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A Handbook of Indian Art

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A Handbook of Indian Art (1924)
by Ernest Binfield Havell
Section I - Chapter I
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A HANDBOOK OF INDIAN ART

​

BY THE SAME AUTHOR

INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

ITS PSYCHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND HISTORY.From the first Muhammadan Invasion to the present day.
With numerous Illustrations.


THE ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA

A STUDY OF INDO-ARYAN CIVILISATION.
With numerous Illustrations.


THE IDEALS OF INDIAN ART
SECOND EDITION. With Illustrations.

LONDON: JOHN MURRAY

​

ALIKE FOR THOSE WHO FOR TO-DAY PREPARE
AND THOSE THAT AFTER A TO-MORROW STARE,
A MUEZZIN FROM THE TOWER OF DARKNESS CRIES:
"FOOLS! YOUR REWARD IS NEITHER HERE NOR THERE!"

(Verse from Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam)

[Frontispiece

​

A HANDBOOK
OF INDIAN ART


BY E. B. HAVELL

AUTHOR OF "THE HISTORY OF ARYAN RULE IN INDIA"; "ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL
ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA"; "INDIAN ARCHITECTURE: ITS PSYCHOLOGY,
STRUCTURE, AND HISTORY"; "IDEALS OF INDIAN ART";
"INDIAN SCULPTURE AND PAINTING," ETC.

With Illustrations

LONDON
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
1920

​

All Rights Reserved

​

PREFACE

The speech of H.M. the King at the opening of the School of Oriental Studies in London, and the efforts now being made by the India Society to endow a permanent Lectureship in Indian Art at the School, suggest the need of a suitable handbook for the subject. Public interest in Indian art, both in India and in Europe, has increased greatly since I made the first attempt to explain its ideals and modes of expression in my Indian Sculpture and Painting, now out of print.

The present work, embracing architecture, sculpture, and painting in its scope, aims at giving such a concise survey of the whole subject, free from dry technicalities, as will interest both the student and general reader, and serve as a useful handbook for travellers in India. At the same time it attempts a solution of several interesting problems which have exercised the minds of archæologists for many years, and gives the results of further researches in a field which still offers unlimited scope for the art student.

In this respect, therefore, it enlarges upon and sometimes revises the conclusions arrived at in my previous works. It may serve as the foundation of a full and competent history of fine art in India, which still remains to be written.

In the architectural section I have aimed at giving such an explanation as will enable the reader to perceive ​the intention of the builder, and correlate stūpa, temple, monastery, palace, mosque, and tomb with the thought and life of the period to which they belong, rather than to classify them in a dry academic manner which makes the builder's intention as unintelligible as the historian's explanation. Only when the craftsman's idea is realised will Indian architecture become a subject of living interest, an open book in which the thought and life of India are written from Vedic times down to the present day. The architecture of India will not then appear as a bewildering museum of marvels belonging to a bygone age, but as a still living tradition of practical craftsmanship constantly readapting itself to the spiritual and material needs of the age, and bearing witness to the wonderful constructive work of our Aryan predecessors, who three thousand years ago, occupying the same position in the East as their successors do to-day, laid the whole foundation of Indian civilisation upon which we are attempting to build. The spirit of the ancient Aryan empire builders will be our best guide in this great task.

The section devoted to sculpture explains the leading ideas which underlie the Buddhist and Hindu conceptions of the Deity and of divine worship, as they are expressed in the finest works of different periods. Apart from the extraordinary artistic interest of these achievements of the temple-sculptor, the study of them will assist those who wish to penetrate deeper into the religious thought of modern India.

A point of much importance for the correct classification of Indian temples is the relation of the image to its shrine or temple, as every Buddhist or Hindu image has an architectural framework appropriate for it. The indications I have given may lead the way to a more systematic treatment of a subject hitherto neg​lected by archæologists; but this is only possible for those who have the advantage of living in India.

A brief review of the different schools of Indian painting, with typical illustrations, is given in the third section of the book.

For permission to make use of official photographs and illustrations, my acknowledgments are due to the Secretary of State for India, and to the Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington; also to Mr. Norman Blount, Calcutta; Mr. C. Stanley Clarke, Curator, Indian Section, Victoria and Albert Museum; Mr. O. C. Gangoly; Lt.-Colonel Victor Goloubeff; Dr. Karl Madsen, Director of the Royal Museum of Art, Copenhagen; Sir John Marshall, Director-General of the Archæological Survey of India; Professor W. Rothenstein; Mr. Abanindro Nath Tagore, C.I.E., and to Lady Wantage for kind help in providing illustrations. I am further greatly indebted to Mr. F. W. Thomas, Librarian of the India Office, for his always ready assistance in details connected with the text.

E. B. H.

Jan. 1920. ​

CONTENTS

SECTION I.ARCHITECTURE

CHAP.   PAGE
I.
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 3
II.
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 17
III.
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 26
IV.
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 40
V.
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 46
VI.
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 56
VII.
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 72
VIII.
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 90
IX.
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 105
X.
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 118
XI.
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 125
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 145
​

SECTION II.SCULPTURE

CHAP.   PAGE
I.
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 151
II.
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 162
III.
.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 187

SECTION III.PAINTING

.     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
 195
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LIST OF PLATES

Abbreviations.—I.O., India Office. A.S.I., Archæological Survey of India.

The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Frontispiece
Illustration by Mr. Abanindro Nath Tagore, C.I.E., by kind permission of the Proprietors of "The Studio," owners of the Copyright.
PLATE   FACING PAGE
I. Early Buddhist Stūpas:
A. At Bedsa. B. At Bhaja 		20
II. A. Lomas Rishi Cave, Entrance (250 b.c.)
B. Sudāma or Nyagrodha Cave, Longitudinal Section 		24
III. A. Sānchī Stūpa, General View (Photo A.S.I.)
B. Sānchī Stūpa, Northern Gateway 		26
IV. A. Sānchī Stūpa, Procession Path (Photo A.S.I.)
B. Māyā, the Mother of the Buddha (Panels on the Back of the Northern Gateway) 		30
V. Reliefs from the Sānchī Gateways:
A. From Back of the Southern Gateway (Jātaka Story—the Six-tusked Elephant)
B. From Back of the Eastern Gateway (Middle Transom)
C. From Back of the Eastern Gateway (Lower Transom)
D. From Back of the Eastern Gateway (End of Middle Transom) 		32
VI. A. The Forest Spirit, Sculpture from Eastern Gateway, Sānchī
B. The Lotus and Lion Pillar of the Law (Asoka's Imperial Standard) from Railing of Stūpa No. II, Sānchī (Photo A.S.I.) 		34
VII. Carved Pillars from Railing of Stūpa No. II, Sānchī (Photo A.S.I.) 36
​
VIII. Bas-reliefs from the Amarāvatī Stūpa:

