Araucania y sus habitantes " (1845) ; " Geologia y Geometria Subterranea" (1873); "Excursion a las Cordilleras de Copiapo " (1875) ; and " Constitucion Geologica de Chile " (1876).
DOOLITTLE, Charles Camp, soldier, b. in
Burlington, Vt., 16 March, 1832. He was educated
at the High-school in Montreal, Canada, but was
not graduated on account of his removal to New
York city in 1847. He subsequently went to Michi-
gan, and on 16 May, 1861, became 1st lieutenant in
the 4th Michigan regiment. He was made colonel
of the 18th regiment of that state on 22 July, 1862,
served in the peninsular campaign, and was slightly
wounded at Gaines's Mills. He served in Kentucky
in 1862-'3, and in Tennessee in 1863-'4, and was in
command of Decatur, Ala., during the first day's
successful defence of that town against Gen. John
B. Hood. He led a brigade at Nashville, and was
in command of that city in 1865, and of the north-
eastern district of Louisiana in the autumn of that
year. On 27 Jan., 1865, he was made brigadier-gen-
eral of volunteers, and on 13 June he was brevetted
major-general. He was mustered out on 30 Nov.,
at his own request, and since 1871 has been cashier
of the Merchants' national bank, Toledo, Ohio.
DOUGHTY, John, soldier, b. in New Jersey
about 1746 ; d. after 1802. He acted as commander
of the American army by seniority of rank or by the
appointment of Gen. Washington, from June, 1784,
till September, 1789. There was no United States
army during that period, except two companies of
artillery, the Continental army having been dis-
banded and the new army not formed. He became
major of an artillery company in 1789, lieutenant-
colonel of artillery and engineers in June, 1798, and
on 26 May, 1800, he resigned. Col. Doughty, in
1785, built Fort Harmar, at the junction of the
Muskingum with the Ohio river (the site of Mari-
etta), which was the first post of the kind within
the bounds of Ohio. In 1790 he built Fort Wash-
ington, consisting of hewn-log cabins with connect-
ing palisades, where now stands the city of Cincin-
nati.' It was between the present Third and Fourth
streets, and is represented in the illustration.
DOWD, Charles Ferdinand, educator, b. in
Madison, Conn., 25 April, 1825. He was graduated
at Yale in 1853, and has successively held the posts
of principal of the preparatory department of
Newton university, Baltimore, Md., professor of
mathematics there, principal of the high-school,
Waterbury, Conn., associate principal of the Con-
necticut normal school at New Britain, superin-
tendent of public schools, Waterbury, Conn.,
principal of the Granville (N. Y.) military acade-
my, and president of Temple Grove seminary,
Saratoga Springs, N. Y. He conceived the idea of
adopting one standard for railway time, and after
submitting it to a railway convention in New York
city in October, 1869, he devised a complete plan,
which he published, with a map (1870). Prof.
Dowd attended conventions of railway managers
in Boston, in New York, and in the west, and finally
secured the adoption of the present system of rail-
way standai'd time, which is a modification of his
first plan. In this system the country is divided
into sections, in each of which the time is made
uniform, and the standards in adjacent sections
differ by one hour. It went into effect on 18 Nov.,
1883. Prof. Dowd received the degree of Ph. D.
from the University of New York in 1888. He is
writing " A Theory of Ethics."
DRAKE, Francis Marion, soldier, b. in Rush-
ville, Schuyler co., 111., 30 Dec, 1830. His father,
John, a native of North Carolina, founded the
town of Drakesville, Iowa. The son was educated
in the district schools, and entered a mercantile
life at sixteen years of age. He crossed the plains
to Sacramento, Cal., in 1852 and 1854, engaged in
Indian warfare, and in 1859 settled in business in
Unionville, Iowa. He served through the civil
war, becoming in 1862 lieutenant-colonel of the
36th Iowa cavalry, was severely wounded at Mark's
Mills, and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier-general
of volunteers. He re-entered mercantile life at the
end of the war, and was admitted to the bar in
1866, but subsequently engaged in railroad-build-
ing. In 1881 he became a founder of Drake univer-
sity, contributing the principal amount.
ELKIN, William Lewis, astronomer, b. in
New Orleans, La., 29 April, 1855. He was edu-
cated at the Royal polytechnic school in Stuttgart,
Germany, and was graduated at the University of
Strasburg in 1880. Subsequently he was asso-
ciated with Dr. David Gill, of the Royal observatory
at the Cape of Good Hope, in investigating the
parallaxes of southern stars. In 1884 he became
an astronomer at the observatory of Yale univer-
sity, which post he still holds. His investigations
at this place have included a triangulation of the
Pleiades with the heliometer, and other researches
with that instrument, the only one of its kind in
America ; also researches on the parallaxes of
northern stars. These results have been published
in current astronomical journals, and have given
Dr. Elkin wide reputation among astronomers.
ESTE, George Peahody, soldier, b. in Nashua,
N. H., 24 April, 1829 ; d. in New York city, 6 Feb.,
1881. He wrote his family name Estey till he en-
tered the army, when he adopted an older spelling.
He entered Dartmouth, but left on account of ill-
ness before graduation, and, after going to Cali-
fornia, studied law, and settled in Toledo, where
he became a partner of Morrison R. Waite. He
was solicitor of his county in 1860, but, entering
the National service as a private, became lieuten-
ant-colonel of the 14th Ohio infantry, and in 1862
succeeded to the command. During the Atlanta
campaign and afterward he led a brigade, and at
Jonesboro' he averted defeat by a timely bayonet
charge. He was brevetted brigadier-general of vol-
unteers, 9 Dec, 1864, and on 26 June, 1865, was
given full rank. Gen. Este resigned on 4 Dec,
1865, and afterward practised his profession in
Washington, D. C. He was presented by his regi-
ment wijh a sword with diamond-studded hilt.
FERMOY, Matthias Alexis Roche de, French soldier, b. in the West Indies about 1737; d. after 1778. He was 34th on the list of Continental brigadier-generals, his commission dating 5 Nov.. 1776. On coming to this country in that year and offering his services to congress, Fermoy represented him-
