after-damp from the third south-east district, that the dead bodies of the twenty-one men and boys, who had been working there, were recovered, nine of which only were burnt, the remaining twelve had died of suffocation. The body of William Craster, one of the deputy overmen, with those of five boys, putters, were all found lying together; they were not burned, but had been suffocated in attempting to make their escape, and had got a considerable distance from the places where they had been working. It was discovered that the separation doors, between the C and G Pits' workings had been carried away, and, therefore, the ventilation of the two pits was laid intercommon, which rendered the current of air precarious and difficult to direct, for the purpose of gaining access to those parts of the workings where the remainder of the dead bodies were; and the effecting a passage through to the G Pit was found to be utterly impracticable.

The water-fall was applied at the C Pit, and the restoring of the ventilation, in a temporary manner, prosecuted unremittingly all night. An abundance of assistance was afforded by the under viewers, overmen wastemen, and colliers from the neighbouring collieries, all of whom exerted themselves in the most zealous and efficient manner, aud with such effect, that during the day of the 20th, thirty-five more dead bodies were got out of the fourth south-east district E of the C Pit workings.

About 9 o'clock this evening, a passage was effected down the southeast shaft of the G Pit, which was nearly choaked up at the bottom, the baln (roof) stone having fallen very heavily and stopped up the ingate. Nothing, however, could resist the zealous exertions of the colliers, and they soon forced a passage through the mass of fallen stones and rubbish. and gained access to the open part of the rolley-way in the West Mothergait drift leading from the south shaft.

As soon as the noise and hustle of forcing their way through the rubbish at the bottom of the pit had ceased, and they had begun to advance they were startled by the sound of human voices, some way near to them On proceeding a few yards, they found Robert Moralee, John Brown, John Reed, and the boy, Middleton, alive. They were all very weak and exhausted, but sensible, and knew the voices of the people who were about them. They were all burned and mained, less or more, and one of Reed's legs was dreadfully fractured by the fall of a stone from the roof. John Brown was severely burnt and contused, his face was stuck full of small coals, and dirt all over, and his eyes filled with the same materials, as if he had been shot at, and three of his ribs were broken. Moralee was burnt in the feet and legs, and severely contused; the boy, Middleton was severely burnt, but not so much exhausted as the rest; he was rather delirious. They were all so ill and weak, that I abstained from asking them any questions that evening.

It is impossible to describe the scene which ensued on the intelligence being circulated that some people had been found alive. Every one whose relatives had not yet been found, rushed to the pit in the fond hope of their yet being alive. The most exaggerated reports were spread, and the crowd of anxious inquirers thronged about the top of the pit so, as materially to impede the operations for the recovery of their relatives, which they were but too anxious to hasten.

The ascent of every corf from the pit was watched with the most eager impatience, in the hope of its producing other individuals who had escaped the general destruction. I witnessed one remarkable instance of the effects of sanguine hope, and the power of imagination united. Joseph Waggot brought up the dead bodies of his father, and that of Christopher Ovington, together, in a corf. He sprang to me in an ecstacy of delight on landing at the top of the pit, exclaiming "Oh! sir, I have found my father alive, and here he is." On examination, however, the vital spark appeared to me to have been long extinct.

Progress was made along the rolley-way leading to the north-west workings, and eleven more dead bodies were found during the night, making sixty seven in all.

To the westward of the shaft, and along the two rolley-way headways leading to the north, marked O and N on the plan, there were marks of a heavy fire, and powerful explosion. The repairing and re-instating of the air stoppings was, in the meantime, carried on unremittingly.

Sunday, June 21. — In the course of the day nine more dead bodies were got out of the C Pit, but it was necessary to suspend operations (underground) until the water, which had been thrown down by the water-fall, was drawn out of the pit. The operations in the G Pit were also suspended for a few hours, to allow the people an opportunity of attending the funerals of their deceased friends and relatives, of which thirty seven took place this afternoon.

