wine), or to use hot drinks or tobacco—the former being meant for
the washing of the body and the latter for the healing of bruises
and sick cattle; man’s proper food is herbs and fruit; that for
beasts and fowls, grain; and, except in winter and in case of famine
and severe cold, flesh should not be eaten by man. Infant baptism
is also condemned, but the children of saints who have reached
their eighth year should be baptized. The deceased, also, can be
baptized by proxy, and in this way—“baptism for the dead”
(1 Cor. xv. 29)—Washington, Franklin and others have been
vicariously baptized into the Church, since, according to the
Mormons, there was no valid baptism between the time of the
corruption of the primitive Church and the establishment of the
Church of Latter-Day Saints.
Bibliography.—The Book of Mormon, first printed in 1830, has been reprinted and translated frequently. Smith also wrote a History of Joseph Smith, being extracts from his journal, published in 1842–1846 in Times and Seasons, a church periodical, and a Book of Commandments, for the Government of the Church of Christ (Zion, Jackson county, Missouri, 1833), and “compiled” a Book of Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of the Latter-Day Saints (Kirtland, Ohio, 1835, and often reprinted); and The Pearl of Great Price: Being a choice Selection from the Revelations, Translations and Narratives of Joseph Smith, First Prophet, and Revelator to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Liverpool, 1851; Salt Lake City, 1891). The best bibliographies are in H. H. Bancroft’s History of Utah (San Francisco, 1889), vol. xxi. of the History of the Pacific States of North America, in which the effort to avoid bias against the Mormons has made the work biassed in their favour, and in I. Woodbridge Riley’s The Founder of Mormonism, a Psychological Study of Joseph Smith, Jr. (New York, 1902), the first inquiry by a trained psychologist into Smith’s case. More important than either of these works is William Alexander Linn’s The Story of the Mormons from the Date of their Origin to the Year 1901 (New York, 1902); Linn, unlike Riley, thinks it proved that Rigdon used the “Spaulding manuscript” in the preparation of the Book of Mormon. E. W. Tullidge’s History of Salt Lake City (Salt Lake City, 1886) and Orson F. Whitney’s History of Utah (4 vols., Salt Lake City, 1892–1898) are valuable general works by Mormon writers; the leaders of the Reorganized Saints, Joseph Smith III and Herman C. Smith, wrote A History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Lamoni, Iowa, 1901); and Tullidge, a member of the same branch, wrote a Life of Joseph the Prophet (Plano, Illinois, 2nd ed., 1880). Edward H. Anderson’s Brief History of the Church of Latter-Day Saints (3rd ed., 1905) and J. E. Talmage’s Story of Mormonism (reprinted, 1907) are regarded by Mormons as authentic. Early attacks on Mormonism are E. D. Howe’s Mormonism Unveiled (Painesville, Ohio, 1834) and Pomeroy Tucker’s Origin and Progress of the Mormons (New York, 1867). And among works descriptive of Mormonism in Utah written by Gentiles the more important are: History of the Mormons of Utah: their Domestic Polity and Theology (Philadelphia, 1852), by Lieut. J. W. Gunnison of the U.S. Topographical Engineers, who took part in surveys preliminary to building a transcontinental railway; Utah and the Mormons (New York, 1854), by B. G. Ferris, secretary of Utah Territory in 1852–1853; Horace Greeley, Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco in 1859 (New York, 1860); Jules Remy, Journey to Great Salt Lake City (London, 1861); and The City of the Saints, and across the Rocky Mountains to California (London, 1861), by Richard F. Burton, who spent a month in Salt Lake City in 1860. There is much valuable material in the Reports of the Utah Commission appointed under the Edmunds Act, in Testimony before the Senate Committee in the Smoot case (1903–1905), and in the Report of the Committee on Privileges and Elections (Senate Report 4253, 59th Congress, 1st Session), also in the Smoot case.
MORMYR. The mormyrs (Mormyridae) are one of the most remarkable families of the Malacopterygian fishes, confined to the fresh waters of tropical Africa and the Nile. About 100 species, referred to two sub-families and ten genera, are now known, a great number of new forms having recently been discovered in the Congo. They are curious-looking, highly aberrant fishes, very variable in the extent of the vertical fin and in the form of the body, and especially the head, which may be either extremely abbreviated or elongated into a rostrum, with or without a dermal appendage or “feeler.” The shape of the head has suggested many of the specific names which have been given to these fish, such as elephas, tapirus, tamandua, caballus, ovis, ibis, numenius, &c. Some forms are eel-shaped. The mormyrs are further remarkable for the enormous development of the brain and for the problematic organ which surmounts it; also as being among the few fishes in which an electric organ has been discovered. This organ, situated on each side of the caudal region, is derived from the muscular system and is of feeble power; it was long considered as “pseudoelectric.”
