HAUG. 629 HAUKSBEE. ler group; in 1783 was appointed a secretary to tile Ducal Board of Privy Councilors, in 1704 private secretary, and in ISHi librarian of the Koyal I'uljlic Library at Slutlgarl. with the title of Aulic Councilor. Kcaily in improvisation, he wrote quantities of neat but rather eoiiinion|)lace verse for literary almanacs, anthologies, and jcurnals, and for Cotta's MorgcnhlatI, of which he was an editor from 1S07 to 1817. As an epi- grannnatist, however, he was perbajis second only to Logau (q.v.). The most representative exer- cise of his wit is to be found in his /.irciJuindcrt HjDicrhcln auf Horn Walils ungchcurc Nase ( 1S04, 3d ed. 1850), a trma coti variazioni, which certainly to unprejudiced minds attests his mobility and resourcefulness. A selection from his Oedichte appeared at Stuttgart in 1840; another forms No. 1130 of Reclara's Vniversal- bihtiothek. Consult Fischer, Beitrage zur Lit- tertiliirgeschicJite t^chirabois (Tiibingen. 1901). HAUG, houg, Martin (1827-70). A German Orientalist, born at Ostdorf, in Viirttend)erg. Overcoming every obstacle to his early educa- tion, he became a school-teacher, first at Ost- dorf and later at Unternsingen. Here he was forced to continue his classical and Hebrew studies in secret; but he persevered, and devel- oped a taste in linguistics and Sanskrit. Haug entered the gymnasium at Stuttgart in 1848. and in 1852 received the degree of doctor of philos- ophy at Tiibingen. Until 1859 his work was mainly at Bonn and Heidelberg, but in that year he was appointed superintendent of Sanskrit studies at the Government College at Poona, India. T.«aving Europe with his bride, he went to India, where he worked unccasiuLily in San- skrit, Avestan, and Pahlavi, in addition to the task of reforming the system of native education. In 1860 Haug returned to Germany, and two years later was appointed to the newly created chair of Sanskrit and comparative linguistics at Munich, which he held until his death. Haug's work was of signal importance for Indo-Iranian studies in the Orient. He was the first to recognize the importance of the traditional in- terpretation of the texts as contrasted with the linguistic or comparative school; and his books, though comparatively few in number, are still, for the most part, of value. His chief contribu- tions were: Die fiinf Gathtis (2 vols., 1858-60) ; The Aitareya Brahmana of the Rigveda (2 vols., 1803) ; An Old Znd-l>ahlavi and P(thlavi-V<iz<iml Glossary, in collaboration with Hoshengji Ja- maspji (2 vols.. 1807-70) ; The Book of Arda Viraf. in collaboration with E. W. West (2 vols., 1872-74); and Essays on the Parsis (3d ed. 1884). Consult Evans, in West's edition of the essays, HAUG, Robert (1857—). A German artist, born in Stuttgart. His studies were begun at the Art School of Stuttgart, and continxied at Munich in the academy, the Old and New Pina- kothek, and the Schack Gallery. At the Munich International Exposition of 1888 he attracted very favorable notice by his two works. "The Prussians Near Miickern" (in the Stuttgart Gal- lery) and "Volunteer Riflemen of 1813" (in the National Gallery. Berlin), the latter of which also obtained the gold medal at the Berlin Art Exposition in 1801. He became an instructor in the Stuttgart Art School in 1804. His further works, for the most part scenes from the War of Liberation, characterized parlioilarly by fine atmospheric etFeets, include "At Dawn" (1891; Dresden Gallery) ; "The Approach of Bliieher's Army to the Rhine" ( 18!I3), "Fight in the Streets of Leipzig, October, 1813" (1895; Leipzig Mu- seunO : "The Castle Guard," and "Battle in a Cornlield (National (iallery. Berlin). HAUGIANS, hou'gI-«nz. A religious body in Norway, the followers of Hans Nielsen llauge (1771-1824). He was an ignorant peasant, but became an enthusiastic revival preacher early in the nineteenth century, and so annoying to the regular clergy that they procured his punishment by fine and imprisonment. H<! lield that the ministry is a common duty, and that ordination for the service is not necessary; that Church creeds and confessions are of small account, bvit faith and works are everything; and he laid much stress upon strict discipline. He gained many followers, particularly from the lower classes, and his work was continued after liis death. For the life of Hauge, consult Bang (Christiania, 1875). His name is commemorated in Hauge's Synod, one of the independent Lutheran bodies of the t'nitcd States. The .synod was organized in 1840-50 by immigrants from Norway. Its main strength is in the States of Minnesota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. HAUGWITZ, houo'vits. Christian Heinrich Karl, Count (1752-1831). A Prussian states- man, bom near Oels, in Silesia, and educated at Halle and Giittingen. His mystical philosophy won him the favor of Frederick William If., who sent him to Vienna as Ambassador, and in 1792 appointed him Minister of Foreign Affairs. During his administration the second partition of Poland took place (1793), and the humiliating Peace of Basel was signed (1795). When the French occupied Hanover in 1803, Haugwitz re- signed: but two years later, when the French troops had entered Ansbach, he was sent to treat with Napoleon, and after Austerlitz signed the treaty ceding Ansbach, Cleves, and Neuehatel to the French, and giving Hanover to Prussia. Soon after he replaced Hardenberg as Prime Jlinister, but was unable to better the relations with France, and after Jena retired to his estates in Silesia and Poland. Consult Minutoli, Der Graf von Haugwitz und Job von Witzleben (Ber- lin, 1844). HAUK, Minnie (1852—). An American dramatic soprano. She was born in New York, of German parentage, and studied both at home and in Europe. Her first appearance was on the concert platform in New Orleans ( 1 865 ) , and three years later she made her operatic debut in New- York City. The same year she appeared in Italian opera in London with great success. The following year she was engaged as the prima donna of the Vienna Court Opera, and from 1873 to 1875 was employed in a like capacity at Berlin. She also sang with marked success in every capital of the civilized world. HAUKSBEE, haks'be, Francis, the elder ( ?- C.I712). An English physicist, admitted to the Royal Society of T^ondon in 1705. and who made a number of brilliant discoveries. Little is known of his life save through his scientific papers which were pidilished in the I'hilosophienl Transactions, and a volume on Pin/ si eo- Medicinal Ex.periments on Various Subjects, Containing an
