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courses of free public lectures upon branches of natural of 13 acres. The train-shed is with curved roof of one and moral science by the foremost authorities of the day sweep 602 feet long, 570 feet wide, and 112 feet extreme on these subjects. The theatres number seventeen. There height. There are 32 tracks—28 on the main floor, and are twenty clubhouses, one of which, that of the May- 4 in the shape of 2 loop tracks on the lower or subway, flower club, is for women. Of churches there are 296—- for suburban traffic. The length of tracks under the .228 Protestant, 49 Roman Catholic, and 19 Jewish syna- roof is 4 miles, and the number of trains using the station gogues. The Roman Catholic churches outnumber those daily is 750 ; on Sundays 195. It was estimated in 1900 of any single Protestant denomination, the largest among that 50,000,000 passengers were carried to and from Boston the latter—thirty-eight—being credited to the Baptists; the yearly upon the railway routes within a radius of 50 miles Congregational Trinitarians and the Methodist Episco- of the city. The street electric car system is the most palians come next with thirty-six each; the Protestant Epis- extensive in the world, the total length of track being copalians, thirty-four ; and the Congregational Unitarians, 337 miles, and the number of passengers annually twenty-five. In private charities, philanthropic and bene- carried upwards of 190,000,000. Many of its lines ficent work, Boston annually expends large sums through pass through the heart of the city by the subway, an organizations of various classes. There are about 300 of underground work built in 1895-98 to relieve the these bodies, or one society for every 1800 persons in the congestion caused by the pressure of cars and traffic in city. The charitable capital has been estimated at upwards some of the most crowded thoroughfares. The subway is of $17,000,000, and the annual contribution of citizens about a mile and two-thirds in length, partly with four for charitable and benevolent purposes at more than tracks and partly with two. Grade crossings are avoided $600,000. The Associated Charities of Boston is an in- by means of interior loops, with sub-subways at junction corporated organization (1881), with a central office, and points. The width of the four-track portion is 48 feet. district offices in various sections, employing numerous The average height is 14 feet. The platforms at the paid agents and volunteer assistants, the objects of which stations are island platforms. The interior is lighted are to secure the concurrent and harmonious action of the throughout by electricity, and thoroughly ventilated by different charities of the city. Among the larger and more fans. The subway was built under the supervision of the important of the beneficent institutions are thirty-three Boston Transit Commission at a cost of $4,250,000 within thoroughly equipped special hospitals, and three general the appropriation Over 50,000,000 passengers are carried hospitals, the latter including the Massachusetts general through it annually. The compensation paid by the railway company for its use is a sum per annum equal to 4f hospital, and the Massachusetts homoeopathic hospital. The foreign commerce of Boston is second only to that per cent, of its net cost. An elevated railway through of New York. The exports for the year ending 30th June portions of the city, completed in 1901, is worked in con1901, valued at $143,708,268, were the largest in the nexion with the surface system. Boston has a magnificent system of public parks, in history of the port; the imports were $61,452,370. The aggregate foreign commerce for 1900, $192,608,536, shows addition to the historic Common in the heart of the city, an increase in a quarter of a century, or since 1875, of which has been a Common almost since the founding of $109,760,279. Nearly one-fourth of the entire American the town, and the unique public garden separated from exports of the various meat and dairy products classed as the Common by a single street. This system, a chain of provisions, in the year ending 30th June 1899, passed parks, embraces 2308 acres of picturesque lands, 126 9 through this port. It holds the first place among American acres of ponds and rivers, 38'45 miles of drives, /0 01 ports in the export of live cattle. It is the largest wool miles of walks, and 8'7 miles of rides. There are, besides, market and the largest fish market in the country, in each numerous playgrounds and separate parks. Ihe cost of second only in the world to London. The ocean tonnage the system, including lands and construction, to January entered and cleared in the foreign trade in the year ending 1900 was $16,627,033. In the outlying districts, mostly 30th June 1900 aggregated 4,145,187 tons ; the steamship within the boundaries of “ Greater Boston,” is the larger sailings to foreign ports were 973. In connexion with metropolitan parks system, established by the state, which the freight service there has been built up between Boston embraces 9279 acres of forest or woods, seashore, and and Liverpool a passenger service of increasing proportions. river-bank reservations, and 17 miles of park-ways and The arrivals in the coastwise trade in 1900 were 10,436, boulevards, valued at $10,000,000. Eotable additions to an aggregate tonnage of 8,244,860 tons. In various in- the public statues and monuments of the city are the dustries the census of 1895 showed $77,064,107 of capital monument by Augustus St Gaudens to Colonel Robert invested. The great railway systems having theii terminals G. Shaw (1895), commander of the first enlisted coloured in Boston—the Boston and Maine (with which are con- regiment in the Civil lYar, killed at its head while leading solidated the former Eastern; the Boston and Lowell the assault on Fort Wagner in 1863 ; statues of General, systems, extending into New Hampshire and Canada, and afterwards Judge Charles Devens (1898), of Sir Henry the Fitchburg and Hoosac tunnel system), entering on the Yane, in the vestibule of the public library, and of north side of the city; the New ork, New Haven, and Admiral Farragut (1896); and a monument to J ohn Boyle Hartford (controlling by lease the Boston and Providence, O’Reilly (1892). A regular department of the city the Old Colony, and the New England railways), and the government is an art department, in charge of five comBoston and Albany (New York Central) systems, entering missioners, serving without pay, appointed by the mayor from candidates named by certain local art and Irterary on the south side—now enter two immense stations the Union, or North station, and the South Terminal—in institutions, without whose approval no work Eof MartB can ( - - • -) place of eight separate stations, four on each side. The become the property of the city. Botcinya See Anatomy op Plants, Cytology, Union station, first completed (1893), a structure of brick, granite, and brown stone, covers an area of 9 acres. The Paleobotany, Pathology of Plants, Physiology or train-shed is 539 feet long, 537 feet wide, and 51 feet Plants, &c. high, and contains 23 tracks. The length of tracks under Bothnia, Gulf Of. See Baltic Sea. cover is 2 miles, and nearly 600 passenger trains arrive Both Well, a village of Lanarkshire, Scotland, stands and depart from this station each week-day. The South near the Clyde, 8 miles S.E. of Glasgow by rail. A Terminal station (built 1897-98) is called the largest and gravitation water - supply has been introduced, the old most costly of modern railway stations. It fovers an area