Monday, June 22. — During the course of last night access was gained down the G. Pit East Mothergait to the extent of about three hundred yards, where the body of Joseph Lawson, the deputy-overman, and seventeen others, young men and boys, were found at a on the plan^[7]; those made the number of dead bodies got up to this evening, eighty-four. They were not burned, but had died of suffocation; the poor boys had stuffed their linen caps into their mouths to protect them as much as possible from breathing the after-damp. Joseph Lawson did not seem to have been much alarmed, as he had two or three Davy lamps in his hand, which he had collected to bring to the "Davy Cabin" as usual, and had also collected and taken all the little trapper-boys under his care. It was also discovered afterwards, that he had put all matters right in the E. division of the workings, of which he was in charge, as usual, before he left, which shewed that he had only found the shock of the explosion in a slight degree. This was the division in which we had hitherto believed the explosion to have happened, but we were now satisfied that no fire had been in this part, and were more at a loss than ever to conjecture where it could have happened. The greatest strength of the fire seemed to have been in the immediate vicinity of the shaft, yet as there were no workings near it, and the wastemen were not travelling the pipe-drifts at the time, the cause of the accident appeared to be more mysterious than ever.

Stephen Reed, Esq., the coroner, empannelled his jury this day, and decided to adjourn from day to day till all the bodies were found.

This afternoon twenty-five more funerals took place, as the bodies were passing rapidly into a state of decomposition from the effects of the after-damp. Mr. M'Intyre opened one of the first bodies that was found, only twenty-three hours after death, and found the stomach in a state of gangrene. It was with difficulty that coffins could be procured fast enough, and nothing could exceed the solemnity and heart-rending scenes which the melancholy processions of the funerals presented. No written descripion can convey an adequate idea of the scenes of woe and mental agony; the lifting of the copse never failing to renew those wailings and lamentations which had in some degree subsided.

The Rev. Mr. Armstrong, the clergyman of the parish, was unremitting in his endeavours to sooth the grief of the bereft widows, parents, and the fatherless, and to administer all the consolation in his power, under the afflicting circumstances of the case; and on Sunday the 28th of June he preached an excellent and impressive sermon on the occasion, when upwards of £20. were collected as the commencement of a fund for the relief of the destitute relatives of the sufferers. Several benevolent persons in the neighbourhood exerted themselves in administering comfort and consolation to the afflicted; and the attentions of the preachers in the Methodist connexion, for the same benevolent purpose, were also unremitting and most praiseworthy.

Of the four persons who had been got out alive, John Brown was the only one who was capable of giving a collected account of all he knew of the accident. Reed's leg had been immediately amputated above the knee, and he was too ill to be talked to. Robert Moralee was also too ill ; and the boy, Middleton, was in a state of fever and delirium, and told so many improbable and different stories, that little or no reliance could then be placed in what he said.

John Reed only survived the amputation of his leg a few days ; but when the other three survivors had sufficiently recovered, they gave the following account of what they knew of the circumstances of the accident.

