ing on such a business, he was naturally attracted to the inventions of Arkwright; and when the latter visited Glasgow in 1783, Mr. Dale promptly entered into negotiations with him for the establishment of spinning-mills in Scotland, on the basis of mutual participation in the profits to accrue from the application of Arkwright's patented inventions. The use of steam-power in such works was then unknown; and visiting together the Falls of the Clyde, which afforded the necessary water-power, they decided on the site of the afterwards celebrated New Lanark Mills. When Arkwright's patent-right was set aside by the courts of law the connection ceased, and Mr. Dale found himself legally entitled to the undivided enjoyment of any profits that might reward his spirit of enterprise and application of capital. But there were still serious difficulties to overcome. The landed proprietors opposed the scheme, disliking the concourse of hordes of operatives in their neighbourhoods, and fearing to be burdened with the support of unemployed poor. The working classes themselves viewed the new employment with disgust. In time both gentry and people saw their mistake. The former came eventually to solicit Mr. Dale's aid in establishing similar mills, and from Ayrshire to Sutherlandshire he was a partner in the once unpopular establishments, now founded at the request of the class which had formerly so bitterly opposed them. The working population grew to estimate the advantages of an establishment, the benevolent as well as business-like proprietor of which made every arrangement for their comfort, and for the moral, religious, and intellectual education of old and young employed. But before this change Mr. Dale was sorely bestead to procure workers. Ship-loads of Highland emigrants, just starting for a voyage across the Atlantic, had to be arrested, and bribed into a trial of the new occupation. The orphan children of the Glasgow and Edinburgh workhouses had also to be called into requisition. Nay, when the first mill erected had been in successful operation for several weeks, it was accidentally burnt down, and all had to be done over again. Done it was, and done successfully. By his various operations, manufacturing, mercantile, and banking, Mr. Dale accumulated a large fortune, much of which he devoted to charitable and religious purposes. Mr. Dale was a strict religionist, of rigidly evangelical views; he was for many years a weekly preacher in a congregationalist chapel, and was the founder of the first auxiliary of the British and Foreign Bible Society. By great diligence he repaired in later life the defects of his early education, and learned to read the Bible in Hebrew and Greek. Six years after he had begun to wind up his affairs and retire gradually from business, he died at Glasgow on the 17th of March, 1806. The cotton-industry of Lanarkshire is his great, as it is his only monument.—F. E.
DALE, Samuel, an English pharmaceutist, was born in 1650, and died in 1739. He studied medicine, and devoted his attention in a special manner to natural history and botany. He published at London, in 1693, a "Pharmacologia, or an Introduction to the Materia Medica." Several papers were contributed by him to the Philosophical Transactions. He introduced many exotic plants into Britain, some of which were sent to him from Carolina by Catesby. A genus of leguminous plants was named after him by Linnæus.—J. H. B.
* DALE, Thomas, an English poet and divine, was born on the 22nd August, 1797. Left an orphan at an early age, he was placed, through the influence of some friends of his family, on the foundation of Christ's hospital. He removed to the university of Cambridge in 1817, and in the following year gave to the world his "Widow of Nain," a poem, which, being favourably reviewed in Blackwood and other periodicals, immediately attracted considerable notice. Like all his subsequent productions it is characterized by great purity and elegance both of thought and expression. In 1823 Dale, who had already married, entered into holy orders. At first vicar of St. Michael, he was removed in 1835, by the special desire of Sir Robert Peel, to St. Bride's, London. It was through the same liberal patronage that he became canon-residentiary of St. Paul's in 1843, and three years later vicar of St. Pancras. He was appointed to the chair of English literature, first in 1828 in the London university, and afterwards in 1836 in King's college. As a writer Dale holds a very respectable position amongst the authors of the day. His poems are more remarkable for correct taste and feeling than for passion or imagination. His sermons appear to enjoy a greater reputation. An unprejudiced authority says that "Dale's discourses produce an overwhelming effect upon his audiences, spoken, as they are, in the author's calm, solemn, manner." Dale has also published some devotional works, a translation of Sophocles, &c.—R. M., A.