A. Translation of the Buddha's Bowl
B. Carving of Coping Stone

38
IX. A. Nave of the Stūpa-house, Kārlē

B. Carved Pillars of the Nave, Kārlē (Photos I.O.)

46
X. A. Entrance Porch, Kārlē

B. Vishnu Pillar, Besnagar (erected by Order of Heliodorus of Taxīla circ. 140 b.c.) (Photo A.S.I.)

48
XI. A. Interior of Stūpa-house No. XIX, Ajantā

B. Interior of Stūpa-house No. XXVI, Ajantā (Photos A.S.I.)

50
XII. A. Entrance to Stūpa-house No. XXVI, Ajantā

B. Entrance to Vishvakarma Stūpa-house, Ellora (Photos I.O.)

52
XIII. A. Asoka's Temple at Bodh-Gayā (From Relief at Bharhut)

B. The Existing Temple at Bodh-Gayā (Photo A.S.I.)

62
XIV. A. Sikhara of the Linga-rāj Temple, Bhuvanēshvar

B. Mārkandēya Pool and Temple, Bhuvanēshvar (Photo A.S.I.)

64
XV. A. Shrine of Lalukīshvara, Chohtan, Marwar State (circ. Eleventh Century)

B. Shrine of the Nine Planets at Bod, Bengal (Photos A.S.I.)

66
XVI. Chaturbhuja Temple, Khajurāho, West End (Photo I.O.) 68
XVII. Chaturbhuja Temple, Khajurāho, from S.E. (Photo I.O.) 69
XVIII. A. Khanwar Math Temple, Khajurāho (Interior of Mandapam)

B. Temple of Ittagi, Roof of Mandapam (Photos I.O.)

70
XIX. A. Royal Chapel (Mīrā Bāī's) at Chitor (Photo A.S.I.)

B. A City of the Devas, Palitāna (Photo I.O.)

71
​
XX. A. Bas-relief from the Palace of Sennacharib, Nineveh

B. Stele of Narān Sin, Louvre (Photo Mansell)

72
XXI. A. Monolithic Siva Shrine at Māmallapuram (Arjuna's Rath) (By kind permission of M. Victor Goloubeff)

B. Siva Shrine at Sānchī (Carving on East Gateway) (Photo I.O.)

73
XXII. Siva Temples at Māmallapuram (By kind permission of M. Victor Goloubeff) 74
XXIII. A. Tower of the Great Temple, Tanjore

B. Golden Lotus Pool, Madura Temple (Photos I.O.)

76
XXIV. Kailāsa Temple, Ellora (General View) (Photo I.O.) 78
XXV. Sculptures from Kailāsa Temple, Ellora:

A. Siva and Parvati
B. Siva as the Sun-God (Tripurāntaka-mūrti)

80
XXVI. Transverse Section of the Kailāsa Temple, Ellora (From a drawing by the Archæological Survey of West India) 82
XXVII. Kailāsa Temple, Ellora:

A. View of Sculptured Plinth (Photo Johnston & Hoffmann)
B. Lankēshvara Chapel

83
XXVIII. A. Main Gopuram, Temple of Srivilliputtur, Tinnevelly

B. Gopuram of Madhava Perumal Temple, Gandikota, Cuddapah (Photos A.S.I.)

XXIX. Vishnu-Siva Temple, Ittagi (Photo A.S.I.) 86
XXX. A. Vishnu-Siva Temple, Balagāmī

B. Vishnu-Siva Temple, Gadag (Photos I.O.)

88
XXXI. A. Gautama Putra Monastery, Nāsik

B. Aurangabad Monastery (Cave III) (Photos I.O.)

90
XXXII. A. Rock-cut Monastery, Undavalli

B. Rock-cut Monastery, Māmallapuram (By kind permission of M. Victor Goloubeff)

92

​

XXXIII. A. Mandapam of the Vittalaswāmi Temple, Vijayanagar

B. Diwān-i-Khās, Delhi

94
XXXIV. A. Palace of the Gods (Bharhut Sculpture)

B Modern Mansion, Bikanir (Photo A.S.I.)

96
XXXV. A. Palace of Bir Singh, Datiyā

B. Front of Palace of Bir Singh, Datiyā

98
XXXVI. A. Datiyā Palace, Water Front (Photo I.O.)

B. Jahāngīri Mahall, Agra, Courtyard (Photo A.S.I.)

100
XXXVII. A. Palace of Surāj Mall, Dīg, Garden Front

B. Palace of Surāj Mall, Dīg, Water Front (Photos I.O.)

102
XXXVIII.

Mihrābs in Indian Mosques:
A. From Ādīnah Masjid, Gaur
B. From Jāmi' Masjid, Junāgadh (Photos I.O.)

106
XXXIX. A. Buland Darwāza, Fatehpur-Sikri (Photo I.O.)

B. Chaumukh Temple, Rānpur, Interior of Mandapam (Photo A.S.I.)

108
XL. A. Tomb of Sikandar Lodi

B. Shēr Shah's Mosque, Delhi (Photos A.S.I.)

110
XLI. A. Lotus Dome, Ajantā Sculpture (Photo I.O.)

B. Diagram Showing Construction of Lotus Dome

112
XLII. A. Tomb of Shēr Shah, Sahserām (Photo A.S.I.)

B. Tomb of Humāyūn, Delhi (Photo I.O.)

114
XLIII. A. Atāla Masjid, Jaunpur (Photo A.S.I.)

B. Rānī Rupawanti's Masjid, Ahmadābād (Photo I.O.)

116
XLIV. A. Interior of Jāmi' Masjid, Ahmadābād

B. Jāmi' Masjid, Champanīr

118
XLV. A. Perforated Stone Window, Ahmadābād

B. Perforated Stone Window, Champanīr (Photos I.O.)

120
XLVI. A. Step Well, near Ahmadābād (Photo I.O.)

B. Chota Sonā Masjid, Gaur (Photo A.S.I.)

122

​

XLVII. A. Itimād-ud-Daula's Tomb, Agra (Photo I.O.)

B. Interior of the Samman Burj, Agra (Photo Johnston & Hoffmann)

124
XLVIII. A. Panch Mahall, Fatehpur-Sikri (Photo A. S.I.)

B. Rāja Birbal's Palace, Fatehpur-Sikri

126
XLIX. A. Sultan Muhammad's Tomb, Bijāpūr

B. Sultan Ibrāhīm's Tomb, Bijāpūr (Photos I.O.)

130
L. A. The Tāj Mahall, Agra

B. Inlaid Marble Screen surrounding the Cenotaph in the Tāj

138
LI. A. Shah Jahān's Mosque, Delhi (Photo Frith & Co., Ld.)

B. Modern Mosque, Bhopal, now under Construction (Photo A.S.I.)

142
LII. Nineteenth-century Palaces at Benares:

A. At Ghoslā Ghat
B. At Munshi Ghat (Photos Muzumdar)

144

SCULPTURE

LIII. A. The Buddha, Anurādhapūra, Ceylon

B. The Buddha, Sarnāth, near Benares

154
LIV. A. The Buddha, Ajantā (Cave IX)

B. The Buddha, Mathurā Museum (Photos A.S.I.)

155
LV. A. The Buddha, a Copper Statue from Sultanganj (Now in the Birmingham Museum)

B. The Buddha, Headless Figure, Sarnāth (Photo A.S.I.)

156
LVI. A. A Bodhīsattva, Torso from Sānchī (Now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, Indian Section)

B. Sūrya, the Sun-God, Konārak (Photo A.S.I.).

158
LVII. A. Bodhīsattva (Avalokitēshvara), from Java

B. Bodhīsattva, from Prambānam, Java

160
LVIII. A. Head of the Buddha, from Java (Now in the Ethnographic Museum, Leiden)

B. Head of the Bodhīsattva, from Java (Now in the Glyptotek, Copenhagen)

161
LIX. A. Brahmā (From a Sculpture in the Ethnographic Museum, Leiden)

B. Siva as Brahmā (Mahēshamūrti?) (From a Sculpture in the Great Temple of Elephanta)

162
​
LX. A. Vishnu supporting the Heavens (Relief from Māmallapuram) (Photo I.O.)

