SPLINT. 460 SPOKANE. It is usually caused by concussion, and is most common in young horses that have been driven rapidly along hard roads before their bones have become firm. SPLItGEN, s]ila'gfn. An Alpine pass leading between the Tambohorn and the .Surettahorn from the Swiss Canton of Orisons into Italy at an altitude of (1!)4C feet (Map: Italy, D 1). The southern or Italian descent has three great gal- leries built to pr(jtect the road from avalanches, and completed by the Austrian Government in 1834. SPODTJMENE (from Gk. a-n-oioiiiivoi , spo- (loumciios, pres. part. mid. of (tttoSoOv, spodoun, to burn to ashes, from <rirod6s, spodos, ashes). A mineral lithium and aluminum silicate crystal- lized in the monoclinie system. It has a vitreous lustre and is light green, gray, yellow, or purple in color. It occurs commonly in the coarse gra- nitic veins, and is found in Sweden, the Tyrol, Scotland, Brazil, and in Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, North Carolina, and South Dakota. The yellow green to emerald green crj'stalline variety found in Alexander County, N. C.,. is highly valued as a gem, and is known as hid- denite, from its discoverer, W. E. Hidden, of New York. SPOF'FORD, AiNSWORTH Eand (1825—). An American librarian, born at Gilmanton, N. H. He was privately educated, became a bookseller, then associate editor of the Cincinnati Daily Commercial (18511), and in 18G1 assistant libra- rian of Congress. From 1804 to 1899 he was librarian in chief of the Congressional Library, and became w'idely known for exceptional knowl- edge of books. He wrote much for periodicals on literature, economics, and historj', and edited with others a Library of Choice Literature (10 vols., 1881-88), a Library of Wit and Humor (5 vols., 1884), and a Practical Manual of Parliamentary Rules (1884). He published annually T/ic Amer- ican Ahiiaiutcl; and Treasury of Facts'. t<tatistical, Financial, and Political (187S-91), and .4 Book for All Renders ( 1900) . on the collection and pres- ervation of books and the founding of libraries. SPOFFORD, Harriet Elizabeth (Prescott) (1835 — ). An American novelist, born at Calais, Me. Educated at Newburyport, Mass., and Derry, N. H., she adopted literature as a profes- sion and first attracted attention in 1859 by a story of Parisian life, In a Cellar, printed in the 'Atlantic Monthly. In the same year she pxib- lislicd Sir Rohan's Ghost, followed by The Amber Gods and Other Stories (1803), and Azarian, an, Episode (1804). In 1805 she married Richard S. Spotford. a Boston lawyer. The more note- worthv of her later books were: New Enqland Leficnds (1871), The Thief in the Night (1872), Art Decoration Applied to Furniture (1881), Marquis of Carabas (1882), Poems (1882), Bester Stanley at Saint Marks (1883), The Servant Girl Question (1884), Ballads About Authors (1888), Scarlet Popp)/ and Other Stories (1894), A Master Spirit (1896), and In Titian's Garden and Other Poems (1897). SPOHR, spor, Louis (1784-1859). A Ger- man composer and violinist, born at Brunswick. He studied there under Kimiscb and JIaucourt and in 1802 became a pupil of the celebrated Franz Eck. In 1805 he accepted the appointment of concertmeister at Gotha and in 1812 went to Vienna as leader at the Theater an der Wien, where he remained until 1815. From 1817 to I8I9 he filled a similar position at Frankfort and in 1821 received a life appointment as Court conductor at Cassel. It was in connection with this last position that he won his greatest successes as a violinist, composer, and conductor; besides which he succeeded in bringing his orchesti'a to a pitch of perfection that earned it a world-wide reputation. In 1831 he completed his work, The Violin School, which has remained one of the standard works of in- struction for that instrument. His oratorio Cal- vary received its first presentation on Good Friday, 1835. He was a prolific composer and wrote in all nearly 200 works. Most of his operas were little known outside of Ciermany, but his oratorios have been very popular in England and America, particularly Die ht.ttcn Dinye (The Last .ludgnient). As a composer of dis- tinct individuality he ranks but little below the greatest representatives of German music. He died at Cassel. Consult: Autobioaraplu/ (Cassel, 1800; Eng. trans., London, 1805); Schletterer, Louis Spolir, in Waldersee's Sammluny (Leipzig, 1881). SPOILS SYSTEM. See Civil Service Re- form. SPOKAN, spo-kan'. An Indian tribe of Salishan stock (q.v. ) formerly occupying the whole basin of Spokane River in Washington and Idalio, and now chiefly gathered upon reserva- tions in the same States. They were visited in 1800 by Lewis and Clark, who call them Liarti- elo. In language, customs, and alliance they were closely connected with the Sanpoil (q.v.). All are now civilized and Cliristianized, about equally divided between Catholic and Protestant. The majority are reported to be thrifty and in- dustrious, promising soon to become self-support- inar and sood citizens. They numbered aliout 700 in' 1903." SPOKANE, spS-kan'. The county-seat of Spokane County, Wash., 450 miles east of Puget Sound, on the Spokane River and on the North- ern Pacific Railway, the Great Northern Rail- way, the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Com- pany, and several local branch lines (Map: 'ashington, H 2). The city was formerly known as Spokane Falls. Elevation, 1900 feet above sea level. The Spokane River Hows through the heart of the city from east to west in a series of waterfalls, having a total descent of 142 feet, from which, at the lowest stage of water, 30,000 horse-power is available. Elec- trical power generated here is transmitted to the famous Canir d'Alenc silver and lead mines of Idaho, 100 miles away. Spokane has the Gonzaga College (Roman Catholic), opened in 1887, Bru- not Hall, an Episcopal school for girls, and Saint Stephen's School for Boys. The city is well pro- vided with hospitals and charitable institutions, and expends about .$8000 annually for a public library (Carnegie). The notable buildings are the court liouse, city hall, post office, and .udi- toriuni Theatre. Twenty-three bridges span the river within the city limits. Fort Wright, a large LTnited States army post, is situated on the river just outside the city. Spokane is the min- ins centre of the Pacific Northwest, the tributary mfnes producing over $21,000,000 annually in cold, silver, copper, and lead. The city is sur- rounded on the north, east, and south by large