Moralee, an elderly man, kept the second main door b in the West Mothergait, which stood fifty yards from the north shaft. He went round to the other shaft to ask Joseph Harbottle, another old man, who also kept a main door, what o'clock it was.—It then wanted eight minutes to two o'clock by Harbottle's watch. Moralee returned to his door immediately, and sat down on the seat, behind the brick jamb on the east side of the door, and was just preparing to eat something, when he heard a tremendous rumble to the westward, and in an instant afterwards was overwhelmed by a shock which rendered him insensible. How long he might remain in this state he has no idea, but on recovering his senses, he knew that the pit had blasted, although he had not seen any fire, and he found himself hurt and bruised, but did not perceive that his legs were burnt. On getting a little collected he went upon his knees and prayed, from which he derived great relief and confidence. He then groped his way towards the bottom of the shaft, in search of Christopher Ovington, another old man, who kept the first main-door, which stood between the shaft and his door, but he could not find either Ovington or his door. He pursued his way towards the bottom of the shaft, but his progress was so impeded by wreck of all sorts, that he despaired of being able to reach it, and thinking he was the only person left alive he turned round to go back again to the seat at his door. At this moment he heard a groan at the bottom of the north shaft, which induced him to persevere, and, groping his way through the rubbish, he found John Brown at the bottom of the north shaft, who, by this time, had so far recovered his senses as to recognise Moralee. They then considered that they would go round to the south shaft, to see if they could find any body there. They found the first stenting stopping c, twenty yards to the west, blown out, and went through it into the West Mothergait from the south shaft, and, on their way, found the boy, Martin Middleton, standing against a prop, and took him with them. It was their intention to have gone to the bottom of the south shaft, to endeavour to procure a drink of water, of which they stood much in need, and in the expectation of finding some body there; the constant falling of the roof, however, near the shaft, deterred them from approaching it, and they sat down amongst some props, to protect themselves from the falling stones. While in this situation, conjecturing as to the probable extent of the mischief which had been done, and the chance of their being relieved from their forlorn situation, they heard frequent falls of the roof stone, very near, which deterred them from moving from their place of security amongst the props, and one of those falls fractured the small bone of Brown's leg, on which they crawled further to the westward to seek a place of greater safety, and again took shelter amongst some props. Soon after this they heard John Reed, one of the rolley-way men, somewhere near to them, but he was delirious, and they could not make him understand them nor gain any information from him. Shortly afterwards they heard a knocking and the voices of men calling in the shaft, which cheered them greatly, as they were then satisfied that efforts were making to save them. By this time, Brown and Moralee had quite recovered their senses, but Reed and the boy continued delirious. Whenever the knocking ceased, Brown and Moralee crept as near to the bottom of the shaft as they could for the fall from the roof, and called with all their strength, but could not make themselves heard. After repeated unsuccessful efforts of this kind, and finding themselves weak and exhausted, although not conscious of being burnt or materially hurt, they sat quietly down under the conviction that every possible effort was being made for their relief. They never felt the sensation of hunger, and, although thirsty, they did not suffer severely from it. From the first they never felt any smoke nor after-damp, but had constantly a cool breeze of fresh air, which made them suffer from cold; they never moved from the place where they had sat down after they ceased calling to the people who were working in the shaft, until they were found at nine o'clock in the evening of Saturday the 20th of June, being fifty-two hours after the explosion. They slept a good deal, but Moralee became delirious, calling to his wife to bring his night-cap, and partly undressing himself to go to bed, in which state he was found. They had no recollection of the time the boy, Middleton, left them. John Brown, after recovering from the first shock of the explosion retained his consciousness and faculties, although burnt in the face and hands, with three ribs and the small bone of his leg broken, and his eyes so filled with small coals that he did not recover his sight till the 24th; he is a robust man in the prime of life. He was onsetter at the north shaft, and was in the act of hooking on the third or lowest corf of the set, having previously hooked on the other two; three corves being drawn up at the same time. This is only known from the circumstance of all the three corves being found hooked on, and not drawn away, as Brown had no recollection whatever of the circumstance. He neither heard, saw, nor felt any thing, nor was conscious that any thing had happened until he recovered his senses, when he found himself lying across a rolly at the bottom of the shaft. His first idea was that the pit had fired, and that all the men and boys had gone to bank and left him, and he knew nothing to the contrary until Moralee went to him, as already stated.

Mr. Atkinson, who went down the north shaft with half a dozen men, as soon as a passage was opened through the wreck of the brattice at the main-coal seam, found these people, and sent them to bank without delay. The father of the boy Middleton was one of the party, and John Brown told him that his son was alive, as he had been with them, but had gone he did not know where.

On proceeding up the west Mothergait from the north shaft, Mr. Atkinson heard a weak voice singing, and on listening, Middleton recognised it to be the voice of his boy. They followed the sound to the entrance into the first north-west district, d, where they found the boy lying under a rolley, where he had crept. He knew his father's voice before he saw him, although in a state of delirium; he was in a state of entire nudity, having pulled off all his clothes.

