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beautiful parks, a fine public library, a state normal school, high school and excellent public schools, which employ 130 teachers and enroll over 5,000 pupils. The main lines of three great railway systems intersect at this point, and these, with the river, give admirable transportation facilities. A fine wagon bridge, owned by the city, spans the Mississippi and facilitates local traffic and travel. Population 30,417.
Lactom′eter or Galac′tome′ter, a simple instrument used in testing the richness of milk, is graduated into a hundred parts. Milk is poured in and allowed to stand until the cream has formed, then the depth of the cream deposit in degrees determines the quality of the milk. Another instrument, invented by Doeffel, is two inches long, divided into 40 parts, beginning at the point to which it sinks when placed in water. Milk unadulterated is shown at 14°.
Ladd, George Trumbull, an American educator and philosopher, was born at Painesville, O., Jan. 19, 1842, and educated at Western Reserve College and Andover Theological Seminary. After serving as pastor of various Congregational churches until 1879, he became professor of intellectual and moral philosophy at Bowdoin College, and in 1881 was appointed to the chair of philosophy at Yale University. He is the author of Principles of Church Polity; Doctrine of Sacred Scripture; Elements of Physiological Psychology; Philosophy of Religion; Psychology, Descriptive and Explanatory; Philosophy of Mind; Philosophy of Knowledge; Essays on the Higher Education; A Theory of Reality and The Philosophy of Conduct.
Ladoga, (lȧd′ ō-gȧ) Lake, the largest lake of Europe, is situated in Russia near St. Petersburg, and is crossed by the dividing line between that country and Finland. It is 129 miles long and 68 wide, and has an area of 6,998 square miles. The southern and eastern shores are marshy, but the northwest rises into cliffs. It receives the waters of Lakes Onega and Ilmen in Russia and Saima and others in Finland. Ladoga at its deepest part is 730 feet in depth. Navigation is dangerous on account of shoals, sandbanks and hidden rocks, besides furious storms. The rivers emptying into it are connected by canals at their mouths. It empties into the Gulf of Finland by the Neva. On two of its many islands are two monasteries, founded in 960 and 1393 respectively, which are visited by many pilgrims every year.
Ladrones (la-drōnz′) or Mariana, Pelew or Caroline Islands, formerly a Spanish possession, are 15 small islands in the northern Pacific with a total area of about 420 square miles. They now constitute part of the German New Guinea protectorate. The group lies between the Philippines and the Marshall Islands north of German New Guinea. Their population is about 36,000. They were discovered by Magellan in 1521, his sailors calling them Ladrones or Thieves’ Islands on account of the thieving propensities of their inhabitants. In 1668 they received the name of Mariana Islands. At the time of discovery the natives numbered 60,000; but now the inhabitants, Chamoros, Tagals and mixed Spanish, do not exceed 8,700. The islands are divided into two groups by a channel, the southern five being low and marshy and the northern ones well wooded, high and mountainous. Almost all are well-watered, woody and fertile. The largest island, Guam (area 198 square miles and population 12,240), was ceded to the United States in 1898. The remainder of group were purchased by Germany in 1899.
Lady′bird or Lady′bug is the common name for any one of a group of small beetles. They are rounded on the back and flat below. Their wing covers usually are marked with spots. As to colors, they generally are red or yellow with black spots, or black with white, red or yellow spots. Many ladybirds hibernate, a common one sometimes coming forth in a warm room in midwinter. The beetles are long-lived and very prolific, of much benefit to agriculturist and horticulturist. Their larvæ are of great service to hop-growers and fruit-farmers in destroying plant-lice and other injurious insects. Almost all the beetles as well as the larvæ feed upon plant-lice or aphids and upon scale insects. They frequently are found upon house-plants. The eggs are yellow, often deposited in a colony of plant-lice, upon which the larvæ begin to feed as soon as hatched. They are rather long, often spiny and spotted with bright colors. They run about freely on the foliage and devour great numbers of aphids, which are fixed by their beaks to the plants. The larva grows fast, changes its skin several times, when fullfed glues itself to a leaf; casting off the last larval skin the pupa is disclosed, hanging by its tail. In favorable circumstances the beetle is developed from the egg in about a month. There are two or more broods in a season. The ladybirds that feed upon scales are smaller than the other ladybirds, black in color, sometimes spotted with orange or red. Some years ago, when the white or fluted scale was such a fearful pest to fruit-growers on the Pacific coast, working especial ruin in orange and lemon orchards, the experiment was made of bringing in the Australian ladybird, which feeds upon fluted scales, with the result that
Image: LADYBUG
