at Hillsdale college in 1863. and after a year at the law-school in Ann Arbor. Mich., was graduated at Chicago law-school in 18G5. Subsequently he de- voted his attention to teaching, and became pro- fessor of mathematics and astronomy at Carleton college and director of its observatory. Prof. Payne is director of the Minnesota state weather service. He is a member of scientific societies, and contributes papers in his specialties to their trans- actions. In 1867 he projected "The Minnesota Teacher and Journal of Education," which he con- tinued for six years, and in 1883 he established " The Sidereal Messenger," which he still edits.
PAYSON, Phillips, clergyman, b. in Walpole,
Mass., 18 Jan., 1736; d. in Chelsea, Mass., 11 Jan.,
1801. He was graduated at Harvard in 1754,
studied divinity, and from 1757 until his death
was pastor of the Congregational church in Chel-
sea, Mass. Mr. Payson was a zealous patriot dur-
ing the Revolution. He was of scholarly attain-
ments, and an eloquent preacher. Harvard gave
him the degree of D. D. in 1800. He published
tracts on astronomy and natural philosophy in the
" Transactions of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences," and several sermons, the best known
of which is that on the "Battle of Lexington"
(1780) and on the " Death of Washington " (1800).
— His brother, Seth, clergvman, b. in Walpole,
Mass., 29 Sept., 1758; d. in Rindge, N. H., 26
Feb., 1820, was graduated at Harvard in 1777, and
from 1782 until his death was pastor of the Con-
gregational church in Rindge, N. H. Dartmouth
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1809. He pub-
lished numerous sermons, and a work against secret
societies, entitled " Proofs of the Existence and
Dangerous Tendencies of Modern Illuminisin "
(Rindge, N. H., 1802). — Seth's son, Edward,
clergyman, b. in Rindge, N. H., 25 Jan., 1783 ; d.
in Portland, Me., 22 Oct., 1827, was graduated
at Harvard in 1803, taught in Portland, Me.,
for three years, studied divinity under his father,
and from his ordination until his death was pastor
of the Congregational church in Portland. Bow-
doin gave him the degree of D. D. in 1821, He
was of exalted piety, and, although almost without
worldly ambition, is described by his contempo-
raries as having left a lasting impression of his
life and work on the community in which he lived.
He frequently was invited to accept charges in
New York and Boston, but refused to leave his
Portland congregation. His sermons were collected
and published, with a memoir, by Rev. Asa Cum-
mings, and an introduction by Rev. Calvin E.
Stowe (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1859). Rufus W. Gris-
wold says of this work : " It is more read at home
and abroad than the writings of any other New
England divine except Dr. Timothy Dwight."
PAZ, José Maria (path), Argentine soldier, b.
in Cordova de Tucuman, 9 Sept., 1789; d. in Bue-
nos Ayres, 22 Oct., 1854. He studied philosophy
and theology in the university of his native city,
and was about to be graduated in law when the
revolution against the Spanish dominion began in
Buenos Ayres, 25 May, 1810. With the majority of
his fellow-students he enlisted in the independent
army and took part in the campaign of upper Peru
in 1813-15. In the later intestine wars of the re-
public he fought always on the side of legality
against oppression, and in 1829 routed at Salta,
Tucuman. and Cordova the Federal partisan chiefs
Bustos and Quiroga, losing his right arm. In 1840
he was expelled by the dictator Rosas and took
refuge in Montevideo, where in 1843, during the
siege bv Oribe's forces, he was appointed command-
er-in-chief of the besieged city, and showed mili-
tary talent in the defence. In June, 1844, he was
called to take the command of the army that had
risen in the province of Corrientes against Rosas,
who sent Gen. Urquiza against the revolutionists.
They were finally routed at Vences in 1845, and
Paz emigrated to Chili. After the fall of Rosas he
returned, and was elected governor of (Jordova ;
but after the election of Urquiza to the [)residency,
and his virtual assumption of the dictatorship,
Paz retired to Buenos Ayres. where he was called
by the government of Dr. Alsina to the portfolio
of war; but he soon died in poverty. After the
reconstruction of the Argentine confederation con-
gress voted $40,000 to his widow and children.
PAZ SOLDAN, Mariano Felipe, Peruvian
statesman, b. in Arequipa in 1821. He received
his preparatory education in the Seminary of San
Geronimo of his native city, and in 1838 went to
Lima to study law in the University of San Mar-
cos, where he was graduated in 1843, returning to
Arequipa to practise his profession. In the fol-
lowing year he was ap|)ointed district judge of
Cajamarca and Chota. and gradually rose in his
profession, becoming successively judge-auditor of
the naval court of Callao, and member of the su-
perior courts of Libertad and Lima. In 1853 he
was sent as minister to Colombia, and on his re-
turn he remained for some time in the United
States, where he studied the penitentiary system.
On his return to Peru he conceived the project of
establishing the improved system in that countrj',
and, after he had encountered many difficulties,
Gen. Ramon Castillo interested himself in the enter-
prise, and Paz Soldan directed the construction of
the present model penitentiary at Lima. He held
in 1860 the portfolio of foreign relations, and in
1870 that of justice. Later he was appointed gen-
eral director of public works, and director of the
penitentiary that he had established, but afterward
he retired to private life, to devote himself entirely
to the preparation of his geographical dictionary.
In March, 1881, he formed part of Francisco Gar-
cia Calderon's cabinet, but after the arrest of the
latter by the Chilians he retired again to private
life. He is professor of literature at the Univer-
sity of San Marcos, and has published in the news-
papers of Lima many sonnets. He is the author
of " Atlas Geografico de la Republica del Peru,"
published bv order of President Castilla (Paris,
1861 ; French ed., 1865) ; " Historia del Peru Inde-
pendientede 1819 a 1827" (Lima, 1868-70); and
" Diccionario Geografico Estadistico del Peru "
(1877).— His brother, Mateo, b. in Arequipa in
1814 ; d. in Lima in 1860. studied in the Seminary
of San Geronimo of his native city, was graduated
in law in 1835, and afterward employed in the de-
partment of taxes. In his leisure hours he studied
French, English, Italian, Latin, and Greek, and
cultivated mathematical science. He is the author
of an excellent " Tratado de Astronomia" (Madrid,
1856), used as a text-book in Spain ; " Geografia
del Peru," edited by his brother Mariano (Lima.
1860. and French ed.. Paris, 1863) : and " Tratado
de Calculo infinitesimal " (Lima, 1874).
PEABODY, Andrew Preston, clergyman, b. in Beverly, Mass., 19 March, 1811 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 10 March, 1893. He was graduated at Harvard, and, after studying in the divinity-school and serving as mathematical tutor in the university, succeeded in 1833 Rev. Dr. Nathan Parker as pastor of the South parish (Unitarian) church in Portsmouth, N. H. He held this pastorate till 1860, when he was appointed preacher to the university and professor of Christian morals, and this relation was maintained till the commencement season of 1881.