At the time of the accident, this boy was with his horse and a train of rollies in the first siding west from the north shaft, and about twenty yards from it. He was severely burnt, and continued delirious, with short intervals, for several days, so that no account, which could be depended on, could be got from him. When he became perfectly cool and collected, he stated that he was at the north shaft getting a drink of water, having left his horse in the first siding to the west. He was just turning round to return to his horse, when he heard a great rumble to the west, and recollected nothing more, until he found himself all in the dark, and thought the pit must have fired. He was soon afterwards joined by John Brown and Moralee, and remained with them for some time, as already related. They complained of thirst, and he left them with the intention of going to the far north-west crane (a distance of half a mile) to seek the water-keg, kept there for the use of the putters, but was stopped by a fall of the roof, at the entrance of the district, which is only ninety yards from the shaft. He was about to return, but was frightened by hearing the roof-stone falling near him, and finding the rolly, on which the props, &c., are carred in-bye to the workings, he crept under it for safety. He then thought that all the men and boys had gone to bank, except Brown, Moralee, Reed, and himself. He recollected perfectly that he was singing "Oh! let us be joyful," when he was found, but had no recollection whatever about pulling off his clothes. As he was being carried out he made the party smile by assuring his father that if he would only take him safely home, he would never again play the truant from the Sunday School, a promise, however, which was soon forgotten; he was then thirteen and a-half years old.

Tuesday, June 23. — A brisk and steady current of air continued to pass down the G Pit, by which we were enabled to gain access by the first north-west district G, to the fourth south-east district of the C Pit E ; and in the course of the day, twelve more dead bodies were got out, making ninety-six in all.

Wednesday, June 24. — The south shaft of the G Pit was cleared of the wreck of the brattice, in the course of this day, and a free passage was effected to the bottom. The underground operations for the recovery of the remainder of the dead bodies were pursued unremittingly, and the reparation of the air stoppings, and other measures for the restoration of the ventilation of the C Pit, were also continued.

Thursday, June 25. — In the course of this day four more dead bodies were found, making one hundred, and being all that were missing, except one, a trapper boy, belonging to James Hepple. The body of this boy was supposed to be covered by a fall of the roof in the E narrow board of the fourth district of the C Pit E, at e on the plan, as he kept a stenting door there, and his shoes had been found near the door. This body was not found till the 11th of August; it was in the place where it had been supposed, and was lying under a thickness of five feet of stone, which had fallen upon it. This made the total number of dead bodies found in the pit one hundred and one. As under,— ^[8]

The body of Matthew Soulsby, the on-setter at the G. Pit South Shaft was not found till this day, it was found, together with the body of Ralph Wagget, a driver boy, under a heavy fall of stone and the wreck of the brattice, at the bottom of the South Shaft.

People were employed all this day and night in clearing out the bottom of the G Pit, and securing the baln stone and roof, to enable us to get the carcases of the horses out, which, although the chloride of lime had been used, were so offensive, that the people were much annoyed by the stench, and could hardly continue their work.

Friday and Saturday, June 26th and 27th. — These two days were chiefly occupied in seeking for the dead body of Hepple's boy, but without success; and his parents being satisfied that no pains had been spared in endeavouring to find it, they gave up the idea of further search for the present. Sunday, June 28. — All operations were suspended.

Monday, June 29. — The coroner finished his inquest, and the jury returned a verdict of accidental death. — See Appendix, No. IV.

Tuesday and Wednesday, June 30 and July 1. — All the official and operative persons belonging the colliery being almost worn out, by incessant exertion and fatigue, took holyday.

Thursday, July 2. — Resumed operations in the G Pit, — clearing out the rolley-ways, propping the roof, renewing the air stoppings which had been carried away, &c., until the 15th, when a consultation of viewers was held to advise as to the requisite steps to be taken to restore the colliery to a working state. — See Appendix, No. II. On the 10th, a passage had been effected from the C to the bottom of the A and B Pits, where nothing was found to have been disturbed by the explosion, but the current of air, i.e. the atmosphere was explosive in the Davy lamps.

The underground operations in re-instating the ventilation, &c., continued unremittingly night and day, and were so far advanced on the 17th, as to enable me to examine accurately the direction and effects of the explosion, and to ascertain distinctly where it had taken place. It had been conjectured, from the situation in which the body of Wm. Thompson was found on the night of the 20th of June, that the explosion had taken place at his naked light; and now, when the direction of the blast, from the place where his body was found, and its effects, could be distinctly traced, no doubt remained as to the fact.

