SMUGGLING. 271 SMYRNA. persons guilty of the fraud are liable tu a penalty of treble the value of them. The court may ill proceedings other than criminal, arising un- der the revenue laws, direct the defendant to produce in court all bills of lading, invoices, books, etc., relating to the importation of the goods in question. Smuggled property is con- demned and .sold and the proceeds, after payment of costs and rewards for information, if any, are paid into the United States Treasury. SMUTS (probably from AS. smitta, OHG. sill iz, stain, spot, smut ; connected with AS. smitan, to smite, Goth, bi-smeitan, OHG. smizan, Ger. schineissen, to strike, smear). A group of fungi considered parasitic upon cereals and characterized by black dust-like masses (spores) which take the place of the natural seed parts. There are many species, nearly ever}' kind of cereal being subject to the attack of one or more. In general the smut spores which, as a rule, are attached to the grain when sown, germinate at the same time as the seed, the fiuigus entering the young plantlet in which it develops unseen vintil about the time the grain is beginning to head, when the flower or grain becomes filled with a mass of delicate threads which .soon mature their spores for the infection of the ne.xt crop. The smuts are of two classes: the stinking smuts, so called from their disagreeable odor, and the loose smuts. The former destroy only the kernel ; the latter, which are dusty and arc blown away, leaving a bare stalk, destroy the whole bead. The amount of injury done the cereal crops is very great. Hard!}' a country is not more or less ravaged by these diseases. A conservative esti- mate places the annual loss due to smut on the oat crop of the United States at .$18,000,000. The smuts of wheat, barley, rye, and oats can be controlled to a great degree by treating the .seed prior to sowing with various fungicides. Oat smut {Vstilngo nven(r) may be controlled by soaking the seed for 24 hours in a solution of one pound of potassium sulphide to twenty gallons of water, or for two hours in one |)ound of formalin in 45 to 50 gallons of water. Or the seed may be thoroughly wetted with the solution and allowed to stand for the same length of time, after which the grain is sown. For the other smuts the hot water or Jensen treatment is recommended. Two vessels of at least twenty gallons' capacity are filled with water, one at a temperature of 110°-120° F., the other at 132°-135°, and kept constantly at those temperatures. The seed is placed in covered baskets or loose bags and dipped into the first for one to two minutes, and then plunged into the second vessel, raised and lowered several times for ten to fifteen minutes, and then spread to dry. In treating wheat and barley for loose smut (Vstilngo tritici and T'stilofio niida re- spectively) a preliminary soaking for four hours in cold water is advised. For the stinking smuts of wheat (Tilletia fastens and TiUefia tritici) and the covered smut of barley ( Vstilago Jioidci) , soaking seed for twelve hours in copper sulphate solution (one pound to 24 gallons of water), and dipping a few minvites into lime water, is also recommended. In all these treatments the treated seed must not come in contact with smut in un- clean grain bags, bins, or seeding implements. None of these treatments is of benefit in pre- venting maize or corn smut (UstUngo mapdis) . The black spores germinate upon the ground, in manure or other suitable locations, and quickly develop thin-walled colorless spores that are car- ried by wind, germinate upon the rapidl.y grow- ing tissues of the corn plant, which they may infect locally at any time, and in a few weeks produce boil-like growths. Each smut mass is be- lieied to represent a separate infection. De- struction by burning all smut balls, whenever found, is the only remedy. Throwing them upon the ground, or manure heaps, or feeding to stock will only aid in spreading the disease. Experi- ments with cows have shown that corn smut is not poisonous, as it is often believed to be, the animals having eaten ten pounds or more daily without any noticeable inconvenience. SMYBERT, snil'bert, or SMIBERT, .Iohpt ( lt)84-1751 ) . A Scotch-American puinter, born in Edinburgh. He studied in London in Sir James Thornhill's academy, and in Italy, and became a portrait painter in London. When Bishop Berkeley received permission from the British Government to found a college in the Bermuda Islands, he took Smybert with him to be professor of fine arts. But the promised funds w'ere not forthcoming, and after remaining in Ne%vport, R. I., three years, Berkeley returned to Europe. Smybert went to live in Boston, and came to have considerable influence on the paint- ers Copley. Trumbull, and Allston. His best work, "Bishop Berkeley and His Family," paint- ed in 1729j and presented to Yale College in 1808, was the first group of the kind produced in America. His other portraits, which are charac- terized by a dry formal style, but are good like- nesses, are those of .Jonathan Edwards and Judge Edward Quincy (in the Boston Art Museum) ; Governor Endicott, Peter Faneuil.and Mrs. Smybert ( in the gallery of the Massachu- setts Historical Society): and John Lowell (in Harvard Jlemorial Hall). SMYRNA, smer'na. The capital of the Vilayet of Aidin (or of Smyrna), the chief city of Asia Minor and the second seaport of the Ottoman Empire, situated at the head of the Gulf of Smyrna, in latitude .38° 26' N. and longitude 27° 9' E., and somewhat over 200 miles squthwest of Constantinople, with which it is now connected by rail ( Map -. Turkey in Asia, B 3). The city is laid out partly on level land and partly on the slopes of Mount Pagus, and presents an imposing appearance from the sea. It is divided into five quarters: the Moslem Quarter, with its numerous minarets and narrow crooked streets: the Jewish Quarter, poor, overcrowded and dirty; the Armenian and Greek quarters, well built and European in their cleanliness; and, finally, the European Quarter, with its fine quay, shops, and hotels. The centre of archseological interest is Mount Pagus with its ruined castle and portions of the Acropolis walls, in which Greek masonry can be traced. Of considerable interest also is the Caravan Bridge, with its Greek and Boman foundations, although the statement that the stream crossed by it is the celebrated ileles is generally discredited. The mosque called Hissar Jami is of some interest. The finest Christian churches are the Greek Cathe- dral of Saint Photini and the Armenian Cathedral of Saint Stephen. Smyrna contains numerous schools maintained by the various nationalities which make up the heterogeneous population of the citv. A number of interesting collections and