Very little is known of the habits of these fishes. Professor G. Fritsch, of Berlin, during his stay in Egypt for the purpose of experimenting on electric fishes, observed that they perish very rapidly when removed from the water, and he had the greatest difficulty in keeping some alive in an aquarium for two or three days. Captain S. Flower has recently been more successful, and the mormyrs have proved a great success in the Gezira aquarium, near Cairo, examples of the species having lived from ten to twenty-six months. The species with comparatively large mouths feed principally on fishes and crustaceans, the others on tiny animals and vegetable and more or less decomposed matter. P. Delhez, on the Congo, found that many are attracted to the borders of the river in the neighbourhood of human dwellings, where they feed on the refuse thrown into the water. It is probable that the species with a rostrum use it to procure small prey hidden between stones or buried in the mud, and that the fleshy mental appendage with which they are provided is a tactile organ compensating the imperfection of the vision in the search for food. Until quite recently absolutely nothing was known of the breeding-habits and development. To the late J. S. Budgett we owe some very interesting observations made in the Gambia on Gymnarchus niloticus, which makes a nest, and the larvae of which are provided with filamentous external gills.
Venerated by the ancient Egyptians, the mormyrs are often represented on hieroglyphics and mural paintings as well as in bronze models. The “Oxyrhynchus,” remarkable for its long, curved snout, is the most frequently depicted. A revision of the Mormyridae has been published by G. A. Boulenger in the Proc. Zool. Soc. (1898), with a bibliographical index to the various anatomical and physiological contributions. The skull has been minutely studied by W. G. Ridewood, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool. xxix., 1904, p. 188). Figures of the most remarkable forms will be found in Boulenger’s Poissons nouveaux du Congo, Ann. Mus. Congo (Zool. i. and ii., 1898–1902), and in his Fishes of the Nile (London, 1907, 4°°). On the breeding habits of Gymnarchus, cf. J. S. Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1901), xvi. 126. (G. A. B.)
MORNAY, PHILIPPE DE (1549–1623), seigneur du Plessis-Marly, usually known as Du-Plessis-Mornay or Mornay Du Plessis, French Protestant, was born at Buhy in Normandy on the 5th of November 1549. His mother had leanings toward Protestantism, but his father sought to counteract her influence by sending him to the Collège de Lisieux at Paris. On his father’s death in 1559, however, the family formally adopted the reformed faith. Mornay studied law and jurisprudence at Heidelberg in 1565 and the following year Hebrew and German at Padua. On the outbreak of the second religious war in 1567, he joined the army of Condé, but a fall from his horse prevented him from taking an active part in the campaign. His career as Huguenot apologist began in 1571 with the work Dissertation sur l’église visible, and as diplomatist in 1572 when he undertook a confidential mission for Admiral de Coligny to William the Silent, prince of Orange. He escaped the St Bartholomew massacre by the aid of a Catholic friend, and took refuge in England. Returning to France towards the end of 1573, he participated during the next two years with various success in the campaigns of Henry of Navarre. He was taken prisoner by the duke of Guise on the 10th of October 1575, but not being recognized was ransomed for a small sum. Shortly afterwards he married Charlotte Arbaleste at Sedan. Mornay was gradually recognized as the right-hand man of the king of Navarre, whom he represented in England from 1577 to 1578 and again in 1580, and in the Low Countries 1581–1582. With the death of the duke of Alençon-Anjou in 1584, by which Henry of Navarre was brought within sight of the throne of France, the period of Mornay’s greatest political activity began, and after the death of the prince of Condé in 1588 his influence became so great that he was popularly styled the Huguenot pope. He was present at the siege of Dieppe, fought at Ivry, and was at the siege of Rouen in 1591–92, until sent on a mission to the court of Queen Elizabeth. He was bitterly disappointed by Henry IV.’s abjuration of Protestantism in 1593, and thenceforth gradually withdrew from the court and devoted himself to writing. He founded in 1593 the Protestant academy or
