1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Switzerland/Bibliography

Bibliography -a. General.—The indispensable work for any one desiring to know what books have been written on an subject relating to Switzerland is the officially published Bibliographic der sch-weizerischen Landeskunde, a series of detached parts, each complete in itself, and issued separately (Bern, from 1892 onwards). In particular may be mentioned: A. Waber's Landes- und Reisebesrhreibungen (1899; with a supplement, 1909), that deals with works of travel in Switzerland (see, too, the new edition, London, 1899, of J. Ball's Hints and Notes for Travellers in the Alps, pp. 140-152), and J. H. Graf, Kartenwesen (1896), which enumerates all the maps of Switzerland and its various districts. Among the best of the older descriptions may be mentioned those of A. von Bonstetten (1479), Conrad Tiirst (1495), Sebastian Munster (1544), J. Stumpf (1548), J. Simler (1574), M. Merian (1642), J. J. Scheuchzer (1723). G. S. Gruner (1760), P. F. D. de Zu-rlauben (1777) and W. Coxe (1779). More modern, but still useful in many ways, are Max Wirth, Allgemeine Beschreibung und Statistik der Schweiz (3 vols., Zürich, 1871-187), and H. A. Berlepsch, Schweizerkunde (2nd ed., Brunswick, 1875§ . The most complete and recent monograph on the country from all points of view is the work (700 pp.) entitled La Suisse (also in German), with atlas of 8 maps, reprinted from the Dictionnaire géographique de la Suisse (Neuchatel, 1909). For a pretty complete detailed account of its chief towns, villages and mountains, by far the best work is the Dictionnaire géographique de la Suisse (Neuchatel, 1902, and following years; it is also issued in German). A complete account of the country in the 19th century is given in the work entitled La Suisse au xix'"” siecle (3 vols., Lausanne, 1899-1900; also issued in German). For statistics see the official census of 1900 (Bern, 3 vols., 1904-1907), as well as the annual official publication Stalistisches Jahrbuch der Schweiz (from 1891, see specially the vol. for 1897, Atlas graphique et statistique de la Suisse, with many diagrams), and another (appearing six times a year at Bern, since 1865) the Zeitschrift fur schweizerische Statistik. For educational matters the annual official Jahrbuch fur Unlerrichtswesen in der Schweiz (Zürich, from 1894) is ve useful. For mountaineers there is the Climbers' Guides Series (London, from 1890, now comprising II vols. relating to Switzerland), and the two works published by the Swiss Alpine Club, Clubfuhrer durch die Glarner Alpen (1902), and Clubfuhrer durch die Urner Alpen (2 vols., 1905). Murray's Handbook for Travellers in Switzerland was thoroughly revised (19th edition) in 1904, while it is not necessary to do more than mention the guide-books of Baedeker and Joanne, of which new editions often appear (that by Iwan von Tschudi is no longer kept up to date).

The best maps of Switzerland are those published by the Federal Topographical Bureau at Bern. One, called from the director of the survey (G. H. Dufour, 1787-1875) the Dufour Map (scale 1:100,000), was published in twenty-five sheets between 1845 and 1863 (see the detailed history of this map in the work entitled Die schweizerische Landesvermessung, 1832-1864, Bern, 1896). It has however, been practically superseded by the issue (revised and corrected) of the original survey (scale I: 25,000 for the plains and 1:50,000 for the mountain districts) in 598 sheets, of which the publication began in 1870-this magnificent map, one of the finest ever executed, is named the Siegfried Atlas, from the successor of Dufour at the head of the survey, Hermann Siegfried (1819-1879). The history of Swiss travel has been told by G. Peyer, Geschichte des Reisens in der Schweiz (Basel, 1885), and W. A. B. Coolidge, Swiss Travel and Swiss Guide-Books (London, 1889). That of the exploration of the Swiss Alps is contained in Gottlieb Studer's Uber Eis und Schnee (Bern, 3 vols., new ed., 1896-1899), while Bernard Studer's Geschichte der physischen Geographic der Schweiz bis 1815 (Bern, 1863) describes the gradual examination of the country from the scientific point of view. The last-named work contains many short lives of eminent Swiss. These are narrated more in detail in R. Wolf's Biographieen zur Kulturgeschichte der Schweiz (4 vols., Zürich, 1858-1862); E. Secretan's Galerie suisse (3 vols., Lausanne, 1873-1880); and Sammlung berner Biographieen (Bern, as yet 5 vols., 1884-1906). (See also ALPS and GLACIER5.) As to languages in Switzerland the best general work is . Zimmerli's Die deutsch-franzosische Sprachgrenze in der Schweiz 3 vols., Basel and Geneva, 1891-1899); while for the Swiss-German dialects there is the splendid Schweizerisches Idiotikon (of which the publication began at Frauenfeld in 1881); and the Glossaire des patois de la Suisse romande. For one branch of the curious Ladin dialect, see Z. and E. Pallioppi's Dizionari dels idioms romauntschs d'Engiadow. &C- (Samadeh, 1895); while for select extracts of all branches of the Romonsch or Ladin literature consult C. Decurtins, Ratoromanische Chrestomathie (8 vols., Erlangen, 1894-1907), of which the vols. i., ii., iii. and iv. refer to the Romonsch dialect of the Bundner Oberland, and the rest to the Ladin dialect of the Engadine. F. J. Stalder's Versuch eines schweizerischen Idiotikon (2 vols.-Aarau, 1806-1812) is still useful, as is his later work'Die Landessprachen der Schweiz (Aarau, 1819).

