STEIN. 545 STEINLE. Turkestan he became inspector of schools in the Punjab. Among the more important of his pub- lications are a critical edition of Kalhana's' lUljaiuranginl, or Hanskrit Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir (1892), together with an English translation and commentary on the same (2 vols. 1901); A Classified Catalogue of Satiskrit MSS. in the Kayhuiuith Temple Library, Jammu (1894); and The Sand-buried Cities of Khotun (1903). STEINAMANGEB, stin'am-iing'er (Hung. .S':o»i/"i//kr///) . The capital of the County of Eisenburg (Vas), Hungary, 68 miles south of Pressburg (Jlap: Hungary, E 3). It has a beau- tiful modern cathedral, a fine count}' building, and a theological seminary. Important State railway workshops are located here, and two fac- tories for agricultural macliinery. Steinamanger is on the site of the Roman Sabaria, and has ruins of a triumphal arch, amphitheatre, and aqueduct in the vicinity, with many remains in the local museum. Population, in 1900, 24,751. STEINBOCK (Ger., stone-goat), or STEIN- BUCK. (1) The European ibex (q.v.). (2) In South Africa, by transference, the Dutch name (also 'steenbok') for the small antelopes of the genus Xanotragus, specifieallj' the widespread Nanotrac/iis campestris, which abounds in open or thinly wooded and hilly places from the Cape to the Zambezi River. It is of an indeterminate reddish hue, about 24 inches tall, long-necked, with short, erect, forward-curving ringed liorns, and e.xeeedingly swift and active, and skillful in hiding. Other species of the genus are the oribi, grysbok, and royal antelope (qq.v.), with still others in Zanzibar and Abyssinia. Consult I'ro- ceedinqs of the Zoological Society of London for 1900. STEINEB, sti'ner, .Ukob (1796-1863). A Swiss mathematician, born at Utzenstorf, near Solothurn. He studied at Heidelberg, gave private instruction in Berlin, and in 1834 was made assistant ])rofessor in the university and member of the Academy of Sciences. Steiner's chief work is the Systeniatische EntiincMung der Abhiingigkeit geometrischer Oestalten (1832; in the Ostwald Classics, 1896). He also wrote: Die geonietrischen Konstruktionen ausgefiihrt mittels der geraden Linie und eines festen Kreiscs (1833; in the Ostwald Classics, 1895). His Vorlesungen iiber synthetische Geometrie (3d ed. 1887) and his (Irsainnwlte Wcrke ( 18SI- 82) a])])eared posthumously. Consult Graf, Der Mathematiker Jakob Steiner von Utzenstorf (Bern, 1897). STEINHEIL, stin'hil, Karl August (1801- 70). A German physicist and astronomer, born in Rappoltsweiler, Alsace. He studied law at the University of Erlaugen, and astronomy at Giittingen and Kiinigsberg. He became professor of physics and mathematics in the University of ilunich; later entered the .ustrian Government service, organized and perfected the telegraph system in that country, and brought about the Austrian-German Telegraph Association : per- formed a similar service for Switzerland: and in 1852 returned to IMunich. In 1854 he founded an estaljlisbment for making superior optical and astronomical instruments, where the great tele- scopes of the olmcrvatories of Upsala, Mannheim, Leipzig, Utrecht, etc., were made, and where he began the making of the photograph objectives since known by his name. Steinhcil devised an electromagnetic tele- graph, in 1S36 constructed the first printing telegraph, and in 1838 discovered the possibility of leading back the current through the ground. He invented the electrical clock, constructed an excellent pyroscope, and made the first daguerre- otype picture in Germany. He also completed the laws of electrotype, and constructed several optical instruments. Consult Marggrall", Karl August Steinheil und sein Wirken (Munich, 1888). STEINITZ, sti'nits, Wilhelm (1836-1900). A German chess master, born in Prague, Bo- liemia, and educated at the Vienna Institute of Teclinology. In I8C6 he defeated Anderssen in a contest for the world's championship. At the London tournament of 1872 lie won every game, and in 1873. at Vienna, he secured the Kaiser- preis of 2000 florins. After defeating Blackburne in England, he withdrew from active tourna- ment play, but the increasing success of Zuker- tort, whom he had defeated in 1872, forced him back into the field. At a tournament in London (1883) Zukertort defeated liini for first place, hilt at a second match in 1886 Steinitz won from his great rival with 10 to 5 games won and 5 drawn. He defended his title in 1889 at Havana against Tcliigorin, but lost the championship in 1894 to Lasker, who again defeated him in 1897. Steinitz was the first to see the value of a steady development of position with an accumu- hition of minute advantages over the more dash- ing and open game. After 1883 he lived in the United States, and from 1885 to 1891 he was the editor of the International Chess Magazine. His published works were Book of the Sixth Chess Congress of 18S9 and The Mod- ern Chess Instriiclor (1889). STEINLE, stin'le, Eduard von (1810-80). A German historical painter, born in Vienna, the son of an engraver. First instructed at the Academy, he then became a pupil of Kupel- wieser. and from 1828 to 1834 worked in Rome under the influence of Veit and Overbeck. In 1843 he settled at Frankfort, where he had been commissioned to paint "The Judgment of Solo- mon" (1844), and the portraits of Albrecht I. and Ferdinand III. for the Kaisersaal in the Romer, and in 1850 was appointed professor at the Stitdel Institute. There Frederick Leighton was among his pupils. Steinle's creative sphere embraces with equal command subjects of pro- foundly religious aspect and scenes of the mer- riest playful humor. His works are distinguished by finished grace and beauty of form, masterly technique in drawing, and inexhaustible power of invention. After executing, at Cologne, the "Angel Choirs" (1S44), in the cathedral, and the frescoes illustrative of "The Ar- tistic and Cultural Development of the City " (18G0-63), in the staircase of the museum, he painted in seven scenes the "Immacu- late Conception" (1865-66), in Saint Mary's at Aix-la-Cliapelle, designed mural decorations for Saint .Egidius at Miinster. and frescoed the apsis of Strassburg Cathedral (1877-80). In Frankfort he designed and in part executed the entire decoration of the cuthedral, also the car- toons for some of the stained-glass windows, be- sides many others for churches in Cologne,
