SOUSA. 357 SOUTH AFRICA. made the organization one of the finest military bands in America. In 18;t2, in conjunction with David Blakel}', he formed the organization now known as Sousa's Band. His compositions, both operatic and instrumental^ have been eminently successful. His ability as a composer of marches soon secured for him the popular title of 'the March King.' His compositions include the fol- lowing operas: The Smugglers (1879), Dcsirte (1884), The Queen of Hearts (1880), El Capitdn (1893), The Bride Elect (1897), The Charlatan (1898); marches: The Washington Post." '■High School Cadets," "The Liberty Bell," "Manhattan Beach," "Directorate," "King Cot- ton," "El Capitan," "Bride Elect," "The Stars and Stripes Forever." His collection of arranged "National, Patriotic, and Typical Airs of All Countries" has been officially adopted by the United States Navy Department, and is in the collection of service bands throughout the civ- ilized world. SOUSA, so'za, or SOUZA, Martim Affonso DE (c. 1500-64). A Portuguese colonizer and ad- ministrator, born at Braganga, Province of Tras- os-JIontes. In 1530 he was dispatched with five ships and a force of 400 to explore the coast of New Lusitania ( Brazil ) , of which he was ap- pointed Governor, and to found there a colony and distribute land. It has been said that he was the discoverer of the bay which he entered on .January I, 1531, and which, supposing it to • be a river^ he named Rio de .Janeiro. He sur- veyed the coast, and on January ■2'2. 1532, founded on Sao Vicente Island, near the present Santos, the first Portuguese colony in Brazil. The colony of Piratininga. the present SiSo Paulo, on the bank of the Piratininga River, was founded under his direction. In 1533 he returned to Portugal, where he received Sao Vicente, the foremost of the captaincies into which Brazil was divided. This he ruled as absentee proprietor. SOUTH, Sir J.MES (178.5-1867). An English astronomer, born in Southwark. He was a mem- ber of the College of Sui'geons and displayed great professional abilities, but later inclined to astronomy. In conjunction with the j'ounger Herschel (q.v.) he undertook a series of observa- tions .which were presented to the Royal Society in a memoir containing micrometrical measure- ments of 380 double stars, and confirming the elder Herschel's inferences regarding orbital mo- tion. For this he was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1826. In 1835 he removed his observatory to Passy, near Paris. Here he made a series of observations on 458 compound stars, of which 160 were new, and convinced Laplace of the reality of revolving stars. South was one of the founders of the Astronomical Society and its first president. He was knighted in 1830. He observed Eneke's comet (1828 and 1838). Mauvais's (1844), and Vico's (1845). His obser'ing a sharp occnltation by jMars of a small star in Leo dis]iroved the ex- istence of an extensive Martian atmosphere. SOUTH, Robert (1634-1716). A famous preacher of the Church of England, born at Hackney. In 1651 he became a student of Christ Church, Oxford, and was ordained in 1658. In 1660 he was made domestic chaplain nf the Lord Chancellor Clarendon. In 1663 he was promoted to a prebendal stall at Westminster, and in 1070 became a canon of Christ Church, Oxford. The rectory of Islip, in Oxfordshire, was later conferred upon him, and he was chaplain in ordinary to Charles II. When the revolution of 1088 was accomplished he gave his adhesion to it, but refused perferment. A stanch adherent of the Church of England, he continued to wage unsparing war from the pulpit an<l with his pen against Puritanism and every other form of dissent^ occasionally occupying himself with discussion more strictly theological. He is now cliiefly remembered bj- his sermons; they are masterpieces of vigorous sense and sound Eng- lish, and abound in lively and witty matter. The best edition of his sermons is that by W. G. T. Shedd (New York, 1866-71), with a memoir. SOUTH, University of the. An institution of learning at Sewanee, Tenn.. founded in 1857 by the Protestant Episcopal Church in the South. A tract of nearly 10.000 acres was secured as a site. $500,000 was subscribed for an endowment fund, and the cornerstone of the central building was laid when the Civil War broke out. At the end of the war the pledges of an endowment could not be realized. Funds were secured to be- gin the institution on a small scale, largely through the efforts of Bishop C. T. Quintard of Tennessee, and it was opened in 1868 with a granunar school and an academic department. A theological department was opened about 1878, a medical department in 1892. and a law depart- ment in 1893. The college domain, mostly cov- ered with original forest, is situated on a plateau of the Cumberland Mountains, about 1000 feet al)0ve the surrounding valleys. The permanent buildings, eight in number, stand in a domain of 1000 acres, and are valued at .$350,000. The college year is divided into three terms — Trinity, Advent, and Lent. The vacation is taken from December to March. The academic department embraces 15 schools, a certificate and diploma being given in each school. The degrees con- ferred are B.A. (60 courses). M.A. and M.S. (15 courses of an advanced character), and C.E. The work is mostly prescribed. In theology the degrees of B.D. and Graduate in Divinity are given ; in law, LL.B. ; in medicine. M.D. A school of pharmacy, with the degree of Graduate of Pharmacy, and a training school for nurses are connected with the medical school. All members of the professional schools and such academic students as have passed a certain number of university examinations and have suf- ficient maturity in age and character are formed by the governing board into an order of Gowns- men. These are distinguished by the academic dress (the Oxford cap and gown) and enjoy cer- tain privileges and immunities. In 1903 the faculties numbered 41, and the student body 556. divided as follows: theological. 26: medical, 227 ; law. 17 ; academic. 122 ; preparatory, 164. The library contained 41,000 volumes. SOUtH AFRICA. The part of Africa south of the Zamliezi River; physically it is a distinct geographic unit. With an area of 1,100.000 square miles and a seaboard of more than 3000 miles, it is commercially a single trade region. Its collective commerce is known technically as the 'Cape trade.' The business interests of every part of it are closely related to or inter- woven with those of the other parts, and the best means of introducing civilization and commerce