B. The Cosmic Slumber (Vishnu-Nārāyana) (Relief from Māmallapuram)

164
LXI. Vishnu-Nārāyana; Ceiling Sculpture from Old Temple at Aihole (Photo A.S.I.) 166
LXII. A. Vishnu as the Universal Pillar (Sculpture from Java)

B. Vishnu raising the World from the Flood (Boar-Incarnation)

168
LXIII. A. Lakshmī rising from the Ocean (Relief from Māmallapuram)

B. The Churning of the Ocean (Relief from Angkor Vat, Cambodia)

172
LXIV. A. Siva as Kālāri-Mūrti, Conqueror of Death (Bronze in the Brihadēshvar Temple, Tanjore)

B. Siva's Sakti, Dūrgā or Devī (Bronze in the Madras Museum)

174
LXV. A. Siva as Nātārāja, the Lord of the Universal Dance (Bronze in the Brihadēshvar Temple, Tanjore)

B. Siva as Sandhyā-nritta-mūrti, the Lord in His Evening Dance (Bronze in the Colombo Museum)

176
LXVI. A. Siva as Bhairava, "the Terrible" (Sculpture from Elephanta)

B. Dūrgā slaying the Buffalo-demon of Ignorance (Mahisura) (Sculpture from Java, now in the Ethnographic Museum, Leiden)

182
LXVII. A. A Child Saint (Saiva Bhakta) (South Indian Bronze, in the Possession of Lord Ampthill)

B. Sundaramūrti Swāmi, Tamil Saint (Bronze in the Brihadēshvar Temple, Tanjore)

184
LXVIII. A. The Hindu Trimūrti, Elephanta (By kind permission of M. Victor Goloubeff)

B. The Buddhist Trimūrti (Gilt Copper Image, Nepal)

188

​

LXIX. A. Kuvera from Huvishka's Monastery Gandhāra

B. Kuvera (Gilt Copper Image, Nepal)

190
LXX. A. Ganēsha (Sculpture from Java)

B. Hanuman (Copper Image in the Victoria and Albert Museum, Indian Section)

191

PAINTING

LXXI. Siva and Parvati: Ceiling Panel, Ajantā, Cave I (By kind permission of M. Victor Goloubeff) 196
LXXII. Head of Bodhisattva: Wall Painting, Ajantā, Cave I 200
LXXIII. A. Painting from Sigirīya, Ceylon

B. Painting from Sigirīya, Ceylon

202
LXXIV. A. Portrait of Surāj Mall, by Nanha, one of Jahāngīr's Court Painters

B. A Fakir receiving Visitors: Painting by one of Shah Jahān's Court Painters

204
LXXV. A Royal Keeper leading a Decoy Antelope, by Manohar Dās (By kind permission of Lady Wantage) 206
LXXVI. Shah Jahān Holding a Durbar: Brush Drawing by one of Shah Jahān's Court Painters (From the Original in the Royal Art Museum, Copenhagen) 207
LXXVII. A. Siva Worshippers at a Wayside Shrine (From an Early Nineteenth-century Painting, Calcutta Art Gallery Collection)

B. Hunting by Lamplight (From an Early Eighteenth-century Painting, Calcutta Art Gallery Collection)

208
LXXVIII. Rāg-māla Paintings:

A. From an Eighteenth-century Painting in the Possession of Norman Blount, Esq.
B. From a Krishnā Series in the Calcutta Art Gallery Collection, probably Early Nineteenth Century

210
LXXIX. Kācha and Devajāni

(From a Fresco Painting by Mr. Abanindro Nath Tagore, C.I.E.)

