A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Accents (chant)

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A Dictionary of Music and Musicians
edited by George Grove

Accents (chant)

Acciaccatura

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From volume 1 of the work.

1501343A Dictionary of Music and Musicians — Accents (chant)

ACCENTS. Certain intonations of the voice used in reciting various portions of the liturgical services of the Church. The Ecclesiastical Accent is the simplest portion of the ancient Plainsong. Accents or marks, sometimes called pneums, for the regulation of recitation and singing were in use among the ancient Greeks and Hebrews, and are still used in the synagogues of the Jews. They are the earliest forms of notes used in the Christian Church, and it was not till the 11th and 12th centuries that they began to be superseded by the more definite notation first invented by Guido Aretino, a Benedictine monk of Pomposa in Tuscany, about 1028. Accents may be regarded as the reduction, under musical laws, of the ordinary accents of spoken language, for the avoidance of confusion and cacophony in the union of many voices; as also for the better hearing of any single voice, either in the open air, or in buildings too large to be easily filled by any one person reciting in the perpetually changing tones of ordinary speech. They may also be considered as the impersonal utterance of the language of corporate authority, as distinguished from the oratorical emphasis of individual elocution.

Precise directions are given, in the ritual books of the Church, as to the accents to be used in the various portions of the sacred offices and liturgy. Thus the Prayer Accent or Cantus Collectarum is either Ferial—an uninterrupted monotone, or Festal—a monotone with an occasional change of note as at (a), styled the punctum principale, and at (b) called the semipunctum. The following examples are taken from Guidetti's 'Directorium Chori,' compiled in the 16th century under the direction of Palestrina (ed. 1624); the English version is from Marbeck.

1. The Ordinary Week-day Accent for Prayers ('Tonus orationum ferialis').^[1]

${ \clef bass \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative f { \cadenzaOn f1 f f\breve f1 f f f f\breve f\breve } \addlyrics { per "..." Dom -- i -- num nos -- "trum, etc." A -- men. } \addlyrics { through our Lord Je -- sus Christ. _ A -- men. } }$

2. The following Ferial Accent (Tonus ferialis) is used at the end of certain prayers.

${ \clef tenor \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \cadenzaOn c1 c c c c\breve c2 c1 c2 c1 c\breve c2 c\breve a \bar "||" \break c\breve c1 c c\breve c2 c1 c\breve a \bar "||" } \addlyrics { "..a" nos -- tris in -- i -- qui -- ta -- ti -- bus re -- sur -- ga -- mus. per... Chris -- tum Dom -- i -- num nos -- trum } }$

3. The Festival Accents for Prayers ('Tonus orationum festivus').

${ \clef bass \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative f { \cadenzaOn f1 f f2 f1 f f f f f\breve f1 f f2 f1 f e^\markup { \smaller (b) } \bar "" f f f f f f\breve f2 f1 e d^\markup { \smaller (a) } f\breve f1 \bar "" f f f2 f1 f f2 f1 f\breve f2 f1 f f f\breve \bar "||" } \addlyrics { per Dom -- i -- num nos -- trum Je -- sum Chris -- tum fi -- li -- um tu -- um qui te -- cum vivit in unitate Spi -- ri -- tus Sanc -- ti "De -us" per om -- ni -- a sae -- cu -- la sae -- cu -- lo -- rum. A -- men. } \addlyrics { through _ _ _ _ _ Je -- sus Christ thine on -- ly be -- got -- ten Son, who with _ _ Thee and the Ho -- ly Spi -- rit liv -- eth and reign -- eth e -- ver one God, etc. _ A -- men. } }$

4. In the ancient Sarum use there was the fall of a perfect fifth, called the grave accent, at the close of a prayer, with a modification of the Amen, thus—:

${ \clef tenor \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \cadenzaOn c1 c c2 c1 c f, b( c) c \bar "||" s4 } \addlyrics { "per, etc." fi -- li -- um tu -- um. A -- men. } }$

5. There are also the accents for reciting the Holy Scriptures, viz. the Cantus or Tonus lectionis, or ordinary reading chant; the Tonus Capituli for the office lessons; the Cantus Prophetarum or Prophetiae, for reading the Prophets or other books not Gospels or Epistles; the Cantus Epistolae and Evangelii for the Epistles and Gospels; as well as other accents for special verses and responses, of great variety and beauty, which may be best learnt from the noted service-books themselves. The following examples will show their general character. The responses are for the most part sung in unison but some of them have been harmonised for several centuries, and such as are most known in the English Church are generally sung with vocal, and sometimes with organ harmonies. These harmonies have, however, in too many cases, obscured the accents themselves, and destroyed their essential characteristics. In Tallis's well-known 'Responses' the accents being given to the tenor are, in actual use, entirely lost in the accompanying treble.^[2]

(a) The Tonus Lectionis.

${ \clef tenor \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \cadenzaOn c1 c2 c c c1 c c\breve c1 \bar "|" c\breve c2 c1 a c \bar "|" c c c c c c c\breve c2 c1 c\breve c2 c1 c c c\breve f, \bar "||" } \addlyrics { Pe -- trus cum Jo -- an -- nes dix -- it res -- pi -- ce in nos, At il -- le... spe -- rans ne a -- li -- quid ac -- cep -- tu -- rum abb e -- is. } }$

(b) Tonus Capituli. Monotonic except at the close.

