SHAW. 59 SHAWANO. nized the cleverness of his writings from taking him seriously. SHAW, Henky Wheeler (181S-S5). An Anierienn humorist, better l<novn as .Josh Bill- ings, born at Lanesborough, Mass. He entered Hamilton College, but soon went West, where he remained for t%vent.y-t«o years, working on steamboats and farms and finally becoming an auctioneer. Then he settled in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., to pursue his latest calling, and began to write humorous sketches for tlic newspapers. He adoiiti'd an amusing plionctic spelling, and over the pen name of ".Josh Billings' won great favor in the early sixties. His Farmers' Alhninax, published annually (1S70-S0), sold wadely, and he also increased his reputation by lectures in which he ati'ected awkwardness. Afterwards be contributed to the Crnttiry under the pen name 'Uncle Esek.' and collected his works in 1877. Among American humorists Josh Billings ranks high in pith and point, and is regarded by many as a true moralist. SHAW, Lemuel (1781-18C1). An American jurist, born in Barnstable. Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1800. studied law, and in 1804 was admitted to the bar. The next twenty-six j'ears he spent in private practice in Boston, rising by slow- degrees to a commanding position at the Boston bar. He was actively interested in public affairs. He succeeded Chief .Justice Isaac Parker, of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, in 1830. His service on the bench, covering a period of thirty years, won for him rank as one of the greatest of New England jurists. His de- cisions in greatly differing fields of law had a re- markable influence on the application of the Eng- lish common law to American conditions. As an interpreter of constitutional law. too, he ren- dered services of great value. Although an ar- dent anti-slavery man. his respect for the law was such as to cause him. in the famous Sims case, to uphold the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Law, the passage of which he had in pri- vate vigorousl.v opposed. SHAW, Leslie JMoetimee (1848—). An American lawyer, banker, and Cabinet officer, born in Jlorristown, Vt. He removed to Iowa in 1869, and was educated at Cornell College and at the law school of the Uni-ersity of Iowa. He practiced law at Denison, la., wdiere he subse- quently became interested in banking. In 1806 he became prominent as a Republican campaign speaker and an earnest advocate of the gold standard. In 1807 and again in 1800 he was elected Governor of Iowa, and in January. 1902, he entered the Cabinet of President Roosevelt as Secretary of the Treasury to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Lyman J. Gage. SHAW, Robert Gon,D ( 1837-6.3) . An Ameri- can soldier. He was born in Boston and was educated in Switzerland and Germany and at Harvard. L^pon the outbreak of the Civil War he obtained a commission as second lieutenant in the Second Massachusetts Volunteers. With this regiment he participated in the campaigns of the Army of the Potomac, was an aide on General Gor- don's staff at the battle of Cedar Mountain, and distinguished himself at the battle of Antietam. He was promoted captain in Au.snst, 1862, and in .January. 1863. was offered by Governor An- drew the colonelcy of the Fifty-fourth Massa- Vou XVIIl.— 6. chu.setts Volunteers, the first regiment of negro troops to be organized under State autlioritv in the North. This commission, alihouch he doubted his capacity, and realized the criticism and cen- sure he would have to face for taking command of a negro regiment, he felt it his duty to accept, and at once returned to ilassachusetts, where he organized the regiment and left Boston with it for the South, May 28, 1863. The regiment was sent on transports to Hilton Head, and its first participation in the war was as part of an expe- dition to Florida earlv in June, in the course of which the town of Daricn was burned, contrary to the wishes of Colonel Shaw. In .July the regi- ment was attached to General Strong's brigade and took part in the futile and disastrous attack on Fort 'a,gner. There on the evening of .Jul.y ISth the Fifty-fourth Regiment, weary and worn from all night marching and exposure, formed the centre of the attacking column. Against the well-intrenched Confederates, Colonel Shaw gal- lantlj' led his negro troops in the face of a withering fire, and himself fell dead, sword in hand, on the parapet. Colonel ShaAV was a man of particularly pure and noble character, and of great ability as a soldier, and his death was a severe loss to the ITnion. A splendid monument to him, the work of Augustus Saint Gaudens (q.v. for illustration), wa.s erected at Boston. Consult Harvard Memorial Biographies (Boston, 1866). SHAW, WiLLiAii N.PIER (1854—). An Eng- lish physicist, born in Birmingham and educated at Eunuanuel College, Cambrid,ae, and at the ITniversity of Berlin. In the Cavendish labora- tory he was demonstrator of physics in 1880-87, and assistant director in 1898-00. and from 1800 to 1800 was senior tutor of Emmanuel. He con- tributed articles on electrolysis and the pyrome- ter to the EncycloixEdia Britannica, and wrote, with Glazebrook, A Text-Book of Practical Phys- ics (1884). SHAWANO, -sha'va-no, or SHAWNEE (from sJuiaaii. south, or sewaii, pungent, saltv). One of the most important tribes of the Algon- quian stock (q.v. ). The Shawano were formerly noted salt-makers. Thc.v carried on an extensive manufacture at the salt springs of southwestern Virginia and traded the product to other tribes. The}' have thirteen clans, the clan of the indi- vidual being indicated by his name. They are also organized into four divisions, which may have been originally distinct, allied tribes — Piqua, ^lequaehake, Kiscopocoke. and Chillicothe. To the second of these belonged the hereditary priesthood, but the first was most prominent and apparently most numerous. The Shawano were of wandering and warlike habit. They appeared first in history about 1670 under the name of Sacannahs, and lived upon the middle Savannah River in South Carolina, with their principal village nearly opposite the site of Augusta, Ga., but before the end of the seventeenth centurv we find a portion of them, apparently the main body, occupying the basin of the Cum- berland River in Tennessee and Kentucky. The Shawano of Carolina for some time kept on friendlv terms with the whites, giving them efficient aid against the hostile Wcsto in 1680. but finally, wearied by the encroachments and oppressions of the settlers, were forced to with- draw northward. In 1604 almost the whole body of the Carolina Shawano removed north-
