A Handbook of Indian Art

by Ernest Binfield Havell

 

A HANDBOOK OF INDIAN ART

BY THE SAME AUTHOR

INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

ITS PSYCHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND HISTORY.From the first Muhammadan Invasion to the present day.
With numerous Illustrations.

THE ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA

A STUDY OF INDO-ARYAN CIVILISATION.
With numerous Illustrations.

THE IDEALS OF INDIAN ART
SECOND EDITION.⁠ With Illustrations.

---

LONDON: JOHN MURRAY

ALIKE FOR THOSE WHO FOR TO-DAY PREPARE
AND THOSE THAT AFTER A TO-MORROW STARE,
⁠A MUEZZIN FROM THE TOWER OF DARKNESS CRIES:
"FOOLS! YOUR REWARD IS NEITHER HERE NOR THERE!"

(Verse from Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam)

[Frontispiece

A HANDBOOK
OF INDIAN ART

BY E. B. HAVELL

AUTHOR OF "THE HISTORY OF ARYAN RULE IN INDIA"; "ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL
ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA"; "INDIAN ARCHITECTURE: ITS PSYCHOLOGY,
STRUCTURE, AND HISTORY"; "IDEALS OF INDIAN ART";
"INDIAN SCULPTURE AND PAINTING," ETC.

 

With Illustrations

 

LONDON
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
1920

All Rights Reserved

PREFACE

The speech of H.M. the King at the opening of the School of Oriental Studies in London, and the efforts now being made by the India Society to endow a permanent Lectureship in Indian Art at the School, suggest the need of a suitable handbook for the subject. Public interest in Indian art, both in India and in Europe, has increased greatly since I made the first attempt to explain its ideals and modes of expression in my Indian Sculpture and Painting, now out of print.

The present work, embracing architecture, sculpture, and painting in its scope, aims at giving such a concise survey of the whole subject, free from dry technicalities, as will interest both the student and general reader, and serve as a useful handbook for travellers in India. At the same time it attempts a solution of several interesting problems which have exercised the minds of archæologists for many years, and gives the results of further researches in a field which still offers unlimited scope for the art student.

In this respect, therefore, it enlarges upon and sometimes revises the conclusions arrived at in my previous works. It may serve as the foundation of a full and competent history of fine art in India, which still remains to be written.

In the architectural section I have aimed at giving such an explanation as will enable the reader to perceive the intention of the builder, and correlate stūpa, temple, monastery, palace, mosque, and tomb with the thought and life of the period to which they belong, rather than to classify them in a dry academic manner which makes the builder's intention as unintelligible as the historian's explanation. Only when the craftsman's idea is realised will Indian architecture become a subject of living interest, an open book in which the thought and life of India are written from Vedic times down to the present day. The architecture of India will not then appear as a bewildering museum of marvels belonging to a bygone age, but as a still living tradition of practical craftsmanship constantly readapting itself to the spiritual and material needs of the age, and bearing witness to the wonderful constructive work of our Aryan predecessors, who three thousand years ago, occupying the same position in the East as their successors do to-day, laid the whole foundation of Indian civilisation upon which we are attempting to build. The spirit of the ancient Aryan empire builders will be our best guide in this great task.

The section devoted to sculpture explains the leading ideas which underlie the Buddhist and Hindu conceptions of the Deity and of divine worship, as they are expressed in the finest works of different periods. Apart from the extraordinary artistic interest of these achievements of the temple-sculptor, the study of them will assist those who wish to penetrate deeper into the religious thought of modern India.

A point of much importance for the correct classification of Indian temples is the relation of the image to its shrine or temple, as every Buddhist or Hindu image has an architectural framework appropriate for it. The indications I have given may lead the way to a more systematic treatment of a subject hitherto neglected by archæologists; but this is only possible for those who have the advantage of living in India.

A brief review of the different schools of Indian painting, with typical illustrations, is given in the third section of the book.

For permission to make use of official photographs and illustrations, my acknowledgments are due to the Secretary of State for India, and to the Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington; also to Mr. Norman Blount, Calcutta; Mr. C. Stanley Clarke, Curator, Indian Section, Victoria and Albert Museum; Mr. O. C. Gangoly; Lt.-Colonel Victor Goloubeff; Dr. Karl Madsen, Director of the Royal Museum of Art, Copenhagen; Sir John Marshall, Director-General of the Archæological Survey of India; Professor W. Rothenstein; Mr. Abanindro Nath Tagore, C.I.E., and to Lady Wantage for kind help in providing illustrations. I am further greatly indebted to Mr. F. W. Thomas, Librarian of the India Office, for his always ready assistance in details connected with the text.

E. B. H.

⁠Jan. 1920.

CONTENTS

 

SECTION I.⁠ARCHITECTURE

CHAP.		PAGE
I.	THE ORIGINS OF INDIAN ART—THE STŪPA, OR KING'S MONUMENT .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .	3
II.	THE VEDIC CHANDRA CULT AND THE STŪPA .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .	17
III.	STŪPAS AT SĀNCHĪ, BHARHUT, AND AMARĀVATĪ .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .	26
IV.	ASOKAN PILLARS AND THE "BELL-SHAPED" OR LOTUS CAPITAL .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .	40
V.	THE STŪPA-HOUSE, OR CHAPTER-HOUSE OF THE BUDDHIST ORDER .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .	46
VI.	THE SIKHARA TEMPLE, OR KING'S TABERNACLE .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .	56
VII.	THE SIVA AND VISHNU-SIVA TEMPLE .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .	72
VIII.	THE MONASTERY, MANDAPAM, AND PALACE .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .	90
IX.	MOSQUE AND TOMB .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .	105
X.	MUHAMMADAN ARCHITECTURE AT MANDU, JAUNPUR, AHMADĀBĀD, AND GAUR .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .	118
XI.	THE BIJĀPŪR AND MOGUL SCHOOLS;—MODERN INDIAN BUILDING .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .	125
APPENDIX: THE LOTUS DOME .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .		145

SECTION II.⁠SCULPTURE

CHAP.		PAGE
I.	THE BUDDHA AS GURU AND AS KING .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .	151
II.	BRAHMĀ, VISHNU, AND SIVA, AND THEIR SAKTIS .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .	162
III.	THE TRIMŪRTI AND THE LESSER DEITIES .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .	187

 

SECTION III.⁠PAINTING

THE PRINCIPLES OF INDIAN PAINTING, AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOLS .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .

195

LIST OF PLATES

Abbreviations.—I.O., India Office. A.S.I., Archæological Survey of India.

