STOlfE CUTTING AND DRESSING. 594 STONEMAN. sible, is made, by means of a long arm, to travel back and forth along the molding, with sand, emery, putty powder, or other abrasive. For turning posts and i)illars lathes are now generally used. For tlie softer stones a simple pointed cutting tool similar to that used in turning metals and liekl and operated by a simi- larly constructed machine is employed. In turn- ing hard stones like granite the cutting tool ia in tlie form of a thin steel disk some G inches or S inches in diameter, so arranged as to revolve with the stone when pressed against it at a sharp angle. Lathes of this type are used, which are capable of turning a block 25 feet long and .5 feet in diameter to a perfect column. Pluiters for roigh work, such as flagstone, resemble the same machine for planing metals. See Metal- Work- ing Machines. Stone-sawing machines are made in various forms. The most familiar form consists of a smooth flat blade of soft iron which is given a reciprocating motion by machinery and fed with sharp sand and water. Such saws are commonly worked in gangs of ten or a dozen blades set parallel the desired distances apart and operated by a single saw frame. This method of sawing is not applicable to cutting granite, on account of its hardness. Frequently, in place of sand, use is made of small globules of chilled iron or of crushed steel as an abrasive. Circular saws set with diamonds have proved very eflicient tools, but their use is generally prohibited by their ex- pense. Slate is sawed l)y circular saws such as are used for sawing lumber. In Europe con- siderable use has been made of twisted cords of steel made to run around pulleys like a band saw. Among other machines for stone cutting and dressing mention may be made of pneumatic hammers and the sand blast. BiBLiOGEAPHT. The literature relating to stone cutting and dressing is somewhat scattered. Two books which may be consulted with advan- tage, however, are: Merrill, Stones for Building and Decoration (New York, 1891), and Baker, Treatise on Masonry Construction, (New York, 1900). STONE-FLY. One of the aquatic insects of the family Perlidae and order Plecoptera — flat- bodied insects with two pairs of wings. The hind wings are very broad and when folded lie flat on the back of the insect. The larvae live in water, clinging to the under sides of stones, and in general appearance are much like the adult insects, except in the lack of wings and ocelli ; they are carnivorous, living largely upon the nymphs of May flies (q.v.). The well-ner.ated water in which the nymphs live is correlated with a peculiar rudimentary tracheal system for breathing. The eggs are produced in enormous numbers and a single female may deposit more than 5000; they are small, and are probably dropped during flight upon the surface of the water as with the May flies. ' STONEHAM, ston'am. A town in Middle- sex County, Mass., 8 miles north of Boston, on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map: Massa- chusetts, E 3), It has a public library with 10.000 volumes, and a high-school bxiilding which cost $50,000; also a public park, included in the system of the Metropolitan Park District. Boots and shoes, boxes, and automobiles are the prin- cipal manufactures. The government is admin- istered by town meetings. Population, in 1890, 6155; in 1900, 6197. Settled about 1670, Stone- ham was under the jurisdiction of Charlestown and was called Charlestown End until 1725, when it was incorporated under its present name. Consult Stevens, History of Stonehum. (Stone- ham, 1890). STONEHENGE (AS. Stanhengist, hanging stones). A celebrated stone circle, or cromlech, the ruins o| which stand on Salislmry Plain, IV2 miles from Amesbury, in Wiltshire, Southern England, When entire it consisted of two con- centric circles of monoliths, the outer 100 feet in diameter, inclosing two smaller rows in form of a horseshoe, the opening to the northeast. Within there is a block of blue marble 15 feet long which is called the 'Altar Stone.' On a northeast line from the altar is a flat stone on the edge of the trench surrounding the whole ruin, and the line prolonged cuts another large stone some distance away called the 'Friar's Heel.' This arrangement, also observed in nu- merous other stone circles, points to a means of determining the time of the summer solstice, and it is thought for this reason that Stone- henge was connected with sun-worship. In any case the monument, whether it was a temple, a court of justice, or a liattle ring, has been de- signed with reference to the northeast. Modern research clearly proves that the structure dates from at least as early as the Bronze Age. The tumuli in the vicinity of the cromlech yield Bronze Age remains. Consult Flinders Petrie, Stonchenge: Plans, Descriptions, Theories (Lon- don, 18S1). STONE'HOUSE, East. See East Stoke- HorsE. STONE'M AN, George (1822-94), An Ameri- can soldier and Governor of California. He was born at Busti, Chautauqua County, N, Y., and graduated at West Point in 1846. Just before the outbreak of the Civil War lie was in command of Fort Brown in Texas, and was ordered by his superior officer, Gen- eral Twiggs, to surrender to the Confederates, but refused to do so, and escaped with his troops on a steamer to New Y'ork. After some service in West Virginia he was appointed chief of cav- alry in the Army of the Potomac. By overtaking the Confederate troops after the evacuation of Yorktown in May, 1862. he brought on the battle of Williamsburg. On Noveml)er 15, 1862, he was made commander of the Third Army Corps, which he commanded at Fredericksburg on De- cember 13th. During Hooker's Chancellorsville campaign he led a cavalry raid toward Pvich- mond. In April, 1864. he was put in command of a cavalry corps in the Army of the Ohio, and in the Atlanta campaign undertook a raid against Macon and Andersonville. He was cap- tured with a part of his force at Clinton, Ga., and was kept a prisoner for three montlis. In December, 1864, he led a raid from East Ten- nessee into soiithwestern Virginia, and destroyed the salt works at Saltville. In the following March he again entered southwestern Virginia, destroyed a part of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, and did much other damage. In the following month he moved into North Carolina, took Charlotte and other towns, and at Salisbury captured about 1400 prisoners. In 1871 he re- tired from the army and settled in California.