The Archiv für Volkskunde published by the Société suisse des traditions populaires (Zürich, gom 1897), contains much that is interesting in the way of folk-lore, while for Swiss legends in general consult E. Kohlrusch, Schweizerisches Sagenbuch (Leipzi, 1854); A. Lijitolf, Sagen, Brauche, Legenden aus den Fiinlf Orten %Lucerne, 1862); M. Tscheinen and P. J. Ruppen, Wal iser-Sagen (Sion 1872); A. Cérésole, Légendes des alpes 1/audoises (Lausanne, 1885); J. Kuoni, Sagen des Kanlons St Gallen (St Gall, 1903); T. Vernaleken, Alizensagen (Vienna, 1858); D. Gempeler's Sagen und Sagengeschichten aus dem Simmenthal (ThUH, I 883-1 893); and Walliser-Sagen (2 vols., Brieg, 1907). Another feature of the life of the people in Switzerland is treated in H. Herzog's Schweizerische Volksfeste, Silten, und Gebrauche (Aarau, 1884).

For educational matters the two following books (with the Jahrbuch fur Unterrichtswesen in der Schweiz, already mentioned) will be found specially useful: F. Escali, L'Instruction primaire en Suisse (Paris, 1883) and the annual volume (Geneva, from 1904) entitled L'Education en Suisse. For the Swiss universities see the special histories mentioned in the articles on the several cantons, while for the Swiss Polytechnic School at Zürich, consult W. Oechsli's Geschichte der Griindung des eidg. Polytechnicums (Frauenfeld. 1905).

As to the mountain pastures, see Alp, where a list of books is given.

Swiss carriage. roads, especially across the Alpine passes, are described in S. Bavier, Die Strassen der Schweiz (Zürich, 1878), and the official book, Die schweizerischen Alpenpässe (2nd ed., 1893). For the history of the several Swiss Alpine passes consult in particular P. H. Scheffel, Verkehrsgeschichte der Alpen (Berlin, 1908-1909); R. Reinhard, Pässe und Strassen in den schweizer Alpen (Lucerne, 1903), which gives full references; and E. Oehlmann's articles “Die Alpenpässe im Mittelalter,” published in vols. iii. and iv. (Zürich, 1878-1879) of the Jahrbuch für schweizerische Geschichte). The Simplon has a special history, F. Barbev, La Route du Simplon (Geneva, 1906), as has also the St Gotthard; E. Motta, Dei Personaggi celebri che varcarono il Gottardo nei tempi antichi e moderni (Bellinzona, 1884; later continued in the Ballettino della Svizzera Italiana). As to Swiss railways in general, see R. Herold, Der schweizerische Bund und die Eisenbahnen bis zur Jahrhundertwende (Munich, 1902); P. Weissenbach, Die Eisenbahnoerstaatlichung in der Schweiz (Berlin, 1905); and C. P. Wiedemann, Die geschiclitliche Entwicklung der schweizer. Eisenbahngesetzgebung (Zürich, 1905). The St Gotthard railway and its history are treated of at length by M. Wanner in his two works—Geschichte der Begründung des Gotthardunternehmens (Lucerne, 1880); and Geschichte des Baues der Gotthardbahn (Lucerne, 1885). For a general estimate of the commercial importance of the Simplon railway, see A. Miihring, Die Simplonbahn-eine verkehrswirthschaétliche Studie (Bern, 1907). For a technical description of the wor s for the Simplon tunnel see an article (also issued separately) by K. Pressel in vol. xlvii. of the Schweizerische Bauzeitung (Zurich), while similar details, as well as more general notices, relating to the Splugen tunnel are given in G. Bener and R. Herold, Studien zur Ostalpenbahnfrage (Zurich, 1907); and A. Mettler, Der Splugen als ostschweizerische Alpenbahn (Zurich, 1907). As to the jungfrau railway, see A. H. Guyer-Zeller, Das Projekt der fungfraubahn (Zurich, 1896, with atlas of plates); and S. Herzog, Die Jungfraubahn (Zurich, 1904). A special part of the Bibliographic der schweizer. Landeskunde is devoted to Swiss railways.

