deposits underlie the surface from six inches down to 12 feet. All the rocks in these sections are phosphates.
Value of mineral products of South Carolina during 1909 was
| Clay products | $753,004 | |
| Gold | 7,400 | |
| Mineral waters | 95,885 | |
| Monazite | 18,104 | |
| Phosphate rock | 910,589 | |
| Sand and gravel | 34,514 | |
| Stone | 218,045 | |
| Other products | 51,884 | |
| Total | $2,089,425 |
Education. The state provides free schools for all children between six and 21. The schools for the white and the colored race are separate. The state supports four institutions for the higher education of the white people: South Carolina University at Columbia, South Carolina Military Academy at Charleston, Clemson Agricultural and Mechanical College at Clemson; and Winthrop Normal and Industrial College (for girls) at Rock Hill; and one for Negroes, the Normal and Industrial and Mechanical College (for both sexes) at Orangeburg. The institution for the deaf, dumb and blind supported by the state is at Cedar Springs.
Summary of Annual Educational Expenditures:
| 4 State Colleges (white) | $ 350,000 | |
| 1 State College (Negro) | 25,000 | |
| 25 Private and denominational Colleges (white) | 300,000 | |
| 10 Private and denominational Colleges (Negro) | 100,000 | |
| 359 City and town schools (white) | 300,000 | |
| 219 City and town schools (Negro) | 70,000 | |
| 2,313 County schools (white) | 1,152,093 | |
| 2,182 County schools (Negro) | 252,380 | |
| Enrollment in public schools (white) | 160,830 | |
| Enrollment in public schools (Negro) | 193,440 | |
| Value of county school-property | $3,928,474 | |
History. South Carolina was claimed by France, England and Spain either by right of conquest, purchase or discovery; but the first settlement on the soil was made by French Huguenots in 1562 near Beaufort. This colony was a failure. The first permanent settlement was made by the English in 1670 on Ashley River near Charleston. Two hundred Negro slaves were brought from Barbadoes in 1671, and since 1820 the Negro population has exceeded the white. In 1685 a large number of French Huguenots settled in South Carolina, and later German, Irish, Scotch and Welsh immigrants arrived. In 1729 George II divided the region into North and South Carolina. At first the government was in the hands of noblemen who appointed the governor under a constitution prepared by John Locke of England. Locke's constitution was poorly suited to the needs of the colony, and there was constant friction between the people and the governors. In 1719 proprietary government was abolished, and the colony was ruled by a governor and council appointed by the king and an assembly elected by the people. Prosperity began, and lasted until the beginning of the Revolution. In early years the colony suffered from Indian raids, but finally all the Indians except the Catawbas were driven out. These Indians still have a small reservation on Catawba River. Less than a hundred survive. In 1774 the first act was passed to oppose royal usurpation by force, and in the following year the first military force was raised for defense of the colony against the English government, and the importation of British goods was prohibited. The first important victory of the Revolutionary War was won at Fort Moultrie, June 28, 1776. Later, Charleston was captured and made the British headquarters in the south, Ninety-Six and Camden were taken, and, but for the resistance of Marion and Sumter, the state would have been conquered. The tide turned at King's Mountain, severe battles were fought at Cowpens and Eutaw Springs and the British were driven back until they held only Charleston. When the government under the Federal constitution had been established, South Carolina, under the direction of John C. Calhoun, soon became the leading exponent of state-sovereignty. The nullification act was passed in 1833, by which South Carolina declared the United States tariff null and not binding upon her citizens. The act was approved by the governor, but President Jackson pronounced it treason. The state-sovereignty contention almost precipitated war in 1833, and finally led to the Civil War in 1861-5. The state suffered heavily during the war, and worse during the reconstruction days which followed — a period of misrule and demoralization. The slaves already in the majority were made citizens. The better class of white people were not allowed to participate in the government. This state of affairs continued until 1876, when Gen. Wade Hampton was elected governor. Then the present era of prosperity began. In 1895 a new constitution was adopted, which required an educational or property qualification for citizenship. The right of suffrage belongs only to men 21 years old who can read and write and to men who, though they cannot read and write, own $300 worth of property. This law disfranchises a great number of ignorant and thriftless people. As there are more colored than white men disqualified, white voters are in the majority.
South Carolina, University of, was chartered in 1801 and opened in 1805. It closed in 1863 and in 1877. In 1865 departments of medicine and law were added. In 1878 the university divided into South