212
​

INDEX

  • Abul Fazl, 204; murdered, 100
  • Āchārya, 12 n
  • Adi-Buddha, the Creator, 163
  • Aditi, the Universal Mother, 165 n
  • Advāita doctrine, 88
  • Agni, the Fire-spirit, 7, 9, 18, 177, 181
  • Agnīdhra, fire-priest, 56
  • Agnidrīya, or fire-house, 56
  • Agni-sāla, or the fire-hall, 56
  • Agny-ādhēya, or consecration of the household fires, 7 n
  • Agra, 132, 134; palace, 101, 137; gardens, 102; Tāj Mahall at, 128, 141
  • Ahmad Shah I, 69, 120; mosque, 120
  • Ahmadābād, royal mosque at, 69, 120
  • Ahmadnagar, 125
  • Aihole, temple at, 166
  • Ajantā, rock-cut monasteries at, 21, 23, 48; fresco-paintings, 36, 38, 53, 91, 110, 196, 201, 202; stūpa-shrines, 51, 66, 76, 115, 143, 146, 147; chapter-houses, 53, 54; sculpture of Buddha, 156
  • Ājivihas sect, 24
  • Ajodhya, 3
  • Akasha, or Ether, 50, 68
  • Akasha-garbha, the Container of Ether, 164
  • Akbar, the Great Mogul, siege of Chitor, 69, 206; founder of the Dīn Ilāhī Order, 93, 135; five-storied pavilion, 93, 96; mosque at Fatehpur Sikri, 113, 131; founds Agra, 132, 134; tomb at Sikandra, 134; buildings, 134; ideals, 134 n
  • Alexander the Great, expedition to India, 4
  • 'Ali 'Adil Shah I, 125; mosque, 127
  • Amalaka, 8, 57, 58, 112
  • Amar Singh, 206
  • Amarāvatī, sculptures at, 29, 35; stūpa, 38; reliefs of, 38, 199
  • Amenhetep III, King of Egypt, 10, 59, 151
  • Amrita, 168, 169
  • Ananta, the serpent, 43, 74 n, 164, 166, 168
  • Andhra dynasty, 28
  • Anuradhapura, statue of Buddha, 155
  • Arabia, conquest of Sind, 111; the Kaaba shrine, 106; architecture, 146
  • Aranyānī, the Spirit of the Forest, 37
  • Arch, the radiating, 132
  • Archæological Survey of India, Report on Modern Building, 144
  • Architecture, Arabian, 146; Bengal, 122; Buddhist, 122; Indo-Saracenic, 111; Mogul, 132; Muhammadan, 107-10; Renaissance, 130; Saracenic, 106
  • Ariana, mountan groves of, 7
  • Arjumand Bānū Begam, 137
  • Arjuna's Rath, 74
  • Art, Indian, origins, 3, 9
  • Aryans, sacrificial rites, 6, 7; rule in Mesopotamia, 9, 10, 59, 60, 93, 154; sacred literature, 11; construction of fire-altars, 12; status, 12; worship of the elements of nature, 13, 177; stūpas, 14; temporary structures, 15; worship of Sūrya, 15, 159; art of the craftsmen, 19; Four Truths, 20; immigrations into India, 26; war-chariots, 28 n, 159; joint-family house, 90, 96; first settlements, 160
  • Aryāvarta, 62, 125
  • Asārwā, step-wells, 121
  • Ashvattha, or pipal-tree, 34
  • Ashvins, the twin horsemen, 10
  • Asia, Buddhism in, 106; building craft, influence of India, 110
  • Asoka, Emperor, 3, 135; stūpas, 3, 47, 158, 196; conversion to Bud​dhism, 4, 19; imperial standards, 8, 40-43; edicts on the Sānchī pillar, 40; preference for Persian craftsmen, 41; death, 49 n; conquest of Orissa, 64; palace at Pātāliputra, 97
  • Assembly- or debating-hall, construction, 95
  • Assyria, seven-storied temples of, 93
  • Asuras, demons of darkness, 168, 169; King of the, 167
  • Aurangabad, 125; rock-cut monastery, 91
  • Aurangzīb, 64, 137; administration, 143; banishment of Hindu painters, 143, 208
  • Avalokītēshvara, sculpture of, 176
  • Avalon, A., translation of Tantra of the Great Liberation, 169 n
  • Avatars, the ten, 167
  • Bābur, gardens at Agra, 102; death, in; founder of the Mogul dynasty, 128, 132
  • Babylon, siege of, 9; use of the radiating arch, 132 n
  • Bādāmi, 78, 79, 166
  • Baghdad court, 111
  • Bāī Srī Harīra, 121
  • Bairām Khan, 133
  • Balagāmi, temple at, 89
  • Bali, the demon king, 167
  • Bambu, use in the construction of the sikhara, 9, 58, 60, 147
  • Barāgāon, 92 n
  • Barnett, Dr., Antiquities of India, 7 n, 14 n, 23 n, 30 n, 177
  • Baroch, 120
  • Bedsā, chaītya hall at, 22
  • "Bell-shaped" capital, the symbol of, 4, 42-5, 62
  • Benares, 45, 67; Hindu palaces at, 144; University, 95
  • Benares, Queen of, 34
  • Bengal, architecture, 122; thatched cottages, 122, 136
  • Bernier, F., 140
  • Besnagar, 27 n
  • Bhagavad Gītā, 164, 168, 192
  • Bhairava, the Terrible, 183 184; shrine of, 81
  • Bhājā, series of monolithic stūpas, 21; relic casket, 23
  • Bhakti, worship of, 6, 58, 60, 159, 172, 173, 184
  • Bhakti-marga, the path of devotion, 18, 72, 172, 173, 197
  • Bharhut, 19; sculptures, 23, 62; gateway, 41; representation of the lotus flower, 42; reliefs of, 199
  • Bhāva, sentiment and expression, 195
  • Bhikkus, the, 24; meetings, 32 n, 48; ancient retreats, 48; ashrams at Ajantā, 51
  • Bhilsā, 27
  • Bhoga-mandapam, 68
  • Bhopal State, 27, 167; mosque at, 143
  • Bhuvanēshvar, "Lord of the Universe," 64; temples, 64
  • Bidar, 125
  • Bihar, 24
  • Bihzad, 204
  • Bijāpur, 125; tomb at, 109; architecture, 126; Tāj Mahall, 127; size of the dome, 141 n; tributary to Shah Jahān, 141 n
  • Birmingham Museum, statue of Buddha, 156
  • Blochet, M. E., 44
  • Boar Incarnation, the, 167
  • Bodh-Gāyā, 34; monastery, 155; temple, 62
  • Bodhisattva, the, 35, 152, 158; cult, 58; sculptures, 160; painting of, 202
  • Bodhi-tree, shrine of the, 62
  • Bombay School of Art, 201
  • Borobūdūr, 161; stūpa, 35; reliefs of, 199
  • Brahmā, the Creator, 7 n, 61 n, 162; temple of, 7 n, 162, 163, 187; shape of the pillar, 7 n, 45; symbol of the lotus flower, 43, 95, 165; sakti, 162; four heads, 162; image, 163, 165; triune doctrine, 187
  • Brahman ritual, 74; conversion of fire-worshippers, 75; the cult of Saivism, 77, 174
  • Buddha, Gautama, 4; the passing into Pari-Nirvāna, 4; funeral, 5; teaching, 6, 20, 151; stūpas, 14; birth, 32, 80; lotus throne, 41; worship of, 63; miracle, 75; the Great Guru and Monk, 152; Supreme Head of the Sangha, 152; ideal racial type, 153; statues, 154-8, 161
  • Buddhas, the seven, 34
