Western Europe in the Middle Ages

Western Europe in the Middle Ages: A Short History  (1955)  by Joseph Strayer

Western Europe

in the

Middle Ages

A SHORT HISTORY

JOSEPH R. STRAYER

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

NEW YORK

APPLETON-CENTURY-CROFTS, INC.

COPYRIGHT, 1955, BY APPLETON-CENTURY-CROFTS, INC.

All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers.

685-12

Library of Congress Card Number: 54-10683

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

E 85336

CONTENTS

	PREFACE		v
	INTRODUCTION		1
1.	THE MAKING OF EUROPE		11
	I.	The Roman Empire	13
	II.	The Church	21
	III.	The Germanic Migrations	26
	IV.	The End of Mediterranean Unity	35
	V.	The Work of Charlemagne	44
2.	THE YEARS OF TRANSITION		55
	I.	The Collapse of the Carolingian Empire—Feudalism	57
	II.	The Revival of the Empire—Germany and Italy	66
	III.	The Renewal of Western Civilization	74
3.	THE FLOWERING OF MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION		89
	I.	The Temper of the Twelfth Century	91
	II.	The Commonwealth of Christendom	100
	III.	The Development of Secular Governments	106
	IV.	New Ideas and Their Expression in the Twelfth Century	127
4.	THE MEDIEVAL SUMMER		141
	I.	The Temper of the Thirteenth Century	143
	II.	The Papal Monarchy—Innocent III	147
	III.	The Papal Monarchy—The Popes and the Hohenstaufen	157 |
	IV.	The Rise of the Secular State	163
	V.	Economic, Intellectual, and Artistic Activities in the Thirteenth Century	176
5.	THE LONG AUTUMN		187
	I.	The Changing Climate of Opinion	189
	II.	The First Frosts	191
	III.	The Failure of the Secular States	196
	IV.	Lost in the Fog	205
	V.	Premature Spring in Italy	212
	VI.	Fire Under the Northern Ashes	220
	SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING		231
	INDEX		237

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was legally published within the United States (or the United Nations Headquarters in New York subject to Section 7 of the United States Headquarters Agreement) before 1964, and copyright was not renewed. For Class A renewals records (books only) published between 1923 and 1963, check the Stanford Copyright Renewal Database and the Rutgers copyright renewal records. For other renewal records of publications between 1922 - 1950 see the Pennsylvania copyright records scans. For all records since 1978, search the U.S. Copyright Office records. The author died in 1987, so this work is also in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 25 years or less. This work may also be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works. Works published in 1955 would have had to renew their copyright in either 1982 or 1983, i.e. at least 27 years after it was first published / registered but not later than 31 December(31 December) in the 28th year. As it was not renewed, it entered the public domain on 1 January 1984(1 January 1984).