the space between being filled with stones and earth. It is about 25 feet broad at the bottom and 15 feet at the top, and from 15 to 30 feet in height. The top was at first covered with bricks, but is now overgrown with grass. The wall took ten years to build, and it is said that several millions of workmen were employed on its construction.
Chinooks (chĭ'nookz'), a tribe of Indians who formerly lived on both banks of the Columbia River, broken into many bands. Their language differed somewhat among different bands, and was hard to pronounce. This led the traders to use what was called Chinook jargon, containing some Chinook words, togther with French, English and words from other Indian languages. There are only a handful of Chinooks left, who are on the Chehalis reservation in Washington.
Chipmunk, a very wide-awake, sun-loving small squirrel that lives on the ground. It is sometimes called the striped squirrel, the black and light-colored stripes on its gray-brown fur being very prominent; a narrow black stripe on the middle of the back, on each side two black stripes separated by a stripe of light buff. It has roomy cheek-pouches in which it carries surprising quantities of nuts and grain to its nest. When hard beset, it will climb a tree for a short distance; but as it here is an easy prey for its enemies, it shows decided preference for a less exposed retreat.
CHIPMUNK
Its worst enemies are the birds of prey and the mink, fox and weasel, the last following it into farthest recesses of its burrow. In time of peace chipmunks chirrup together most sociably, and out in the light and air of which they are so fond hold very animated conversations, their chorus sometimes almost a song. The burrow is kept most artfully concealed; no track leading to it. First a perpendicular tunnel is sunk down several feet, next a horizontal passage made for a few yards, then a slight ascent brings to the chamber which is carpeted with grass. From the chamber the ground surface may be reached by a second route, this opening a considerable distance from the first. In the cosy nest well below the frost-line quantities of nuts and grain are stored for winter use, supplies being carried in the cheek-pouches. In the west they work considerable damage and are regarded as nuisances. In addition to nuts and grain, they eat considerable fruit, and are very fond of berries. They are distributed generally in this country, several species being found here. The chipmunk somewhat resembles the little creature popularly called striped gopher, but should not be confused with it. See Hornaday: American Natural History; Stone and Cram: American Animals.
Chip'pewa Falls, Wis., a city, the seat-of Chippewa County, on the Chippewa. River and served" by four railroads, 132 miles south-southeast of Duluth, Minn., and" about 100 miles east of St. Paul. The State Home for the Feeble Minded and the County Insane Asylum are located here, while in the vicinity is the battle-ground (Tone Rock) of a Sioux-Ojibwa conflict. Besides its large lumber interests, the city manufactures wooden ware, shoes, gloves, woolen goods, foundry products, beer and flour. It has some fine public buildings, including churches, schools, court-house and public library, McDonell Memorial High School and the Hanna M. Rutledge Home for the Aged. Population, 8,893.
Chip'pewa Indians. See OJIBWAYS.
Chiv'alry. See KNIGHTHOOD and FEUDAL SYSTEM.
Chlorine, one of the elements, a gas of pale yellow color about two and one half times as heavy as air. It has a powerful odor and is very irritating when present even in very small quantities in the air that is breathed. It is an effective bleaching and antiseptic agent which is usually obtained from chloride of lime, also called bleaching powder, by exposing it to the air or especially by mixing it with an acid. Chlorine is one of the constituents of common salt or sodium chloride. United with hydrogen it forms hydrochloric or muriatic acid, and it occurs in many other substances, such as chloroform, chloral, potassium chlorate, etc.
Chlorophyceae (kld'ro-fisfe-e), plants known as the green algse, which are abundant everywhere in fresh waters and in damp places, and are of special interest in connection with the evolution of the higher plants. Some of the forms are one-celled, occurring in masses which cover damp tree-trunks, stones, etc., and look like a green stain; others have filamentous bodies, composed of a row of cells more or less elongated; while in other cases filaments become branched. It may be said in general that the filamentous body is the usual type among green algae. These filamentous bodies may be seen forming felt-like masses in damp places or floating as green thready scum upon the water. Various reproductive methods are developed among the green algse. The majority of them have the characteristic asexual spores,
