1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Philes, Manuel

PHILES, MANUEL (c. 1275–1345), of Ephesus, Byzantine poet. At an early age he removed to Constantinople, where he was the pupil of Georgius Pachymeres, in whose honour he composed a memorial poem. Philes appears to have travelled extensively, and his writings contain much information concerning the imperial court and distinguished Byzantines. Having offended one of the emperors by indiscreet remarks published in a chronograph, he was thrown into pr1son and only released after an abject apology. Philes is the counterpart of Theodorus Prodromus in the time of the Comneni; his character, as shown in his poems, is that of a begging poet, always pleading poverty, and ready to descend to the grossest flattery to obtain the favourable notice of the great. With one unimportant exception, his productions are in verse, the greater part in dodecasyllabic iambic trimesters, the remainder in the fifteen-syllable “political” measure.

Philes was the author of poems on a great variety of subjects: on the characteristics of animals, chiefly based upon Aelian and Oppian, a didactic poem of some 2000 lines, dedicated to Michael Palaeologus; on the elephant; on plants, a neurological poem, probably written on the death of one of the sons of the imperial house; a panegyric on John Cantacuzene, in the form of a dialogue; a conversation between a man and his soul; on ecclesiastical subjects, such as church festivals, Christian beliefs, the saints and fathers of the church; on works of art, perhaps the most valuable of all his pieces for their bearing on Byzantine iconography, since the writer had before him the works he describes, and also the most successful from a literary point of view, occasional poems, many of which are simply begging letters in verse.

Editions the natural history poems in F Lehrs and F. Dubner, Poetae bucolici et didactici (Didot series, 1846); Manuelis Philae Carmina medita, ed. A. Martini (1900); Manuelis Philae Carmina ed. E Miller (1855–1857). See also C. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur (1897).