STATUTE. 517 ST AXJEO SCOPE. Statute 33, Geo. III., e. 13, which provided tliat all statutes should become oix:rative from the date of their receiving the royal assent. It is now generally the rule in the United States that statutes shall become opera- tive from the date of their receiving tlic assent of the Executive, unless a different date is other- wise specitied in the statute itself. Courts will take judicial notice of all public statutes operative within their jurisdiction, and it is therefore not necessary generally to plead a public statute upon which a litigant founds an action or defense. Some rule of public policy may, however, require a public statute to be pleaded in special cases, as the Statute of Limi- tations (q.v.) and Statute of Frauds (q.v.). Private statutes, however, are required to be pleaded, and the statutes of foreign States and countries, being regarded as matters of fact, are required to be pleaded and proved like other matters of fact. For discussion of the aiiiendment and repeal of statutes, consult those topics respectively ; and for a discussion of the interpretation of stat- utes, see INTERPBETATIOX : CoNSTITL TIOXAi LaW ; Law; etc. Consult the authorities referred to under Legislation : Law. STATUTE OF FRAUDS. See Frauds, Stattte of. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS. See LlUI- TATIOX OF ACTIOX. STATUTE OF PARLIAMENT. See Act OF Parliame.xt. STATUTES OF JEOFAILS. English stat- ute^ permitting amendment-^ to pleadings or cur- ing certain mistakes -or omissions in the pro- ceedings in an action. The name was derived from the old phrase jeo faile (I have failed), by which the pleader acknowledged an error in his pleadings or proceeding, after which he could take advantage of the provisions of these stat- utes. The procedure acts in practically all of the L'nited States provide for the amendment of pleadings and the arbitrary waiver of defects and irregularities in certain cases, but the term jeo- friih is not commonly applied to such acts. Con- sult Chitty on Pleading; Stevens on PIcadiiiri. STAUBBACH, stou'biiG. A celebrated water- fall in the southern part of the Canton of Bern, Switzerland, S miles south of Interlaken. It is one of the liighest in Europe, having a descent of between 800 and 900 feet. Long before it reaches the bottom it is blown into a dust of spray, whence its name St auhbach (dust-stream). STAUNTON, stan'ton. The county-seat of Augusta County, Va., 135 miles northwest of Richmond, on the Baltimore and Ohio and the Chesapeake and Ohio railroads (Map: Virginia, E .3 I . It is the seat of the Western State Hos- pital for the Insane, and of the State Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Institution : and has the Mary Baldwin Seminary. Virginia Female In- stitute, and Kable's Military Academy. Other prominent features are the City Hall, Court House, Masonic Temple. Columbian Hall, and Gypsy Hill and Highland Parks. Staunton manufactures organs, flour, overalls, wagons, machine-shop products, and agricultural imple- ments. The government, under the revised char- ter of 1879, is vested in a mayor, chosen bi- enniall}-, and a unicameral council. The water- works and the electric-light plant are owned and operated bv the municipality. Population, in 1890, G975;' in 1900, 7289. STAUNTON, Sir George Tiioma.s (1781- lSo9). An English traveler and Orientalist, born at Salisbury. In 1792 he went with his father, Sir George Leonard Staunton (1737- 1801), to China, where he learned to speak and write the language. After two terms at Cam- bridge he was appointed writer in Canton for the East India Company's factory. He intro- duced vaccination into China in 1804, bj* trans- lating George Pearson's treatise. He translated from Chinese: La Tsing lew lee, being the Fiiiiddiiiciital Laws of China (1810), the first book translated from Chinese into English ; the yanutive of the Chinese Embassy to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars (1821). and wrote Aliscellancoiis Xoticrs^ Relating to China (1822), ?'otes of Proceedings and Occurrences During the British Enibassi/ to Peking (1824). Uliscnations on Our Chinese Commerce (1850). and Memoir of !iir J. Barrow, Bart. (1852). STAUNTON, How.RD (1810-74). An Eng- lish chess master and Shakespearean scholar. In 1843 he defeated St. Amant, then the ches3 champion of Eiu'ope, and three years afterwards won from the German experts Harrwitz and Horwitz. His plans at all times displayed great originality in attack, fertility in defense, and untiring patience. He foimdcd the Chess Play- ers Chronicle in 1840, which he edited until 1834, and from 1844, until his death conducted the chess column of the Illustrated London News. His Shakespearean researches resulted in an edi- tion of the plays and poems (18.57-60), edited and analyzed with shrewdness and good taste. a facsimile of the 1623 folio, and a series of arti- cles contributed to the Athenwum, on "Unsus- pected Corruptions of Shakespeare's Text" (1872). His other writings include: Ches^ Player's Hand-Book (1847); Chrss Player's Companion (1849) ; Chess Pra^s (1860) ; Great Schools of England ( 1865) . STAUPITZ, stou'pits, .Johaxx vox. A friend and spiritual guide of Martin Luther I q.v. I . STAUROLITE (from Gk. ffravpSt, s.tauros, cross + XWoi, lithos, stone), or Fairy .Stone. A mineral hvdrated iron-aluminum silicate crys- tallized in the orthorhombic sj'stem. It has a sub-vitreous to resinous lustre and is dark brown to black in color. The crystalline varie- ties are frequentl.y cruciform, owing to twinning. On account of their resemblance to a cross these forms are popularly believed to have fallen from heaven, and are used to some extent not only as ornaments, but also as charms. The.v occur in eiystalline schists, and are usually associated with garnet, syenite, and tourmaline. Stauro- lite is found in Switzerland, the Tyrol. Moravia, Ireland, and in the United States at various localities in New England, Ney York, North Carolina, Georgia, and elsewhere along the Ap- palachian range of mountains. STAUROSCOPE (from Gk. aravpii, stauros, cross + (TKOTrelv. skopein, to view). A variety of polariscope (q.v.) adapted to the study of crystals, and consisting essentially of a mirror, two Nicol's prisms, and a revolving stage. By it sections cut from crystals along any desired
