An Etymological Dictionary of the Norn Language in Shetland/K

by Jakob Jakobsen

K.

(Under this are also included some words, anglicised in form, beginning with c.)

†kabbi [kabi], sb., sea-term for cod. Wh. As words with root-meaning stump, lump, stick, cylinder, are often recognized in Shetl. as names of fishes (see, e.g. drolti, drølin, kegga-piltek, kelva, stivin, stokk, stukki, welsi, veltrin), Shetl. kabbi is most probably to be associated with No. kabbe, m., a stump, block, log, cylinder. There is, however, a possibility that the word is an abbr. of L.Sc. kabbelow, sb., cod, which word is known and sometimes also heard in Shetland. Ork. “cabbie” denotes a cod caught near the shore (small cod).

kablin [kablɩn]-tree, sb., see kavlin-tree.

Kada [kāda], sb., name of a cow: “K. o’ Taft”. Fe. Preserved in a fairy myth (of the horseman passing the troll hill, hearing the message and bringing it to the troll’s wife who is milking the cow). The word is most prob. an old fem. form of kadi, sb.; q.v. O.N. kati, m., is handed down as an epithet or nickname for males; No. kate, m., a boy. Note also, however, Icel. kaða, f., a hen (B.H.).

kadel [kadəl (kaⁱdəl)], sb., a string tied around the neck, or through the ear, of a lamb, serving as a mark. Y., Fe. and Ai. O.N. kaðall, m., a rope; No. kal (from “kadal”), m., a rope, string. — In Y^s. kadel is partly — lagdmark (tuft of wool, rag or piece of cloth, tied as a mark on a horse or a sheep).

kadel [kadəl, kaⁱdəl], vb., to tie a string, kadel, as a mark, around the neck or through the ear of a lamb; to k. a lamb, a kadeld lamb, a lamb with a kadel. Y. and Fe. [kadəl; Fe. occas.: kaⁱdəl]. Ai. [kadəl]. *kaðla. See the preceding word.

kadi [kadi], sb., 1) a malicious person. N.I. (Y.). 2) a naughty, spoiled child. N.I. (U.). 3) orphan lamb, fostered or reared in the house, “kadi”, and “kadi-lamb”; comm. — kadi is sometimes used as a call to sheep, syn. with kidi, kid (Du.). — Cf. O.N. “kati”, handed down as an epithet or nickname for males; No. kate, m., a boy; L.Sc. cadie, sb., an errand-boy. Sw. dial. katig, adj., quick; clever; also headstrong; selfwilled; touchy.

kaf, vb., see kav, vb.

kafa, kafe, sb., see kavi, sb.

kaflisben, sb., see kavlisben, sb.

kafs- [käfs-], see further under kefs-.

kagg [kag], sb., a keg, — O.N. kaggi, m. L.Sc. and N.Eng. dial. cag. Now commonly in the form keg [kɛg], as in Eng.

kaki [kāki] and kakki [kaki], vb., cacare; to go to stool, mostly appl. to children; (also L.Sc.). Sw. dial. kakka, Da. kakke, vb., id.

kald [(kald) kāld], adj., cold, O.N. kaldr, L.Sc. cald, cauld.

kaldkrogin [kāld··krog·ɩn], adj., susceptible to cold; a k. body [‘person’] or animal. U. Prop. huddling itself up, or seeking shelter against the cold. See krog, vb. -krogin may either be perf. part. of the verb krog, or an adjective “*krœkinn”, with dropped i-mutation; cf. No. krøkjen, adj., curved, much bent.

kaldward [kalward] and kaldword [kalwərd], adj., chilly, appl. to weather; he is k., it is (fresh and) chilly. No. kaldvoren (-vorden), adj., somewhat cold.

calf [kāf], sb., the innermost, soft part of rushes (flos), the pith, commonly called “de heart o’ de flos.” Y. Cf. No. and Sw. dial. kalv, m., inter alia the soft wood surrounding the pith of a tree. The word is an original “kalfr”, merged with Eng. calf, adopting the pronunciation of the latter. The form *kwolwin, q.v., is handed down as a designation in Shetl. Norn for calf.

calf-skin [kāfskın]^{[errata 1]}, sb., prop. calf’s skin, but in the pl. often applied to the surface of the water when ruffled by the wind; calf-skins on the water (Nm.).

