Aerodynamics (Lanchester)/Index

by Frederick William Lanchester

INDEX.

A.

 

• Added surface, method of, for the determination of ξ, § 243
• Aerial tourbillion the, § 30
• Aerodone; definition, glossary; trajectories of, § 176; ballasted aeroplane, § 162; experiments with, § 241 et seq.
• Aerodonetics, definition, glossary.
• Aerodrome, aerodromics, definition, glossary.
• Aerodynamic balance, construction of, § 242; employment of, § 246
• Aerodynamic support, theory of, § 112; field of force, § 113
• Aerofoil, definition, § 128, glossary; the, § 172 et seq.; plane and pterygoid, § 128; angles, table of, § 181; best value of β, § 173; form of, §§ 118, 119, 120, 188, 191; a standard of form, § 192; equivalent area, § 192; generation of vortices by,  117; grading of, § 192; pressure on, § 185; best pressure values, § 185; weight of, as affecting least resistance, §§ 169, 194; relative importance of weight, §§ 195, 196, App. IV.; hydrodynamic standpoint, § 189; discontinuity in peripteral system, § 189; angles of leading and trailing edges, § 188
• Aeroplane, the, § 128 et seq.; infinite lateral extent, case of, § 115; in Eulerian fluid, peripteroid motion, typical cases of, § 122; thickness, edge resistance, §§ 128, 158; considered as medium of experiment, § 128; resolution of forces, §§ 128, 156; history of experimental study, § 29; inclined, present state of knowledge, § 144; the sine-squared law of Newton, § 145; the sine-squared law at variance with experience, § 146; the falling plane, the experimentum crucis of the sine-squared law, §§ 145, 233; the aeroplane a problem distinct from the surface in presentation of a solid body, § 144; inclined planes of square proportion, Dines and Langley compared, § 147; centre of pressure, Joessel, Kummer, Langley, § 148; planes in apteroid aspect, §§ 150, 151; planes in pterigoid aspect, §§ 152, 153; superposed planes, § 154; the law of the small angle, § 159; the ballasted aeroplane, § 162; best angle of, § 172; aspect ratio influence on best angle, § 172; tables of pressure values, § 186; flow of Rayleigh-Kirchhoff type, §§ 152, 182, 183; compared to pterygoid form as organ of sustentation, § 184
• Albatros, wing pressure and velocity of flight, § 187; soaring energy available, App. V.
• Allen's experiments, fluid resistance, §§ 50, 51
• Allen's law, f. n. § 35
• Apteroid aspect, planes in, §§ 150, 151
• Arched section, §§ 107, 108, 118, 188
• Area, aerofoil area proper to least resistance, § 165; as a factor affecting total load, § 170
• Aspect, meaning of, glossary; apteroid and pterygoid, §§ 151, 153; as affecting pressure reaction, § 144 et seq.; as affecting position of centre of pressure, § 155
• Aspect ratio, meaning, § 150; influence of, on pressure reaction, § 159; employed by experimenters in fight, § 119
• Author's experiments, § 239 et seq.; on discontinuous flow, § 21; on orbital motion of fluid particles, § 17; on attendant vortices, § 125

 

В.

 

• Ballasted aeroplane, the, 162; stability of, § 162; determination of aerodynamic constants by means of, §§ 241, 245; launching device for, § 245
• Beaufoy, pressure on normal plane (water), §§ 135, 136
• Best values of β, tables of, § 181
• Body resistance, effect of, § 175
• Borda nozzle, theory of, § 96
• Boundary circulation, positive and negative, § 67; the measure of rotation, § 66
• Bounding flight, theory of, App. IV.

 

C.