Economical: Trade and Commerce.—As to the general economical state of Switzerland, the older Volkswirthschafts-Lexi/can der Schweiz, by A. Furrer (Bern, 4 vols., 1885-ISQZ), may still be consulted with advantage, while naturally more up to date is N. Reichesberg's Handwiirterbuch der Schweiz. Volkswirthschaft, Socialpolitik und Verwaltung (Bern, since 1903). A very useful and well-arranged work is A. Le Cointe's Inventaire des institutions économiques et sociales de la Suisse d la jin du xixm” siecle (Geneva, 1900). W. H. Dawson's Social Switzerland (London, 1897), deals with matters rather from the social than from the strictly economical standpoint, but contains a variety of interesting information, while H. D. Lloyd's The Swiss Democracy (London, 1908), is rather more political. A very handy, trustworthy and admirable work of moderate size on Switzerland generally from an economical point of view is T. Geering and R. Hotz's Economic politique de la Suisse (Zurich, 1903, trans. of a German work issued in 1902)-the German only has the detailed bibliography. P. Clerget's La Suisse au xx”"'° siecle (Paris, 1908), is very useful. Other works relating to Swiss industries and commerce are T. Geering, Die Handelspolilik der Schweiz am Ausgang des xix. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1902); E. Hofmann, Die Schweiz als Industriestaat (Zurich, 1902); and H. Wartmann, Industrie und Handel der Schweiz im Jahrhundert (Bern, 1902). The following are historical monographs as to some of the principal Swiss industries: A. Burkli-Meyer, Die Geschichte der ziiricherischen Seidenindustrie (Zurich, 1894); H. Lehmann, Die aargauisclze Strohindustrie (Aarau, 1896); and A. Steinmann, Die ostschweizerische Stickerei-Industrie (Zurich, 1905); while the following deal rather with local centres of industry: H. V)/artmann, Industrie und Handel des Kantons St Gallen auf 1866 (St Gall, 1870, besides many reports as to local industry, 1708 to 1890); T. Geering, Handel und Industrie der Stadt Basel (Basel, 1886); A. Bachelin, L'Horlogerie neuchdteloise (Neuchatel, 1888); and A. Pfieghart, Die schweizerische Uhrenindustrie (Leipzig, 1908). A full technical and well-illustrated description of some of the chief industrial establishments in Switzerland is given in Die industrielle und kommerzielle Schweiz beim Eintritt ins xx. Jahrhundert (Zurich, since 1900); while B. de Cérenville's Le Systbme continental et la Suisse, 1803-1813 (Lausanne, 1906) treats of an interesting period in Swiss commercial history. Swiss mercantile law is expounded in A. Curti's Schweizerisches Handelsrecht (Zurich, 1903). For purely financial matters the Finanz Jahrbuch (Bern, from 1899), Contains much information of the latest date; while H. Ernst's Eine schweizerische Bundesbank (Winterthur, 1904) sketches the foundation of the Swiss National Bank that was successfully launched in 1907. G. Schanz's Die Steuern der Schweiz (5 vols., Stuttgart, 1890) is a remarkably complete and instructive work; while the later book by J. Steiger, Grundzuge des Finanzhaushaltes der Kantone und Gemeinden (2 vols., Bern, 1903)1 is specially devoted to taxes levied by the cantons and the communes, and is of the greatest utility in studying a very complicated subject. E. Naef's Tabakmonopol und Biersteuer (Zurich, IQ03), treats of two special sources of revenue in the Swiss financial system. The history of the Swiss coinage is admirably narrated, with many fine illustrations, by L. Coraggioni, in his Munzgeschuhte der Schweiz (Geneva, ISQ6), and is the chief authority on Swiss numismatics in general. As to the fine arts, the best general work on medieval Swiss architecture is J. R. Rahn's Geschichte der bildenden Kunste in der Schweiz (Zurich, 1876). The same author has also collected various of his art essays in his Kunst- und Wanderstudien in der Schweiz (Vienna, 1883), while he has described (alone or with the help of others) the chief art monuments