  • Buddhism, stūpa the sacred symbol, 19; character of the ritual, 20; meetings of the Bhikkus, 48; system of memorising, 48; spread of, 106
  • Buddhist art, 3; development, 21; history, 51; change, 52; stūpa, ​14; chaītya-halls, 22; legends, hieroglyhpic language, 33; sculpture in Java, 35; Church, the primitive, 46; the stūpa-house, 46; assembly-halls, 46, 49; ritual of stūpa worship, 57; temple architecture, 58; form of the shrine, 74; finial of the dome, 76; early structural monasteries, 91; architecture, 122; worship of the saints, 173; triune doctrine, 187; schools of painting, 208
  • Bull, the symbol of Siva, 80
  • Bundēlkhand, 68
  • Burgess, Dr., work on Elephanta, 188
  • Burma, school of painting, 208
  • Calcutta, 124; Art Gallery, 190, 208; School of Art, 198, 212
  • Calligraphy, art of, 204
  • Cambay, 120
  • Cambodia, 172
  • Ceylon, 35, 203; sculpture, 155
  • Chaitānya, spiritual ideal of, 192
  • Chakra-vartin, or world ruler, 57, 163
  • Chalukyan dynasty, 86; style, 86-8
  • Champanīr, mosque, 120
  • Chanda, the scavenging deity, shrine to, 81
  • Chandēla dynasty, 67; royal chapels, 70
  • Chandi Sewa, temple of, 143, 161
  • Chandra, the Moon-god, 6, 18; pillar, 7 n, 45; cult, 210
  • Chandra-vamsa, the, 6
  • Chaturbhuja temple, 68; dimensions, 68 n
  • Chitor, fortress of, captured, 69, 206; royal chapels, 70
  • Chola Empire, 174
  • Churning the Ocean, legend of, 168-70, 172
  • Colombo Museum, 179
  • Conjiveram, temple at, 76, 78, 85
  • Constantinople, domes, 127
  • Coomaraswamy, Dr., 208
  • Copenhagen, Art Museum, 161, 207
  • Copto-Alexandrian school, 36
  • Craft-guilds, 55
  • Cratæva religiosa, 189 n
  • Creswell, K. A. C, Indian Antiquary, 141 n, 145
  • Cunningham, General, 63
  • Curvilinear spire or sikhara, 7, 8, 57, 122, 147
  • Cyrus, founds the Persian Empire, 4
  • Damascus, Ummayad mosque at, 145, 146
  • Darjeeling, 170
  • Datiyā, fortress, 103; palace, 100, 117
  • Davids, Mrs. Rhys, Buddhism, 19 n
  • Dekhan, the, 125; temple architecture, 87
  • Delhi, 96, 106; the Purāna Kīlā, or Old Fort, 113; Dīwān-i-Khās, 136; the new building, 144
  • Deodar, the tree of the Devas, 12
  • Devas, tree of, 12, 13; the Shining Ones, 168-70
  • Dhanwantāri, physician of the Gods, 169
  • Dholkā, 120
  • Dīg, garden-palace at, 102-4
  • Dīlāwar State, 118
  • Dīn-Ilāhī, Akbar's Imperial Order, 39, 135
  • Dome, the aṇḍa or egg, 22; the "bulbous," 22, 108, 122, 136, 145; the lotus, 108, 136, 147; the Pathān, 112, 114; the stūpa, 108
  • Domes, construction, 115, 127, 146
  • Dravidian or non-Aryan races, 73; structure of the dome, 74
  • Dūrga or Devi, 176; the Inaccessible, 184; shrine at Māmallapuram, 74
  • Dushratta, king of the Mitanni, 10, 59, 151
  • Egypt, the sacred lotus of, 43 n
  • Egyptians, use of the bud of the lotus, 42
  • Eightfold Path of Good Living, 6
  • Elephant, the six-tusked, 34
  • "Elephant Stables," ruin, 127
  • Elephanta, temple at, 80, 163, 188; sculptures, 175, 183, 203
  • Ellora, rock-cut monasteries, 48; stūpa-house, 54; temple of Kailāsa, 78-85; sculptures, 167, 183
  • Euphrates, valley of the, 9, 44, 59, 93, 154
  • Fa Hiān, the Chinese pilgrim, 110
  • Fatehpur Sikri, mosque, 113, 131; palace, 101; pavilion, 93, 96
  • Fergusson, James, 6, II, 40, 49, 55, 56, 57, 58, 68 n, 76, 86, 87, 93, 103, 105, 111, 124, 127, 132 n, 141, 145, 151; History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, 30 n, 60, 61, 69 n, 109
  • Finch, William, 135
  • Fīrūz Shah, Sultan of Delhi, 119
  • Fish, the, 167 ​
  • Foucher, A., 32, 33; The Beginnings of Buddhist Art, 75 n, 106
  • Frazer, J. G., The Golden Bough, 10 n
  • Fresco-painting, 197, 198
  • Gadag, 88
  • Gandash, Chief of the Kassites, 9
  • Gandhāra, Hellenistic school of, 36; ruins of, 97; sculptures, 152
  • Ganesha, the god of Reason, shrine, 81; the Elephant-god, 190; legend, 191; sculpture, 192
  • Ganges, the, 45, 51, 54, 79, 83, 121, 123; valley, 182
  • Gangoly, O. C., South Indian Bronzes, 177 n, 179, 185 n
  • Ganōsis, or wax-coating, 53 n, 198
  • Gateways of the Sanchi stūpa, 29-32; sign of Taurus the Bull, 32; panels, 33
  • Gaur, 67, 121; history, 121; maritime trade, 121; Muhammadan buildings, 123; under the empire of the Great Moguls, 124
  • Ghaznī, in, 112
  • Girnar, 71
  • Goa, Portuguese colony at, 186
  • Godaveri, the, 210
  • Golkonda, 125
  • Goloubeff, Lieut.-Col. Victor, photographs, 188, 201, 202
  • Gopurams or gateways, 80, 85
  • Greek sculpture, ganosis, 53 n, 198
  • Griffiths, John, Ajantā, 201
  • Gujerāt, 69, 120; Muhammadan school of, 119; minarets, 120; step-wells, 121
  • Gujerāti dynasty, 70
  • Gunas, the three, 80 n, 173
  • Guntur, 93
  • Gupta period, structural temples of, 63; style of architecture, 64; royal standards, 158
  • Gwalior, 67
  • Hall, H. R., Ancient History of the Near East, 6 n, 10 n, 11, 59 n, 159 n
  • Hanuman, the monkey-god, 172, 190, 192
  • Hardwar, 45
  • Hariti, the Buddhist Madonna, 106
  • Harsha, Emperor, death, 52
  • Havell, E. B., Handbook to Agra and the Tāj, 134 n; History of Aryan Rule in India, 78 n, 118 n, 134 n; Ideals of Indian Art, 160 n, 164 n, 165 n, 179 n, 185 n; Indian Architecture, 121 n, 134 n, 141 n, 143 n; Indian Sculpture and Painting, 179 n, 190 n, 195 n, 198 n, 210 n
  • Hermitages, rock-cut, 24
  • Herringham, Lady, 202
  • Himālayan valleys, 13 n
  • Himālayas, 26, 75, 170, 174, 182
  • Hīnayāna school, 19, 46, 52, 58, 158
  • Hindu temples, 66, 140, 144, 197; the curvilinear spire, or sikhara, 7, 8; use of the lotus-and-vase pillar, 44; towers of victory, 69, 120; doctrine of the Trimūrti, 87; palaces, 99, 144; pleasure-gardens, 102; image-making, 113 n; belief in the unity of the Godhead, 188; painting, 205, 208, 212; characteristics, 209-11
