commendation cannot be given to the farmers and farmers’ sons who are industrious and intelligent enough to take advantage of these aids toward improving their vocation, thereby raising their own standard of living and increasing their value to the community in which they live. In few occupations will the results achieved be more increased by a knowledge of underlying principles and an intelligent application of them than in farming.
Aguilar (ä-ge-lar′), Grace, a story-writer for girls, of some popularity, was the daughter of a Jewish merchant in London. Her books are numerous, among them: Home Influence, Women of Israel and Days of Bruce.
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Aguinaldo (ä-gē-näl′do), Emilio, late leader of the Filipino insurgents, of mixed European and Mestizo or native half-breed descent, was born in 1872 near Cavité, Luzon Island, one of the Philippine group. He was educated by a Jesuit priest, and at Manila he took a course in medicine. In 1896 he was mayor of Cavité, and later became leader in the anti-Spanish revolt. The insurgents becoming discouraged, Aguinaldo and other chief leaders accepted terms offered by Spain, which involved, however, their expatriation to Hong Kong. Here, when the Spanish-American war broke out, Admiral Dewey found him, and agreeing with him that he would once more take up arms against Spain in the Philippines, he, with his comrades, was given passage thither on the dispatch boat McCullock, and landing in Luzon they renewed the insurrection, beseiged Manila, and captured some 5,000 Spanish, including the wife and children of the Spanish captain-general. This achievement, added to Aguinaldo’s ambition, appears to have incited him and his compatriots to wrest the islands from both Spanish and American rule; for in June, 1898, the insurgents set up a provisional government with Aguinaldo as president, and when peace between the United States and Spain was proclaimed, Aguinaldo refused to recognize the treaty and assumed active hostilities against the United States. After attacking the American lines on February 4–5, 1899, he declared war by proclamation against the United States, and for over two years maintained desultory fighting against its forces in various parts of the Tagal provinces. Aguinaldo and his immediate following were entrapped on March 23, 1901, at Palanan, and Aguinaldo was made a prisoner by General Fred. Funston and brought to Manila. Here the insurgent president took the oath of allegiance to the United States, and issued a manifesto to the Filipinos acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States.
Aikins, Hon. James C., born in Ontario in 1823. Educated at Upper Canada College. Elected to the Legislature for the County of Peel (his native county) in 1854, and remained in the Assembly until 1861. From 1869 to 1873 he was Secretary of State and a member of the Administration of Sir John A. Macdonald, and was a second time Secretary of State in 1878. Resigned in 1882 and was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba. At the expiration of his term of office he returned to Toronto and was again appointed to the Senate of Canada.
Aino (ī′nō) or Ainu, an aboriginal Japanese race of Caucasian stock inhabiting Yezo (Hokkaido), the Kuriles, the southern part of Saghalien and other northern islands of Japan. They are in appearance short in stature, stoutly built, and in general rather hairy; their chief occupations are hunting and fishing. Their present number is less than 20,000. In early times they lived in the heart of the Japanese archipelago and exercised considerable influence upon the Japanese, though these treated them as half-barbarians and drove them to their present retreat in the northern sections of the country. Their religion is a primitive nature worship, though of late many of them have become Buddhist, while a few have been made converts to Christianity. An Aino grammar and dictionary has been published by the Rev. John Batchelor, a missionary who translated the New Testament into the native tongue. Of recent years the Ainos have been blending with the Japanese, the latter having parted with their former low opinion of the mental inferiority of the race and their backward civilization. See Batchelor’s The Ainu of Japan (London, 1892), Chamberlaine’s Things Japanese (London, 1899), and Savage Landor's Alone with the Hairy Ainu (London, 1893).
Air is the atmosphere in which we live. It is invisible, and has neither taste nor smell, but we know that it is all around us, for we take it into our lungs with every breath and it becomes our most important food. It has weight, which we do not feel because of the air and other gases within us that exert an equal outward pressure. Upon every square inch of the earth’s surface there rests a weight of about fifteen pounds of air, so that upon the body of a medium-sized man the air presses with a force equal to thirty thousand pounds. Air may be compressed or packed closely into smaller space than it usually fills. Thus, if a tumbler is pushed down, bottom upward, under water, the water will rise up inside the tumbler and press the air into smaller space. But as the tumbler is brought back to the surface the air again