William Thompson, with William Johnson, were employed in blasting down the roof-stone in the west drift leading to the A Pit at H, to make sufficient height for a branch of rolley-way to be laid, and the stones which were blown down were stowed in the two north head-ways, I. The main current of the air-course, after ventilating the first and second north-west districts of the G Pit workings, passed up this west drift to the B Pit burning furnace, being sufficiently pure for naked lights. Consequently, the people were not restrained from the use of candles in blowing down the roof-stone. In the headways, however, where the stones were stowed, and which were only ventilated by a split air from the main current out of the rolley-way drift, they were restricted to the use of the Davy Lamp alone.

The pipe drift, which carried off the adulterated current of air from the pillar workings to the east of the shaft, and the gas discharging from all the exhausted and unventilated districts on the south side of the east and west Mothergaits of the G Pit, to the B Pit dumb furnace, runs parallel to, and on the south side of the drift, in which those men were employed in blasting down the roof-stone, but was separated from it by a stenting (coal) wall of twelve yards in thickness, and the only communication through this stenting wall, was a pair of man doors in the stenting K, which were placed there for the convenience of the wastemen. These doors are forty yards to the east from the place where those men were at work blasting down the stone, and being out of the way of the ordinary workings, had not been locked for some time preceding the accident. William Thompson's body was found lying just at the entrance of the stenting K., and the bottom or cistern of his Davy lamp was lying uninjured two yards within the end of the stenting, close to where the first door stood, the gauze cylinder was found hanging on a nail near to the place where he had been working,* the body was dreadfully burnt. While the body of William Johnson was lying about a couple of yards to the east of it, nearer to the pit, in a creeping attitude, but neither burnt nor exhibiting marks of any sort of violence. He had evidently died of suffocation, without much suffering, as his Davy was found in his hand. He must therefore have been in one of the stow-headways when the explosion happened, and had been endeavouring to escape. If he had been in the Rolley-way Drift at the time he would have been killed by the explosion, or severely burnt, as the fire had passed up the Rolley-way Drift further west than the Stow-headways with great force. As has already been observed, these man doors had not for some time been locked, and what could have led Thompson to approach them must remain matter of conjecture, as the having approached them with a naked light from the situation in which his body was found is the only fact that can be known. It is a common practice with colliers, when working stone work, as in this case, to make use of the recess, formed by a stopping, or a pair of doors in the opening through a stenting or Coal-wall, as a closet for their clothes, tools, and provisions, and frequently the space between the doors is made use of for the same purpose. But whether Thompson had approached the fatal spot for this purpose, or had been led there for a private occasion or other object, must for ever remain unknown. Nothing could be more clear than, that this was the point of ignition, and that it had exploded the gas, in the two worked out districts, marked L M on the plan. ^[9] Moralee, and the boy Middleton, stated that the rumble proceeded from the west, and the direction which the blast had taken through the outlets from the two unventilated districts (magazines) L M was distinctly shewn by the incineration of the props, and coal wall, on their sides, opposed to its line of direction, while the opposite sides of the props remained comparatively clean. The props in some places too, where they were not broken or blown out, were found leaning over at the top, shewing clearly the direction in which the blast had gone. The doors which stood in the stenting were shattered to pieces, and the bricks of the jambs of the doors, and the adjoining stoppings, were all shivered to atoms.

It is probable, that the fire in its course along the first and second pair of north-west winning headways, N O, might ignite some partial lodgments of gas in the fallen parts of the roof of the seam, and thus gain strength in its progress. But it had not ignited the gas in the unventilated part of the third south-east district in the C Pit, where the. pillars were being worked, otherwise the strength of the explosion would have been greatly increased. As in that case the accumulated gas in the first and second south-east districts, P Q, and the first south-west district, R, would most likely have been ignited also, in which case a tremendous explosion must have taken place at the C Pit.

The gas from the first south-east and first south-west districts was, and is still carried off to the surface by a four-inch cast-iron pipe, and is not allowed to mix with the current of air underground. The quantity of gas discharged from these two districts is eleven hogsheads per minute.

On the 15th of July, a consultation of viewers was held, on the practicability of restoring the colliery to a safe working state. — (See their Report, Appendix, No. II.)

