APPENDIX 501 he draws upon John Malalas, Procojjius, Agathias, John of Epiphania, and Theo- phylactus ; for the seventh George Pisides. It is possible that all these authors were known to him only indirectly through an intermediate source. He had, in any case, before him an unknown soiuce for the seventh and most of the eighth centiuy (if not more than one), and this was also a source of Nicephorus (see above, p. 499). For the reign of Constantine VI. and Irene, Nicephorus and Michael I., Theophaues ha.s the value of a partial and prejudiced contemporary. [Previous editions have been superseded by De Boor's magnificent edition (1883), vol. i. text ; vol. ii. the Latin version of Anastasius, three lives of Theophanes, dissertations by the editor on the material for the text, and splendid Indices. Another Life of Theophanes has been edited by K. Krumbacher, 1897.] The writings of Theodore of Studion provide us with con.siderable material for ecclesiastical history as well as for the state of Monasticism at the end of the eighth and beginning of the ninth century. For his prominence in questions of church discipline, which assumed political importance (in connexion with the marriage of Constantine VI. and the policy of Nicephorus I.), see above, p. 190 n. and 1Q2 n. ; and he was a stout opponent of Leo V. in the matter of image- worship. He was born a.d. 759 (his father was a tax-collector) ; under the infiueuce of his uncle Plato, he and his whole family entered the monastery of Saccudion, where iuA.D. 797 he succeeded his uncle as abbot. In the following year, he and his monks took up their abode in the monastery of Studion ; and from this time for- ward Studion was one of the most important cloisters in the Empire. Three times was Theodore banished : (1) a.d. 795-7, owing to his opposition to the marriage of Constantine ; (2) a.d. 809-11, for his refusal to communicate with Joseph who had performed the marriage ceremony ; (3) a. d. 814-20, for his opposition to Leo V. Under Michael II. he was not formally banished, but did not care to abide at Constantinople. He died a.d. 82G. The following works of Theodore have historical interest : (1) The three yoi auTippriTiKoi, and other works in defence of image-worship ; (2) the Life of abbot Plato, which gives us a picture of monastic life ; (3) the Life of his mother Theoctista, with a most interesting account of his early education, and glimpses of family life ; (4) a large collection of letters, of the first importance for the ecclesi- astical history of the period ; they show the abbot at work, not only in his pastoral duties, but in his ecclesiastical struggles for .a quarter of a century. [Collected works in Migne, Patr. Gr. xcix. ; but 277 letters, not included, are edited by J. Cozza-Luzi, Nova patrum Bibliotheca, viii. 1, 1 sqq., 1871-]^* There are many Lives of Martyrs who suffered at the hands of the iconoclastic Emperors. The most important is that of St. Stephen of Mount Auxentius (distin- guished from the protomartyr as "the younger") who suffered in a.d. 767 ; the biography was written in a.d. 808 by Stephen, deacon of St. Sophia, and furnishes some important material for the history of the iconoclastic policy of Constantine V. For the persecution of Theophilus, we have a life of Theodore Graptus ^■' and his brother Theophanes (ed. Combefis, Orig. rerumque Constantinop. nianipulus, p. 191 aqq.}, containing a letter of Theodore himself to John of Cyzicus, of which Schlosser has made good use (Gesch. der bilderst. Kaiser, p. 524 sqq.). Other Lives of importance for the history of the iconoclastic movement are those of Germanus the Patriarch (ed. Papadopulos-Kerameus in the Mavrogordateios Bibliotheke, Appendix, p. 3 sqq.), Theophanes, Confessor (see above) ; Nicetas, abbot of Medikiou in Bithynia (died a.d. 824; Acta SS. April 1, Appendix, xxxiv.-xli.) ; Theodore of Studion (see above) ; Nicephorus, Patriarch (see above, p. 500) ; Tarasius, by the deacon Ignatius (ed. Heikel, 1889 ; Latin version in Acta SS. Febr. 25, 576 sqq.) ; the Patriarch Methodius (Migne, Patr. Gr. , vol. c, !■* Theodore was also celebrated as a composer of hymns ; many of his hymns are extant. His brother Joseph must not be confounded with the Sicilian Joseph the hymnographer. la Theodore and Theophanes were called Graptoi, " marked," because the Emperor Theo- philus branded twelve iambic trimeters on their foreheads.