 

• Cavitation, §§ 12, 82; in connection with screw propeller, § 215
• Centre of pressure, square plane, § 148; theoretical, for infinite lamina, § 155; changes with change of angle, § 148; determined by the ballasted aeroplane, § 245
• Changes of index value, in curve of resistance, § 52
• Compressibility, relative, of air and water, § 1; influence of, on power expended in flight, App. I.
• Conjugate property, of φ and ψ, § 61
• Connectivity, §§ 62, 63
• Conservative system, in periptery, proof of, §§ 115, 116
• Constant sweep, as basis of quantitative theory, § 172 et seq.
• Constants, the aerodynamic, C table of, § 177; c, table of, § 177; κ and ε, § 178; κ and ε, auxiliary hypothesis, § 179; κ and ε, plausible values, table of, § 180
• Continuity of motion, provisional assumption of, § 173
• Contraction, efflux coefficients, §§ 95, 96
• Corresponding speed, law of, § 39
• Counterwake current, the, § 22
• Cyclic motion, simple case, § 62; irrotational, § 64; a cyclic function, § 64; nature of, § 64; two opposite cyclic motions, superposed on translation, § 86; on translation, force at right angles, §§ 89, 90; superpositions plotted, § 122; in simply connected region, § 125; in different planes, compounding of, § 127; in propeller race, § 217
• Cylinder, streamlines of, §§ 21, 79; energy in fluid, § 83

 

D.

 

• Dead-water, meaning of term, § 19; negative pressure in the, § 139
• Design of propeller, § 218
• Density, relative, of air and water, § 1; as related to pressure, § 58
• Dimensional investigation, law of fluid resistance, § 36
• Dimensional method, application to phenomenon of discontinuity, § 105
• Dines' experiments, § 223 et seq.; reference to publications, § 223; basis of method, § 224; centrifugal balance, §§ 223, 225; results of resistance experiments, § 226; aeroplane investigations, S§ 227, 228; currents on back of plane, § 228; pressure on normal plane, §§ 133, 136; perforated plates, § 143; curve for square plane, § 147; comparison of results, Dines, Langley, §  153; on law of fluid resistance, § 49
• Dipping front edge, see Arched section; rudimentary development in the ornithoptera, § 184
• Discontinuity, physical and kinetic, §§ 12, 19, 94 et seq.; resistance due to, 19; surface of, due to corners or sharp curves, §§ 18, 20; doctrine of kinetic, §§ 20, 94 et seq.; surface of discontinuity a stratum in viscous fluids, § 20; experimental demonstration of, § 21; consequences and examples of, §§ 21, 30; surface of kinetic discontinuity unstable, § 101, App. III.; kinetic, doctrine of, Kelvin's objections, §§ 100, 101, 102; case of normal plane, § 97; explanation of anomalous case of fluid resistance by doctrine of kinetic discontinuity, § 55
• Discontinuous flow. See Discontinuity.
• Displacement of fluid due to body in motion, § 15; its orbital character, § 16; demonstrated by smoke experiments, § 17; Rankine's investigation, § 18; due to fluid in motion, § 29
• Dissipation of supporting wave, § 117
• Dragon-fly, wing pressure and velocity, § 187
• Duchemin, formula and curve plotted, § 147
• Dynamical equations, § 59
• Dynamic support, Newtonian basis, § 109; broadly considered, §  111; without expenditure of energy, § 111

 

E.

 

• Economics of flight, § 163 et seq.
• Efficiency, of propulsion, § 198; of screw propeller, § 206
• Efflux theory, § 95 et seq.; in its relation to pressure on a normal plane, § 140
• Elasticity, influence of, on resistance, § 55; as defining pressure-density relation, § 58; influence of, on power expended in flight. App. I.
• Electro-magnetic analogy, App. VI.
• Energy, expended in fluid resistance, § 40; kinetic, in system of flow, § 81; kinetic, in ψ, φ, squares equal, § 81; of the fluid surrounding a cylinder in motion, § 83; of superposed systems, §§ 84, 85; of vortex pair, § 86; numerical illustration of energy theorem, § 87; conditions of minimum expenditure in flight, §§ 163, 164; in the periptery, § 123
• Entrance and run, § 11
• Equation of continuity, § 59
• Equations of motion, § 59
• Equilibrium, of ballasted aeroplane, § 162
• Eulerian theory, the, § 59 et seq.; deficiencies of, §§ 98, 99
• Evanescent load, special case considered, §§ 104, 115
• Experimental confirmation of dimensional theory of resistance, Froude's experiments, §§ 47, 48; Dines, §§ 49; Allen, § 50
• Extremities, form of, §§ 120, 191

 

F.

