Bibliography. Hodder, The History of South Australia (London, 1893); Woods, The Province of South Australia (Adelaide, 1894); Gouger, The Founding of South Australia, ed. by Hodder (London, 1898); H. Y. L. Brown, A Record of the Mines of South Australia (Adelaide, 1899); Gill, Bibliography of South Australia (ib., 1888).
SOUTH BEND. The county-seat of Saint Joseph County, Ind., 86 miles east by south of Chicago, Ill.; on the Saint Joseph River, and on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Chicago and Grand Trunk, the Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, the Terre Haute and Indiana, and other railroads (Map: Indiana, C 1). Notre Dame, two miles north of the city, is the seat of the University of Notre Dame (q.v.), a Roman Catholic institution opened in 1842, and of Saint Mary's Academy. Saint Joseph's Academy is within the city limits. Noteworthy are the court house, city hall, Oliver Hotel, Epwerp Hospital. Saint Joseph's Hospital, and the Northern Indiana Medical and Surgical Institute. South Bend is the centre of a rich farming section, and is an important industrial city. In the census year 1900 its various industries had an invested capital of $18,156,638 and an output valued at $14,236,331. The Studebaker Wagon Works and the Oliver Plow Works are among the most noted concerns of their kind in the world. There are lumber and flouring mills, foundries and machine shops, wood-turning plants, and manufactories of shirts, sewing machines, agricultural implements, toys, patent medicines, woolens, and paper and wood pulp. The government is vested in a mayor chosen every two years and a unicameral council, and in administrative officials nearly all of whom are appointed by the mayor. The city spends annually for maintenance and operation about $306,000. The water works, which represent an expenditure of $457,974, are owned bv the municipality. Population, in 1890, 21,819; in 1900, 35,999.
The site of South Bend was occupied by the Miami and Potawatami Indians and was a favorite resting place for French traders and explorers. In 1824 Alexis Coquillard established a trading post here; in 1831 a town was laid out, which in 1835 was incorporated; and in 1865 South Bend was chartered as a city.
SOUTH BETH′LEHEM. A borough in Northampton County, Pa., 56 miles north by west of Philadelphia; on the Lehigh River, opposite Bethlehem, and on the Lehigh Valley and the Philadelphia and Reading railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, F 3). Lehigh University (q.v.), a non-sectarian institution opened in 1866, occupies a site overlooking the borough. Noteworthy are the Bishop Thorp Seminary for Girls and Saint Luke's Hospital. South Bethlehem is known for its iron and steel manufactures. The total capital invested in the various industries in the census year 1900 was $8,713,185, and the value of their output was $10,964,911. There are the large establishment of the Bethlehem Iron Company, and brass works, zinc works, and manufactories of silk, knit goods, brick, etc. Population, in 1890, 10,302; in 1900, 13,241.
SOUTH′BRIDGE. A town, including two villages, in Worcester County, Mass., 20 miles south by west of Worcester; on the Quinebaug River, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Map: Massachusetts, C 3). It has manufactories of spectacles and eyeglasses, shuttles and shuttle-irons, knives, and cotton and woolen goods. The government is administered by town meetings. Population, in 1890, 7665; in 1900, 10,025. Originally a part of Charlton and popularly called ‘Honest Town,’ Southbridge became a parish in 1801 and was incorporated as a town, under its present name, in 1816. Consult Davis, A Historical Sketch of Sturbridge and Southbridge (Brookfield, 1856).
SOUTH CAR′OLI′NA (popularly called the ‘Palmetto State’). A South Atlantic State of the United States. It lies between latitudes 32° 4′ and 35° 19′ N., and between longitudes 78° 28′ and 83° 18′ W., and is bounded on the north by North Carolina, on the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the southwest by Georgia. It is triangular in shape, with a base measuring 190 miles in a straight line fronting the ocean, and an apex 240 miles inland. Its area is 30,570 square miles, of which 30,170 square miles, or 19,308,800 acres, are land surface. It ranks thirty-sixth in size among the States.
Topography. South Carolina is divided about equally between the coastal and Piedmont plains, the line of division running nearly parallel with the coast and presenting an abrupt transition between the distinctive features of the two regions. The coast presents first a continuous firm, sandy beach from the northern boundary to Winyah Bay. South of that point it becomes more and more broken by inlets and estuaries, and is fringed with sandy islands (the Sea Islands), inclosing irregular lagoons lined with salt marshes. The coastal plain, extending 100 miles inland, is low, being everywhere less than 500 feet above the sea, and consists in general of a light sandy soil. Large areas are swampy, and pine forests predominate. Along its western margin runs a particularly sandy belt known as the Sand Hills or Pine Barrens, consisting of loose sand dunes partly covered with pine forests. To the west of this belt the land rises abruptly to the upland or Piedmont Plain, which rises gradually from an altitude of 500 feet at its eastern margin to 1000 feet in the extreme northwest. Here the Blue Ridge, whose crest forms the northwestern boundary, rises abruptly 2000 feet higher, Mount Pinnacle, the highest point in the State, being 3436 feet.
Hydrography. Several large rivers traverse the State from northwest to southeast, all the larger ones rising in the mountains of North Carolina. They are the Great Pedee, which, with the Little Pedee and the Lynches, flows into Winyah Bay in the north; the Santee, formed by the Wateree and the Congaree, traversing the centre; and the Savannah, marking the entire boundary between South Carolina and Georgia. The rivers cross the upland or Piedmont Plain as rapid and turbid streams; they generally have falls or rapids as they descend from the hard upland rock over the ‘fall line’ into the alluvial coastal plain. In the latter they become clear and sluggish, frequently overflowing wide areas. The larger rivers are navigable for steamers to the ‘fall line,’ and at the line they furnish considerable water-power.
Climate. The climate is mild, resembling
