AIGNIER, LOUIS AUGUSTE LAURENT, born in Toulon, Feb. 21, 1815), died there, June 8, 1865. Landscape and marine painter, pupil of E. Hébert; sketched in France and Spain. Works in museums of Toulon and Marseilles.—Meyer, Künst. Lex., i. 152.
AIKMAN, WILLIAM, born at Cairney, Forfarshire, Scotland, Oct. 24, 1682, died in London, June 7, 1731. Pupil of Sir John Medina; studied in Rome in 1707-10, travelled in the East, returned to Edinburgh in 1712, and practised portrait painting with success. In 1723 settled in London, where he imitated manner of Kneller. His large, unfinished picture of the royal family is in collection of Duke of Devonshire; portrait of himself in National Gallery, Edinburgh; portrait of poet Thomson, Lyttelton Gallery, Worcester; portrait of Duncan Forbes (?), National Portrait Gallery, London. Many of his works are engraved.—Redgrave; Meyer, Künst. Lex., i. 152.
AINEMOLO. See Aniemolo.
AINMILLER, MAX EMANUEL, born in Munich, Feb. 14, 1807, died there, Dec. 9, 1870. Painter of architecture and reviver of glass painting ; pupil of the Munich Academy, afterwards concerned in, and since 1844, director of the royal manufactory of stained glass, which under his supervision has produced important works for the cathedrals of Ratisbon, Cologne, and Speier, St. Paul's in London, and the university church at Cambridge. His Gothic church interiors, which show a thorough knowledge of architecture, are somewhat hard and cold in colour, though well managed as to light and shade. Works: two interior views of Westminster Abbey, Munich Gallery; do., and others, National Gallery, Berlin; interiors of Church of our Lady in Munich, St. Lawrence Church in Nuremberg, St Stephen's in Vienna, and Ratisbon and Ulm cathedrals.—Allgem. d. Biogr., i. 166; Meyer, Künst. Lex., i. 154; Kunst-Chronik, vi. 41; Brockhaus, i. 277.
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AIVASOVSKI, IVAN CONSTANTINOVICH, born at Feodosia, Crimea, July 7, 1817. Marine painter, pupil of the St. Petersburg Academy, from 1833, and of Philippe Tanneur after the latter's arrival there in 1835. From 1837 he studied independently from nature, and in the same year exhibited six pictures which attracted the attention of the Emperor, who enabled him to travel in the Crimea and Mingrelia. He went in 1840 to Italy, where he painted, especially in Naples, his first successful pictures, and after having visited Holland, England, and Spain, returned to Russia in 1844, was made member of the St. Petersburg Academy, and executed for the Emperor several views on the Gulf of Finland. In 1845 he made a tour through Southern Russia and Turkey, and then settled in his native town. In 1847-56 he exhibited a great number of pictures in Russia; went to Paris in 1856 and painted there 25 pictures during the following winter. Medals: Paris, 3d class, 1843; L. of Honour, 1857. Works: View of Kertsch (1846), Sunrise on the Black Sea (1850), Creation, Deluge (1865), and others, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Sea Fights at Revel, Wiborg, and Tchesme, Wreck of the Frigate Ingermanland, Peter the Great at Krassnaja Gorka, Winter Palace, ib.; View of Constantinople, Calm Sea, Naples by Moonlight, Academy, ib.; Solar Eclipse, Geographical Society, ib.; Venice, Storm, two Moonlight Views, Exchange, ib.; Lighted Castle on the Sea, Peterhof; Calm Sea by Moonlight, three Storms at Sea, Monastery of St. George, Moscow Museum.—Meyer, Künst. Lex., i. 156; Müller, 8.
AJAX, ancient picture. See Apollodorus, Panænus, Parrhasius, Timanthes, Timomachus.
AKIMOFF, IVAN AKIMOVICH, born in St. Petersburg, May 22, 1754, died May 15, 1814. History painter, pupil of the St. Petersburg Academy; studied afterwards in Bologna and Rome, where he copied chiefly Domenichino and the Carrac-