 

• Field of force, §§ 60, 113
• Finite lateral extent, conditions considered, § 117
• Flight, power expended in, §§ 219, 220; estimated extreme range of, § 220; of golf ball, § 30; bounding or leaping, App. IV.
• Flow, lines of, § 79
• Fluids, properties of, §§ 1, 31, 58
• Fluid prismatic column, as defining application of Newtonian method, § 112
• Flux (ψ function), § 61
• Force, lines of, field of, §§ 60, 113
• Frictional wake, due to viscosity, § 17; its influence on propulsion, §§ 200, 216
• Froude, theory of propulsion, §§ 8, 198, 200, 216; negative slip of propeller, § 200; pressure on normal plane, §§ 135, 136

 

G.

 

• Gliding angle, conditions governing, §§ 166, 167; least value, § 174; equation for, § 174; for least horse power, § 176; in excess of theoretical value, § 181
• Grading, of aerofoil, 192; of propeller blade, §§ 208, 209
• Gull (Larus argentatus), wing pressure and velocity of flight, § 187; wing section, § 107
• Gyration surface (Helmholtz), § 99, also App. III.

 

H.

 

• Height of aeroplane above earth's surface, as affecting load sustained, § 112
• Helmholtz, on discontinuous motion, §§ 99, 104; Helmholtz-Kirchhoff, pressure on infinite lamina, §§ 97, 136; surface of gyration, § 99, App. III.; surface of discontinuity unstable, App. III.
• Homomorphous motion, in fluid system, general expression for,§ 38
• Horse-power in flight, tables of, § 220
• Hutton, pressure on normal plane, § 136; experiments in resistance,  221, 222
• Hydrodynamic theory, general treatment, Chs. I. and II.; analytical theory of inviscid fluid, § 57 et seq.; applied to conservative system of sustentation, § 121 et seq.

 

I.

 

• Impulsive forces, in fluid dynamics, § 60
• Infinite lateral extent, special case of, § 115; aeroplane in pterygoid aspect, case of, § 152
• Infinitesimal load, special case of, § 115
• Interchangeability, of velocity and linear quantities in the dimensional equation of resistance, §§ 43, 45; of φ and ψ in hydrodynamic plotting, § 61
• Inviscid, definition of, § 58
• Irrotation, definition of, § 68; in its relation to velocity potential, § 70
• Irrotational motion, fundamental forms, § 73; compounding by super-position, §§ 73, 74

 

J.

 

• Joessel, centre of pressure for square plane, § 148

 

K.

 

• Kinematic relations, kinematic-viscosity and kinematic-resistance, § 36
• Kinetic discontinuity. See Discontinuity.
• Kinetic energy. See Energy.
• Kirchhoff-Rayleigh, equation for inclined infinite lamina, §§ 97, 152; plotting, § 152; position of centre of pressure and magnitude of pressure reaction, table, § 97
• Kummer, centre of pressure, § 148

 

L.

 

• Lagrange's theorem, an interpretation of, § 71
• Lanchester, form of aerofoil used in 1894, § 108; experiments by, see Author's experiments.
• Langley, pressure on normal plane, §§ 133, 136; experiments with falling plane, a direct disproof of sine-squared law, § 146; curve for plane in apteroid aspect, § 161; curve for plane in pterygoid aspect, § 153; form of aeroplane employed, § 153; superposed planes, §§ 154, 233; pressure-velocity and pressure-angle laws, § 232; influence of aspect, § 233; critical angle, or angle of reversal, §§ 233, 234; on the efficiency of an aerial propeller, § 235; misquotes Newton, §§ 232, 238
• Langley's experiments, § 230 et seq.; suspended plane, § 231; resultant pressure recorder, § 232; plane dropper, § 233; component pressure recorder, § 234; dynamometer chronograph. § 235; counterpoised eccentric plane, § 236; rolling carriage, § 237; summary, § 238
• Larmor's theorem, sound momentum, discussion of, App. II. B.
• Leaping or bounding flight, theory of, App. IV.
• Least energy, conditions of, § 164
• Least horse power, values of β and γ, § 176
• Least resistance, equation of, § 171
• Least value of γ, table of, § 181
• Length of blade (screw propeller), conjugate limits, § 212
• Lilienthal, arched section, § 108
• Linear grading, of propeller blades, § 209
• Lines of force (see Force), §§ 60, 113
• Load grading, of propeller blades, § 208

 

M.