in the various Swiss cantons these notices appeared in the Anzeiger fztr schweiz. Alterthumskunde (Zurich, from 1868), and for the cantons of Soleure, Ticino, Thurgau and Unterwalden, form, appendices which are really art monographs. An older and more special work on the same subject is ]. D. Blavignac's Histoire del'architecture sacrée du io@"'” au xéme siécle dans les anciens évéchés de Genizve, Lausanne, et Sion (Geneva, 1853). There are two general books on the special subject of Swiss castles-Mme de Montmo1ier's Les C/uiteaux suisses (1816-1823, new ed., later); and F. Kupfer's Burgen und Schlosser der Schweiz (n.d.). Many have now special monographs; so Habsburg (1896) and Lenzburg (IQ04)» both by W. Metz, whose later work Die mitteldtterlichen Burganlagen und Wehrbauten des Kantons Aargau (2 vols., Aarau, 1906) is a very complete treatise on the most castellated region of the country. For the Bernese castles we have E. L. C. Eden and A. von Fischer's Die Schlbsser d. Kant. Bern (Bern, about 1898). All the great churches of Switzerland have also been made the subject of monographs-so the Munster in Bern, by B. Haendcke and V. Muller (Bern, 1894); Lausanne, by E. Dupraz (Lausanne, 1906), &c. As to the wooden architecture so characteristic of Switzerland, consult E. G. Gladbach's Die Holz-Architektur der Schweiz (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1885-the same author has also issued several series of plates illustrating this subject). Domestic Swiss architecture in general is represented by J. Hunziker's Das Schweizerhaus (Aarau), which includes 4 vols. dealing respectively with the Valais (1900), Ticino (1902), the Grisons and Glarus (1905)» and the jura with most of the Suisse Romande (1907). A. Robida's Les Vieilles villes de Suisse (Paris, 1879) is a pleasantly written book. The biographies of Swiss artists are conveniently summarized in the Schweizerisches Kunstler-Lexikon (F rauenfeld, from 1902 onwards), the order followed being alphabetical, while full references to special works, are given in each case. For Swiss glass painting, see H. Meyer's Die schweizerische Sitte der Fenster- und Wappenschenkung vom xv. bis xvii. Jahrhundert (Frauenfeld, 1884); and B. I-laendcke's Die schweiz. Malerei im xvi. Jahrhundert unter Berucksichtigung der Glasmalerei, des Formschnittes, und des Kupferstiches (Aarau, 1893); while Swiss fresco painting is treated of in Konrad Escher's Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Wand- und Dcckenmalerei in der Schweiz vom ix. bis zum Anfang des xvi. Iahrhundcrts (Strassburg, 1906); while the town shields are depicted in P. Kupfer's Armorial des 'villes suisses (Basel, 1885); and their seals in E. Schulthess's Die Stddte- und Landes-Siegel der Schweiz (Zurich, 1853). Early Swiss heraldry is historically described in P. Ganz's Geschichte d. herald. Kunst in der Schweiz im und xiii. Jahrhundert (Frauenfeld, 1899). The Swiss Renaissance is dealt with by G. Schneeli, Renaissance in der Schweiz (Munich, 1896); while ]. H. Heer in his Die schweiz. Malerei des xix. Jahrhunderts (Leipzig, 1905), has printed his lectures relating to most of the best-known modern Swiss painters. Many splendid series of reproductions in various departments of Swiss art have appeared, two of the most striking being the three series of Handzeichnungen schweizerischer Meister des xv.-xoiii. Jahrhunderts (Basel, from 1904); and the Kunstdenkmdler der Schweiz (2nd series, Geneva, from 1901), to which we may add R. Anheisser's Altschweizerische Baukunst (Bern, 1906*-1907); R. Hinderer, Alte sch-weizer Bauweise (Frankfort, 1907); and the four series (Bern, 1883-1887) of E. von Rodt's Kunstgeschichtliche Denkmdler der Schweiz. The most artistic and accurate reproductions of Swiss costumes are the thirty-six coloured plates, drawn after originals, published by Fr. Julie Heierli (Zurich, 1897, sqq.), under the title of Die schweizer T rachten 'vom xoii.-xix. Jahrhundert.