DALECHAMP or DALECHAMPS, Jacques, a French medical man and botanist, was born at Caen in 1513, and died at Lyons about 1588. He prosecuted his studies at Montpellier, and graduated there as doctor in 1546. He practised as a physician at Lyons. He was a good scholar, and carried on an extensive scientific correspondence. he made a collection of the plants in the vicinity of Lyons. The chief botanical work published by him was his "Historia Generalis Plantarum," in which he gives descriptions and figures of more than one thousand plants, embracing those mentioned by the ancient Greek, Latin, and Arabic writers. The work is comprised in eighteen books, and the plants are arranged according to an artificial method. He also published an edition of Pliny's Natural History, and some treatises on medical subjects.—J. H. B.
D'ALEMBERT. See Alembert.
DALGARNO, George, a learned and ingenious Scotchman, was born at Old Aberdeen about the year 1626, and was educated in Marischal college. New Aberdeen. In 1657 he went to Oxford, where, according to Anthony Wood, he taught a private grammar-school, with good success, for about thirty years. He died of a fever on the 28th of August, 1687, and was buried in the north body of the church of St. Mary Magdalen. These scanty details are all that is known of the life of this learned and original writer, who had the merit of anticipating, a hundred and eighty years ago, some of the most valuable discoveries of the present day respecting the education of the deaf and dumb. To him belongs the credit of inventing the first finger alphabet for their use. His treatise upon this subject is entitled "Didascalocophus, or the Deaf and Dumb Man's Tutor," and was printed at Oxford in 1680. "Its design," he says, "is to bring the way of teaching a deaf man to read and write as near as possible to that of teaching young ones to speak and understand their mother tongue." "In prosecution of this general idea," says Dugald Stewart, "he has treated, in one short chapter of a 'deaf man's dictionary,' and in another of "a grammar for deaf persons,' both of them containing a variety of precious hints, from which useful practical lights might be derived by all who have any concern in the tuition of children during the first stage of their education." Besides this work, Dalgarno published in 1661 a treatise on the subject of a universal language. This was a favourite topic among the philosophers of that day, and Dalgarno was assured by Dr. Seth Ward, bishop of Salisbury, Dr. John Wallis, and others, that he had discovered a secret "which, by the learned men of former ages, had been reckoned among the desiderata of learning." It is certain that Dalgarno's speculations on this subject preceded those of Bishop Wilkins, whose Essay towards a Real Character was not published till 1668. Mr. Hallam says that Dalgarno's scheme "is fundamentally bad; but it deserves especially to be observed that he anticipated the famous discovery of the Dutch philologers—namely, that all other parts of speech may be reduced to the noun, dexterously, if not successfully, resolving the verb intransitive into an affirmative particle." Dalgarno's works were privately reprinted by the late Lord Cockburn and Lord Dundrennan, and presented to the Maitland Club of Glasgow.—J. T.
* DALGAS, Carl Frederick Isaac, born in 1787 at Fredericia. At seventeen he began his practical education with a farmer in Holstein. From 1805 till 1807 he remained at Thorseng, frequenting also the veterinary school of Copenhagen till the following year, when he returned to Fredericia. During the two succeeding years he travelled at the expense of government into Germany, Switzerland, and France, especially to inquire into the cultivation of hemp. In 1813 he purchased an extensive estate now called Aldebertsminde. Dalgas has written much on agricultural subjects, and has also translated the best agricultural works of Germany. Amongst his original treatises may be mentioned—"Jagttagelser over Hampens Dyrkning," 1812; "Forsög tel en kort og fattelig Lærebrug i Agerbruget for den danske Bonde" (An attempt at a short and easy mode of instruction in agriculture for the Danish peasant), 1822, which received the prize from the Society of Rural Economy. He has contributed largely to periodicals and newspapers.—M. H.
DALHOUSIE, George Ramsay, ninth earl of, a British