The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam		Frontispiece
Illustration by Mr. Abanindro Nath Tagore, C.I.E., by kind permission of the Proprietors of "The Studio," owners of the Copyright.
PLATE		FACING PAGE
I.	Early Buddhist Stūpas: A. At Bedsa. B. At Bhaja	20
II.	A. Lomas Rishi Cave, Entrance (250 b.c.) B. Sudāma or Nyagrodha Cave, Longitudinal Section	24
III.	A. Sānchī Stūpa, General View (Photo A.S.I.) B. Sānchī Stūpa, Northern Gateway	26
IV.	A. Sānchī Stūpa, Procession Path (Photo A.S.I.) B. Māyā, the Mother of the Buddha (Panels on the Back of the Northern Gateway)	30
V.	Reliefs from the Sānchī Gateways: A. From Back of the Southern Gateway (Jātaka Story—the Six-tusked Elephant) B. From Back of the Eastern Gateway (Middle Transom) C. From Back of the Eastern Gateway (Lower Transom) D. From Back of the Eastern Gateway (End of Middle Transom)	32
VI.	A. The Forest Spirit, Sculpture from Eastern Gateway, Sānchī B. The Lotus and Lion Pillar of the Law (Asoka's Imperial Standard) from Railing of Stūpa No. II, Sānchī (Photo A.S.I.)	34
VII.	Carved Pillars from Railing of Stūpa No. II, Sānchī (Photo A.S.I.)	36

VIII.	Bas-reliefs from the Amarāvatī Stūpa: A. Translation of the Buddha's Bowl B. Carving of Coping Stone	38
IX.	A. Nave of the Stūpa-house, Kārlē B. Carved Pillars of the Nave, Kārlē (Photos I.O.)	46
X.	A. Entrance Porch, Kārlē B. Vishnu Pillar, Besnagar (erected by Order of Heliodorus of Taxīla circ. 140 b.c.) (Photo A.S.I.)	48
XI.	A. Interior of Stūpa-house No. XIX, Ajantā B. Interior of Stūpa-house No. XXVI, Ajantā (Photos A.S.I.)	50
XII.	A. Entrance to Stūpa-house No. XXVI, Ajantā B. Entrance to Vishvakarma Stūpa-house, Ellora (Photos I.O.)	52
XIII.	A. Asoka's Temple at Bodh-Gayā (From Relief at Bharhut) B. The Existing Temple at Bodh-Gayā (Photo A.S.I.)	62
XIV.	A. Sikhara of the Linga-rāj Temple, Bhuvanēshvar B. Mārkandēya Pool and Temple, Bhuvanēshvar (Photo A.S.I.)	64
XV.	A. Shrine of Lalukīshvara, Chohtan, Marwar State (circ. Eleventh Century) B. Shrine of the Nine Planets at Bod, Bengal (Photos A.S.I.)	66
XVI.	Chaturbhuja Temple, Khajurāho, West End (Photo I.O.)	68
XVII.	Chaturbhuja Temple, Khajurāho, from S.E. (Photo I.O.)	69
XVIII.	A. Khanwar Math Temple, Khajurāho (Interior of Mandapam) B. Temple of Ittagi, Roof of Mandapam (Photos I.O.)	70
XIX.	A. Royal Chapel (Mīrā Bāī's) at Chitor (Photo A.S.I.) B. A City of the Devas, Palitāna (Photo I.O.)	71

XX.	A. Bas-relief from the Palace of Sennacharib, Nineveh B. Stele of Narān Sin, Louvre (Photo Mansell)	72
XXI.	A. Monolithic Siva Shrine at Māmallapuram (Arjuna's Rath) (By kind permission of M. Victor Goloubeff) B. Siva Shrine at Sānchī (Carving on East Gateway) (Photo I.O.)	73
XXII.	Siva Temples at Māmallapuram (By kind permission of M. Victor Goloubeff)	74
XXIII.	A. Tower of the Great Temple, Tanjore B. Golden Lotus Pool, Madura Temple (Photos I.O.)	76
XXIV.	Kailāsa Temple, Ellora (General View) (Photo I.O.)	78
XXV.	Sculptures from Kailāsa Temple, Ellora: A. Siva and Parvati B. Siva as the Sun-God (Tripurāntaka-mūrti)	80
XXVI.	Transverse Section of the Kailāsa Temple, Ellora (From a drawing by the Archæological Survey of West India)	82
XXVII.	Kailāsa Temple, Ellora: A. View of Sculptured Plinth (Photo Johnston & Hoffmann) B. Lankēshvara Chapel	83
XXVIII.	A. Main Gopuram, Temple of Srivilliputtur, Tinnevelly B. Gopuram of Madhava Perumal Temple, Gandikota, Cuddapah (Photos A.S.I.)
XXIX.	Vishnu-Siva Temple, Ittagi (Photo A.S.I.)	86
XXX.	A. Vishnu-Siva Temple, Balagāmī B. Vishnu-Siva Temple, Gadag (Photos I.O.)	88
XXXI.	A. Gautama Putra Monastery, Nāsik B. Aurangabad Monastery (Cave III) (Photos I.O.)	90
XXXII.	A. Rock-cut Monastery, Undavalli B. Rock-cut Monastery, Māmallapuram (By kind permission of M. Victor Goloubeff)	92

XXXIII.	A. Mandapam of the Vittalaswāmi Temple, Vijayanagar B. Diwān-i-Khās, Delhi	94
XXXIV.	A. Palace of the Gods (Bharhut Sculpture) B Modern Mansion, Bikanir (Photo A.S.I.)	96
XXXV.	A. Palace of Bir Singh, Datiyā B. Front of Palace of Bir Singh, Datiyā	98
XXXVI.	A. Datiyā Palace, Water Front (Photo I.O.) B. Jahāngīri Mahall, Agra, Courtyard (Photo A.S.I.)	100
XXXVII.	A. Palace of Surāj Mall, Dīg, Garden Front B. Palace of Surāj Mall, Dīg, Water Front (Photos I.O.)	102
XXXVIII.	Mihrābs in Indian Mosques: A. From Ādīnah Masjid, Gaur B. From Jāmi' Masjid, Junāgadh (Photos I.O.)	106
XXXIX.	A. Buland Darwāza, Fatehpur-Sikri (Photo I.O.) B. Chaumukh Temple, Rānpur, Interior of Mandapam (Photo A.S.I.)	108
XL.	A. Tomb of Sikandar Lodi B. Shēr Shah's Mosque, Delhi (Photos A.S.I.)	110
XLI.	A. Lotus Dome, Ajantā Sculpture (Photo I.O.) B. Diagram Showing Construction of Lotus Dome	112
XLII.	A. Tomb of Shēr Shah, Sahserām (Photo A.S.I.) B. Tomb of Humāyūn, Delhi (Photo I.O.)	114
XLIII.	A. Atāla Masjid, Jaunpur (Photo A.S.I.) B. Rānī Rupawanti's Masjid, Ahmadābād (Photo I.O.)	116
XLIV.	A. Interior of Jāmi' Masjid, Ahmadābād B. Jāmi' Masjid, Champanīr	118
XLV.	A. Perforated Stone Window, Ahmadābād B. Perforated Stone Window, Champanīr (Photos I.O.)	120
XLVI.	A. Step Well, near Ahmadābād (Photo I.O.) B. Chota Sonā Masjid, Gaur (Photo A.S.I.)	122