b. History.—The great collection (officially published in 32 vols., 1858-1905) entitled Amtliche Sammlung der altern eidgenossischen Abschiede contains all the recesses of the Diet, &c., from 1245 to 1848, and is absolutely indispensable. A series of selected extracts from chroniclers, documents, &c., is given in W. Oechsli's Quellenbuch zur Schweizergeschichte (2 vols. 2nd ed. of vol. i. 1901, and 1st ed. of vol. ii., Zurich, 1893). The texts (with short introductions) of all the Federal Constitutions from 1798 onwards are conveniently collected in S. Kaiser and ]. Strickler's Geschichte und T exte der Bundesverfassungen der schweiz. Eidgenossenschaft von 1798 bis zur Gegenwart (Bern, 1901). The texts of the early alliances (1291-1513) are reprinted in ]. von Ah's Die Bundesbriefe der alien Eidgenossen (Einsiedeln, 1891), while a commentary on all the Federal Constitutions from 1291 (with reprints of certain texts) is furnished by C. Hilty in his Die Bundesoerfassungen der schweiz. Eidgenossenschaft (Bern, 1891; also in French). For more recent documents and laws see the Amtliche Sarnmlung der Bundesgesetze (from 1849 onwa.rds), which are conveniently arranged and classified by P. Wolf in his Die schweizerische Bundesgesetzgebung (2nd ed., 3 vols., Basel, 1905-1908). G. von Wyss's Geschichte der Historingraphie in der Schweiz (Zurich, 1895) is an admirable guide to the works and lives of all Swiss historians up to about 1850, while all articles (published in Swiss periodicals from 1812 to 1900) relating to the subject are most carefully indexed and classified in J. L. Brandstetter and H. Barth's Repertorium uber die in Zeit- und Sammelschriften enthaltenen Aufsdtze und Mitteilungen schweizergeschichtlichen Inhaltes (2 vols., Basel, 1892 and 1906).

The latest revised texts of the Federal Constitution and (often) of the cantonal constitutions can be procured separately, but the last official collection of all in one volume dates from 1891 (Recueil des constitutions fédérales et cantanales), since which time many changes have been made. These can generally be discovered, and much valuable present-day knowledge of Swiss matters gained, in C. Hilty's Politisches .Iahrbuch der Schweizer. Eidgenossenschajt (published at Bern annually since 1886).

The best general recent histories are J. Dierauer, Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft (3 vols., up to 1648, Zurich, 1887-1907 to be continued), which gives in detail the original authorities and the statements of modern writers for every point; W. D. McCrackan, The Rise of the Swiss Republic (2nd ed., New York, 1901), and B. van Muyden, Histoire de la nation suisse (3 vols., Lausanne, 1896-1899). Some of the older histories (such as those of Daguet and Dandliker) may still be consulted with advantage, while W. Oechsli's Lehrbuch fur den Geschichtsunterricht in der Sekundarschule (Zurich, 1885), is very accurate and handy. Far more popular in style than any yet mentioned are Sutz's Schweizer-Geschichte fur das Volk erzahlt (La Chaux de Fonds, 1899), and A. Gobat, Histoire de la Suisse racontée au peuple (Neuchitel, 1900). A very attractive summary (including social and economical history) is given in H. Vulliéty's La Suisse d travers les dges (Basel and Geneva, 1901). ]. l-leierli's Urgeschichte der Schweiz (Zurich, 1901) has superseded all earlier works (such as Heer) on prehistoric Switzerland. The authentic early history of the Confederation (seealso TELL, Tsc11U1>1, and WINKELRIED) is admirably told in W. Oechsli's Die Anfange der sch-weizerischen Eidgenossenschaft (Zurich, 1891, also in French), as well as in the older work by A. Rilliet, Les Origines de la confédération suisse (2nd ed., Geneva and Basel, 1862). For the earlier medieval history (1273-1334) J. E. Kopp's eschichte der eidgenossischen Bunde (5 vols., Leipzig, Lucerne and Basel, 1845-1882) is a perfect storehouse of information, while the medieval political