1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abdication
ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one), the act whereby a person in office renounces and gives up the same before the expiry of the time for which it is held. In Roman law, the term is especially applied to the disowning of a member of a family, as the disinheriting of a son, but the word is seldom used except in the sense of surrendering the supreme power in a state. Despotic sovereigns are at liberty to divest themselves of their powers at any time, but it is otherwise with a limited monarchy. The throne of Great Britain cannot be lawfully abdicated unless with the consent of the two Houses of Parliament. When James II., after throwing the great seal into the Thames, fled to France in 1688, he did not formally resign the crown, and the question was discussed in parliament whether he had forfeited the throne or had abdicated. The latter designation was agreed on, for in a full assembly of the Lords and Commons, met in convention, it was resolved, in spite of James’s protest, “that King James II. having endeavoured to subvert the constitution of the kingdom, by breaking the original contract between king and people, and, by the advice of Jesuits and other wicked persons, having violated the fundamental laws, and having withdrawn himself out of this kingdom, has abdicated the government, and that the throne is thereby vacant.” The Scottish parliament pronounced a decree of forfeiture and deposition. Among the most memorable abdications of antiquity may be mentioned that of Sulla the dictator, 79 B.C., and that of the Emperor Diocletian, A.D. 305. The following is a list of the more important abdications of later times:—
| A.D. | ||
| Benedict IX., pope | 1048 | |
| Stephen II. of Hungary | 1131 | |
| Albert (the Bear) of Brandenburg | 1169 | |
| Ladislaus III. of Poland | 1206 | |
| Celestine V., pope | Dec. 13, | 1294 |
| John Baliol of Scotland | 1296 | |
| John Cantacuzene, emperor of the East | 1355 | |
| Richard II. of England | Sept. 29, | 1399 |
| John XXIII., pope | 1415 | |
| Eric VII. of Denmark and XIII. of Sweden | 1439 | |
| Murad II., Ottoman Sultan | 1444 and | 1445 |
| Charles V., emperor | 1556 | |
| Christina of Sweden | 1654 | |
| John Casimir of Poland | 1668 | |
| James II. of England | 1688 | |
| Frederick Augustus of Poland | 1704 | |
| Philip V. of Spain | 1724 | |
| Victor Amadeus II. of Sardinia | 1730 | |
| Ahmed III., Sultan of Turkey | 1730 | |
| Charles of Naples (on accession to throne of Spain) | 1759 | |
| Stanislaus II. of Poland | 1795 | |
| Charles Emanuel IV. of Sardinia | June 4, | 1802 |
| Charles IV. of Spain | Mar. 19, | 1808 |
| Joseph Bonaparte of Naples | June 6, | 1808 |
| Gustavus IV. of Sweden | Mar. 29, | 1809 |
| Louis Bonaparte of Holland | July 2, | 1810 |
| Napoleon I., French Emperor | April 4, 1814, and June 22, | 1815 |
| Victor Emanuel of Sardinia | Mar. 13, | 1821 |
| Charles X. of France | Aug. 2, | 1830 |
| Pedro of Brazil[1] | April 7, | 1831 |
| Miguel of Portugal | May 26, | 1834 |
| William I. of Holland | Oct. 7, | 1840 |
| Louis Philippe, king of the French | Feb. 24, | 1848 |
| Louis Charles of Bavaria | Mar. 21, | 1848 |
| Ferdinand of Austria | Dec. 2, | 1848 |
| Charles Albert of Sardinia | Mar. 23, | 1849 |
| Leopold II. of Tuscany | July 21, | 1859 |
| Isabella II. of Spain | June 25, | 1870 |
| Amadeus I. of Spain | Feb. 11, | 1873 |
| Alexander of Bulgaria | Sept. 7, | 1886 |
| Milan of Servia | Mar. 6, | 1889 |
- ↑ Pedro had succeeded to the throne of Portugal in 1826, but abdicated it at once in favour of his daughter.