Olmzitz, lat. -l-49° 35' 40", long. 1 h. 9 m. o s. E. E. von Unkreehtsberg's
obs.; 5-in. refr. by Merz. J. F. Julius Schmidt observed
planets and comets from 1852 to 1858.
Krernsmnnster (Upper Austria), lat. -I-48° 3' 23-I", long. o h. 56 m. 31-6 s. E. Founded in 1748 at the gymnasium of the Benedictines. 3-in. meridian circle (mounted in 1827); 5%-in. refr. (mounted in 1856), used for comets and minor planets. Transit circle by Repsold (1907).
Pala (sea-coast, Austria), naval obs., lat. -i-44° 51' 48-7”, long. o h. 55 m. 23-1 s. E. Founded in 1871; meridian circle of 6-in. ap. by Simms, 6-in. refr. by Steinheil, magnetic and meteorological instruments. Twenty-eight minor planets were discovered here from 1874 to 1880 by J. Palisa.
Cracow, univ. obs., lat. -|-50° 3' 50-o”, long. 1 h. 19 m. 51-1 s. E. Possesses only small instruments.
Lussinpiccolo (island of Lussin, Adriatic), private obs. of Madame Manora, lat. -l-44° 32' 1 1 -0", long. o h. 57 m. 52-4 s. E. Erected 1894; 7-in. refr. by Reinfelder, used for obs. of planets. Kis Karla! (north-east of Budapest), private obs. of Baron-Podmaniczky, lat. +47° 41' 54-8”, long. 1 h. 18 m. 11-7 s. E. 7%-in. refr. by Merz and Cooke.
O'Gyalla (near Komorn, Hungary), lat. “l-47° 52' 27-3", long. 1 h. 12 m. 45-6 s. E. Nicolas de Konk0ly's obs., since 1899 a royal obs. Established in 1871, rebuilt and enlarged in 1876, devoted to astrophysics. A 10-in. s.g. refl. by Browning was in use up to 1881, when it was disposed of and a I0-in. refr. (o.g. by Merz) mounted in its place; also a 6-in. refr. by Merz, and a 6-3 in. phot. refr. Kalacza (south of Budapest), lat. -|-46° 31' 41 ", long. 1 h. 15 m. 54 s. E. Oibs. of the Jesuit college, founded in 1878 by Cardinal Haynald; 7-in. efr. by Merz, used for solar obs.
Herény (Vas, Hungary), lat. -I-47° 15' 47-4”, long. 1 h. 6 m. 24-7 s. E. E. and A. von G0thard's obs. Founded in 1881; 10-in. refl. by Browning. SWITZERLAND
Zurich, lat. -l-47° 22' 40-o", long. o h. 34 m. 12-3 s. E. An obs. existed since 1759; handed over to the Polytechnic School in 1855; new building erected in 1863. A 6-in. refr. by Merz and Kern with two phot. telescopes, two transit instruments, &c. Sun-spots are regularly observed, but the institution is chiefly devoted to educational purposes.
Neuehdtel, lat. -I-46° 59' 51-o", long. o h. 27 m. 49-9 s. E. Erected in 1858; meridian circle of 4i-in. ap. by Ertel, 6%-in. refr. by Merz.
Gene-va, lat. -l-46° 11' 59-3", long. o h. 24 m. 36-6 s. E. Founded in 1773; a new building erected in 1830. The obs. has been the centre of the important geodetic operations carried on in Switzerland since 1861. An 11-in. refr. (o.g. by Merz) was presented by the director E. Plantamour in 1880; 4-in. transit circle. Seam AND Poaruoiu.
Madrid, royal obs., lat. -l-40° 24' 29-7", long. o h. 14 m. 45-1 s. W. 10%-in. refr. by Merz, 8%-in. refr. by Grubb, 6-in. transit circle by Repsold.
Barcelona, obs. of Acad. of Science, lat. --41° 25' 18", long. 0 h. 8 m. 28 s. E. Opened 1904; 15-in. refr., phot. and vis. by Mailhat, 7%-in. transit circle by the same.