  • Hinduism, ritual, 6; geographical distribution of the two main sects, 77
  • Hindus, Essay on the Architecture of the, 45
  • Hindustan, 125; conquered by Muhammadans, 84
  • Hiranya-garbha, womb of the universe, 62 n, 162
  • Hiranyaksha, the demon, 166
  • Hittites, the, capture Babylon, 9
  • Hiuen Tsang, the Chinese pilgrim, 110, 115 n; description of the monastery of Nālanda, 92, 96, 101
  • Horus, the Egyptian sun-god, 24 n
  • Hoysala Ballāla dynasty, 89
  • Hughly, 124
  • Humāyūn, 113, 117; design of his tomb, 131, 133
  • Husain Shah, Sultan of Gaur, 119
  • Huvishka, the Kushān king, 62; monastery, 190
  • Hyderabad, H.H. the Nizam of, 51, 79 n
  • Ibrāhim II, Sultan of Bijāpūr, 126; mosque, 127, 141
  • India, figure-sculpture, 36, 50; the Land of the Moon, 45, 210; introduction of the sikhara temple, 60; monasteries or universities, 91, 92, 110; debating-halls, 94; philosophical contests, 94; temple mandapams, 95; ancient monuments, 97; mosques and tombs, 105, 113, 116; Muhammadan rule in, 106, 123, 129; influence on the architecture of Islam, 108-10
  • India, Northern, Hindu temple architecture, 7, 29 n, 76, 85, 93; the Vaishnava movement, 58, 87; way​side shrines, 62; Muhammadan iconoclasm, 64; royal chapels, 67; Muhammadan conquest, 96
  • India, Southern, the Saiva movement, 52, 58, 87; temples, 73, 76, 85; gateways or gopurams, 85; sculputre, 184
  • Indian architecture, lotus-and-vase pillar, 41, 44; art, origins, 3, 9; influence of the Vedic ritual, 12; curvilinear spire or sikhara, 57; climate, destructive influences, 160, 196; craftsmen, use of the lotus flower for the decoration of pillars, 42; demand for, 111; versatility, 123, 128-30; dome-construction, 127; work for Islam, 129; method of working, 140; house, plan of a, 90; painting, 198; realism, 200; new school of, 212; palace, plan of a, 97, 101; spoliation, 98; sculpture, the "bell-shaped" capital, 41; coating of plaster, 53 n
  • Indo-Aryan architecture, 58; art, 26, 39; courts, philosophical contests, 77; god-like heroes, 154; houses and palaces, 90, 96, 159; religion, lesser deities, 190
  • Indo-Aryans, the, 5
  • Indo-Muhammadan dynasty, 105; mosques, experiments in arch-construction, 119
  • Indo-Saracenic school of architecture, 96, 111
  • Indra, Wielder of the Thunderbolt, 9, 13, 18, 33, 180
  • Indus Valley, 182
  • Intonaco of plaster, 197, 198
  • Iranians, the, 5
  • Ishta-devata, worship of, 62, 79
  • Ishtar or Ashtaroth, the Assyrian goddess, 59
  • Ishvara, the Supreme Ruler, 188
  • Islam, architecture, influence of India, 108; mosques and tombs, 120; Sunna, the canonical law of, 108
  • Ismail Khan Rūmi, 138
  • Itmād-ud-daulah, tomb, 131, 136, 137
  • Ittagi, temple of, 88
  • Jahāngir, 100; alliance with the Sunni party, 135; tomb, 137; collection of pictures, 205; memoirs, 206
  • Jahāngīri Mahall, at Agra, 101
  • Jain cities, 71
  • Jainism, 4
  • Jaipur, craftsmen, 198
  • Jakanāchārya, 89
  • Japan, temples of, 110
  • Jātaka, panels, 33, 34
  • Jaunpur, mosques, 118
  • Java, Buddhist sculpture, 35; temple of Chandi Sewa, 143; examples of the Bodhisattva type, 160; statue of Vishnu, 167
  • Jina, or Conqueror, 68 n
  • Jnāna-marga, the way of knowledge, 18, 58, 72, 152, 173, 180, 183
  • Jumna, the, 83, 172
  • Kaaba, shrine, 106
  • Kacha and Devajāni, story of, 198
  • Kailāsa mountain, 70, 76, 181; rock-cut temple of, 78-85, 159; shrines, 81, 83; pyramidal tower, 81; the plinth, 82; Lankēsvara chapel, 83
  • Kaīlāsanatha temple, 78
  • Kālāri-mūrti, bronze figure of, 175
  • Kalasha, or jar of immortality, 58, 76
  • Kālī, 184
  • Kalinga, 64
  • Kaliya, the serpent, 172
  • Kalkin, 168
  • Kanārak, temple of, 9, 158
  • Kanauj, 3, 67
  • Kandarya Mahādeva temple, 68 n
  • Kanishka, stūpa at Peshawar, 123
  • Kapilavastu, palace at, 28
  • Kārlē, 19, 22; representation of the lotus, 42; rock-cut monasteries, 48; assembly-hall, 49, 52, 53; dimensions, 49 n; lotus pillars, 50; sculpture, 50; chapter-house, 91
  • Karma-marga, the path of duty, 18, 72, 192
  • Kassites, the, occupy Babylon, 9
  • Kasyapa I, King, 203
  • Kāthiawar peninsula, 71
  • Kenheri, rock-cut monasteries, 48
  • Khajurāho, royal chapels, 67; temple, 70
  • Khandēsh, 69
  • Khurasan, court of, 204
  • "Kiblah," the, 107
  • Kinchinjunga, 171
  • Kōvil, or King's house, 57
  • Krishna, doctrine, 168; legends, 172; river, 35, 93
  • Krishna I, 79
  • Kshatriya, the warriors, 5, 77, 182 ​
  • Kulbarga, 125
  • Kumbhā, Rānā of Chitor, 69, 120
  • Kurān, the law of, 108
  • Kūrma, or tortoise, 167, 168
  • Kuvera, god of wealth, 190; sculpture of, 190
  • Lahore, 137
  • Laknauti, 67, 121, 122
  • Lakshmi, Goddess of the Day, 33, 61, 164, 165, 167, 169, 171
  • Lankēsvara chapel, Ellora, 83
  • Lāvanya Yojanam, realisation of grace and beauty, 195
  • Layard, Sir Henry, 59
  • Lethaby, Prof., Architecture, 143 n
  • Leyden, Ethnological Museum at, 161, 163, 184
  • Lingam, symbol of the, 163
  • Linga-rāj temple, Bhuv-anēshvar, the Great, 64; date of the building, 65
  • Lokapālas, or Guardians of the Four Gateways of the Sky, 41
  • Lomas Rishi cave, 24
  • Lotus flowers, 8, 13, 33, 36, 41, 42, 43, 136, 145, 162, 164; amalaka, or fruit, 8, 57; dome, 136, 145, 147
  • Lotus-and-vase pillar, 41, 44, 114
  • Lumbīnī gardens, 34
  • Madras Museum, 176, 179
  • Magadha, 92 n.; builders of, 104
  • Mahābhārata, the, 5, 26, 151, 154, 199
  • Mahā-padma, or lotus crown, 136, 141 n, 147
  • Mahāvīra, 4
  • Mahāyāna doctrine, 58, 152; monasteries, 91, 115 n; school, 179
  • Mahēshamūrti, the five-headed form of Siva, 188
  • Mahisura, the buffalo-demon, 184
  • Mahmūd Begarah, mosque, 120
  • Mahmūd of Ghaznī, 111, 112
  • Mahmūdābād, 120
  • Maitreya, the Buddhist Messiah, 54, 156