On the 19th of August, the measures recommended for restoring the ventilation were completed, when a view was called (see Appendix, No. III). The viewers found the ventilation of the G Pit in a state to admit of the B Pit furnace being lit, but the water-fall on the C Pit had not been able to reduce the circulating current below the firing point. For although the utmost effort of the water-fall had been applied for sixty hours, the return current of air from the working districts was explosive at the top of the A pit; under these circumstances, the B Pit furnace could not be lit with safety. It therefore became necessary to shorten the run of the C Pit air to such an extent as to enable the water-fall to reduce it below the firing point, and to carry off that part which could not be so diluted by the pipe drifts and dumb furnace.

This plan succeeded, and on the morning of the 21st of August the two furnaces were lit up, without the slightest accident. It was of importance that the furnaces in the two up-cast pits should be lit at the same moment ; the best mode of effecting which was, a desideratum, as the old mode, by running a red-hot ring of iron down a line from the surface into the furnaces was impracticable, owing to the distance at which they were placed from the bottoms of the pits.

My friend, Major Emmett, of the Royal Engineers, who took great interest in our operations, and from whom I received many valuable hints during their progress, suggested the idea of lighting them by the aid of a piece of quick and slow match, such as is used in the artillery service. I carried this hint into effect in the following manner : — A piece of French slow match, of sufficient length to burn twenty-seven minutes, was attached to a piece of quick match of five or six inches in length, with a piece of mealed gunpowder secured in a paper case at the point of junction. The furnaces being made on with a cold fire of dry wood, tarred rope, and coals, an apparatus of the above description was placed in each. The slow matches were fired at the same instant, the time being regulated by stopwatches ; the common artillery slow match being used for that purpose, which allowed sufficient time for the parties employed in the operation to get to bank before the quick match was ignited.

The interval of time between the lighting of the slow match, and the appearance of the smoke from the furnaces, was watched with great anxiety. And as nearly as possible to the time calculated, we had the satisfaction of seeing the smoke begin to appear at the top of the up-cast pits, and presently afterwards to discharge freely, which shewed that the furnaces were effectually ignited, and that the return air from the workings was not inflammable. In a couple of hours the furnaces were renovated with fresh coals, and the return currents of air to both were found remarkably clean. The atmosphere was in a very favourable state for the purpose when the furnaces were lighted. The restoration of the colliery to a working state now proceeded with vigour, and coal-work was resumed on the 2d of September.

It now only remains for me to state that the pecuniary distress occasioned to the familes and relatives of the sufferers by the accident was greatly alleviated by the generous sympathy of individuals as well as of the public,

as will appear by the amount subscribed for their relief as stated in the Appendix, No. V. The kind personal attention, too, of many humane and feeling neighbours tended greatly to mitigate the grief of the afflicted.

APPENDIX.

No. I.

Wallsend Colliery, 19th June, 1835

To Messrs. THOS. FENWICK, GEO. JOHNSON, NICHOLAS WOOD, MATTS. DUNN, JOHN FORSTER, and THOMAS MORRISS.
GENTLEMEN, I have to request, on the part of the Owners of this Colliery, that you will be so good as to examine the plan of the Workings of the Bensham Seam, and investigate the system which has been pursued for ventilating the same, to enable you to pronounce an opinion as to its adequacy, so far as depends on ventilation for the safe working of the Colliery.
You will also please to inquire into the nature of the mine, as to the heavy and regular discharge of inflammable air, to which it is subject, and more especially as to the sudden bags or bursts of that element, which are incidental to the working of the Bensham Seam, and, finally, you are requested to investigate every circumstance relating to the unhappy catastrophe of yesterday, and to state your opinion, without reserve, as to its probable cause, and also the measures you would recommend to be pursued for recovering the dead bodies of the sufferers.

JOHN BUDDLE.

---

Newcastle, 20th June, 1835.

