SIMMONS COLLEGE. 183 SIMON. then instruction has been planned in nurse train- ing, agriculture, and horticulture. The college oilers a complete course of four years, short technical courses for students having adequate preliminary training, and partial courses. Grad- uation from an approved high school is a prerequisite for admission. College graduates may ordinarily complete the technical work in one year provided they have sullicient training in the sciences. 'Die resources of the college in 1902-03 consisted of an endowment of $2,052,000, and a building fund of $750,000 for the erection of the permanent college buildings on the Park- wav in the Back Bay Fens. The gross income was $112,000. SIMMS, William Gilmore (1806-70). An American novelist, born at Charleston, S. C. He was admitted to the bar in 1827, and in the same year published two volumes of poems, Early Lays and Lyrical and' Other Po^ms. In 1828 he became editor of the Cliarleston City Gazette, the Union proclivities of which lost him money and almost brought him physical ill- treatment during the Nullification excitement. Having left Charleston temporarily in 1832, Simms resided for some months at Hingham, Mass., where he wrote his longest poem, Atalan- fis, a Story of the Sea (1832). The fairly well- known lyric. The Lost Pleiad, remains probably his best achievement in verse. But the year after the pul)lication of Atalantis saw him enter upon his true vocation. His Martin Fahcr, although in some respects a crude, sensational novel, was full of a genuine narrative power. In 1834 he published Guy Rivers, a tale of the gold fever in Georgia, the first of a series of border romances, including Richard Hurdis (1838), Border Bea- gles (i0) , Beauchampe ( 1842) . etc.. full of the crime and excitement that filled the South- west in those years and valuable as pic- tures of local conditions. Guy Rivers was fol- lowed, however, by a story which showed Simms more profitable lines along which to walk as a disciple of Cooper. This was his Yemasi^ee (1835), a tale of Indian warfare in colonial Carolina. This is by many regarded as his best work, though perhaps equaled in power and in- terest by some of the series of Revolutionary romances which began, in the same year, with The Pariman and was continued with Melli- ehampe (1830); The Kinsmen (1841), which was afterwards (1854) published as The Scout; Katherine Walton (1851): Woodcraft (18.54); The Forayers (1855); and Eutaiv (1856). These remarkable romances dealing with the partisan warfare of ]Iarion and other track- ers of the Carolina swamps, in a manner almost worthy of Cooper, are in the main rele- gated to-day to juvenile readers, but display a fund of historical knowledge, of vigorous de- scription, and of narrative interest. Simms was the most representative man of letters save Poe produced by the South before the Civil War. He wrote many short stories, the best of which were collected in two volumes entitled The Wig- wam and the Cahin (1845-46). He compiled a history of his native State and several historical monographs. He composed biographies of the Chevalier Bayard, Capt. John Smith. General Marion, and Gen. Nathanael Greene. He edited The Southern Quarterly Review and compiled the war poetry of the South. He supported the secession movement heartily and lost heavily during the war. At its close he set to work bravely to repair his fortunes by his pen, but with little success. He was a man of strong personality. For his life and many of his letters, as well as for a bibliography, see the biography by W. P. Trent, in the "American Men of Letters Series" (1892). A full bibliography by A. S. Salh', Jr., can be found in the publications of the Southern Historical Association. SIMOIS, sim'6-is. A stream of the ancient Troad, llowing into the Scamander (q.v.). SIMON, se'mox', Jules (Jules Francois Si.Mo.N SiussE) (1814-96). A French statesman and philo.sopher, born at Lorient, and educated at Lorient and Vannes. He occupied positions in the lyeeunis at Kennes, Caen, and Versailles, and in 1839 through the influence of Victor Cousin became a professor of the historj' of philosophy at the Sorbonne. The popularity of his lectures, and the publication of two notable works. Etudes sur la Ihcodicie de Platan et d'Aristote (1840) and Histoire de Vecole d'Alexandrie (2 vols., 1844- 45), led after the Revolution of 1848 to his elec- tion to the Constituent Assembly as a Conserva- tive Republican. Within a year he became a member of the Council of State. He soon re- signed his seat in the Assembly, and after the coup d'etat of December, 1851, his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to Napoleon's Gov- ernment resulted in his losing his chair in the Sorbonne also. In the period of retirement which followed, lasting for more than a decade, Simon lived quietly at Nantes, and wrote Le devoir (1854) ; La religion naturelle (1856) ; La liberty de conscience (1857); La liberty politique (1859) ; La liberie civile (1859) ; and L'ouvriere (1861). Entering th§ Corps Legislatif in 1863, he remained until the fall of Napoleon one of the leaders of the Republican opposition. He strong- ly opposed the var with Germany, and after the fall of the Empire he became one of the Commit- tee of National Defense. In February, 1871, he became Minister of Public Instruction in Thiers's Cabinet, retaining his oflice until May, 1873. On leaving the Cabinet he resumed his position as leader of the Republican Left in the National Assembly until in 1875 he was elected a life Sena- tor. In tlie same year he was elected to the French Academy. In December, 1876, he was ' called upon by President MacMahon to form a Cabinet, in which he himself was Premier and Minister of the Interior. In May following, how- ever, Simon resigned. In ad<lition to the works already mentioned, he published: L'ccole (1864) ; Le travail (1806) ; La poetique radicale (1808) ; La peine de mort (1869) ; La famille (1869) ; Le libre dchange (1870) ; Le gouvernement de Thiers (1871); Dieu, patrie, liberie (1883); Thiers, Gui::ot, Rdmusat (1885); Xos homnies d'etat (1887); Victor Cousin (1887); Alemoires dcs autres (1889); La femme du XXdine siicle (1891) ; Notices et portraits (1893) ; and Qiiatre portraits (1896). SIMON, Richard (1638-1712). A French theologian. He was born at Dieppe, studied at Dieppe. Rouen, and Paris, and entered tJie Con- gregation of the Oratory in 1662. His early pub- lications involved him in controversy with the .lansenists and Benedictines of Saint Maur and made the great Arnauld (see jVrnauld, Antoine) his enemv, who found occasion for an attack in