Cadiz, naval obs., at San Fernando, lat. -l-36° 27' 42~0", long. 0 h. 24 m. 49-3 s. W. Founded in 1797; 11-in. refr. by Brunner, 13-in. phot. refr. by Henry and Gautier, 8-in. transit circle by Simms. Lisbon, royal obs., lat. -J-38° 42' 31»3", long. 0 h. 36 m. 44-7 s. W. Founded 1861; 15%-in. refr. by Merz and Repsold, transit circle by Repsold.
Coimbra, univ. obs., lat. -l-40° 12' 25-5", long. o h. 33 m. 43-1 s. W. Founded 1792; 6%-in. transit circle by Repsold, 16-in. red. by Secretan.
ITALY
Turin, univ. obs., lat. -I-45° 4' 7-9", long. 0 h. 30 m. 47-2 s. E. Founded in 1790 by the Academy of Science; rebuilt in 1820 on a tower of the Palazzo Madama, 4%-in. transit circle by Reichenbach, 12-in. refr. by Merz; handed over to the univ. in 1865. A new obs. is being erected 6 km. from the city.
Milan, originally obs. of Brera College, now royal obs. of Brera, lat. 'l'-15° 27' 59-2", long. 0 h. 36 m. 45-9 s. E. Founded in 1763. The publication of an annual epherneris from 1775 to 1875 and important theoretical works absorbed most of the time of the directors B. Oriani and F. Carlini, and the instruments were rather insuliicient. In 1875 an 8-in. refr. by Merz was mounted, with which CM V. Schiaparelli has made valuable obs. of Mars; 18-in. refr. by erz.
Padua, univ. obs., lat. -I-45° 24' I-O", long. o h. 47 m. 29-2 s. E. Founded in 1767. In 1837 a meridian circle by Starke of 4-in. ap. was mounted, with which stars from Bessel's zones were re observed; the results were published in five catalogues; 4%-in. refr. by Merz and Starke (1858); Dembowski's 7-in. refr. mounted in 1881. Gallarate, near Lago Maggiore, from 1860 to 1879, Baron E. Dembowski's obs. From 1852 to 1859 Baron Dernbowski had observed double stars at Naples with a 5-in. dialyte by Pl6ssl and a sgiall transit circle by Starke. From 1860 he used a 7-in. refr. by erz.
Bologna, univ. obs., lat. cl-44° 29' 47-o", long. o h. 45 m. 24-5 s. E. Founded in 1724 on a tower of the univ. building. Obs. have only been made occasionally. A 3%-in. meridian circle was mounted in 1846.
Florence.—In 1774 a museum of science and natural history was established, part of which was used as an obs., but very few obs. were made; a new obs., built 1872 at Arcetri, lat. -l“43° 45' 14-4", long o h. 45 m. 1-3 s. E. 11-in. and 9%-in. refrs. by Amici. Terarno (Abruzzo), private obs. of V. Cerulli, lat. -I-42° 39' 27", long 0 h. 54 m. 56 s. E. 15%-in. refr. by Cooke. Rome, obs. 0 the Roman College, lat. -I-41° 53' 53-6", long. 0 h. 49 m. 55-4 s. E. Established in 1787, taken over by the government 1879. In 1853 a new obs. was erected on the unfinished piles of the church of St Ignatius, and furnished with a 9-in. refr. by Merz, a meridian circle by Ertel of 3%~l1'l. ap. (in use from 1842). With these instruments, to which were later added powerful spectroscopes, A. Secchi made a great many obs., chiefly relating to spectrum analysis and physical astronomy; 15-in. refr. by Steinheil. Rome, obs. of the Capitol, lat. -I-41° 53' 33-6", long. o h. 49 m. 56-3s. E. Established in 1848; belongs to the univ.; small transit circle and a 41;-in. refr. by Merz. The latter was used by L. Respighi for obs. of solar prominences.
Rome (Vatican), papal obs., lat. +41 ° 54' 4-8”, long. o h. 49 m. 49-3s. E. Founded 1890; 10;-in. refr. by Merz, 13-in. phot. and 8-in. vis. refr. and 5%-in. photoheliograph by Henry. Naples, royal obs., situated at Capo di Monte, lat. -I-40° 51' 46-3”, long. o h. 57 m. 1-7 s. E. Erected in 1812-1819; a 4-in. meridian circle by Reichenbach, a 6%-in. refr. by Reichenbach and Fraunhofer, 6-in. Merz. refr.