 

• Mathematical treatment, hydrodynamics, § 59
• Maxwell, definition of viscosity, § 31; method of hydrodynamic plotting due to, § 74
• Moilliard, the ballasted aeroplane mentioned by, § 162; supposed change in position of centre of gravity, § 162
• Momentum, continuous communication of, § 3; principle of no momentum, §§ 5, 6, App. II.; in theory of propulsion, communication of, § 197 et seq.; transference of, from different standpoints, § 7; communication of, as source of sustentation in fight, §§ 109, 111, 112, 160, 161, 174; apparent momentum, § 81; of sound waves, App. II.
• Motion of fluid, in vicinity of streamline body, § 13; relative motion, stream lines, § 14; in vicinity of wing or aerofoil, § 107 et seq.; hypothetical in theory of flight, §§ 160, 161; discontinuous in vicinity of aerofoil, §§ 188, 189, 190, see also Discontinuity; round about propeller and in race, § 217; in wake of a loaded aerofoil, §§ 126, 127
• Multiple connectivity, meaning of, §§ 62, 63
• Mutilation of streamline form, §§ 26, 27

 

N

 

• Negative slip, in propulsion, Froude's explanation, § 200
• "Neoids," Rankine's water lines, § 177
• Newton, definition of viscosity, § 31; medium of, its nature, § 2; medium of, essentially discontinuous, § 23; method of, founded on third law of motion, § 2; method of the Newtonian medium, demonstration, § 3
• Newtonian method, application to normal plane, §§ 4, 136; deficiency of the, § 5; application by Rankine and Froude to theory of propulsion, §§ 8, 198; results in the sine-squared law, § 145; sine-squared law plotted, § 147; Newtonian law subjected to experimental investigation, § 222. See also Momentum.
• Newtonian theory modified, the hypothesis of constant sweep, §§ 160, 161, 172, et seq.
• Normal plane, stream lines and lines of flow, for inviscid fluid, § 79; theory and data of the, § 130 et seq.; law of pressure, § 130; pressure due to wind on, § 131; still air pressure determination, § 132; quantitative data, §§ 133, 134; in fluids other than air, § 135; theory summarised, § 136; theory and experiment compared, §§ 136, 137; influence of shape of plane, § 139; in the light of efflux theory, § 140; effect of projecting lip, §§ 140, 141; planes of varying proportions, pressure on, § 142; influence of perforations, § 143

 

O.

 

• Orbital motion, of fluid particles, §§ 16, 17; Rankine's curve, § 18
• Osborne Reynolds, on turbulence, § 37

 

P.

 

• Parachutist, weight borne by earth's surface, § 6
• Peripteral area, meaning of, § 210; expression for, § 210; in relation to the soaring mode of Hight, App. V.
• Peripteral zone. See Peripteral area.
• Peripteral motion, §§ 126, 127; alternative theories relating to, § 190
• Peripteral system, considered as wave motion, § 116
• Peripteroid motion, types of, § 122; plotting of the field of flow, § 122; energy in the periptery, § 123; modified systems of, § 124; in a simply connected region, § 125
• Periptery, the, f. n. § 107; motion in the, § 107 et seq.
• Phillips, H. F., on arched section of aerofoil, § 108; superposed supporting members, § 154
• Plan-form of aerofoil, aspect ratio, § 119; a standard of form, § 192
• Plausible values, employment of, §§ 177, 178
• Power, conditions of least h.p., § 164; expended in flight, §§ 219, 220
• Poynting, momentum of sound waves, App. II. B. and II. D.
• Pressure, as related to density, 58; lines of equal, §§ 60, 113; distribution in a field of How, § 82; system compounded of accelerative system and steady motion system, § 88; on normal plane, §§ 130, 138; on pterygoid aerofoil, best value of, § 185; on aeroplane, best value of, 186; tables of best values, §§ 185, 186; actual examples, § 187
• Propulsion, theory of, § 197 et seq.; in relation to body propelled, § 199; hypothetical study in, negative slip, § 200; Newtonian method vindicated, jet propulsion fundamentally deficient, § 201; variety of methods of, § 201; the screw propeller, § 202 et seq.
• Proximity to earth's surface, influence on load sustained, § 112
• Pterygoid aspect, planes in, §§ 152, 153
• Pterygoid aerofoil, best values of β, least gliding angle, § 173, 174, 181

