HEIDELBEBG. 719 HEIBEN. in a rare example of German Renaissance, its front being lavishly covered with medallions, and with symbolical statues, both biblical and pagan. There are vast princely halls, the* yrcal watch tower, a beautiful balcony, dungeons, cellars, one containing the well-known Heidelberg tun (q.v.), the museum with pictures and historic relics, and a magnilicent terrace which commands a splendid view. C)n the terrace is a statue of Vic- tor von Scheffel, unveiled in 1801. The environs of Heidelberg abound in ancient, often prehistoric ruins, foundations, ring-walls, and cisterns, and are rich in legendary and lit- erary associations, and romantic haunts of the feudal nobility. Among the conspicuous objects of interest are the ilolkencur, a lovely hill whoso top commands a view of the castle from above; the Heiligenberg, the Mons Piri of the Romans; the old and new bridges over the Neckar; the Philosophenweg, a long, charming walk through vine-clad slopes, with views reaching to the dis- tant Speyer Cathedral and the Hardt lloiui- tains ; and the famous students' inn and dueling- grounds in the vale of the Hirschgasse. The educational institutions of Heidelberg com- prise, besides the university, one gymnasium, an "oberreal," and an industrial school, and sev- eral private schools. There are also a museum and a number of scientific and art societies. The manufactured products include cement, artificial wood, scientific instruments, fire-department ap- paratus, etc. There is considerable trade in the hops, tobacco, fruits, and nuts grown in the vicinity. The town is equipped with electric rail- ways. The population was 31,7.39 in 1800, and 40,"l21 in 1900, including 14,194 Protestants. The number of foreign residents, many of whom are English and American students in the univer- sity, is about 1000. Heidelberg stands on the site of a Roman colony, but the town dates only from the latter part of the Sliddle Ages. From the thirteenth century, when it was an insignificant place, down to 1720 it was the capital of the Palatinate, After the Reformation Heidelberg was long the headquarters of German Calvinism, and gave its name to a famous Calvinistic catechism. The town suffered much during the Thirty Years' War, Tilly captured and plundered it in 1622. It was severely treated by the French in 1688, and was in 1693 almost totally destroyed by them. It passed to Baden in 1803. Consult: Hautz, Gcschichte der Universitiit Heidelberg (Mannheim, 1862-64) ; Oncken, Studt, fichloss nnd Hochschule Heidclbergs (Heidelberg, 188,5). HEIDELBERG, UjrrvER.siTT of. The oldest of the German universities w'ithin the present German Empire, founded in 1386 by Rupert I., Elector Palatine. The first rector and the real organizer was Marsilius von Inghen, who modeled the university after that in Paris, where he had been a lecturer. The organization was ecclesiastical, the mode of teaching scholas- tic. From the beginning the university was well attended and successful. In the middle of the sixteenth century !Melnnchthon gave his aid to a complete reorganization; scholasticism gave way to humanism, and from being Catholic the university became Protestant and a stronghold of Calvinism. At this time the staff included Ursinus and Olevianus. the authors of the Heidel- berg Catechism, published in l."i()3. A period of great prosperity followed, lasting till 1622, when Tilly captured the town and sent to Rome the famous collection of manuscripts known as the iiibliotheca Palatina. The university was much crijipled, and in 1626 suspended altogether. In 1652 it was restored, with freedom of confes- sion for all teachers. In the French wars at the end of the century, however, the town again suffered, and the university was again broken up. Some of the professors, it is true, set up instruc- tion at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1694, removed to Weinlieim in 1698, and two years later re- turned to Heidelberg once more; yet for a cen- tury the university led a dead-and-alive e.vist- euce under the inlluence of Catholic reaction- aries, and after the Peace of Luneville (1801) nearly all its possessions and endo^vments were lost. When Heidelberg became a part of Baden in 1803, its new sovereign restored the founda- tion, and it has since in a measure recovered its former fame. In 1886 the five-hundredth anni- versary was celebrated. There were 1600 stu- dents in 1901, the largest number in any one faculty being in jurisprudence. The library has about 400,000 volumes, including incunabula, and 3500 manuscripts. Consult Hautz, (leschichle der Universitiit Heidelberg (Mannheim, 1862- 64). HEIDELBERG CATECHISMS See Cate- CULSII. HEIDELBERG TUN. An enormous wooden cask in the cellar beneath Heidelberg Castle, set up in 1751 by the Elector Charles Philip. It has a capacity of 49.000 gallons, and measures 36 X 24 feet. Until 1709 it was constantly kept full of Rhine wine, but the custom was abandoned in that year. HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY. An edu- cational institution situated at Tiffin, Ohio, It was incorporated as a college in 1851 and re- organized as Heidelberg University in 1890. Its endowment in 1902 was $125,000, its income .$15,- 000, and the approximate value of its buildings and grounds .$150,000, In the same year its faculty numbered 30, and its student body 350, of whom 100 were enrolled in the collegiate de- partment. Its departments include summer and preparatory schools, and schools of music, art, oratory, commerce, and theology. The library contains about 25,000 volumes, HEIDELOFF, hi'de-lof , Karl Ale.xander von (1788-1865), A German architect and painter, born at Stuttgart. He studied in Stuttgart and w-as called to Nuremberg as muniei])al architect (1818), His knowledye of the early (iothie made him particularly successful in restorations ; ex- amples of this are the churches of Saint Sebald and Saint Laurent, and Albert Diircr's fountain. He was made professor in the polytechnic school, and conservator of the monuments of art in Ntiremberg. He was an historical painter of some note, and the author of several important works on architecture, among which are: Die Lehre von den Hiiulenordttinigen (1827); Der Kleiiie Vignola (1832) ; Niiriiicrgx BaudenJcmale der Vorzeif (1838-54) ; Die Ornamentik dcs Mit- telalters (1838-42); Die Kunst des Mittelaltcrs in fichicaben; and Bnudrnkmnle aus Sehwaben (1854-61). HEIDEN, hi'dm, EmiARn (1,8.35-88). A Ger- man agricultural chemist, born and educated at Greifswald. He went to Eldena in 1855 and be- came assistant in the chemical Laboratory there