Palermo, royal obs., lat. -l-38° 6' 44-5”, long. o h. 53 m. 25-9 s. E. Erected in 1790 on a tower of the royal palace. The principal instruments were a reversible vertical circle by Ramsden of 5-ft. diameter with a 65-in. telescope, and a transit instrument of 3-in. ap. With these . Piazzi observed the stars contained in his celebrated Catalogue of 7641 Stars (1814); this work led him to the discovery of the first minor planet, Ceres, on the 1st of January 1801. The activity was revived in 1857, when a meridian circle by Pistor and Martins of 5-in. ap. was mounted.; a 9%-in. refr. by Merz has been used for spectroscopic work.
Catania, lat. -l-37° 30' 13-3”, long. 1 h. o m. 20-6 s. E. Founded 1885; 13-in. phot. refr. by Henry and Gautier, and a 13-in. refr. by Merz. The latter is used in summer on a duplicate mountin on Mount Etna, where in 1879-1880 an obs. was built at 'the “ Casa degl' Inglesi, " 9650 ft. above the sea, for solar obs. Gnsscs
Athens, lat. +37° 58' 2o", long. 1 h. 34 m. 55-7 s. E. Erected in 1846; founded by Baron Sina. With a refr. of 6%-in. ap. Julius Schmidt (d. 1884) made obs. of the physical appearance of the moon, planets and comets. Reorganized 1895; 15%-in. refr. by Gautier, 6%-in. transit circle.
Russia
St Petersburg, obs. of the Academy of Sciences, lat. -1-59° 56' 29-7", long. 2 h. 1 m. I3'5 s. E. Founded in 1725, restored in 1803; meridian circle by Ertel. Abolished in 1884. A univ. obs. was founded in 1880, lat. -l-59° 56' 32'O", long. 2 h. I m. 11-4 s. E.; 9%-in. refr. by Reinfelder and Repsold, used on double stars, during the summer at Domkino, lat. -I-58° 35-6', long. 1 h. 59 m. 25 s. E. Pnlkavo (Pulkowa), Nicholas Central Obs., lat. -I-59° 46' 1 8-7", long. 2 h. 1 m. 18-6 s. E. Finished in 1839. Was under the direction of F. G. W. Struve till 1861, then of his son O. Struve till 1889. The staff consists now of the director, five astronomers, six assistants and computers. The principal instruments are: a transit instrument by Ertel of 6-in. ap., a vertical circle by Ertel of 6-in. ap. (the circle of 3%-ft. diameter has been redivided by Repsold), -these two inst1'uments are for determining standard places of stars; a meridian circle by Repsold (6-in. ap., 4-ft. circles), used since 1841 to observe all stars north of -15° decl. down to the 6th mag., and all others observed by Bradley; a prime vertical transit by Repsold with 6%-in. ap., used for determining the constant of aberration; a 75-in. heliometer by Merz; a refr. by Merz of 14-9-in. ap. (remounted by Repsold in 1880), which was used by O. Struve to observe double stars; 30-in. refr. by Clark and Repsold, erected 1884, glgeily used for spectrographic work; 13-in. phot. refr. See also essa.
/ibo (Finland), univ. obs., lat. -I-60° 26' 56-8”, long. 1 h. 29 m. 8-3 s. E. Founded in 1819. With the meridian circle by Reichenbach of 4-ln. ap. F. W. A. Argelander observed the 560 stars contained in the Abo catalogue. In consequence of a great life in 1827 the univ. and obs. were moved to Helsingfors. Helszngfors (Finland), univ. obs., lat. -{-60°9 42~6", long. 1 h. 39 rn. 49~I s. E. Erected in 1832-1835; furnished with a 7-in. refr. and the instruments from Abo, including a transit instrument by Fraunhofer of5%-1n. ap.; 13~in. phot. refr. erected 1890. Dorpat (Yuriev), univ. obs., lat. ~}-58° 22' 46-8", long. 1 h. 46 m. 53-2 s. E. Founded in 1808; 1814-1839 under the direction of F. G. W. Struve. With a meridian circle by Reichenbach obs. were made from 1822 to 1843, chiefly of double stars, while the 9%-in refr. by Fraunhofer was used from 1824 to 1837 for measuring double stars.