 

R.

 

• Rankine, theory of propulsion, §§ 8, 198; plotting stream lines, § 78; "water lines" derived from source and sink system, § 77
• Rayleigh, momentum of sound waves, App. II.; see also Kirchhoff-Rayleigh.
• Resistance, nature of fluid resistance, § 1 et seq.; as a function of velocity, § 41 ; as a function of size, 42; characteristic curve of, § 43; least resistance, conditions of, § 163 et seq.; complete equation, § 171; of aerodone in flight, plotting, § 176; load for least resistance, §§ 186, 187; of a new kind of hypothetical medium, App. VII.
• Resolution of forces, in case of inclined aeroplane, §§ 128, 156, 167
• Reversal, of relative pressure reaction, critical angle of, § 153
• "Rift," Stokes', § 99
• Robins, inventor of the whirling table, an early experimenter in aerodynamics, § 221
• Robinson, enunciation of pressure law for inclined aeroplane, § 146
• Rotation, in fluid dynamics, conservation of, § 65; measured by boundary circulation, § 66; of fluid, mechanical illustration, § 69
• "Run." See Entrance.

 

S.

 

• Sail area (or wing area), measurement of, § 193
• Sailing vessel, peripteral theory applied to the, App. VIII.
• "Scale" of fluid, as due to the viscosity, §§ 36, 56
• Screw propeller, theory of, § 202 et seq. ; peripteral theory, blade treated as analogue of aerofoil, § 202; efficiency of, §§ 203, 204, 235; blade equivalent to sum of its elements, § 205; efficiency computed over whole blade, § 206; thrust grading, § 206; load grading, distribution of pressure on blade, §§ 207, 208; linear grading, § 209; peripteral zone and area, § 210 ; number of blades, § 211; conjugate blade limits, § 212; marine propeller, §§ 214, 215; cavitation, § 215; relative reaction borne by back and face of blade, § 215; marine propeller, limiting blade velocity, § 215
• Sectional form, of aerofoil, §§ 107, 108, 118, 188; of aeroplanes used by Langley and Dines. § 153
• Simply connected, meaning, §§ 62, 63
• Sine-squared law, curve representing, §§ 147, 151; plausibility of the, § 149; applicable in particular case, § 150. See also Newtonian method.
• Skin-friction, no slipping of fluid at surface, § 33; investigation and law of, 34, 35; Froude's experiments in sea water, §§ 47, 48; roughened surfaces, §§ 48, 246; magnitude of, coefficient of, § 157; in its relation to edge resistance, § 158; Langley on, § 232; supposed negligibility, Dines in agreement with Langley and Maxim, § 229; anomalous value of, §§ 182, 183; primâ facie evidence of, § 240; determination of coefficient of, § 240 et seq.; as deduced from loss of pressure in pneumatic transmission, § 247
• Small angles, planes at, the laws for, § 159
• Soaring, rationale of, energy derived from wind fluctuation, App. V.
• Sound waves, momentum of, due to displacement of matter, App. II.; velocity of, calculated from communication of momentum, App. II.A.; negative momentum, App. II.A.; Larmor's theorem defective in respect of, App. II.B.; sound pressure experiments discussed, App. II.B.
• Source and sink, definition, § 62; φ, ψ lines of, § 75; superposed on translation, § 76; system the equivalent of a solid, § 78
• Speed of flight, of greatest range and least power, § 164; of birds computed from pressure, § 187
• Sphere, stream lines, § 79
• Stability of flow set up by impulse, § 60
• Stability of aerodone, statement as to, § 239
• Stokes' law, in the curve of resistance, confirmed by Allen, §§ 50, 51
• Stokes, on discontinuous motion, § 99
• Streamline body, Newtonian method not applicable, §§ 8, 9; resistance absent, Froude's demonstration, § 10; transference of energy by, § 11; imperfect form of, § 19; as interpreted by nature and art, fish forms, torpedo forms, § 24; conclusions as to, § 25; mutilations of the, truncated forms, §§ 26, 27; dictum of Froude, limitations of, § 27; definition of, § 23; streamline form not based on analytical theory, § 78; universal character of streamline motion, § 28; all bodies of streamline form in Eulerian fluid, §§ 23, 78, 79
• Stream lines, definition of, as distinct from lines of flow, § 79; examples, plotted from hydrodynamic equation, §§ 79, 122
• Streamline motion. See Streamline body.
• Superposed planes, §§ 122, 154; thickness of layer acted upon by, §§ 160, 161
• Superposed rotation, impossibility of, § 92
• Superposition, of fundamental irrotational forms of motion, §§ 73, 74
• Sweep, meaning of term, § 109, glossary; hypothesis of constant sweep, §§ 109, 160, 131
• "Swish" of stick in motion, explanation of pitch note, § 106; "swish" or "whirring" of bird's wing an evidence of discontinuous motion in periptery, § 190

