tion in prose and verse, and has been described as a "composition of the Puritan way of thinking ingrafted on the old classic machinery of Apollo and his court." He also published "The New- lander's Cure," in which he gives some account of his Newfoundland settlement (1630), and "The Church Militant," a labored historical poem (1040).
VAUGHAN, William, soldier, b. in Ports-
mouth, N. H., 12 Sept., 1703 ; d. in London, Eng-
land, 11 Dec, 1746. His father, George (1676-1724),
was graduated at Harvard in 1696 and was lieu-
tenant-governor of New Hampshire in 1715-17.
The son was graduated at Harvard in 1722, be-
came concerned in the fisheries, and settled in
Damariscotta. He is one of the claimants for the
honor of first suggesting the successful expedition
against Louisburg. It is said that he made the
suggestion to Gov. Benning Wentworth, of New
Hampshire, who referred him to Gov. William
Shirley, of Massachusetts. He took part as lieu-
tenant-colonel in the expedition under Sir William
Pepperell, and at the head of a detachment, chief-
ly of New Hampshire troops, he marched by night
to the northeastern part of the harbor, where he
burned the warehouses and destroyed a large quan-
tity of wine and brandy. The French were forced
bythe smoke to desert the grand battery, of which
Vaughan took possession next morning, and which
he held till the fall of the city. He considered
himself slighted in the distribution of awards, and
at the time of his death was asserting his rights in
England. His claim of priority in .the suggestion
of the expedition is upheld in the anonymous tract,
" The Importance and Advantage of Cape Breton "
(London, 1746), the authorship of which is often
assigned to William Bollan, but which some be-
lieve to have been inspired by Vaughan. Other
authors also say that common report gave him pri-
ority. See also " Col. William Vaughan of Mar-
tinicus and Damariscotta " in the " Collections of
the Maine Historical Society," bv William Goold.
VAUGIRAUD, Pierre Ren6 Marie (vo-zhe-
ro). Comte de, French naval officer, b. in Sables-
d'Olonne in 1741 ; d. in France, 14 March, 1819.
Fie entered the navy at the age of fourteen, and
in 1781 was major-general in the fleet of the Count
de Grasse, and contributed to the early successes
of that commander in the West Indies. While the
fleet was off Cape Haytien, a fire was discovered
on board the " Intrepide," which was stationed in
the centre, close to the town. The sailors, panic-
stricken, mutinied and abandoned the vessel, and
Vaugiraud asked leave of the Count de Grasse to
aid the commander of the "Intrepide" in saving
the fleet or to perish with him. He then made-his
way to the vessel, which was already in flames,
forced the mutineers to return, and ordered the
necessary measures. The Are was approaching the
powder-magazine, when the " Intrepide " was moved
some distance from the fleet and town. Vaugiraud
and its commander then ordered the crew to take
to the boats, and were the last to leave the ship,
which blew up five minutes after their departure.
Vaugiraud afterward sailed to Chesapeake bay,
and. returning with De Grasse to the Antilles, took
part in the battle of 12 April, 1782, against Lord
Rodney, receiving from the king an autograph let-
ter of "thanks and a pension of 12,000 livres. He
was in command of a vessel at Martinique in 1789,
when an insurrection began in the island. He sec-
onded the efforts of the governor, and both for a
time arrested the progress of the revolution. He
left France in 1791, and returned with trie Bour-
bons in 1814. He was made vice-admiral and gov-
ernor of Martinique, and soon afterward gover-
nor-general of the Antilles. When he arrived he
found that the people had learned of the return of
Napoleon, and were everywhere hoisting the tri-
color flag. He took energetic measures to preserve
Martinique and Guadeloupe to Louis XVIII., and.
when he saw that this was impossible without as-
sistance, he formed a convention with the English.
in virtue of which he gave them control of the
colonies for the time. He governed the colony
afterward with firmness, and restored its finances
to a sound condition, but he was charged with
being harsh and tyrannical, and was recalled in
1818. The king forbade him his presence, and he
died broken-hearted. Vaugiraud published " Rap-
port au roi sur le gouvernement de la Martinique
et de la Guadeloupe" (Paris, 1822), which was de-
clared unauthentic by his family.
VAUQUELIN, French naval officer, b. in Caen,
France, in 1726; d. in France in 1763. At the age
of ten he entered the naval service under his father.
In 1745 he gained a victory over an English frig-
ate off Martinique, and in 1754 he was employed
in reconnoitring the English ports, and performed
this mission with such sagacity that he was given
the command of the " Arethuse," and sent with
re-enforcements and military stores to Louisburg,
Cape Breton. He was entirely successful, but he
determined to do more for the French colony,
and, seeing that advantage could be derived from
the possession of a bay in front of which English
vessels had to pass, he took up a position in it. He
was attacked by a superior force, but fought his
ship until most of his crew were wounded. Then
he retired under the cannon of the fort, repaired
his vessel, and, having with difficulty obtained the
governor's consent, he escaped through the English
fleet and sailed for France to obtain aid for the
colony. This feat excited the admiration of the
English officers, and especially of Admiral Bos-
cawen, but met with no adequate reward in France,
where the highest commands in the army and
navy were considered to belong to the nobility
solely. However, he was given command of three
frigates, and, in spite of the vigilance of the Eng-
lish fleet, sailed up St. Lawrence river, placed his
vessels in a position of security, and, with part
of the crew, re-enforced the garrison in Quebec.
This succor delayed the capitulation for several
days, but after the French reverses of 13 Sept. he
foresaw that the city must soon surrender, and he
resolved to make an effort to save his frigates.
Escaping from Quebec with a few followers,' he
reached his vessels safely, and at once set sail. He
had scarcely reached the mouth of the St. Law-
rence when he was attacked by a superior force.
After a heroic defence, his ship became unmanage-
able. Determined to sink with his vessel rather
than surrender, he allowed his crew to escape, and
remained alone on board his ship, which he set on
fire, but the English commander, moved by his
heroism, saved him. When he returned to France
he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. But
he had enemies who were jealous of his elevation,
and after an important mission on which he was
sent to India, he was arrested and confined to his
house. He was released after four months' deten-
tion, and was about to appear before the king in
order to defend himself, when he was assassinated.
VAUX, Calvert (vawks), landscape architect,
b. in London, England, 20 Dec, 1824. He was
educated at the Merchant tailors' school, and was
a pupil to Lewis N. Cottingham, architect in Lon-
don. In 1848 he came to this country at the sug-
gestion of Andrew J. Downing, whose architec-
tural partner he became, and with whom he was