XLVII.	A. Itimād-ud-Daula's Tomb, Agra (Photo I.O.) B. Interior of the Samman Burj, Agra (Photo Johnston & Hoffmann)	124
XLVIII.	A. Panch Mahall, Fatehpur-Sikri (Photo A. S.I.) B. Rāja Birbal's Palace, Fatehpur-Sikri	126
XLIX.	A. Sultan Muhammad's Tomb, Bijāpūr B. Sultan Ibrāhīm's Tomb, Bijāpūr (Photos I.O.)	130
L.	A. The Tāj Mahall, Agra B. Inlaid Marble Screen surrounding the Cenotaph in the Tāj	138
LI.	A. Shah Jahān's Mosque, Delhi (Photo Frith & Co., Ld.) B. Modern Mosque, Bhopal, now under Construction (Photo A.S.I.)	142
LII.	Nineteenth-century Palaces at Benares: A. At Ghoslā Ghat B. At Munshi Ghat (Photos Muzumdar)	144

SCULPTURE

LIII.	A. The Buddha, Anurādhapūra, Ceylon B. The Buddha, Sarnāth, near Benares	154
LIV.	A. The Buddha, Ajantā (Cave IX) B. The Buddha, Mathurā Museum (Photos A.S.I.)	155
LV.	A. The Buddha, a Copper Statue from Sultanganj (Now in the Birmingham Museum) B. The Buddha, Headless Figure, Sarnāth (Photo A.S.I.)	156
LVI.	A. A Bodhīsattva, Torso from Sānchī (Now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, Indian Section) B. Sūrya, the Sun-God, Konārak (Photo A.S.I.).	158
LVII.	A. Bodhīsattva (Avalokitēshvara), from Java B. Bodhīsattva, from Prambānam, Java	160
LVIII.	A. Head of the Buddha, from Java (Now in the Ethnographic Museum, Leiden) B. Head of the Bodhīsattva, from Java (Now in the Glyptotek, Copenhagen)	161
LIX.	A. Brahmā (From a Sculpture in the Ethnographic Museum, Leiden) B. Siva as Brahmā (Mahēshamūrti?) (From a Sculpture in the Great Temple of Elephanta)	162

LX.	A. Vishnu supporting the Heavens (Relief from Māmallapuram) (Photo I.O.) B. The Cosmic Slumber (Vishnu-Nārāyana) (Relief from Māmallapuram)	164
LXI.	Vishnu-Nārāyana; Ceiling Sculpture from Old Temple at Aihole (Photo A.S.I.)	166
LXII.	A. Vishnu as the Universal Pillar (Sculpture from Java) B. Vishnu raising the World from the Flood (Boar-Incarnation)	168
LXIII.	A. Lakshmī rising from the Ocean (Relief from Māmallapuram) B. The Churning of the Ocean (Relief from Angkor Vat, Cambodia)	172
LXIV.	A. Siva as Kālāri-Mūrti, Conqueror of Death (Bronze in the Brihadēshvar Temple, Tanjore) B. Siva's Sakti, Dūrgā or Devī (Bronze in the Madras Museum)	174
LXV.	A. Siva as Nātārāja, the Lord of the Universal Dance (Bronze in the Brihadēshvar Temple, Tanjore) B. Siva as Sandhyā-nritta-mūrti, the Lord in His Evening Dance (Bronze in the Colombo Museum)	176
LXVI.	A. Siva as Bhairava, "the Terrible" (Sculpture from Elephanta) B. Dūrgā slaying the Buffalo-demon of Ignorance (Mahisura) (Sculpture from Java, now in the Ethnographic Museum, Leiden)	182
LXVII.	A. A Child Saint (Saiva Bhakta) (South Indian Bronze, in the Possession of Lord Ampthill) B. Sundaramūrti Swāmi, Tamil Saint (Bronze in the Brihadēshvar Temple, Tanjore)	184
LXVIII.	A. The Hindu Trimūrti, Elephanta (By kind permission of M. Victor Goloubeff) B. The Buddhist Trimūrti (Gilt Copper Image, Nepal)	188

LXIX.	A. Kuvera from Huvishka's Monastery Gandhāra B. Kuvera (Gilt Copper Image, Nepal)	190
LXX.	A. Ganēsha (Sculpture from Java) B. Hanuman (Copper Image in the Victoria and Albert Museum, Indian Section)	191

PAINTING

LXXI.	Siva and Parvati: Ceiling Panel, Ajantā, Cave I (By kind permission of M. Victor Goloubeff)	196
LXXII.	Head of Bodhisattva: Wall Painting, Ajantā, Cave I	200
LXXIII.	A. Painting from Sigirīya, Ceylon B. Painting from Sigirīya, Ceylon	202
LXXIV.	A. Portrait of Surāj Mall, by Nanha, one of Jahāngīr's Court Painters B. A Fakir receiving Visitors: Painting by one of Shah Jahān's Court Painters	204
LXXV.	A Royal Keeper leading a Decoy Antelope, by Manohar Dās (By kind permission of Lady Wantage)	206
LXXVI.	Shah Jahān Holding a Durbar: Brush Drawing by one of Shah Jahān's Court Painters (From the Original in the Royal Art Museum, Copenhagen)	207
LXXVII.	A. Siva Worshippers at a Wayside Shrine (From an Early Nineteenth-century Painting, Calcutta Art Gallery Collection) B. Hunting by Lamplight (From an Early Eighteenth-century Painting, Calcutta Art Gallery Collection)	208
LXXVIII.	Rāg-māla Paintings: A. From an Eighteenth-century Painting in the Possession of Norman Blount, Esq. B. From a Krishnā Series in the Calcutta Art Gallery Collection, probably Early Nineteenth Century	210
LXXIX.	Kācha and Devajāni (From a Fresco Painting by Mr. Abanindro Nath Tagore, C.I.E.)	212

 

INDEX

 

Abul Fazl, 204; murdered, 100

Āchārya, 12 n

Adi-Buddha, the Creator, 163

Aditi, the Universal Mother, 165 n

Advāita doctrine, 88

Agni, the Fire-spirit, 7, 9, 18, 177, 181

Agnīdhra, fire-priest, 56

Agnidrīya, or fire-house, 56

Agni-sāla, or the fire-hall, 56

Agny-ādhēya, or consecration of the household fires, 7 n

Agra, 132, 134; palace, 101, 137; gardens, 102; Tāj Mahall at, 128, 141

Ahmad Shah I, 69, 120; mosque, 120

Ahmadābād, royal mosque at, 69, 120

Ahmadnagar, 125

Aihole, temple at, 166

Ajantā, rock-cut monasteries at, 21, 23, 48; fresco-paintings, 36, 38, 53, 91, 110, 196, 201, 202; stūpa-shrines, 51, 66, 76, 115, 143, 146, 147; chapter-houses, 53, 54; sculpture of Buddha, 156

Ājivihas sect, 24

Ajodhya, 3

Akasha, or Ether, 50, 68

Akasha-garbha, the Container of Ether, 164

Akbar, the Great Mogul, siege of Chitor, 69, 206; founder of the Dīn Ilāhī Order, 93, 135; five-storied pavilion, 93, 96; mosque at Fatehpur Sikri, 113, 131; founds Agra, 132, 134; tomb at Sikandra, 134; buildings, 134; ideals, 134 n

Alexander the Great, expedition to India, 4

'Ali 'Adil Shah I, 125; mosque, 127

Amalaka, 8, 57, 58, 112

Amar Singh, 206

Amarāvatī, sculptures at, 29, 35; stūpa, 38; reliefs of, 38, 199

Amenhetep III, King of Egypt, 10, 59, 151

Amrita, 168, 169

Ananta, the serpent, 43, 74 n, 164, 166, 168

Andhra dynasty, 28

Anuradhapura, statue of Buddha, 155

Arabia, conquest of Sind, 111; the Kaaba shrine, 106; architecture, 146

Aranyānī, the Spirit of the Forest, 37

Arch, the radiating, 132

Archæological Survey of India, Report on Modern Building, 144

Architecture, Arabian, 146; Bengal, 122; Buddhist, 122; Indo-Saracenic, 111; Mogul, 132; Muhammadan, 107-10; Renaissance, 130; Saracenic, 106

Ariana, mountan groves of, 7

Arjumand Bānū Begam, 137

Arjuna's Rath, 74

Art, Indian, origins, 3, 9

Aryans, sacrificial rites, 6, 7; rule in Mesopotamia, 9, 10, 59, 60, 93, 154; sacred literature, 11; construction of fire-altars, 12; status, 12; worship of the elements of nature, 13, 177; stūpas, 14; temporary structures, 15; worship of Sūrya, 15, 159; art of the craftsmen, 19; Four Truths, 20; immigrations into India, 26; war-chariots, 28 n, 159; joint-family house, 90, 96; first settlements, 160

Aryāvarta, 62, 125

Asārwā, step-wells, 121

Ashvattha, or pipal-tree, 34

Ashvins, the twin horsemen, 10

Asia, Buddhism in, 106; building craft, influence of India, 110

Asoka, Emperor, 3, 135; stūpas, 3, 47, 158, 196; conversion to Buddhism, 4, 19; imperial standards, 8, 40-43; edicts on the Sānchī pillar, 40; preference for Persian craftsmen, 41; death, 49 n; conquest of Orissa, 64; palace at Pātāliputra, 97

Assembly- or debating-hall, construction, 95

Assyria, seven-storied temples of, 93

Asuras, demons of darkness, 168, 169; King of the, 167

Aurangabad, 125; rock-cut monastery, 91

Aurangzīb, 64, 137; administration, 143; banishment of Hindu painters, 143, 208

Avalokītēshvara, sculpture of, 176

Avalon, A., translation of Tantra of the Great Liberation, 169 n

Avatars, the ten, 167

 

Bābur, gardens at Agra, 102; death, in; founder of the Mogul dynasty, 128, 132

Babylon, siege of, 9; use of the radiating arch, 132 n

Bādāmi, 78, 79, 166

Baghdad court, 111

Bāī Srī Harīra, 121

Bairām Khan, 133

Balagāmi, temple at, 89

Bali, the demon king, 167

Bambu, use in the construction of the sikhara, 9, 58, 60, 147

Barāgāon, 92 n

Barnett, Dr., Antiquities of India, 7 n, 14 n, 23 n, 30 n, 177

Baroch, 120

Bedsā, chaītya hall at, 22

"Bell-shaped" capital, the symbol of, 4, 42-5, 62

Benares, 45, 67; Hindu palaces at, 144; University, 95

Benares, Queen of, 34

Bengal, architecture, 122; thatched cottages, 122, 136

Bernier, F., 140

Besnagar, 27 n

Bhagavad Gītā, 164, 168, 192

Bhairava, the Terrible, 183 184; shrine of, 81

Bhājā, series of monolithic stūpas, 21; relic casket, 23

Bhakti, worship of, 6, 58, 60, 159, 172, 173, 184

Bhakti-marga, the path of devotion, 18, 72, 172, 173, 197

Bharhut, 19; sculptures, 23, 62; gateway, 41; representation of the lotus flower, 42; reliefs of, 199

Bhāva, sentiment and expression, 195

Bhikkus, the, 24; meetings, 32 n, 48; ancient retreats, 48; ashrams at Ajantā, 51

Bhilsā, 27

Bhoga-mandapam, 68

Bhopal State, 27, 167; mosque at, 143

Bhuvanēshvar, "Lord of the Universe," 64; temples, 64

Bidar, 125

Bihar, 24

Bihzad, 204

Bijāpur, 125; tomb at, 109; architecture, 126; Tāj Mahall, 127; size of the dome, 141 n; tributary to Shah Jahān, 141 n

Birmingham Museum, statue of Buddha, 156

Blochet, M. E., 44

Boar Incarnation, the, 167

Bodh-Gāyā, 34; monastery, 155; temple, 62

Bodhisattva, the, 35, 152, 158; cult, 58; sculptures, 160; painting of, 202

Bodhi-tree, shrine of the, 62

Bombay School of Art, 201

Borobūdūr, 161; stūpa, 35; reliefs of, 199

Brahmā, the Creator, 7 n, 61 n, 162; temple of, 7 n, 162, 163, 187; shape of the pillar, 7 n, 45; symbol of the lotus flower, 43, 95, 165; sakti, 162; four heads, 162; image, 163, 165; triune doctrine, 187

Brahman ritual, 74; conversion of fire-worshippers, 75; the cult of Saivism, 77, 174

Buddha, Gautama, 4; the passing into Pari-Nirvāna, 4; funeral, 5; teaching, 6, 20, 151; stūpas, 14; birth, 32, 80; lotus throne, 41; worship of, 63; miracle, 75; the Great Guru and Monk, 152; Supreme Head of the Sangha, 152; ideal racial type, 153; statues, 154-8, 161

Buddhas, the seven, 34

Buddhism, stūpa the sacred symbol, 19; character of the ritual, 20; meetings of the Bhikkus, 48; system of memorising, 48; spread of, 106

Buddhist art, 3; development, 21; history, 51; change, 52; stūpa,

14; chaītya-halls, 22; legends, hieroglyhpic language, 33; sculpture in Java, 35; Church, the primitive, 46; the stūpa-house, 46; assembly-halls, 46, 49; ritual of stūpa worship, 57; temple architecture, 58; form of the shrine, 74; finial of the dome, 76; early structural monasteries, 91; architecture, 122; worship of the saints, 173; triune doctrine, 187; schools of painting, 208

Bull, the symbol of Siva, 80

Bundēlkhand, 68

Burgess, Dr., work on Elephanta, 188

Burma, school of painting, 208

 

Calcutta, 124; Art Gallery, 190, 208; School of Art, 198, 212

Calligraphy, art of, 204

Cambay, 120

Cambodia, 172

Ceylon, 35, 203; sculpture, 155

Chaitānya, spiritual ideal of, 192

Chakra-vartin, or world ruler, 57, 163

Chalukyan dynasty, 86; style, 86-8

Champanīr, mosque, 120

Chanda, the scavenging deity, shrine to, 81
Chandēla dynasty, 67; royal chapels, 70
Chandi Sewa, temple of, 143, 161
Chandra, the Moon-god, 6, 18; pillar, 7 n, 45; cult, 210
Chandra-vamsa, the, 6
Chaturbhuja temple, 68; dimensions, 68 n
Chitor, fortress of, captured, 69, 206; royal chapels, 70
Chola Empire, 174
Churning the Ocean, legend of, 168-70, 172
Colombo Museum, 179
Conjiveram, temple at, 76, 78, 85
Constantinople, domes, 127
Coomaraswamy, Dr., 208
Copenhagen, Art Museum, 161, 207
Copto-Alexandrian school, 36
Craft-guilds, 55
Cratæva religiosa, 189 n
Creswell, K. A. C, Indian Antiquary, 141 n, 145
Cunningham, General, 63
Curvilinear spire or sikhara, 7, 8, 57, 122, 147
Cyrus, founds the Persian Empire, 4

 

Damascus, Ummayad mosque at, 145, 146
Darjeeling, 170
Datiyā, fortress, 103; palace, 100, 117
Davids, Mrs. Rhys, Buddhism, 19 n
Dekhan, the, 125; temple architecture, 87
Delhi, 96, 106; the Purāna Kīlā, or Old Fort, 113; Dīwān-i-Khās, 136; the new building, 144
Deodar, the tree of the Devas, 12
Devas, tree of, 12, 13; the Shining Ones, 168-70
Dhanwantāri, physician of the Gods, 169
Dholkā, 120
Dīg, garden-palace at, 102-4
Dīlāwar State, 118
Dīn-Ilāhī, Akbar's Imperial Order, 39, 135
Dome, the aṇḍa or egg, 22; the "bulbous," 22, 108, 122, 136, 145; the lotus, 108, 136, 147; the Pathān, 112, 114; the stūpa, 108
Domes, construction, 115, 127, 146
Dravidian or non-Aryan races, 73; structure of the dome, 74
Dūrga or Devi, 176; the Inaccessible, 184; shrine at Māmallapuram, 74
Dushratta, king of the Mitanni, 10, 59, 151

 

Egypt, the sacred lotus of, 43 n
Egyptians, use of the bud of the lotus, 42 Eightfold Path of Good Living, 6
Elephant, the six-tusked, 34
"Elephant Stables," ruin, 127 Elephanta, temple at, 80, 163, 188; sculptures, 175, 183, 203 Ellora, rock-cut monasteries, 48; stūpa-house, 54; temple of Kailāsa, 78-85; sculptures, 167, 183 Euphrates, valley of the, 9, 44, 59, 93, 154

 

Fa Hiān, the Chinese pilgrim, 110
Fatehpur Sikri, mosque, 113, 131; palace, 101; pavilion, 93, 96 Fergusson, James, 6, II, 40, 49, 55, 56, 57, 58, 68 n, 76, 86, 87, 93, 103, 105, 111, 124, 127, 132 n, 141, 145, 151; History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, 30 n, 60, 61, 69 n, 109 Finch, William, 135
Fīrūz Shah, Sultan of Delhi, 119
Fish, the, 167
Foucher, A., 32, 33; The Beginnings of Buddhist Art, 75 n, 106

Frazer, J. G., The Golden Bough, 10 n

Fresco-painting, 197, 198

 

Gadag, 88

Gandash, Chief of the Kassites, 9

Gandhāra, Hellenistic school of, 36; ruins of, 97; sculptures, 152

Ganesha, the god of Reason, shrine, 81; the Elephant-god, 190; legend, 191; sculpture, 192

Ganges, the, 45, 51, 54, 79, 83, 121, 123; valley, 182

Gangoly, O. C., South Indian Bronzes, 177 n, 179, 185 n

Ganōsis, or wax-coating, 53 n, 198

Gateways of the Sanchi stūpa, 29-32; sign of Taurus the Bull, 32; panels, 33

Gaur, 67, 121; history, 121; maritime trade, 121; Muhammadan buildings, 123; under the empire of the Great Moguls, 124

Ghaznī, in, 112

Girnar, 71

Goa, Portuguese colony at, 186

Godaveri, the, 210

Golkonda, 125

Goloubeff, Lieut.-Col. Victor, photographs, 188, 201, 202

Gopurams or gateways, 80, 85

Greek sculpture, ganosis, 53 n, 198

Griffiths, John, Ajantā, 201

Gujerāt, 69, 120; Muhammadan school of, 119; minarets, 120; step- wells, 121

Gujerāti dynasty, 70

Gunas, the three, 80 n, 173

Guntur, 93

Gupta period, structural temples of, 63; style of architecture, 64; royal standards, 158

Gwalior, 67

 

Hall, H. R., Ancient History of the Near East, 6 n, 10 n, 11, 59 n, 159 n

Hanuman, the monkey-god, 172, 190, 192

Hardwar, 45

Hariti, the Buddhist Madonna, 106

Harsha, Emperor, death, 52

Havell, E. B., Handbook to Agra and the Tāj, 134 n; History of Aryan Rule in India, 78 n, 118 n, 134 n; Ideals of Indian Art, 160 n, 164 n, 165 n, 179 n, 185 n; Indian Architecture, 121 n, 134 n, 141 n, 143 n; Indian Sculpture and Painting, 179 n, 190 n, 195 n, 198 n, 210 n

Hermitages, rock-cut, 24

Herringham, Lady, 202

Himālayan valleys, 13 n

Himālayas, 26, 75, 170, 174, 182

Hīnayāna school, 19, 46, 52, 58, 158

Hindu temples, 66, 140, 144, 197; the curvilinear spire, or sikhara, 7, 8; use of the lotus-and-vase pillar, 44; towers of victory, 69, 120; doctrine of the Trimūrti, 87; palaces, 99, 144; pleasure-gardens, 102; image-making, 113 n; belief in the unity of the Godhead, 188; painting, 205, 208, 212; characteristics, 209-11

Hinduism, ritual, 6; geographical distribution of the two main sects, 77

Hindus, Essay on the Architecture of the, 45

Hindustan, 125; conquered by Muhammadans, 84

Hiranya-garbha, womb of the universe, 62 n, 162

Hiranyaksha, the demon, 166

Hittites, the, capture Babylon, 9

Hiuen Tsang, the Chinese pilgrim, 110, 115 n; description of the monastery of Nālanda, 92, 96, 101

Horus, the Egyptian sun-god, 24 n

Hoysala Ballāla dynasty, 89

Hughly, 124

Humāyūn, 113, 117; design of his tomb, 131, 133

Husain Shah, Sultan of Gaur, 119

Huvishka, the Kushān king, 62; monastery, 190

Hyderabad, H.H. the Nizam of, 51, 79 n

 

Ibrāhim II, Sultan of Bijāpūr, 126; mosque, 127, 141

India, figure-sculpture, 36, 50; the Land of the Moon, 45, 210; introduction of the sikhara temple, 60; monasteries or universities, 91, 92, 110; debating-halls, 94; philosophical contests, 94; temple mandapams, 95; ancient monuments, 97; mosques and tombs, 105, 113, 116; Muhammadan rule in, 106, 123, 129; influence on the architecture of Islam, 108-10

India, Northern, Hindu temple architecture, 7, 29 n, 76, 85, 93; the Vaishnava movement, 58, 87; wayside shrines, 62; Muhammadan iconoclasm, 64; royal chapels, 67; Muhammadan conquest, 96

India, Southern, the Saiva movement, 52, 58, 87; temples, 73, 76, 85; gateways or gopurams, 85; sculputre, 184

Indian architecture, lotus-and-vase pillar, 41, 44; art, origins, 3, 9; influence of the Vedic ritual, 12; curvilinear spire or sikhara, 57; climate, destructive influences, 160, 196; craftsmen, use of the lotus flower for the decoration of pillars, 42; demand for, 111; versatility, 123, 128-30; dome-construction, 127; work for Islam, 129; method of working, 140; house, plan of a, 90; painting, 198; realism, 200; new school of, 212; palace, plan of a, 97, 101; spoliation, 98; sculpture, the "bell-shaped" capital, 41; coating of plaster, 53 n

Indo-Aryan architecture, 58; art, 26, 39; courts, philosophical contests, 77; god-like heroes, 154; houses and palaces, 90, 96, 159; religion, lesser deities, 190

Indo-Aryans, the, 5

Indo-Muhammadan dynasty, 105; mosques, experiments in arch-construction, 119

Indo-Saracenic school of architecture, 96, 111

Indra, Wielder of the Thunderbolt, 9, 13, 18, 33, 180

Indus Valley, 182

Intonaco of plaster, 197, 198

Iranians, the, 5

Ishta-devata, worship of, 62, 79

Ishtar or Ashtaroth, the Assyrian goddess, 59

Ishvara, the Supreme Ruler, 188

Islam, architecture, influence of India, 108; mosques and tombs, 120; Sunna, the canonical law of, 108

Ismail Khan Rūmi, 138

Itmād-ud-daulah, tomb, 131, 136, 137

Ittagi, temple of, 88

 

Jahāngir, 100; alliance with the Sunni party, 135; tomb, 137; collection of pictures, 205; memoirs, 206

Jahāngīri Mahall, at Agra, 101

Jain cities, 71

Jainism, 4

Jaipur, craftsmen, 198

Jakanāchārya, 89

Japan, temples of, 110

Jātaka, panels, 33, 34

Jaunpur, mosques, 118

Java, Buddhist sculpture, 35; temple of Chandi Sewa, 143; examples of the Bodhisattva type, 160; statue of Vishnu, 167

Jina, or Conqueror, 68 n

Jnāna-marga, the way of knowledge, 18, 58, 72, 152, 173, 180, 183

Jumna, the, 83, 172

 

Kaaba, shrine, 106

Kacha and Devajāni, story of, 198

Kailāsa mountain, 70, 76, 181; rock-cut temple of, 78-85, 159; shrines, 81, 83; pyramidal tower, 81; the plinth, 82; Lankēsvara chapel, 83

Kaīlāsanatha temple, 78

Kālāri-mūrti, bronze figure of, 175

Kalasha, or jar of immortality, 58, 76

Kālī, 184

Kalinga, 64

Kaliya, the serpent, 172

Kalkin, 168

Kanārak, temple of, 9, 158

Kanauj, 3, 67

Kandarya Mahādeva temple, 68 n

Kanishka, stūpa at Peshawar, 123

Kapilavastu, palace at, 28

Kārlē, 19, 22; representation of the lotus, 42; rock-cut monasteries, 48; assembly-hall, 49, 52, 53; dimensions, 49 n; lotus pillars, 50; sculpture, 50; chapter-house, 91

Karma-marga, the path of duty, 18, 72, 192

Kassites, the, occupy Babylon, 9

Kasyapa I, King, 203

Kāthiawar peninsula, 71

Kenheri, rock-cut monasteries, 48

Khajurāho, royal chapels, 67; temple, 70

Khandēsh, 69

Khurasan, court of, 204

"Kiblah," the, 107

Kinchinjunga, 171

Kōvil, or King's house, 57

Krishna, doctrine, 168; legends, 172; river, 35, 93

Krishna I, 79

Kshatriya, the warriors, 5, 77, 182

Kulbarga, 125

Kumbhā, Rānā of Chitor, 69, 120

Kurān, the law of, 108

Kūrma, or tortoise, 167, 168

Kuvera, god of wealth, 190; sculpture of, 190

 

Lahore, 137

Laknauti, 67, 121, 122

Lakshmi, Goddess of the Day, 33, 61, 164, 165, 167, 169, 171

Lankēsvara chapel, Ellora, 83

Lāvanya Yojanam, realisation of grace and beauty, 195

Layard, Sir Henry, 59

Lethaby, Prof., Architecture, 143 n

Leyden, Ethnological Museum at, 161, 163, 184

Lingam, symbol of the, 163

Linga-rāj temple, Bhuv-anēshvar, the Great, 64; date of the building, 65

Lokapālas, or Guardians of the Four Gateways of the Sky, 41

Lomas Rishi cave, 24

Lotus flowers, 8, 13, 33, 36, 41, 42, 43, 136, 145, 162, 164; amalaka, or fruit, 8, 57; dome, 136, 145, 147

Lotus-and-vase pillar, 41, 44, 114

Lumbīnī gardens, 34

 

Madras Museum, 176, 179

Magadha, 92 n.; builders of, 104

Mahābhārata, the, 5, 26, 151, 154, 199

Mahā-padma, or lotus crown, 136, 141 n, 147

Mahāvīra, 4

Mahāyāna doctrine, 58, 152; monasteries, 91, 115 n; school, 179

Mahēshamūrti, the five-headed form of Siva, 188

Mahisura, the buffalo-demon, 184

Mahmūd Begarah, mosque, 120

Mahmūd of Ghaznī, 111, 112

Mahmūdābād, 120

Maitreya, the Buddhist Messiah, 54, 156

Māldā, 123, 124

Mālwā, 27

Mālwā, Sultan of, 69

Māmallapuram, shrine at, 74, 76, 92; temples, 76; sculptures, 165, 172; reliefs, 184

Mānāsāra Silpa-Sastra, 57

Mandapams, or assembly-halls, 66, 95

Mandara mountain, 60, 68, 70, 168

Mandu, 118; history of, 118 n

Manohar Dās, pictures, 206

Manrique, Father, 138

Mārkandēya, legend of, 176

Marshall, Sir John, 117; Guide to Sānchī, 40

Maruts, the storm winds, 13

Mathurā, 3, 67; Jain stūpa at, 146; museum, 157, 190

Mauryan dynasty, 4, 27

Māyā, Mother of the Buddha, 33, 37, 171

Medhī, the, 15

Meghavarna, King of Ceylon, 155

Merū, mountain, 60, 61, 70, 167

Mesopotamia, 26; conical huts of, 9, 59, 147; Aryan rule in, 9, 10, 60; palaces, 44

Mewār, 69

Mīān Shah Mir, portrait of, 207

Minoan Art, 154

Mirā Bāī, royal chapel, Chitor, 70

Mirzapur district, 195

Mitanni, the, 9; sacred literature, 11

Mogul dynasty, 128; fall of, 144; architecture, 132; school of painting, 205, 208; miniatures, 207; palaces, 99, 101

Moksha, or liberation, 18, 19, 43

Monasteries, Buddhist, 91

Moon-god, Chandra, 6, 18

Mosques, 69 n, 105, 107; the grand portals, 113

Moti Masjid, 136

Mountain-worship, 70

Muhammad 'Adil Shah, tomb of, 109, 127, 131; size of the dome, 109, 127

Muhammadans, conquer Hindustan, 84, 96; destruction of temples, 99, 160; pleasure-gardens, 102; rule in India, 106, 123, 129; architecture, 107-10; tombs in India, 116; school of miniaturists, 204; painting, 204; characteristics, 209

Mulla Shah, 207

Mumtāz Mahall, 136; monument to, 137; death, 141

Murshidābād, 124

Musalman, artistic taste in calligraphy, 204

Muzaffar Shah, 119

Mysore, 89; temples, 89

 

Nāginis, snake-goddesses, 166

Nālāmandapam, 68

Nālanda, university, 92, 101, 199; excavations, 92; pavilions, 92, 96

Nandi, the bull, shrine dedicated to, 80

Nandi-pada, the sign, 32

Nanha, portrait, 206

Narām Sin, stele of, 60

Nārasimha, the man-lion, 167

Nārāyana, the Eternal Spirit, 43, 74 n, 162, 166, 171, 188; relief of, 166

Narbadā river, 118

Nāsik, rock-cut monasteries, 48, 91

Nātārāja, Lord of the Dance, 176; image, 179, 183; symbol, 182

Nelumbium speciosum, 43 n

Nepal, 189, 190

Nineveh, 59

Norwich Cathedral, 49

Nūr-Jahān, Empress, 136; design of tombs, 131, 136, 137

Nūr Mahall, Empress, 131

Nymphæa cœrulea, 42

 

Ocean, churning the, legend, 168-70, 172

Orissa, 64, 158

 

Paez, 126

Painting, principles of the art of, 195

Palace, an Indian, plan of, 97, 101

Palitāna, 71.

Panch Kōsi Road, Benares, 45

Panch Mahall, five-storied pavilion, 93, 135

Panchratna, or "five-jewelled" temple, 63, 143

Pāndava, war-chiefs, training, 199

Panduah, 123

Panjab, the first Aryan settlements, 160

Pārasnath, 71

Parasu-Rama, a Brahman warrior king, 168

Pārījāta, the tree, 169

Pari-Nirvāna, the Ocean of Eternity, 4, 34

Paris, Musée Cernuschi in, 201

Parvati, the Universal Mother, 82, 84, 184, 188; shrine, 81; legend of, 191; painting, 202

Pātaliputra, 92 n; palace, 41, 97

Pathān architecture, 109; style, 112

Patna, 92 n

Pattadakal, temple at, 78, 79

Persepolis, 40; "bell-shaped" capital of, 5, 44, 45, 62

Persepolitan or lotus pillars, 50

Persia, foundation of the Empire, 4; craftsmen, art of, 107; colour effects, 107, 113; method of constructing domes, 115 n, 147; mosques, façades, 113

Perso-Greek masons, 4

Peshawar, Kanishka's stūpa at, 123

Pillar, with "bell-shaped" capital, 40; shafts, 50; varieties of, 45

Pishāchas, or demons, 53

Pitrimedha, or the sacrifice for ancestors, 14

Pradakshinā, or circumambulatory rite, 15

Prahlāda, 167

Prajnā-pāramitā, Supreme Wisdom, 43, 163

Pramānam, measurement, scale and proportion, 195

Prambānam, 161

Purānas, the, 165 n, 168, 191

Purohita, or chaplain, 8

 

Ra, the sun-god of Heliopolis, 6 n

Rāgas, systems of, 211

Rāg-malas, melody-pictures, 211

Rāhu, the eclipse-dragon, 54

Raigarh State, 195

Rāja Bir Singh Deva, treachery, 100

Rāja Sīrī-Sābakani, 28

Rāja Surāj-Mall, garden-palace at Dīg, 102-4

Rājagriha, 3, 92 n

Rājarāja I, Emperor, 85

Rajendra Lai Mitrā, 156 n

Rājmahal, 71, 124

Rajputana, buildings, 100

Rām Rāj, Rājā, of Vijayanagar, 125; palace, 126; killed, 126

Rām Rāz, Essay on the Architecture of the Hindus, 45

Rāma, the ideal Indian king, 168, 172, 210

Rāmanūja, 76, 87, 88

Rāmāyana, the, 5, 26, 160

Rangpur, 124

Rānpur, temple at, 69, 120

Rao, T. A., Gopinath, Elements of Hindu Iconography, 163 n, 188

Rāshtrakuta dynasty, 79

Ratnāsura, the demon, 184

Rāvana, the demon-king, 172; legend 82

Rembrandt, interest in Indian painting, 210

Renaissance architecture, 130

Rig-Veda, hymns of the, 13, 37, 165, 178

Rome, Pantheon at, 127

Rudra, "the Roarer," 13, 75

Rūpa-bheda, distinction of forms and appearances, 195, 199

 

Sabha-mandapam, or assembly-hall, 70

Sādā-nritta, Dance of Dissolution, 179

Sadāsiva-mūrti, 163 n

Sadriçyam, likeness or resemblance, 195

Sahserām, 113, 133

Saiva sect, 18; in Southern India, 52, 58, 87; cult, 72, 77, 173, 179, 184; temples, 73, 76, 77, 78, 88, 89, 183; form, 74; kalasha of the dome, 76; sculpture, 174, 175; portrait statuettes of the teachers, 184, 185

Saiva-Siddhāntins, teaching, 163 n

Sākyas, Prince of the, 4

Samarkand, 136, 145

Samman Burj or Jasmine Tower, 137

Samudragupta, Emperor, 155

Sānchī, 19, 21; stūpa at, 22, 27; procession paths, 27; vedikā or sacrificial railing, 28; toranas, 28; gateways, 29-32, 147; sign of Taurus the Bull, 32; panels, 33; figure of a wood-nymph, 36; characteristics of the sculpture, 38; pillar with "bell-shaped" capital, 40; representation of the lotus flower, 42; shrine at, 116 n; torso, 157, 161; reliefs of, 199

Sandhyā-nritta, dance, 179

Sangha, or Assembly-hall, 46, 90; character of the ritual of relic worship, 48; members, 151

Sangharāma, or abode of the Sangha, 90

Sankarāchārya, 88

Sapta-Matris, the seven mothers of Creation, shrine to, 81

Saracenic architecture, 106

Sarasvati, goddess of speech, 83, 162

Sarnath, statue of Buddha, 155, 157

Sat-chit-ānandam, 187 n

Sathapatha Brahmana, 56

Sattvam-rajas-tāmas, 187 n

Satuni, King of Lulaba, 60

Satya-Nārāyana, cult, 119 n

Scandinavia, custom of seeing the sun dance, 177

Sculpture, art of, 151

Sennacherib, Palace of, 59

Serpent, symbol of the, 75

Sēsha, 170

Shah Jahān, 101, 128, 135; audience hall, 96; monument of the Taj Mahall, 137-43; a strict Sunni, 139; destruction of Hindu temples, 140; mosque, the Jāmi Masjid, 143; portrait, 207