Māldā, 123, 124

  • Mālwā, 27
  • Mālwā, Sultan of, 69
  • Māmallapuram, shrine at, 74, 76, 92; temples, 76; sculptures, 165, 172; reliefs, 184
  • Mānāsāra Silpa-Sastra, 57
  • Mandapams, or assembly-halls, 66, 95
  • Mandara mountain, 60, 68, 70, 168
  • Mandu, 118; history of, 118 n
  • Manohar Dās, pictures, 206
  • Manrique, Father, 138
  • Mārkandēya, legend of, 176
  • Marshall, Sir John, 117; Guide to Sānchī, 40
  • Maruts, the storm winds, 13
  • Mathurā, 3, 67; Jain stūpa at, 146; museum, 157, 190
  • Mauryan dynasty, 4, 27
  • Māyā, Mother of the Buddha, 33, 37, 171
  • Medhī, the, 15
  • Meghavarna, King of Ceylon, 155
  • Merū, mountain, 60, 61, 70, 167
  • Mesopotamia, 26; conical huts of, 9, 59, 147; Aryan rule in, 9, 10, 60; palaces, 44
  • Mewār, 69
  • Mīān Shah Mir, portrait of, 207
  • Minoan Art, 154
  • Mirā Bāī, royal chapel, Chitor, 70
  • Mirzapur district, 195
  • Mitanni, the, 9; sacred literature, 11
  • Mogul dynasty, 128; fall of, 144; architecture, 132; school of painting, 205, 208; miniatures, 207; palaces, 99, 101
  • Moksha, or liberation, 18, 19, 43
  • Monasteries, Buddhist, 91
  • Moon-god, Chandra, 6, 18
  • Mosques, 69 n, 105, 107; the grand portals, 113
  • Moti Masjid, 136
  • Mountain-worship, 70
  • Muhammad 'Adil Shah, tomb of, 109, 127, 131; size of the dome, 109, 127
  • Muhammadans, conquer Hindustan, 84, 96; destruction of temples, 99, 160; pleasure-gardens, 102; rule in India, 106, 123, 129; architecture, 107-10; tombs in India, 116; school of miniaturists, 204; painting, 204; characteristics, 209
  • Mulla Shah, 207
  • Mumtāz Mahall, 136; monument to, 137; death, 141
  • Murshidābād, 124
  • Musalman, artistic taste in calligraphy, 204
  • Muzaffar Shah, 119
  • Mysore, 89; temples, 89
  • Nāginis, snake-goddesses, 166
  • Nālāmandapam, 68 ​
  • Nālanda, university, 92, 101, 199; excavations, 92; pavilions, 92, 96
  • Nandi, the bull, shrine dedicated to, 80
  • Nandi-pada, the sign, 32
  • Nanha, portrait, 206
  • Narām Sin, stele of, 60
  • Nārasimha, the man-lion, 167
  • Nārāyana, the Eternal Spirit, 43, 74 n, 162, 166, 171, 188; relief of, 166
  • Narbadā river, 118
  • Nāsik, rock-cut monasteries, 48, 91
  • Nātārāja, Lord of the Dance, 176; image, 179, 183; symbol, 182
  • Nelumbium speciosum, 43 n
  • Nepal, 189, 190
  • Nineveh, 59
  • Norwich Cathedral, 49
  • Nūr-Jahān, Empress, 136; design of tombs, 131, 136, 137
  • Nūr Mahall, Empress, 131
  • Nymphæa cœrulea, 42
  • Ocean, churning the, legend, 168-70, 172
  • Orissa, 64, 158
  • Paez, 126
  • Painting, principles of the art of, 195
  • Palace, an Indian, plan of, 97, 101
  • Palitāna, 71.
  • Panch Kōsi Road, Benares, 45
  • Panch Mahall, five-storied pavilion, 93, 135
  • Panchratna, or "five-jewelled" temple, 63, 143
  • Pāndava, war-chiefs, training, 199
  • Panduah, 123
  • Panjab, the first Aryan settlements, 160
  • Pārasnath, 71
  • Parasu-Rama, a Brahman warrior king, 168
  • Pārījāta, the tree, 169
  • Pari-Nirvāna, the Ocean of Eternity, 4, 34
  • Paris, Musée Cernuschi in, 201
  • Parvati, the Universal Mother, 82, 84, 184, 188; shrine, 81; legend of, 191; painting, 202
  • Pātaliputra, 92 n; palace, 41, 97
  • Pathān architecture, 109; style, 112
  • Patna, 92 n
  • Pattadakal, temple at, 78, 79
  • Persepolis, 40; "bell-shaped" capital of, 5, 44, 45, 62
  • Persepolitan or lotus pillars, 50
  • Persia, foundation of the Empire, 4; craftsmen, art of, 107; colour effects, 107, 113; method of constructing domes, 115 n, 147; mosques, façades, 113
  • Perso-Greek masons, 4
  • Peshawar, Kanishka's stūpa at, 123
  • Pillar, with "bell-shaped" capital, 40; shafts, 50; varieties of, 45
  • Pishāchas, or demons, 53
  • Pitrimedha, or the sacrifice for ancestors, 14
  • Pradakshinā, or circumambulatory rite, 15
  • Prahlāda, 167
  • Prajnā-pāramitā, Supreme Wisdom, 43, 163
  • Pramānam, measurement, scale and proportion, 195
  • Prambānam, 161
  • Purānas, the, 165 n, 168, 191
  • Purohita, or chaplain, 8
  • Ra, the sun-god of Heliopolis, 6 n
  • Rāgas, systems of, 211
  • Rāg-malas, melody-pictures, 211
  • Rāhu, the eclipse-dragon, 54
  • Raigarh State, 195
  • Rāja Bir Singh Deva, treachery, 100
  • Rāja Sīrī-Sābakani, 28
  • Rāja Surāj-Mall, garden-palace at Dīg, 102-4
  • Rājagriha, 3, 92 n
  • Rājarāja I, Emperor, 85
  • Rajendra Lai Mitrā, 156 n
  • Rājmahal, 71, 124
  • Rajputana, buildings, 100
  • Rām Rāj, Rājā, of Vijayanagar, 125; palace, 126; killed, 126
  • Rām Rāz, Essay on the Architecture of the Hindus, 45
  • Rāma, the ideal Indian king, 168, 172, 210
  • Rāmanūja, 76, 87, 88
  • Rāmāyana, the, 5, 26, 160
  • Rangpur, 124
  • Rānpur, temple at, 69, 120
  • Rao, T. A., Gopinath, Elements of Hindu Iconography, 163 n, 188
  • Rāshtrakuta dynasty, 79
  • Ratnāsura, the demon, 184
  • Rāvana, the demon-king, 172; legend 82
  • Rembrandt, interest in Indian painting, 210
  • Renaissance architecture, 130 ​
  • Rig-Veda, hymns of the, 13, 37, 165, 178
  • Rome, Pantheon at, 127
  • Rudra, "the Roarer," 13, 75
  • Rūpa-bheda, distinction of forms and appearances, 195, 199
  • Sabha-mandapam, or assembly-hall, 70
  • Sādā-nritta, Dance of Dissolution, 179
  • Sadāsiva-mūrti, 163 n
  • Sadriçyam, likeness or resemblance, 195
  • Sahserām, 113, 133
  • Saiva sect, 18; in Southern India, 52, 58, 87; cult, 72, 77, 173, 179, 184; temples, 73, 76, 77, 78, 88, 89, 183; form, 74; kalasha of the dome, 76; sculpture, 174, 175; portrait statuettes of the teachers, 184, 185
  • Saiva-Siddhāntins, teaching, 163 n
  • Sākyas, Prince of the, 4
  • Samarkand, 136, 145
  • Samman Burj or Jasmine Tower, 137
  • Samudragupta, Emperor, 155
  • Sānchī, 19, 21; stūpa at, 22, 27; procession paths, 27; vedikā or sacrificial railing, 28; toranas, 28; gateways, 29-32, 147; sign of Taurus the Bull, 32; panels, 33; figure of a wood-nymph, 36; characteristics of the sculpture, 38; pillar with "bell-shaped" capital, 40; representation of the lotus flower, 42; shrine at, 116 n; torso, 157, 161; reliefs of, 199
  • Sandhyā-nritta, dance, 179
  • Sangha, or Assembly-hall, 46, 90; character of the ritual of relic worship, 48; members, 151
  • Sangharāma, or abode of the Sangha, 90
  • Sankarāchārya, 88
  • Sapta-Matris, the seven mothers of Creation, shrine to, 81
  • Saracenic architecture, 106
