geologist. Prom 1865 till 1873 he was professor of natural sciences and the higher mathematics in the State agricultural college. While connected with this institution he employed his vacations in exploring the cretaceous formation in western Kansas, and thus discovered forty-five new species of fossils, including Ichthyornis dispar, a bird with biconcave vertebrEe. He was president of the Kansas state teachers' association in 18(57, and of the Kansas academy of sciences in 1868-'79. From 1873 till 1879 he was lecturer on geology in the state university at Lawrence. Prof. Mudge was a frequent contributor, 1873-'80, to the "Transactions" of the Kansas academy of sciences and other societies. He also published "First Annual Report on the Geology of Kansas " (Lawrence, 18(56).
MUENSTER, Paul, clergyman, b. in Zanchtenthal, Moravia, 25 July, 1716; d. in Bethlehem, Pa., 14 Oct., 1792. He was a direct descendant of members of the Ancient brethren's church, and his parents were persecuted with such severity as to cause his father's death. In 1729 he and his mother, led by his brother, who had previously escaped but returned in order to assist them, made their way safely to Herrnhut, in Saxony, Paul carrying strapped to his back a copy of the hymnal of the Ancient brethren, which he deemed to
be his greatest treasure. The volume is now in the archives of the Moravian church at Bethlehem. He entered the ministry in 1747, and, after laboring for fourteen years in England, came to this country in 1761, having received an appointment as senior minister at Bethlehem, Pa., which post he filled for thirty-one vears.
MUHLENBERG, Henry Melchior, clergyman,
b. in Eimbeck, Hanover, Germany, 6 Sept.,
1711; d. in Trappe, Montgomery co., Pa., 7 Oct.,
1787. His parents were Nicholaus Melchior and
Anna Maria Muhlenberg. His father was a member
of the council of Eimbeck, and his mother was
the daughter of a retired officer. In early life he
attended school in his native place, but his father
died when Henry was twelve years old, and his
studies were interrupted for some time. At the
age of twenty-one he was enabled to resume them
in private, and in 1735 he entered the University
of Göttingen, which had been established in that
year. Here he became identified with the orthodox
pietism of Spener and Francke. In 1736 he
united with several students of theology in giving
instruction to poor and neglected children, from
which resulted in a very short time the establishment
of an institution for such children, which is
still in existence. In 1737 he began his theological
course at Göttingen, and in 1738 he went to Halle
to finish his course, where he was also at the same
time employed as a teacher in Francke's orphan
home. In 1739, after his ordination, he was called
to the office of deacon or assistant in the church
at Gross-Hennersdorf, in Upper Lusatia, and
inspector of the orphan house at that place. He
labored here with much success until 1741, when
he accepted a call in the name of several
congregations of German Lutherans in Pennsylvania to
go there as a missionary. Three imperfectly
organized Lutheran congregations in Pennsylvania,
located respectively at New Hanover, New Providence
(now Trappe), and Philadelphia, had already,
in 1733, sent three delegates to England, Holland,
and Germany to solicit gifts for the erection of
churches and school-houses, and to ask for a pastor
for themselves and other Lutherans scattered
throughout the provinces in the New World. The
delegates were kindly received, money was collected,
and now the first missionary was called, 6 Sept.,
1741. In the beginning of the following year
Muhlenberg began the journey to his new field of
labor; he spent some time in London, and on 13
June, 1742, embarked on a packet that was going
to Georgia with provisions for Gen. Oglethorpe's
colony. During the voyage he took much interest
in the spiritual welfare of passengers and sailors,
and preached to them in the English language.
He arrived at Charleston, S. C., on 22 Sept., 1742,
and on 25 Nov. he reached Philadelphia and
entered at once upon his work. He labored with
great zeal and under many difficulties among the
three congregations that had called him, but soon
extended his labors to other places in Pennsylvania
and the adjacent provinces. In the early part
of the 18th century German Lutherans had settled
in various parts of the New World, and these he
carefully sought out, ministered to their spiritual
wants, and organized congregations among them.
As his field of labor enlarged he petitioned his
patrons in Germany for one or more pastors. In
1745 Rev. Peter Brunnholtz and two theological
students arrived in Pennsylvania. Mr. Brunnholtz
was placed in Philadelphia and the students at
New Hanover and Philadelphia as teachers and
assistants. Later others were sent over from
Halle in order to take up the work where Muhlenberg
had made a beginning, and previous to the
Revolutionary war there were already a respectable
number of co-laborers sent out from Halle.
Muhlenberg was married, 23 April, 1745, to a
daughter of J. Conrad Weiser, of Tulpehoken, the
well-known Indian interpreter. After the arrival
of Brunnholtz at Philadelphia, Muhlenberg resided
at Trappe. With the arrival of more laborers the
field, of which he had the oversight, extended
itself more from year to year, so that about the
middle of the 18th century it extended from Georgia,
through the Carolinas, Maryland, Pennsylvania,
and New Jersey, to New York city and the shores
of the upper Hudson. In 1748 Muhlenberg and
his co-laborers organized the first Lutheran synod
on the basis of the Lutheran confessions. This
synod stood in very friendly relations with the
Swedish Lutheran ministers, whose settlement
along the Delaware dated from 1638. Muhlenberg
was eminently qualified for his task. He could
use four or five languages, and could endure any
amount of work. During the summers of 1751 and
1752 he labored among the Dutch and Germans in
New York city, and he repeated his visit in 1759
and 1760, serving congregations in New York and
New Jersey. He held frequent intercourse with the
Swedish ministers, delivered addresses in Latin,
and occasionally preached in the English
language. The first church in Philadelphia was
dedicated in 1748. Later, in 1762, he reorganized the
congregation under a new constitution, which has
become the model for most subsequent congregations.
Some part of the years 1774-'5 Muhlenberg
spent in Georgia in order to re-establish peace
and order among the pastors and people there,
and he succeeded in giving them a new constitution
and a better form of government. During
the Revolutionary war he endured many trials,
owing to the fact that he and his family cast their
lot with the Americans. In 1776 he removed to
his home at Trappe, where he resided during the
remainder of his life, continuing to preach as
circumstances demanded and his failing health
permitted, and assisting the pastors and congregations
with his counsel and advice. He carried on
an extensive correspondence both with his brethren
in this country and with his patrons at Halle and
elsewhere in Germany. The result of his vast for-
