1 or 2 p.m. At the extreme southern station, Hobart—at nearly
equal latitude—the rapid diurnal movement is to the east, and so
in the opposite direction to that in the northern hemisphere, but
it again takes place at nearly the same hours in June (midwinter)
as in December. If, however, we take a tropical station such as
Trivandrum or Kolaba, the phenomena in June and December are
widely different in type. At Trivandrum—situated near the
magnetic equator in India—we have in June the conspicuous
forenoon swing to the west seen at Toronto, occurring it is true
slightly earlier in the day; but in December at the corresponding
hours the needle is actually swinging to the east, just as it is
doing at Hobart. In June the diurnal inequality of declination
at tropical stations—whether to the north of the equator like
Trivandrum, or to the south of it like Batavia—is on the whole
of the general type characteristic of temperate regions in the northern
hemisphere; whereas in December the inequality at these stations
resembles that of temperate regions in the southern hemisphere.
Comparing the inequalities for June in Table XII. amongst themselves,
and those for December amongst themselves, one can trace
a gradual transformation from the phenomena seen at Toronto to
those seen at Hobart. At a tropical station the change from the
June to the December type is probably in all cases more or less
gradual, but at some stations the transition seems pretty rapid.
Table XI.—Diurnal Inequality of Inclination mean from whole year.
| Station. | Jan Mayen. | St Petersburg and Pavlovsk. |
Greenwich. | Kew. | Parc St Maur. |
Tiflis. | Kolaba. | Batavia. | Mauritius. | South Vic- toria Land. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| End Dipping | North. | North. | North. | North. | North. | North. | North. | South. | South. | South. | ||
| Period. | 1882–1883. | 1873–1885. | 1890–1900. | 1891–1900. | 1883–1897. | 1888–1898. | 1894–1901. | 1883–1894. | 1884–1890. | 1902–1903. | ||
| a. | q. | a. | q. | a. | q. | a. | a. | q. | a. | a. | a. | |
| Hour | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ |
| 1 | +4.6 | +1.5 | −0.5 | −0.3 | −0.4 | −0.3 | −0.3 | −0.1 | +0.6 | +0.9 | +0.3 | +0.6 |
| 2 | +5.0 | +1.6 | −0.5 | −0.3 | −0.3 | −0.2 | −0.3 | −0.1 | +0.6 | +0.8 | +0.2 | +0.7 |
| 3 | +5.6 | +1.6 | −0.5 | −0.3 | −0.3 | −0.2 | −0.3 | −0.1 | +0.5 | +0.6 | 0.0 | +0.7 |
| 4 | +5.0 | +1.5 | −0.4 | −0.3 | −0.3 | −0.2 | −0.4 | −0.2 | +0.5 | +0.5 | −0.0 | +0.7 |
| 5 | +4.2 | +1.4 | −0.5 | −0.3 | −0.2 | −0.2 | −0.4 | −0.2 | +0.7 | +0.3 | −0.1 | +0.7 |
| 6 | +2.4 | +1.2 | −0.4 | −0.3 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.3 | −0.1 | +0.8 | +0.1 | −0.2 | +0.5 |
| 7 | +0.7 | +0.9 | −0.2 | −0.1 | +0.2 | +0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | +0.5 | −0.2 | −0.3 | +0.4 |