Swiss system in relation to the empire has been very clearly described by W. Oechsli in his article (published in vol. v., 1890, of Hilty's Politisches Jahrbuch) “ Die Beziehungen der schweiz. Eidgenossenschaft zum Reiche bis zum Schwabenkrieg, 1499, " while the same writer's article (published in vo . xiii., 1888, of the Jahrbuch fur schweizerische Geschichte) “ Orte und Zugewandte, " gives an admirable account of the relations of many small districts and towns to the Swiss Confederation, as “ allies, ” from the earliest times to 1798. The two following works trace certain phenomena throughout Swiss history —P. Schweizer, Geschichte der schweizerischen Neutralitdt (Frauenfeld, 1895), and J. Schollenberger, Geschichte der schweizer. Politik (2 vols., F rauenfeld, 1906 and 1908). As to the more recent history of Switzerland (since 1798) see, besides various articles in Hilty's Jahrbuch, C. Hilty, Ojentliche Vorlesungen uber die Helvetik (Bern, 1878); W. Oechsli, Geschichte der Schweiz im xix. fahrhundert (vol. i., Leipzig, 1903, extends from 1798 to 1813); F. Burckhardt, Die schweizerische Emigration, 1798-1901 (Basel, 1908); B. van Muyden, La Suisse sous le pacte de 1815 (2 vols., 1815-1838, Lausanne, 1890-1891); G. H. Dufour, Der Sonderbunds-Krieg und die Ereignisse von 1856 in Neuenburg (Basel, 1876; also in French, Paris, 1876); G. Grote, Seven Letters concerning the Politics of Switzerland (1847, enlarged ed., London, 1876); T. Curti, Die schweizerischen Volksrechte, 1848-1900 (Bern, 1900);]. Schollenberger, Die Schweiz seit 1848 (Berlin, 1908); and the blue-book (London, 1848) entitled Correspondence Relative to the A fairs of Switzerland, with the following volumes of memoirs by Swiss statesmen: A. P. Segesser, Funf und vierzig Jahre im luzernischen Staatsdienst, 1841-1887 (Bern, 1887); ]. C. Kern, Souvenirs politiques, 1838-1883 (Bern, 1887>; and Numa Droz, Etudes et portraits politiques (Geneva, 1895), as well as lives of others. For the history of Switzerland in the 19th centur see T. Curti, Geschichte der Schweiz im xix. Jahrhundert (Neuchatelj 1902), and the work entitled La Suisse au xix"" siecle (3 vols., Lausanne, 1899-1900; also issued in German).

The following works are very useful for various departments of Swiss history: Genealogisches Handbuch zur schweizer Geschichte (in course of publication since 1900 at Zurich); P. Ganz, Geschichte der heraldischen Kunst in der Schweiz im xii. and Jahrhundert (Frauenfeld, 1899); E. Schulthess, Die Stadte- und Landes-Siegel der Schweiz (Zurich, 1853); P. Kupfer's Armorial des villes suisses (120 shields, Basel, 1885); A. Gautier, Les Armoiries et les couleurs de la confédération et des cantons suisses (2nd ed., Geneva and Basel, 1879); and L. Tobler's Schweizerische Volkslieder (2 vols., Frauenfeld, 1882-1884; many historical ballads, texts with introductions). The best historical atlas is the Historisch-geographischer Atlas der Schweiz by ]. C. Vogelin, G. Meyer von Knonau and G. von Wyss (new ed., Zurich, 1870), while L. Poirier-Delay and F. Mullhaupt's Historischer Atlas der Schweiz (Bern, 1898), and J. S. Gerster's small maps (Zurich, 1886) are also useful. There is a set of small Swiss historical maps in one sheet (No. 25) in Droysen's Allgemeiner historischer Atlas (Bielefeld, 1886), and a single general one (No. 44) in R. L. Poole's Historical Atlas of Modern Europe (Oxford,1902). For the pre-1798 constitution of Switzerland see ]. Simler, De Helvetiae republic (Zurich 1576; also in German and French), and Abraham Stanyan's An Account of Switzerland (London, 1714). The best and most recent works on the existing Swiss constitution of 1874 and its history are the large volume by W. Burckhardt, Kommentar der schweiz. Bundesverfassung von 1874 (Bern, 1905), and the smaller one by ]. Schollenberger, Bundesverfassung der Schweiz. Eidgenossenschaft. Kommentar mit Einleitung (Berlin, 1905), while the same author's Das Bundesstaatsrecht