SHAFT. 35 SHAFTESBURY. shaft with brick, wooden timbers, or iron. In some mines the shaft is divided into several sec- tions, one to hoist the ore, a second to convey the pumping and compressed-air pipes, and a tliird for the ladders. Shafts are usually ver- tical or nearly so; when an opening is inclined at a low angle from the horizontal it is termed a slope. SHAF'TER, William Kupus (1835—). An American soldier. He was born at Galesburg, Mich., and was at first a farmer. Soon after the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted. He was made colonel of volunteers in April. 1S64. and in ilarch. 186.5. was brevetted brigadier-general. In July, IStiO, he entered the regular service. In 1897 he was promoted to be brigadier-general and commanded the Department of California until the beginning of the Spanish-American War, when, as major-general of volunteers, he was put in command of the first expedition to Cuba. At the head of about 10,000 men he landed at Daiquiri, Cuba, June 21, 1898, and advanced toward Santiago. On July 1st his forces carried the heights of El Caney and San Juan, but the Spaniards continued to offer a stubl)orn resist- ance. On July 3d Cervera's Hcet, attempting to escape from Santiago, was destroyed by the American battleships, and this event was fol- lowed two weeks later by the surrender of San- tiago. After the war Shatter conunanded the Department of the East until 1899, when he resumed his old post as commanding general of the Departments of California and Columbia. In 1901 he was retired with the rank of major-gen- eral in the Regular Army. SHAFTESBURY, shafts'ber-i, commonly called SHA.STON. A very ancient town of Eng- land, a municipal borough in Dorsetshire, 19 miles southwest of Salisbury (Map: England, D 6). It was the Caer Palladwr of the Britons, and was famous as the seat of a Benedictine abbey, founded by King Alfred in 880, whither Edward the Martyr's body was translated in 980 and where Canute died (1035). Population, in 1901. 2000. Consult Mayo. Municipal Records of Shnftcshury (Sherbornej 1891). SHAFTESBURY, Earls of. A noble English famil}-. Anthony Ashley Coopeb, the first Earl (1621-83), was born at Wimborne Saint Giles, Dorsetshire, July 22, 1021. His father was John Coo])er and his mother was Anne Ash- ley, daughter and sole heiress of Sir Anthony Ashley. Young Anthony entered Exeter College, Oxford, in 1037, but took no degree. He had a seat in- the Short Parliament, though he was not yet of age, and at first espoused the cause of royalty ; he then became one of the most emi- nent of the Parliamentary leaders and not the least active in the field. When he saw that the Restoration was inevitable he took so prominent a part in bringing back Charles II. that he was raised to the peerage as Baron Ashley. He was a member of the 'Cabal' Ministry, and in 1672 was made Earl of Shaftesbury and Lord Chan- cellor. The next year he supported the Test Act in favor of Protestantism, and lost his oflice, delivering up the Great Seal with a threat: "It is only laying do«-n my gown and putting on my sword." The King soon tried to get him to re- sume his office, but he politely declined, and in- stead placed himself at the head of the Parlia- mentary opposition. In 1677 he protested against the prorogation of Parliament and was impris- oned in the Tower for a .year. Upon his release he took unscru|iu]ous advantage of the false atli- davit of Titus Oates and made use of the panic tluis caused to initiate a persecution again>t the Catholics. He had live Catholic peers sent to the Tower charged with implication in a Jesuit conspiracy and had 2000 other persons impris- oned. Tills was but the beginning of a "^ries of judicial murders" (Green), of which Stafford was later a victim (1080). Upon the fall of Danbj-, Shaftesbury became president of the Council and introduced an exclusion bill in Par- liament. W hen it became known that he wished to give the succession to the King's bastard son, the Duke of Monmouth, he was deserted by his colleagues and Parliament was prorogued. It was in this session that he secured the passage of the Habeas Corpus Act. Shaftesbury was dis- missed from the Council (1679). In 1081 he was arrested and thrown into the Tower on a charge of high treason. The charge was thrown out by the grand jury and he was released. He threw himself further into the conspiracies until in December. 1082, he had to flee to Holland, where he died in a few months. Consult his Life, b.y Christie (London, 1871), and by Traill in the series of "English Worthies" (London, 1886). Anthony Ashley Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury, philosopher and moralist,' grand- son of the first Earl, was born in London, Febru- ary 20, 1071. In 1083 he was sent to Winchester School, and three years later he traveled in Ger- many, France, and Italy. After an absence of three years he returned to England and devoted himself to the stud.y of philosophy. In 1711 be went to Naples on account of his health and died there February 15, 1713. His important writings were collected by himself and published under the title Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (1711; enlarged ed. 1714). The en- larged edition contains, among other things: A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm (1708) ; Hensits Communis, an Essay Concerniny Wit and Hu- mour (1709); The Moralists: a Philosophical Rhapsody (1709); and A Holiloquti (1710). Shaftesbury is one of the most important of English moralists. His significance lies in the emphasis he placed on the social feelings and instincts. Against Hobbes he emphasizes the im- portant part played by the 'natural affections' (= social and benevolent impulses) in securing happiness for the individual. Virtue consists in the harmonv between the natural and the self- affections, while the uimatural affections tend to the good (= happiness) neither of the indi- vidual nor of the race. Virtue is a matter of our own instincts : it is independent of religion. For his life and a popular sketch of his views, consult: Fowler, ^hafteshury and Tlnfcheson (London, 1882) ; also Gizyeki, Die Philosophic Shafteshun/s (Leipzig. 1870) : Martineau, Types of Ethical Theory (3d ed., Oxford, 1898); Stephen, Essaus on Freethinking and Plain fipcaking (London, 18731. Anthony Ashley Cooper (1801-85), seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, was one of the most eminent philanthropists of the nineteenth century. He was born in London, was educated at Harrow and Christ Church. Oxford, and entered the House of Commons in 1820, remaining a member of the House until 1851, when he siicceeded his father in the peerage. In 1834 he was made a Lord of
