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(p. 17). A vowel immediately preceding or following an m or n sound is generally nasalised (denoted by writing ˜ over the vowel), e.g. kũ꞉nũw, ‘assistance’, M.Ir. congnam; mw⅄̃꞉, ‘pliable’, O.Ir. móith; mʹjõ꞉r, ‘mind’, O.Ir. mebuir. A few words with vocalic initial are nasalised from being used with the article (Pedersen p. 65), thus ĩ꞉çə, ‘night’; α̃꞉iç i꞉lʹ, ‘lime-kiln’. According to J. H. α̃꞉, ‘ford’, M.Ir. áth, is distinguished from α꞉, ‘luck’, M.Ir. ág, by nasalisation. Similarly Nʹĩ꞉ hẽ꞉ = ní h‑é. It should however be observed that, although in this book we write the mark of nasalisation over the vowel, the nasalisation is inherent in the n, m. Thus if we take the word dõ꞉nαχ, ‘Sunday’, O.Ir. domnach, and divide it into syllables, we get do꞉-ñαχ, not dõ꞉-nαχ, i.e. there is not a trace of nasalisation until the n starts, but when the syllables are pronounced together the velum is lowered during the pronunciation of the preceding vowel, thus anticipating the nasal. A v or w arising from aspirated m is commonly nasalised in a stressed syllable but more rarely in other positions. The ˜ of Mod.Ir. mh is however more frequently preserved when the w, v are post-vocalic. When mh is initial the nasalisation is only regular when h or ç follows the vowel. Examples—α̃uwrəs, ‘doubt’, O.Ir. amiress; α̃uw̥, ‘insipid’, M.Ir. om; α vĩkʹ, ‘O son’; α wα̃hærʹ, ‘his mother’; gən wα̃iç, ‘without profit, useless’; dα̃꞉v, ‘fondness’, Di. dáimh; əNə rõ꞉və, ‘to Rome’, M.Ir. Róim (acc.); mαhũw, ‘to forgive’, O.Ir. mathem; kα̃hũw, ‘to spend, throw’, M.Ir. caithem (in this verb the nasalisation which is only correct in the infinitive has been extended to the other forms, e.g. imper. kα̃iç); dʹa꞉nũw, ‘to do’, on account of the n but ʃαsuw, ‘to stand’, M.Ir. sessom; α꞉rʹuw, ‘number’, O.Ir. áram. The prefix kõ꞉‑, kũ꞉‑, O.Ir. com‑, cum‑, is generally nasalised but the connection has been forgotten in kɔr̥əm, ‘even, level’, M.Ir. comthromm; kɔsu꞉lʹ, ‘similar’, O.Ir. cosmail. The suffixes ‑u꞉r < ‑mar, ‑u꞉lʹ < ‑mail, ‑email are only nasalised if there is another nasal in the word. In a number of forms where the cause of the nasalisation has entirely disappeared ˜ is still retained, e.g. α̃꞉liʃ, ‘milk and water’, Meyer anglas (englas); dα̃iən, ‘firm’, O.Ir. daingen; dũ꞉i꞉, ‘rabbit-warren’, M.Ir. duma; klũw, ‘down’, M.Ir. clúm; kũ꞉i꞉, ‘sorrow, grief, Meyer cuma; kʹũ꞉s, ‘edge’, M.Ir. cimas; wĩ꞉, ‘mane’, M.Ir. muing (dat., the pausa form has been entirely forgotten); kũ꞉gəʃ, plur. kũ꞉gəʃi꞉, ‘remedy, medicine’, Di. coguisidhe, Macleod has cungaidh leighis under ‘medicine’, ‘remedy’, Macbain cungaidh, cungaisidh, Ir. cunghas, cungnaighim, cungnamh; Nʹi꞉s