der schweiz. Geschichtc und System (Berlin, 1902) and his Grundriss der Staatsund Verwaltungsrechts der schweiz. Kantone (2 vols., Zurich, 18,98-1899) are clear, and, especially the last-named, very useful as to cantonal matters. In English there is nothing better than ].' M. Vincent's Government in Switzerland (New York and London, 1900), for the work by F. O. Adams and C. D. Cunningham is not very satisfactory, though better in its French edition (Basel and Geneva, 1890) than in its original English shape (London, 1889). The decisions of the Swiss Federal Tribunal as to Swiss constitutional law are collected (up to the end of 1902) in L. R. von Salis's Schweizerisches Bundesrecht (2nd ed., 5 vols., Bern, 1903-1904), while H. Ryffel's Die schvveizer. Landsgemeinden (Zurich, 1904) and T. Curti's Die schweizer. Volksrechte (Bern, 1900) touch on special sides of the subject. See, too, COMMUNE (Swiss) and REFERENDUM AND INITIATIVE. Many of the older works are still worth consulting, such as those by Snell (1839-1844), Stettler (1847), Ullmer (1862-1866), Pfaff (1870), Bluntschli (2nd ed., 1875), Meyer (1875-1878), Dubs (1878), Orelli (1885)» and Blumer (latest ed., vol. i., 1891; vols. ii. and iii., 1880-1887). There are also useful articles in Furrer's and Reichesberg's dictionaries. ]. ]. Blumer's Staatsund Rechtsgeschichte der schweiz. Demokratieen (2 vols., St Gall, 1850-1858) deals collectively with the old democratic cantons-Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Glarus, Zug and Appenzell-and is still very useful for local history; the special works as to the constitutional history of other cantons are mentioned in the articles relating to them. A general theoretical work on federal constitutions in general is L. le Fur's Etat Fédéral et Confédération d'états (Paris, 1896), vol. i. of a new German edition of which (prepared by the author with the help of P. Posener) appeared at Breslau in 1902; this is more up to date than E. A. F reeman's Federal Government (new ed. of vol. i., London, 1893), or than ]. B. Westerkamp's Staatenbund und Bundesstaat (Leipzig, 1900).

There is no really satisfactory general ecclesiastical history of Switzerland before the Reformation, though monographs abound, and much material has been collected in the Zeitschrift fur Schweizerische Kirchengeschichte (Stans, from 1907). E. E. Gelpke's Kirchengeschichte der Schweiz (2 vols., Bern, 1856-1861) is now out of date, and only includes the early portion of the period (it is written from a Protestant standpoint), while vol. ii. of B. F leischlin's Studien und Beitrage zur schweizer. Kirchengeschichte (Lucerne, 1902-1903) includes the period 800 to 1520, but is written from a strong Romanist point of view. ' As to the early history consult E. Egli's Die christlichen Inschriften der Schweiz von iv-ix. Jahrhundert (Zurich, 1895), and his Kirchengeschichte der Schweiz bis auf Karl den Grossen (Zurich, 1893); S. Guyer, Die christlichen Denkmdler des ersten Jahrtausends in der Schweiz (Leipzig, 1907); A. Lutolf, Die Glaubensboten der Schweiz vor St Gallus (Lucerne, 1871); and E. F. Gelpke, Die christliche Sagengeschichte der Schweiz (Bern, 1862). As to the medieval saints in Switzerland see E. A. Stuckelberg, Geschichte der Reliquien in der Schweiz (2 vols., Zurich and Basel, 1902 and 1908), and his Die schweiz. Heiligen des Mittelalters (Zurich, 1903), and J. Genoud's Les Saints de la Suisse française (new ed., 2 vols., Fribourg, 1897). For the documentary history of some of the medieval Swiss dioceses see Regesta episcoporum constantiensium, edited by P. Ladewig and T. Muller (2 vols., from 596 to 1383, as yet published, Innsbruck, 1895 and 1905); M. Besson, Recherches sur les origines des évéchés de eneve, Lausanne, et Sion (Fribourg, 1906), and L. Stoufi, Le Pouvoir temporal des évéques de Bale (2 vols., Paris, 1891). E. E. von Mulinen's Helvetia sacra (2 vols., Bern, 1858 and 1861) gives the