until 1870. Georgia has produced many distinguished men. Dr. Crawford W. Long was the first physician to use anesthesia, and Sydney Lanier ranks as one of the foremost American poets. Population 2,609,121.
Georgia, University of, which received its charter in 1785, in certain respects is an instance of French influence upon American universities. The French idea of a university from the time of Diderot to the present has been that of a comprehensive national institution including primary schools, secondary schools and the university proper. The best example of an attempt at a university of this type in America, next to Jefferson's original scheme for a University of Virginia, is the University of the State of New York. Georgia University, in the French spirit, includes not only the university proper, known as Franklin College, but the following attached institutions: The State College of Agriculture, The Law School, The Graduate School, The Medical College, The North-Georgia Agricultural College, The State Normal School, The Normal and Industrial School for Girls, The School of Technology and the Industrial College for Colored People. These institutions, though centralized in the organization known as the University of Georgia, are situated in several different towns. The state makes an annual appropriation for the support of the university, whose students number nearly 3,000.
Georgian Bay. A large bay south of Algoma district, Ontario, and west of Parry Sound and Muskoka district. Bruce Peninsula forms part of its western shore. The C. P. R. steamers westward bound (for Port Arthur) leave Collingwood, which is at the southern angle of the bay. Manitoulin Island forms part of its western boundary.
Geotropism (jḗ-ŏt′rṓ-pĭz’m) is the sensitiveness of plants to the action of the earth's gravitation, to which they respond by changing the rate of growth or the turgor (which see) of certain regions. This produces a curvature which alters the position of attached parts with reference to the direction of gravitation. Most plant-parts assume a position, fixed by the time they are mature, which is a resultant of the effect of various external factors, especially of light and gravity. But parts still capable of growth and motor-organs (which see), when put in a new position (as when an erect stem is put horizontal), curve so as to bring the parts into the normal position. The parts may be directed toward the earth (primary roots); or away from it (erect stems); or transverse to gravitation at any angle (creeping and underground stems and lateral roots).
Gera′nium, the name in botany of one kind of plants and in popular language of another. The plants known in botany as geraniums are also called cranebills, and a number of varieties are found in the United States. The largest and best known is the spotted cranebill. Its stem is about two feet high, and each of its numerous branches bears two light purple flowers about an inch across. The root-stock is very bitter, is used as medicine, and is also called alum-root. The herb Robert is also a beautiful plant common in our woods, noted for its small flowers, prettily striped and rosy. The plants commonly called geraniums are also known in botany by the name pelargoniums. They are very popular for window-culture, summer bedding-plants and the greenhouse. Many kinds have come from the Cape of Good Hope and some from Australia. The best known is the rose-geranium, which was brought to England in 1690. Other varieties are the peppermint-geranium and fish-geraniums, whose flowers range from white to the most dazzling scarlet and dark crimson.
Gerard (zhắ′rär′), Baron François Pascal, a noted painter, was born of French parents at Rome, March 11, 1770, and when young was brought to France and became a pupil of the celebrated painter, David. His work soon brought him into notice, and he became known as the painter of kings. Among the famous people whose portraits he painted are Napoleon, the Queen of Naples and Talleyrand. He was made first court-painter and raised to the rank of baron by Louis XVI11. The grandest of his works are historical pictures, as the Battle of Austerlitz. He died at Paris, Jan. 11, 1837.
Gerhardt (gĕr′härt), Paul, one of the best writers of hymns in the German Lutheran church, was born in Saxony, March 12, 1607. He wrote 123 hymns, all excellent. Many of them are well-known by translations. Now all the Woods are Sleeping is one of his most tender lyrics. He died on June 6, 1676.
German East Africa, the largest colonial possession of the German Empire, extends from latitude 1° S. to latitude 10° 40′ S. and from longitude 29° E. to 40° 40′ E. It is bounded on the north by Uganda, on the northeast by British East Africa, on the east by the Indian Ocean, on the south by Portuguese East Africa, on the southwest by Nyasaland (formerly the Central Africa Protectorate) and on the west by Lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika and Congo Free State. Its extreme length is 725, its greatest breadth nearly 625 miles, and its area of 384,000 square miles equals Arizona, California and Nevada together. Its sea-coast extends 620 miles, and inland it borders Lakes Nyasa, Tanganyika and Victoria, the most valuable lakes on the continent. The climate is tropical, but the uplands are inhabitable for Europeans. The native population is 6,750,000, mainly tribes of mixed Bantu race, with over