| 8 | −0.1 | +0.8 | +0.1 | +0.3 | +0.6 | +0.4 | +0.4 | +0.3 | −0.2 | −0.8 | −0.4 | +0.3 |
| 9 | −0.7 | +0.8 | +0.6 | +0.6 | +1.0 | +0.8 | +0.7 | +0.5 | −1.2 | −1.7 | −0.4 | +0.1 |
| 10 | −1.2 | +0.9 | +1.0 | +1.0 | +1.1 | +1.0 | +0.9 | +0.3 | −1.9 | −2.7 | −0.5 | −0.2 |
| 11 | −2.2 | +0.8 | +1.2 | +1.2 | +1.0 | +0.9 | +0.7 | 0.0 | −2.1 | −3.3 | −0.6 | −0.4 |
| Noon | −3.4 | +0.4 | +1.1 | +1.1 | +0.6 | +0.6 | +0.4 | −0.5 | −1.6 | −3.1 | −0.7 | −0.7 |
| 1 | −4.5 | −0.2 | +0.7 | +0.7 | +0.3 | +0.2 | +0.2 | −0.6 | −0.8 | −2.4 | −0.8 | −0.9 |
| 2 | −5.6 | −1.2 | +0.4 | +0.4 | +0.1 | +0.1 | +0.2 | −0.5 | −0.2 | −1.3 | −0.6 | −1.0 |
| 3 | −6.3 | −2.2 | +0.2 | +0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | +0.2 | −0.3 | +0.3 | −0.2 | −0.3 | −1.0 |
| 4 | −6.1 | −2.9 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −0.1 | +0.2 | +0.1 | +0.3 | +0.7 | +0.1 | −0.9 |
| 5 | −5.1 | −3.2 | −0.1 | −0.3 | −0.2 | −0.2 | +0.1 | +0.4 | +0.2 | +1.3 | +0.4 | −0.7 |
| 6 | −3.1 | −2.9 | −0.2 | −0.3 | −0.3 | −0.3 | 0.0 | +0.5 | +0.2 | +1.5 | +0.5 | −0.5 |
| 7 | −1.7 | −2.2 | −0.3 | −0.4 | −0.4 | −0.4 | −0.2 | +0.4 | +0.3 | +1.6 | +0.5 | −0.2 |
| 8 | +0.3 | −1.3 | −0.3 | −0.5 | −0.4 | −0.4 | −0.3 | +0.2 | +0.4 | +1.6 | +0.6 | 0.0 |
| 9 | +2.0 | −0.3 | −0.4 | −0.6 | −0.4 | −0.4 | −0.3 | +0.1 | +0.5 | +1.6 | +0.6 | +0.2 |
| 10 | +2.5 | +0.5 | −0.5 | −0.6 | −0.4 | −0.3 | −0.3 | 0.0 | +0.6 | +1.5 | +0.6 | +0.4 |
| 11 | +3.0 | +1.0 | −0.5 | −0.6 | −0.4 | −0.3 | −0.3 | 0.0 | +0.6 | +1.4 | +0.5 | +0.5 |
| 12 | +4.0 | +1.3 | −0.5 | −0.4 | −0.4 | −0.3 | −0.3 | −0.1 | +0.6 | +1.2 | +0.4 | +0.6 |
| Range | 11.9 | 4.8 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 2.9 | 4.9 | 1.4 | 1.7 |
Table XII.—Diurnal Inequality of Declination (+ to West).
| Station. | Toronto. | Kolaba. | Trivandrum. | Batavia. | St Helena. | Mauritius. | Cape. | Hobart. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month. | June. | Dec. | June. | Dec. | June. | Dec. | June. | Dec. | June. | Dec. | June. | Dec. | June. | Dec. | June. | Dec. |
| Hour | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ |
| 1 | −0.4 | −0.1 | −0.3 | 0.0 | −0.3 | −0.1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | −0.1 | −0.4 | 0.0 | +0.1 | −0.4 | −0.7 | +0.8 | +1.1 |
| 2 | −0.2 | +0.4 | −0.3 | +0.1 | −0.4 | +0.1 | −0.1 | +0.1 | −0.2 | −0.1 | −0.2 | +0.2 | −0.5 | −0.4 | +0.3 | +1.1 |
| 3 | −0.2 | −0.1 | −0.3 | +0.1 | −0.4 | +0.3 | −0.2 | +0.2 | −0.2 | +0.1 | −0.2 | +0.4 | −0.7 | −0.1 | −0.1 | +1.0 |
| 4 | −1.2 | −0.4 | −0.3 | +0.3 | −0.5 | +0.5 | −0.3 | +0.3 | −0.3 | +0.3 | −0.2 | +0.7 | −0.6 | +0.3 | −0.1 | +1.1 |
| 5 | −2.9 | −0.6 | −0.7 | +0.4 | −0.7 | +0.7 | −0.3 | +0.5 | −0.5 | +0.6 | −0.3 | +1.0 | −0.7 | +1.0 | 0.0 | +1.7 |
| 6 | −5.2 | −0.6 | −1.6 | +0.5 | −1.6 | +1.1 | −0.5 | +1.2 | −1.0 | +0.9 | −0.4 | +1.7 | −1.0 | +2.2 | 0.0 | +2.7 |