 

T.

 

• Tables, constants C and c, § 177; plausible values κ and ε, § 180 ; β and γ values, § 181; aerofoil pressures appropriate to least resistance, §§ 185, 186
• Tension, fluid tension as hypothesis, § 82
• Thrust grading, of propeller blade, §§ 206, 213
• Torricellian principle, in its application to the field of flow, §§ 82, 138
• Total surface, method for determination of coefficient of skin friction, § 244
• Transverse force, consequent on cyclic motion, §§ 89, 90
• Tree on cliff, as evidence of kinetic discontinuity, § 30
• Turbulence, § 37

 

U.

 

• Up-current, induced in vicinity of a falling plane as a factor in aerodynamic support, § 110

 

V.

 

• Velocity gradient, in viscous motion, § 31; in skin friction, § 33
• Velocity of flight, of greatest range and least power, § 164; of birds computed from pressure, § 187
• Velocity of design, in its relation to velocity of least resistance, § 168
• Velocity potential, § 60; in cyclic system, § 64; in its relation to irrotational motion, §§ 70, 71
• Vince, experiments with normal and inclined aeroplanes, §§ 146, 222; demonstrates fallacy of sine-squared law, § 222
• Viscosity, as a factor in causing resistance, § 1; definition of, § 31; in its relation to shear, §§ 32, 58; action of, in giving rise to turbulence, § 55; the nearly inviscid fluid, § 104; its influence as modifying the equation of least resistance, § 169; viscous resistance due to distortion of fluid in its passage through a tube of flow, § 32
• Vortex atom theory, § 93, App. II.
• Vortex filaments, trailing from extremities of aerofoil, §§ 125, 126, 127; attached to blade of screw propeller, § 217; generation of, by aerofoil, §§ 117, 126, 189, 190
• Vortex hoop, sustaining a load in flight, § 125
• Vortex motion, a case of, § 72; brief exposition of, § 93; filaments and rings, § 93; compound systems, § 93

 

W.

 

• Wake and counterwake, momenta equal and opposite, § 22
• Weight, as affected by aerofoil area, § 170; relative importance of wing or aerofoil weight, § 196, App. IV.; of aerofoil as affecting conditions of least resistance, §§ 171, 194, 195
• Whirling table, the, § 221; invented by Robins, §§ 129, 221; used by Langley, § 230
• Wing area, or sail area, equivalent area, measurement of, §§ 192, 193
• Wing form, arched section, §§ 107, 108, 118; section deduced from theory, § 124; plan form, §§ 119, 120

BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO. LD., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIDGE.