the cortex as well as the epidermis. For example, the stem-prickles of the rose are emergences. A contrasting term is trichome, which is applied to structures derived entirely from the epidermis, as ordinary hairs.
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| RALPH W. EMERSON |
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, a great American essayist, was born at Boston, on May 25, 1803 and graduated at Harvard College in 1821. He studied theology under the direction of Channing, and became pastor of the Second Unitarian Church of Boston. A difference of religious views between Emerson and his congregation brought about a friendly separation, and the remainder of his life was spent as a lecturer and writer. In 1833 he made a first visit to Europe, of which he has given an account in his English Traits. The next year he moved to Concord, and lived first in the house afterward occupied by Hawthorne and celebrated in one of his stories as the Old Manse. It was also in this year (1834) that he began to correspond with Carlyle, whom he had sought out and talked with when in England. This correspondence, lasting from 1834 to 1872, has been published, and shows the two men with all their differences, yet with many deep sympathies. In 1836 appeared Nature, a poetical rhapsody in prose, and though much admired by a small circle of readers, it took twelve years to sell 500 copies. But his oration on The American Scholar, delivered at Harvard, attracted the widest attention, as did also his oration delivered at Harvard Divinity School in 1838. Of these writings Oliver Wendell Holmes remarks: "Whosoever has read carefully and lovingly these three essays, Nature, The American Scholar and the Divinity School Address, can almost say of Emerson what he makes the sphinx say of herself:
Who telleth me of my meanings
Is master of all I am.
Representative Men, The Conduct of Life and Society and Solitude are others of his best known books. Emerson died at Concord, Mass., April 27, 1882. Matthew Arnold declared that if Emerson had only had the power of sustaining himself at the sublime heights he sometimes reached, he would have ranked among the world's great poets. He is the friend of all who would live in the spirit. See Ralph Waldo Emerson, by Holmes, in the series of the American Men of Letters.
Em′ery, a mineral belonging to the same class as ruby, sapphire and other precious stones. In outward appearance emery has nothing in common with the precious stones to which it is related. It is a dense, opaque, dull, bluish-black substance, like a fine-grained iron-ore. It is found in large, bowlder-like masses on Naxos and some of the other islands of the Grecian archipelago. It is made ready for use by first breaking it into lumps about the size of a hen's egg, then crushing these to powder by stampers. It is then sifted to various degrees of fineness. Emery-powder, as it is next in hardness to diamond-dust and crystalline corundum, is used for cutting and polishing many kinds of stone. Glass stoppers of all kinds are ground into their fittings with it. Plate-glass is ground flat by its means. When used for polishing metals, it has to be spread on some kind of surface to form a fine file. Emery-paper, emery-cloth, emery-sticks, emery-cake and emery-stone are used for this purpose. Emery-wheels are largely used for polishing iron-castings. They are a mixture of emery-powder and hard, vulcanized india-rubber.
Emigra′tion means going out of one country into another, and generally to a faraway part of the world. In the country which people leave they are generally called emigrants or wanderers out; in that in which they settle they are usually styled immigrants. Jacob and his family were immigrants into Egypt, and their descendants became emigrants from that country when they went to inherit the promised land. Among the main causes which have led to emigration at different times are the pursuit of wealth, the pressure of over-population at home and discontent, political, social or religious. The Spaniards came to America to get gold. Many of the Greeks in old times emigrated because of over-population. Political and social discontent accounts in great measure for the large numbers of Irish emigrants. Forced service in the army is one great cause of German emigration. Religious persecution led to the emigration of the Huguenots from France to England and of the Puritans from England to North America. At the end of the 15th century the opening of the passage to India round the Cape of Good Hope by Vasco da Gama and the discovery of America by Columbus at once brought to the eyes of Europeans new lands, and then modern emigration began. The Spaniards left their motherland to go to the West Indies and to Central and South America; the Portuguese to Brazil, the East Indies, India and Ceylon; the Dutch to the East and West Indies, Guiana, New York and the Cape of Good Hope; the French to Mauritius and Bourbon, the West Indies, Louisiana, India and Canada; the English to the West Indies, North America and, later, to India, Australia and
