SUPERSTITION. 709 STJPPE. night it is usual to perform divinations, now reduced to mere jests, in which an unmarried person is expected to discover his or lier com- panion for life. These practices must be re- garded as the remainder of serious necromancy, in which the returning spirits were asked to re- veal the future. While the majority of superstitions are re- mains of antiquity, their invention has not alto- gether ceased in historical times. Of this we have examples in the prejudice against the number thirteen, and in objection to Friday as unlucky, since in Christian thought the day of the Cruci- fixion and the number involving the addition of Judas were of necessity regarded as ill-omened. The superstition of the evil eye, that is. the belief that certain individuals have the power to in- jure by a look, is still widespread in Eastern countries, where the belief yet lingers that the demoniac ( q.v. ) is divinely inspired. Nature worship (q.v.) lingers in such superstitions as those connected with the moon, the belief in its mysterious power to work good or ill, its influ- ence on the weather, and the like. The belief in ghosts (q.v.) reflects the earlier ancestor wor- ship. The common notion about the good luck brought by a horseshoe has been traced back to phaliicism (q.v.) . The following list, prepared by Bolton {The Counti)jg-out Rhipncs of Children. London, 1888), gives the technical names for difl'erent forms of divination and the method followed in each : APromancy by appearances in the air. Alectoromancy, or I by a fowl picking up grains of Alectryomancy J wtieat. Aleuromancy by wheat. Alphitomancy^ by barley flour. Ainiiioraancy by the amnion. Anafframmatism by anagrams of a person's names. Anthropomancy by human entrails. Anthroposcopy by man's features. Arithmancy by the use of numbers. Astragalomancy, orlby little sticks, bones, tablets, or Astragiromancy ) dice. Astrology by the heavenly bodies. Austromancy by winds. Axinomancy by the axe or hatchet. Bplomancy by arrows. Bibliomancy by the Bible. Bletonism by subt-erranean springs. Botanomancy by herbs. Cartomancy by i>laying cards. Capnomancy by smoke from an altar. Catoptromancy by mirrors. Ceroniancy by dropping melted wax Into water. Cephalomancy by an ass's head. Chalcomancy by vessels of brass. Chaoinancy! by appearances in the air. Chartomancy by writings on paper. Chiromancy by the hand. Cledouismancy by certain lucky or unlucky words. Clemmancy by diqe. Clidnmancy by keys. Coscinomancy by sieves. Crithomancy by dough of cakes. Cromniomancy by onions. Crystallomancy by a magic lens. Dactylomancy by suspended rings. Demonoraancy by evil spirits. Daphuomancy by the laurel. Extispicium by entrails of a victim. Gastromancy by ventriloquism, or by a vial of water. Geloscopy by the manner of laughing. Geomancy by geometrical figures. Gyromancy ...by walking in a circle. Haruspicy"! by sacrificial appearances. Halomancy by common salt. Hieromancy by the entrails of animals. Hydromancy by water. Hydatoscopy by rain water. Ichthyoraancy by the entrails of fishes. Idolomancy by idols and images. Judeomancy by a Jewish art. Keraunoscopy by thunder. Lampadomancy by lamps. Lecanomancy by a basin of water. Libanomaucy by incense. Lithomam-y by precious stones, or pebbles. I.ogarithmancy by logarithms. Lyctiiinmanfy by lamps, Maigarit'iiiiancy by pearls. Marharuiiiaiicy by knives and by swords. Meti-inoiiiancy by meteors. Metopusrtipy by meu's features. Mtilybiiuiiiaucy by melted lead. Myomancy by mice. .Necromancy by the black art. Oinoniancy by wine of libations. Omphalomaucy by the navel of an infant. Oneiromancy by dreams. Onouiaucy by letters forming the name of a person. Onyomancy, or | by the finger nails reflecting the Onychomancy ) *8uu's rays. Ooscopy by eggs. Ophiomancy by serpents. Ornithomancy by birds. Palmistry by the hands. Palpitatio by the pulsation of some member. Pegomancy by springs of water. Pessomancy by pebbles. Physiognomy by man's features. Podomancy by the feet. ► Psephomaney by pebbles drawn from a heap. Psychomancy by ghosts. Pyromancy by sacriflcial flre. Pyroscopy by examining tire. Rhabdomancy by wands. Khapsodomancy by poetical passages. Salisatio by the pulsation of some member. Sciomancy by shadows or manes. Sideroraaucy by straws on a red-hot iron. Sortilege....' by drawing lots. Spatilomancy by sldu, bones, etc. Stereomancy by the elements. Sternomancy by marks on the breast. Stiehomancy by poetical passages. Tephramancy by writing in ashes. Theomancy by oracles. Theriomancy by wild beasts. Tyromancy by cheese. See also Folklore; Man, Science of; Magic; Mythology; Religion, Comparative. STJPERTONIC. In music, the note which, in the diatonic scale, is ne.t above the tonic or keynote, and forms with it the interval of the second, as, for example, D in the key of C major. SUPERVISOR (ML. super visoVy overseer, from Lat. supercidere, to overlook, oversee, from super, above, over + videre, to see). A popu- larly elected officer of a township or other local district in the United States. The name first ap- peared in New York in 1691. This officer is still the chief administrator of the town organization in New York, while all the supervisors of the county assembled in a board meeting constitute the chief county authority. The Xew York su- pervisor system exists in several Western States. In Michigan and Illinois, as in New York, there is a single supervisor for each township, while in Wisconsin and Minnesota there are three for each township. In some States the superisor is not a member of the county board and his duties vary^ as, for example, in Michigan, where he is also tax assessor, and in Illinois, treasurer. See United States, section on Local Government. STJPPE, soo-pa', Franz von (1820-95). An Austrian composer of light opera, born at Spa- lato. Dalmatia. He studied at the Vienna Con- servatory under Sechter and Seyfried. He was kapellmeister successively at the Josephstadter Theater, the Theater an der Wien. and from 1865 until the end of his career at the Leopoldstiidter Theater. He was a pro- lifie composer, the most important of his works being the operettas Floffe Bursche (1863), Die schdne Gnlnfhea (186.5), Leichte Kavallerie (1866), Banditeyistrciche (1867),