succession of the various bishops, abbots, provosts, &c., but requires bringing up to date. For the medieval Swiss monasteries we have Die Regesten der Archive in der schweiz. Eidgenossenschaft (edited by T. von Mohr; 2 vols., Coire, 1851-1854), though it refers only to a few monasteries, for which it is indispensable, while Arnold Nuscheler's Die Gotteshduser der Schweiz (3 pts., Zurich, 1864-1873, continued by the author and others in the Geschichtsfreund and Argovia, complete index issued as an appendix to the Anzeiger fur schweizerische Geschichte, 1900) is most valuable and useful. Some of the great monasteries have histories of their own, such as Einsiedeln (q.v.), Engelberg (q.v.), and Muri, the last by Pater M. Kiem, Geschichte der Benedictiner-Abtei Muri (2 vols., Stans, 1888 and 1891). Two monographs may be mentioned: R. G. Bindschedler, Kirchliches Asylrecht und Freistdtten in der Schweiz (Stuttgart, 1906), and Augusta Steinberg, Studien zur Geschichte der Juden in der Schweiz wdhrend des M it tel alters (Zurich, 1903). For the Reformation and later times consult (on the Protestant side), besides biographies, &c., of Calvin and Zwingli (gg. v.), E. Bloesch, Geschichte der schweizerischreformierten Kirchen (2 vols., Bern, 1898-IBQQ); and W. Haclorn, Geschichte des Pietismus in der schweiz. reform. Kirchen (Constance, 1901), and the same author's Kirchengeschichte der reformierten Schweiz (since 1906). F. Meyer's work, Die evangelische Gerneinde in Locarno (2 vols., Zurich, 1836), treats of an important event of that period. The Romanist standpoint is presented in vols. iii. and iv. (1904 sq'q.) of Fleischlin's work mentioned above, and also in ]. G. Mayer s Das Conzil von Trient und die Gegenreformation in der Schweiz (2 vols., Stans, 1901 and 1903).

For more modern days the best book, especially from the constitutional side, is C. Gareis and P. Zorn, Staat und Kirche in der Schweiz (2 vols., Zurich, 1877-1878), which tells the story down to the date of publication. Special subjects are treated of in M. Kothing, Die Bisthumsverhandlungen der schweizerisch-konstanzischen Didzesanstdnde von 1803-1862 (Schwyz, 1863); F. Troxler, Der Kulturkampf von 1863-1888 (Bienne, 1889); Ch. Woeste, Histoire du Culturkampf en Suisse, 1871-1886 (Brussels, 1887, Romanist work); and P. Gschwind, Geschichte der Entstehung der christkatholischen Kirche der Schweiz (vol. i. appeared at Basel in 1904). The work by A. Biichi entitled Die katholische Kirche in der Schweiz (Munich, 1902) gives a full and authorized account of the present state of the Roman Catholic Church in Switzerland.

c. Literature.—For the Swiss medieval Minnesingers see Karl Bartsch, Die Schweizer Minnèsänger (Frauenfeld, 1887, texts, with introductions); and for popular ballads, historical or not, L. Tobler, Schweizerische Volkslieder (2 vols., Frauenfeld, 1882–1884, texts, with notes and introductions). In general consult J. Bächtold, Geschichte der deutschen Literatur in der Schweiz (Frauenfeld, 1892); E. H. Gaullieur, Etudes sur l'histoire littéraire de la Suisse française, particulièrement dans la seconde moitié du xviii^me siècle (Paris, 1856); P. Godet, Histoire littéraire de la Suisse romande (2nd ed., Neuchâtel and Paris, 1395); H. E. Jenny, Die Alpendichtung der deutschen Schweiz (Bern, 1905); J. C. Mörikofer, Die schweizerische Literatur des xviii. Jahrhunderts (Leipzig, 1861); F. Rausch, Geschichte der Literatur des rhäto-romanischen Volker (Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1870); Virgile Rossel, Histoire littéraire de la Suisse romande (2 vols., Geneva and Paris, 1889–1891); R. Weber, Die poetische Nationalliteratur der deutschen Schweiz (3 vols., Glarus, 1866–1867). For the more recent Swiss writers see the literary sections of the work entitled La Suisse au xixᵐᵉ siècle, vol. ii. ch. 4 (Lausanne, 1889–1900), and the biographers of the several writers noted under the separate articles.  (W. A. B. C.)