Shahdara, tomb at, 137

Sharkī dynasty, 119

Shatrunjaya, hills of, 71

Shēr Shah, mosque, 113; tomb, 114, 116, 133, 138; administration, 114

Shiah sect, 108, 126, 204

Shraddha, rites, 6, 15, 18, 25, 32, 56

Siddhartha, Prince, 28, 202

Sigirīya, frescoes, 155, 203

Sikandra, tomb at, 134

Sikhara temple, 57; construction, 9, 58, 60; introduced into India, 60; form, 61; shape, 62

Sīlabhadra, the Abbot, 93

Silpa-Sāstras, the, 7, 57, 86, 110, 128, 162, 179, 195 n

Sind, Arab conquest of, 111

Sitā, rescue of, 172

Siva, Lord of Death, 7 n, 18, 61 n, 72, 87, 175; temple, 7 n, 162, 173, 187; shape of the pillar, 7 n, 45; Lord of Kailāsa, 68; bull, Nandi, 80; trident, 80; image of, 82, 166; legends, 82, 175, 180; Lord of the Universe, 84; moon-lotus, 95; Nilakantha, 169, 171; emblems, 173; place of his abode, 174; bronze figure, 175; sakti, 176; tāmasic aspect, 183, 189; five-headed form of, 188; painting of, 202

Sivas, the Anatolian vilayet, 10

Smith, Dr. Vincent, 89; Akbar the Great Mogul, 145; History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon, 36, 132 n

Smriti, 191, 200

Sruti, 191, 200

Step-wells of Gujerat, 121

Studio Magazine, 212

Stūpa, the, or King's monument, 4, 14, 56; the vedikā, 14, 17; suchi, 14; medhī, 15; temporary structures, 15; dome construction, 17, 22, 108, 115; symbol of Buddhism, 19; craftsmanship, 21; harmīkā, 22; at Sānchī, 27; transformed into a temple, 54

Stupa-house, 56; structure, 47; number of, 47; series of rock-cut, 47; at Ajantā, 51

Suchi, or cross-bar of the rail, Sudama or Nyagrodha, cave, 24

Sukrachārya, directions for the plan of a palace, 97, 100

Sultanganj, statue of Buddha, 156

Sunna, the canonical law of Islam, 108

Sunni sect, 105, 118

Surabhi, the divine cow, 169

Surāj Mal, portrait of, 205

Sūrya, the Sun-god, 6, 9, 18; temple, 9; image, 158; worship of, 159

Sūrya-vamsa, the, 6, 18

Sūrya-varman II, 172

 

Tagore, Abanindro Nath, panel in fresco, 198; leader of the school of painting, 212

Tāj Mahall monument at Agra, 114, 128, 136, 137-43; list of the chief craftsmen, 138; plan of the building, 142

Tāj Sultana, mosque, 127, 141

Taksasīla University, 92

Talikota, battle of, 126

Tāmasic or destructive power of the cosmos, 173, 183

Tanjore temple, 85, 175, 179, 185

Tāptī River, 51

Taurus mountain, 10

Taurus, the Bull, sign of, 32, 80

Tavernier, J. B., 140

Temples, instructions for the building, 7 n; construction, 66; used for royal fortresses, 99; destruction, 160

Ter, stūpa-house, 55

Theras, or Brethren, 21

Thomas, F. W. and L. A., translation of The Beginning of Buddhist Art, 75 n, 106 n

Tigris, the, 9

Timūr, devastations, 115, 118; buildings, 145

Tirthankaras, the, 70

Tīrths, or places of pilgrimage, 54, 71, 78

Tirukkadanur, 176

Torana, or gateway of a stūpa, 17, 28

Tortoise, the, 167, 168

Towers of victory, 69, 120

Trimūrti, doctrine of the, 87, 183, 187

Tri-ratna, or three jewels, 32

 

Udayagiri, rock-sculpture at, 167

Ujjain, 67

Umbrella, the royal, symbol of, 5, 17, 22

Ummayad mosque at Damascus, 145, 146

Undavalli monastery, 93

Universities of India, 91, 92, 110

Upanishads, the, 12, 34, 73, 180

Ushas, the Dawn Maiden, 10, 18, 33, 165; hymn to, 165

Ustād Īsā, 138

 

Vaikuntha Perumāl temple, 76, 85

Vāishnava sect, 18; cult, 58, 77, 88 168, 173; in Northern India, 58, 87; in Southern, 76; cult of the Kshatriyas, 77; temples, 77

Vājapūja sacrifice, 23

Vāmana, the dwarf, 167

Vāraha, the Boar, 166, 167

Varnikabhanga, use of materials and implements, 195

Varuna, the God of the Night Sky, 9, 18, 24

Vārunī, the radiance of day, 169, 170

Vatsyāyana, summary of the art of painting, 195

Vedic ritual, 6-8, 19, 56, 151; influence on the art of India, 12; the Rishis, 13; Pitrimedha, 14; "Turning the Wheel of the Law," 15; two main classes, 18; character, 19; the solar year, 30; symbols, 173; triune doctrine, 188

Vedikā, or railing, 14, 17, 28

Venice, Grand Canal of, 103

Veroneo, Geronimo, claim to the design of the Tāj Mahall, 138-40

Victoria and Albert Museum, 157, 192, 202, 206

Vidisha, 27

Vijayanagar, 126; temple at, 85, 96

Vikramāditya, 78; victories of, 157

Vimāna, the chariot, 8

Vindhya mountain 77, 84, 125

Virūpāksha, temple of, 78

Vishnu, the Preserver of the Universe, 7 n, 33, 87, 164; shrine, 7 n, 63, 162, 164, 187; shape of the pillar, 7 n, 45; blue lotus, 8, 41, 57, 95, 164; design of the standard, 42; Upholder of the Heavens, 61; image of, 61, 167, 189; temples dedicated to, 76; Container of Ether, 164; sakti, 165; reliefs of, 165; Avatars, 167; instructions for churning the ocean, 168, 172; cult of, 172; twofold aspect, 171

Vishvakarma, Architect of the Gods, 54, 197; stūpa-house, 54, 79; design of the façade, 55

Vitese trefoliata, 189 n

Vitthalaswami temple, 85
Vrita, the demon, 180

Waddell, Lamaism in Tibet, 156 n
Wāghorā, the, 51
Wantage, Lady, 206
"Wheel of the Law, Turning the," 15, 23 n, 29
Yama or Siva, Lord of Death, 18
Yoga cult,, 56, 153
Yogi, the Great, 45; image of, 174, 175
Yusuf 'Adil Shah, 125, 127

Zohra Sultana, mausoleum, 127, 141

 

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