In pursuance of the annexed request of Mr. Buddle, we, the undersigned, have examined the Wallsend Colliery plan, and have heard the statements of Mr. Buddle and Mr. Atkinson, as to the system of ventilating the colliery, which was pursued previous to the accident; the system that had been practised appears to us to have been to convey all the air from the pillar workings into pipe drifts, and from thence up the shafts without passing on the furnace; and that the air from the workings in the whole mine only, passed over the furnace; this system of ventilation, in our opinion, is very proper and judicious, and well calculated, under all circumstances, to effect the desired object.
We have also ascertained that the working places were frequently rendered dangerous by the sudden eruption of gas, both from the coal and stone, and also from the pillar working. Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/421 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/422 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/423 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/424 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/425 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/426 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/427 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/428 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/429 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/430 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/431 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/432 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/433 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/434 The first of the foregoing analyses supplies an instance where a loss of carbon was decisive. In the second and third, as in the whole series of successful analyses, the carbonic acid gas may be taken as exactly equal to half the condensation due to the formation of water, and as containing half the oxygen which was required for complete combustion. The quantity of marsh gas present was equal to half the oxygen required for its complete com- bustion, to half the condensation due to generated water, and to the volume of carbonic acid gas which was produced. As this was a uniform result in all the samples, it is manifest that the constitution of the inflammable principle of fire-damp is identical with that of marsh gas or light carburetted hydrogen. The proportion of carbon and hydrogen indicated by analysis, sufficiently demonstrate the absence of such gases as hydrogen, carbonic oxide, and olefiant gas. Their absence, however, was proved by other methods. A portion of fire-damp was mixed in a tube with chlorine of known purity, and the mixture kept for a quarter of an hour in a dark place, when the chlorine was absorbed by milk of lime : the original quantity of firedamp was always recovered, except a slight loss due to the mere washing to absorb the chlorine. The absence of olefiant and carbonic oxide gases was also proved by means of spongy platinum. In 1824, soon after the curious action of spongy platinum in causing the combination of oxygen and hydrogen gases was made known by Doebereiner, both Dr. Henry and myself pointed out the obstacles to that action, occasioned by carbonic oxide, olefiant gas, and some other gases. — (Philosophical Transactions, and Edinbro' Philosophical Journal for 1824.)— And Dr. Henry at the same time shewed that marsh gas differs remarkably in this respect from carbonic oxide and olefiant gases, as it offers scarcely any impediment to the action of platinum. Agreeably to those researches, it follows that if fire-damp contained merely marsh gas, oxygen, and nitrogen, spongy platinum introduced at common temperatures, or even heated to 300° F., would not produce any sensible effect; and that if a small quantity of an explosive mixture,* made with 1 measure of oxygen, and 2 measures of hydrogen gases, were added to the fire-damp, spongy platinum should cause

• By the expression " explosive mixture," I hereafter mean a mixture made with 1

measure of oxygen, and 2 measures of hydrogen gases. VOL. II. 4 A Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/436 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/437 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/438 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/439 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/440 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/441 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/442 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/443 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/444 Page:Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1838 Vol.2.djvu/445

1. The party consisted of Sir William Jardine, Mr. John Jardine, Dr. Greville, Mr. James Wilson, and Mr. Selby. A light boat, suspended upon a four-wheeled carriage, and drawn by two horses, was the conveyance adopted, and was found particularly useful and convenient, in a country so intersected with lochs, but entirely destitute of boats. It could be shipped or unshipped at any time with perfect ease, even by three of the party.
2. Generally speaking, carburetted hydrogen seldom appears in large quantities, in the seams of coal lying above the level of the sea in this country.
3. The first working of a colliery is called working in the whole, in contradistinction to the pillar working, which is called working in the broken.
4. Man doors, small doors, or valves, placed in air stoppings, barely of sufficient size to allow a man to creep through.
5. A sudden discharge or gust of inflammable air, of short continuance, is called "a bag of foulness."
6. All drifts or passages, through which the current of air travels to the up-cast shaft, after having ventilated any division of the works, are called Return Drifts, Return Headways, &c.
7. Some of the young men had reached within one hundred and eighty yards of the bottom of the shaft, but the most of the little trappers were lying immediately before Lawson, as he had been directing them out before him.

8. 2 Overmen	28 Brought forward
   2 Deputy ditto	3 Cranemen
   1 Onsetter	44 Putters, young men and boys
   6 Hewers	13 Drivers, boys
   2 Shifters	4 Helpers-up, ditto
   3 Trappers, old men	4 Stone leaders, ditto
   12 Ditto, boys	5 Tramway-clearers, ditto
   28	101

9. The bottom or cistern of the Davy lamp is frequently used without the gauze cylinder by the workmen, as a substitute for the commom lamp or candle, where naked lights are permitted to be used.