${ \clef tenor \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \cadenzaOn c\breve c2 c c1 c2 c c1 c2 \bar "|" c1 c c\breve c2 c c c\breve a g1( a\breve) \bar "||" c1 c\breve a a2 g1( a\breve) \bar "||" } \addlyrics { Mi -- sit He -- ro -- dus Rex ma -- "nus, etc." "..ut" ap -- prae -- hen -- de -- ret et Pe -- trum. De -- o gra -- ti -- as. } }$

(c) The Accent of Interrogation.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \clef tenor \relative c' { \cadenzaOn c1 c c b( c) \bar "||" c\breve c1 b b( c\breve) \bar "||" } \addlyrics { Qui so -- lus es? Quid cla -- ma -- bo? } }$

(d) The Tonus Prophetiae.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \clef tenor \relative c' { \cadenzaOn c\breve c2 c1 c c c\breve f,2 f1 \bar "|" c'\breve c2 c1 c c\breve f, \bar "|" \break c'1 c c\breve c2 c1 c a c\breve s1_\markup { etc. } \bar "|" } \addlyrics { Lec -- tio li -- bri Le -- vi -- ti -- ci. In di -- e -- bus il -- lis, dix -- it Do -- mi -- nus ad Moy -- sen, } }$

ending on the reciting note; and differing, in this respect only, from the Tonus Lectionis.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \clef tenor \relative c' { \cadenzaOn c1 c c\breve c2 c1 c c\breve c2 c\breve \bar "||" } \addlyrics { Di -- cit Do -- mi -- nus om -- ni -- po -- tens. } }$

(e) The Tonus Epistolae, Accent for the Epistle. Monotonic except that the Accent of Interrogation is used when a question is asked.

(f) The Tonus Evangelii, or Accent for the Gospel.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \clef tenor \relative c' { \cadenzaOn c1 c c c c a\breve c1 c\breve c \bar "|" c1 c c b b b b( c\breve) \bar "||" c1 c\breve c1 c a( b c\breve) c1 c\breve c2 c1 c\breve \bar "||" } \addlyrics { dix -- it Si -- mon Pe -- trus ad Je -- sum quid er -- go e -- rit no -- bis...? Et vi -- tam ae -- ter -- nam pos -- si -- de -- bit } }$

6. The Sarum use was in some parts of the service more varied than the Roman, as given above from Guidetti. But the general rules were not widely different, and, from a review of the whole subject, it may be stated briefly that there are some seven ecclesiastical accents, viz. (1) The monotonic; (2) The semitonic

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \clef tenor { \cadenzaOn c'1 b \bar "||" } }$

(3) The medial

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \clef tenor { \cadenzaOn c'1 a \bar "||" } }$

; (4) The accent of a final fourth

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \clef tenor \relative c' { \cadenzaOn c1 c c d c\breve f2 f\breve \bar "||" } \addlyrics { ip -- se est Rex Glo -- ri -- ae } }$

; (5)The grave

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \clef tenor { \cadenzaOn c'1 f, \bar "||" } }$

; of this there is a variation used in Rome, thus,

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \clef tenor \relative d' { \cadenzaOn d2 d1 d2 d\breve( e1) g,\breve \bar "|" s } \addlyrics { o -- ra -- ti -- o nam } }$

ending with the fall of a major sixth. It does not appear to be prescribed in any Gregorian Treatise or Directorium, but is well known to musical travellers, and is mentioned by Mendelssohn in his letter from Rome, 1831, to Zelter, on the music of the Holy Week; (6) The interrogative, before explained; (7) The acute

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \clef tenor { \cadenzaOn c'1 a c' \bar "||" } }$

, used specially for monosyllabic and Hebrew words, when otherwise the medial accent would be employed. These, including the semipunctum, and with the addition of the punctum principale, and perhaps a few other varieties, constitute the first and simplest portion of that voluminous Plaintune from which Marbeck selected the notes set to the English Prayer-book, and which was ordered by Queen Elizabeth's famous Injunctions to be used in every part of the Divine Service of the Reformed Church of England.

[ T. H. ]

↑ The breves and semibreves in the above examples represent the old black notes of the same name ( and ) which answered to the long and short times of syllables in prosody (– and ˇ): a more prolonged sound was indicated by the long (thus or ).
↑ For a rearrangement of these, with a view to restore the proper supremacy of the accents themselves, see Appendix 1 to 'Accompanying Harmonies to the Rev. Halmore's Brief Directory of Plainsong'; and for the rule of their proper formation, see the 'S. Mark's Chant Book,' p. 61.

[1] The breves and semibreves in the above examples represent the old black notes of the same name ( and ) which answered to the long and short times of syllables in prosody (– and ˇ): a more prolonged sound was indicated by the long (thus or ).

[2] For a rearrangement of these, with a view to restore the proper supremacy of the accents themselves, see Appendix 1 to 'Accompanying Harmonies to the Rev. Halmore's Brief Directory of Plainsong'; and for the rule of their proper formation, see the 'S. Mark's Chant Book,' p. 61.

[1]

[2]

A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Accents (chant)

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