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Later, von Helmholtz^[1] in his electromagnetic theory of color dispersion started from the same point of view^[2].

Giese^[3] has applied to various cases the hypothesis, that electricity is connected to ions in metallic conductors as well; but the picture which he gives of the processes in these bodies is at one point substantially different from the idea that we have on the conduction in electrolytes. While the particles of dissolved salt, however often they may be stopped by the water molecules, eventually might travel over large distances, the ions in a copper wire will hardly have such a great mobility. We can however be satisfied with forward and backward motion at molecular distances, if we only assume that one ion often transfers its charge to another, or that two oppositely charged ions, if they meet, or after they were "connected" with one another, exchange their charges against each other. In any case, such processes must take place at the boundary of two bodies, when a current flows from one to the other. If for example $n$ positively charged copper atoms are separated at a copper plate, and we also want for the latter all the electricity be connected to ions, then we have to assume that the charges are transferred to $n$ atoms in the plate, or that ${\tfrac {1}{2}}n$ of the deposited particles exchange their charges with ${\tfrac {1}{2}}n$ negatively charged copper atoms, which were already in the electrode.

Thus, if the adoption of this transition or exchange of the ionic charges - one of course still very dark process - is the essential complement to any theory that

1. v. Helmholtz. Wied. Ann., Bd. 48, p. 389, 1893.
2. Also Koláček (Wied. Ann., Bd. 32, pp. 224 and 429, 1887) attempted to explain (albeit in a different manner) dispersion by electrical vibrations in the molecules.
   Also the theory of Goldhammer (Wied. Ann., Bd. 47, p. 93, 1892) has to be mentioned.
3. Giese. Wied. Ann., Bd. 37, p. 576, 1889.