practiced law in Antioch for several years. Then he gave his attention to the composition of speeches for declamation. Of his numerous works his Dialogues of the Dead are the best known. They, in general, are directed against the philosophers, gods and absurdities of paganism, and earned him the surname of The Blasphemer.
Lu′cifer (Latin, “light-bringer”), the name given to Venus as the morning-star. The early fathers of the church attached this name to Satan, in the belief that Isaiah xiv. 12, which refers to the king of Babylon, contained a reference to the prince of darkness. In Milton's Paradise Lost, also, Lucifer is the original name of the archangel (now called Satan), who fell and dragged down to hell the third part of the host of heaven.
Lucknow (lŭk′nou′), capital of the province of Oudh and fifth city in British India, stands on Gumti River, 42 miles from Cawnpore and 199 from Benares. The city is interesting, not only as the capital of the ancient kingdom but for the desperate fighting in and around it during the Sepoy mutiny of 1857. Early in the summer the English garrison, less than 2,000 strong, was besieged by a force five times as large. After a 12 weeks' defense, during which their commander Sir Henry Lawrence was killed, Generals Havelock and Outram fought their way into the city with a relieving force, and General Outram assumed command of the defense. The rebels, however, continued to prosecute the siege, and in November the city was evacuated by the British. In March, 1858, the English under Sir Colin Campbell (afterward Lord Clyde) returned, and after a week's hard fighting compelled the rebels to surrender. Their overthrow ended the mutiny. Population 264,049.
Lucretius (lū̇-krē′shĭ-ŭs), Roman poet and philosopher of the 1st century B. C. Very little is known of his history, and his only work is a philosophy in poetry on Nature (De Rerum Natura). Lucretius was an earnest opponent of all religious faith and of all belief in supernatural power. The highest good to him is a calm and tranquil mind. The creation of the world out of nothing he held to be impossible, neither can anything be destroyed. Life, mind, soul are merely, as we should say, functions of the body and will perish with the body. All knowledge is derived from the senses, which are our only test of truth. There is a decidedly modern flavor about some of the doctrines of Lucretius. For instance: He explains contagious diseases by the flying about in the air of minute particles, germs as we call them, injurious to life; and again, in his account of the various types of animal life, as they have successively appeared on the earth, we almost have an anticipation of the Darwinian theory of evolution. He died by suicide in 55 B. C.
Lucullus (lū̇-kŭl′lŭs), a distinguished Roman general, was born about 110 B. C. In 74 B. C. he defeated Mithradates, king of Pontus, and almost annihilated his army on its retreat. Three years later Pontus became subject to the Romans. In 69 B. C. he marched into Armenia, and gained a complete victory over Tigranes, king of that country. In the following year he gained another great victory over Tigranes and Mithradates, but soon after was superseded by Pompey. As a member of the Roman aristocracy he attempted to check the power of the first triumvirate,—Pompey, Crassus and Cæsar; but, failing in his efforts, he soon retired altogether from public life, his great wealth enabling him to spend the remainder of his days in ease and luxury. He died about 57 B. C.
Luini (lo͞o-ē′nē̇) or Lovino, Bernardino, a painter of the Lombard school, was born in 1490 at Luino. His skill was developed in the school of Leonardo da Vinci; indeed, many of his works were at one time attributed to that great artist. Luini's principal charm is poetic grace and beauty; he is one of the great painters whose “supremacy” Ruskin affirmed. He died about 1535.
Luke, the reputed author of the third Gospel and of Acts. He was a friend and companion of Paul, being spoken of (Colossians iv: 14) as the beloved physician. In the third gospel Luke makes no pretension to apostolic sanction or authority but simply proposes to compile and arrange the various facts and incidents he has gathered from others. Among other material used by him were the discourses of Christ recorded by Matthew and some parts of Mark; but he must have had other sources for the details he has given concerning the birth of Jesus and for the canticles, which he alone has preserved.
Lum′bering, an industry of great importance in the United States, Canada, Russia, Scandinavia, Germany and France, is the process of cutting and sawing timber for purposes of building and furnishing. In the United States there was more than $500,000,000 invested in lumber and timber-products in 1912. Those employed numbered over 400,000. The value of the products was upwards of $550,000,000. It is not only the direct production of lumber that counts; but large profits are made from by-products. Sawdust is sometimes compressed and heated until it may be molded into a solid mass of any required shape. In Norway it is distilled to afford acetic acid, tar and wood-naphtha. The best wood-alcohol is obtained from pine sawdust. Woodpulp is in ever increasing demand for the manufacture of paper. The lumber industry, properly so called, is divided into three branches, each of which