  • Sarasvati, goddess of speech, 83, 162
  • Sarnath, statue of Buddha, 155, 157
  • Sat-chit-ānandam, 187 n
  • Sathapatha Brahmana, 56
  • Sattvam-rajas-tāmas, 187 n
  • Satuni, King of Lulaba, 60
  • Satya-Nārāyana, cult, 119 n
  • Scandinavia, custom of seeing the sun dance, 177
  • Sculpture, art of, 151
  • Sennacherib, Palace of, 59
  • Serpent, symbol of the, 75
  • Sēsha, 170
  • Shah Jahān, 101, 128, 135; audience hall, 96; monument of the Taj Mahall, 137-43; a strict Sunni, 139; destruction of Hindu temples, 140; mosque, the Jāmi Masjid, 143; portrait, 207
  • Shahdara, tomb at, 137
  • Sharkī dynasty, 119
  • Shatrunjaya, hills of, 71
  • Shēr Shah, mosque, 113; tomb, 114, 116, 133, 138; administration, 114
  • Shiah sect, 108, 126, 204
  • Shraddha, rites, 6, 15, 18, 25, 32, 56
  • Siddhartha, Prince, 28, 202
  • Sigirīya, frescoes, 155, 203
  • Sikandra, tomb at, 134
  • Sikhara temple, 57; construction, 9, 58, 60; introduced into India, 60; form, 61; shape, 62
  • Sīlabhadra, the Abbot, 93
  • Silpa-Sāstras, the, 7, 57, 86, 110, 128, 162, 179, 195 n
  • Sind, Arab conquest of, 111
  • Sitā, rescue of, 172
  • Siva, Lord of Death, 7 n, 18, 61 n, 72, 87, 175; temple, 7 n, 162, 173, 187; shape of the pillar, 7 n, 45; Lord of Kailāsa, 68; bull, Nandi, 80; trident, 80; image of, 82, 166; legends, 82, 175, 180; Lord of the Universe, 84; moon-lotus, 95; Nilakantha, 169, 171; emblems, 173; place of his abode, 174; bronze figure, 175; sakti, 176; tāmasic aspect, 183, 189; five-headed form of, 188; painting of, 202
  • Sivas, the Anatolian vilayet, 10
  • Smith, Dr. Vincent, 89; Akbar the Great Mogul, 145; History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon, 36, 132 n
  • Smriti, 191, 200
  • Sruti, 191, 200
  • Step-wells of Gujerat, 121
  • Studio Magazine, 212
  • Stūpa, the, or King's monument, 4, 14, 56; the vedikā, 14, 17; suchi, 14; medhī, 15; temporary structures, 15; dome construction, 17, 22, 108, 115; symbol of Buddhism, 19; craftsmanship, 21; harmīkā, 22; at Sānchī, 27; transformed into a temple, 54
  • Stupa-house, 56; structure, 47; number of, 47; series of rock-cut, 47; at Ajantā, 51
  • Suchi, or cross-bar of the rail, ​
  • Sudama or Nyagrodha, cave, 24
  • Sukrachārya, directions for the plan of a palace, 97, 100
  • Sultanganj, statue of Buddha, 156
  • Sunna, the canonical law of Islam, 108
  • Sunni sect, 105, 118
  • Surabhi, the divine cow, 169
  • Surāj Mal, portrait of, 205
  • Sūrya, the Sun-god, 6, 9, 18; temple, 9; image, 158; worship of, 159
  • Sūrya-vamsa, the, 6, 18
  • Sūrya-varman II, 172
  • Tagore, Abanindro Nath, panel in fresco, 198; leader of the school of painting, 212
  • Tāj Mahall monument at Agra, 114, 128, 136, 137-43; list of the chief craftsmen, 138; plan of the building, 142
  • Tāj Sultana, mosque, 127, 141
  • Taksasīla University, 92
  • Talikota, battle of, 126
  • Tāmasic or destructive power of the cosmos, 173, 183
  • Tanjore temple, 85, 175, 179, 185
  • Tāptī River, 51
  • Taurus mountain, 10
  • Taurus, the Bull, sign of, 32, 80
  • Tavernier, J. B., 140
  • Temples, instructions for the building, 7 n; construction, 66; used for royal fortresses, 99; destruction, 160
  • Ter, stūpa-house, 55
  • Theras, or Brethren, 21
  • Thomas, F. W. and L. A., translation of The Beginning of Buddhist Art, 75 n, 106 n
  • Tigris, the, 9
  • Timūr, devastations, 115, 118; buildings, 145
  • Tirthankaras, the, 70
  • Tīrths, or places of pilgrimage, 54, 71, 78
  • Tirukkadanur, 176
  • Torana, or gateway of a stūpa, 17, 28
  • Tortoise, the, 167, 168
  • Towers of victory, 69, 120
  • Trimūrti, doctrine of the, 87, 183, 187
  • Tri-ratna, or three jewels, 32
  • Udayagiri, rock-sculpture at, 167
  • Ujjain, 67
  • Umbrella, the royal, symbol of, 5, 17, 22
  • Ummayad mosque at Damascus, 145, 146
  • Undavalli monastery, 93
  • Universities of India, 91, 92, 110
  • Upanishads, the, 12, 34, 73, 180
  • Ushas, the Dawn Maiden, 10, 18, 33, 165; hymn to, 165
  • Ustād Īsā, 138
  • Vaikuntha Perumāl temple, 76, 85
  • Vāishnava sect, 18; cult, 58, 77, 88 168, 173; in Northern India, 58, 87; in Southern, 76; cult of the Kshatriyas, 77; temples, 77
  • Vājapūja sacrifice, 23
  • Vāmana, the dwarf, 167
  • Vāraha, the Boar, 166, 167
  • Varnikabhanga, use of materials and implements, 195
  • Varuna, the God of the Night Sky, 9, 18, 24
  • Vārunī, the radiance of day, 169, 170
  • Vatsyāyana, summary of the art of painting, 195
  • Vedic ritual, 6-8, 19, 56, 151; influence on the art of India, 12; the Rishis, 13; Pitrimedha, 14; "Turning the Wheel of the Law," 15; two main classes, 18; character, 19; the solar year, 30; symbols, 173; triune doctrine, 188
  • Vedikā, or railing, 14, 17, 28
  • Venice, Grand Canal of, 103
  • Veroneo, Geronimo, claim to the design of the Tāj Mahall, 138-40
  • Victoria and Albert Museum, 157, 192, 202, 206
  • Vidisha, 27
  • Vijayanagar, 126; temple at, 85, 96
  • Vikramāditya, 78; victories of, 157
  • Vimāna, the chariot, 8
  • Vindhya mountain 77, 84, 125
  • Virūpāksha, temple of, 78
  • Vishnu, the Preserver of the Universe, 7 n, 33, 87, 164; shrine, 7 n, 63, 162, 164, 187; shape of the pillar, 7 n, 45; blue lotus, 8, 41, 57, 95, 164; design of the standard, 42; Upholder of the Heavens, 61; image of, 61, 167, 189; temples dedicated to, 76; Container of Ether, 164; sakti, 165; reliefs of, 165; Avatars, 167; instructions for churning the ocean, 168, 172; cult of, 172; twofold aspect, 171
  • Vishvakarma, Architect of the Gods, 54, 197; stūpa-house, 54, 79; design of the façade, 55
  • Vitese trefoliata, 189 n ​
  • Vitthalaswami temple, 85
  • Vrita, the demon, 180
  • Waddell, Lamaism in Tibet, 156 n
  • Wāghorā, the, 51
  • Wantage, Lady, 206
  • "Wheel of the Law, Turning the," 15, 23 n, 29

Yama or Siva, Lord of Death, 18 Yoga cult., 56, 153 Yogi, the Great, 45; image of, 174, 175 Yusuf 'Adil Shah, 125, 127

Zohra Sultana, mausoleum, 127, 141

Printed by Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury, England.

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1931.

The longest-living author of this work died in 1934, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 91 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.

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