| 7 | −6.2 | −0.9 | −2.2 | +0.7 | −1.7 | +1.4 | −1.1 | +2.0 | −2.2 | +1.9 | −1.1 | +2.6 | −1.6 | +3.3 | −0.1 | +4.4 |
| 8 | −6.0 | −1.2 | −2.1 | +0.2 | −1.1 | +0.9 | −0.4 | +2.3 | −1.5 | +2.2 | −1.0 | +2.4 | −0.8 | +3.6 | +0.1 | +5.6 |
| 9 | −4.4 | −1.8 | −1.1 | −0.1 | −0.2 | +0.5 | +0.5 | +2.0 | −0.3 | +1.3 | +0.2 | +2.0 | +0.7 | +3.1 | +0.6 | +5.6 |
| 10 | −1.5 | −1.1 | 0.0 | −0.2 | +0.6 | +0.3 | +0.9 | +1.3 | +0.3 | +0.2 | +1.2 | +1.1 | +1.6 | +1.6 | +1.2 | +3.6 |
| 11 | +2.1 | +0.6 | +1.2 | 0.0 | +1.2 | +0.1 | +1.0 | +0.4 | +0.5 | −1.0 | +1.4 | 0.0 | +1.5 | +0.1 | +1.0 | +0.7 |
| Noon | +4.8 | +2.2 | +2.1 | 0.0 | +1.4 | −0.4 | +0.7 | −0.6 | +0.3 | −1.4 | +1.0 | −1.4 | +0.8 | −1.0 | −0.1 | −2.6 |
| 1 | +6.1 | +3.2 | +2.0 | −0.2 | +1.1 | −0.8 | +0.3 | −1.4 | +0.3 | −1.2 | +0.1 | −2.2 | +0.3 | −1.8 | −1.4 | −5.1 |
| 2 | +6.1 | +3.2 | +1.6 | −0.3 | +0.7 | −0.9 | −0.2 | −1.8 | +0.2 | −0.4 | −0.9 | −2.5 | −0.3 | −1.9 | −2.2 | −6.2 |
| 3 | +5.2 | +2.4 | +0.9 | −0.3 | +0.3 | −0.9 | −0.7 | −1.9 | +0.2 | +0.4 | −1.5 | −2.2 | −0.3 | −1.4 | −2.4 | −5.8 |
| 4 | +3.6 | +1.5 | +0.2 | −0.3 | +0.1 | −0.8 | −0.8 | −1.6 | +0.7 | +0.6 | −1.3 | −1.6 | +0.2 | −0.8 | −1.6 | −4.8 |
| 5 | +1.8 | +0.5 | 0.0 | −0.2 | 0.0 | −0.4 | −0.5 | −1.2 | +1.1 | +0.4 | −0.3 | −1.0 | +0.5 | −0.8 | −0.7 | −3.3 |
| 6 | +0.7 | −0.1 | +0.1 | −0.2 | +0.2 | −0.4 | −0.1 | −0.7 | +1.0 | +0.1 | +0.5 | −0.5 | +0.5 | −0.6 | −0.4 | −1.9 |
| 7 | 0.0 | −0.8 | +0.3 | −0.2 | +0.5 | −0.4 | +0.1 | −0.6 | +0.6 | −0.4 | +0.7 | −0.3 | +0.4 | −0.8 | 0.0 | −1.0 |
| 8 | 0.0 | −1.2 | +0.4 | −0.1 | +0.5 | −0.3 | +0.2 | −0.5 | +0.5 | −0.7 | +0.7 | −0.3 | +0.3 | −0.9 | +0.5 | −0.3 |
| 9 | −0.5 | −1.4 | +0.3 | −0.1 | +0.4 | −0.2 | +0.4 | −0.3 | +0.4 | −0.9 | +0.6 | −0.2 | +0.2 | −0.9 | +1.1 | 0.0 |
| 10 | −0.5 | −1.7 | +0.1 | 0.0 | +0.2 | −0.1 | +0.4 | −0.1 | +0.2 | −1.0 | +0.4 | −0.1 | +0.1 | −1.0 | +1.3 | +0.6 |
| 11 | −0.7 | −1.1 | −0.1 | −0.1 | 0.0 | −0.1 | +0.3 | 0.0 | +0.1 | −0.8 | +0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −1.0 | +1.3 | +0.9 |
| 12 | −0.6 | −0.7 | −0.2 | −0.1 | −0.2 | −0.1 | +0.2 | +0.1 | −0.1 | −0.6 | +0.1 | +0.1 | −0.2 | −1.0 | +1.1 | +1.2 |
| Range | 12.3 | 5.0 | 4.3 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 4.2 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 5.1 | 3.2 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 11.8 |
§ 15. In the case of the horizontal force there are, as Table IX. shows, two markedly different types of diurnal inequality. In the one type, exemplified by Pavlovsk or Greenwich, the force is below its mean value in the middle of the day; it has a principal minimum about 10 or 11 a.m., and morning and evening maxima, the latter usually the largest. In the other type, exemplified by Kolaba or Batavia, the horizontal force is above its mean in the middle of the