†kali [kali], sb., flap of the trousers. C. Etym. uncertain.

kall [kal, (kaᶅ) käᶅ], sb., business, calling, vocation, that which concerns one, or is one’s duty to execute, esp. negatively: du has nae [‘no’] k. to dø dat [‘do it’], you had no call to do that. Nm., etc.: kal. N.I.: (kaᶅ) käᶅ. No. kall, n., a calling. (O.N. kall, n., a call, shout; designation). In sense of call, shout, as well as in the other senses syn. with Eng. call, sb., the L.Sc. “ca’” is now used in Shetl.

kall [(kaᶅ) käᶅ], vb., 1*) to call, call someone; in this Norn form, originating from O.N. kalla, vb., is only handed down: a) in an exclamation, belonging to a troll myth: “Dat is my midder kallin [käᶅɩn] on me”, that is my mother calling me; in an older form: my midder “kaller o” me [käᶅ··ərəmi·, käᶅ·ərəmi̇̄·], my mother calls me, O.N.: *(mín móðir) kallar á mik — the exclamation of the child in the myth about the troll child in the horn (see Introd.); Fe.; b) in a Norn verse from Unst: . . .kalli [käᶅɩ (käⁱli)] in a bambirl, calling in great excitement. . . (see Introd.). In sense of to call, ca’ [kâ], L.Sc. form of Eng. call, vb., is now always used. 2) to cry, scream, esp. applied to gulls; de maws is kallin. — O.N. kalla, vb., to call, shout, kalla á einhvern, to call one. — in some Shetl. place-names, names of places from which it is (was) necessary to shout in order to be ferried across a sound, firth or stream, the root “kall” is found in the first part of compd.; thus: Kallibrekk [käᶅ··ɩbrek·], a slope on the east side of Wisdal Vo, Wd.: *kallaðar-brekka (cf. O.N. kallaðarberg, -land, -nes); Kallines [käᶅ··ɩnɛs·] (Trondra, W.) from O.N. kallaðarnes; Kallateng [käᶅ··atæŋ·] (W., opposite to the isle of Vaila, pronounced vēla): *kallaðar-tangi; Kalnateng [kal··natæŋ·] (De., near Sulem Vo): *kallanar-tangi; cf. O.N. kallanarberg = kallaðarberg. Eng. version of an older *kall- is found in the name “de Cryin’-teng”, tongue of land on the east side of Hwalfirt’ Vo, Yell. See Shetl. Stedn. pp. 59, 82 and 136.

kalli [käᶅɩ], sb., a crying, screaming, esp. applied to the gulls’ screaming; der’r a k. among de maws; de k. o’ de maws is awfu’ [-‘ful’]. Also kelli, killi [keᶅɩ (kəᶅɩ)] and kellin, killin [keᶅɩn]; de k. o’ de maws. O.N. kall, n., kallan, f., a calling, shouting. See kall, vb. 2.

kallow, callow [kalo], vb., appl. to a cow, to calve. Anglicised form.

kallu [kal·ū·, kaᶅ·ū· (käᶅ·ū·)], sb., the long-tailed duck, anas glacialis. Also Orkney. Acc. to Barry, Ork. caloo, callow, denotes pintail, anas acuta. Prob. an onomatopœic word.

kalv-tree, sb., a cylindrical piece of wood with a notch at the one end, for thrusting into the mouth of a fish to remove the hook when swallowed too far down. See patl-tree.

*kamb [kamb] and *komba [kɔmba (komba)], sb., sharp-crested mountain ridge, prop. a comb. Now only as a place-name. “Kamb” is now found as the name of a farm in Y^m., originally: *undir kambi, while the large, comb-shaped hill, at the foot of which the farm lies, is called “de Kame (Kaim)” or “de Hill o’ Kamb”. “Komba” is the old, not quite obsolete name of a hill on the isle of Foula [fula], now generally called “de Kame (Kaim)”. “Komba [kɔmba]” is the old, now obsolete name of “de Hill o’ Hellister”, Wd., only preserved in the name “de Sten o’ Komba”. A form “komb” is found in Yⁿ. in the name “Fellakomb [fel··akɔmb·]”. With dropped final b, e.g.: Hestakam [hæs··takam·] (Nip o’ Burrafirt’, U.), hill-ridge, pasture-land for horses: *hestakambr; Brattikom [bräƫ··ekom·] (Aithslee, Fe.): *bratti kambr; Rongakom [råŋ··(g)akɔm·] (Skaw, Uⁿ.): *rangi kambr. de Komens [koməns], def. pl. (N.Roe): *kambarnir. With lengthened o-sound: Mukla Korn [mokla kōm], and Litla Kom [lɩtla kōm] (Papa St.): *mikli, lítli kambr. See Sh. Stedn. pp. 115—116. O.N. kambr, m., a comb; a crested ridge of hills. — The L.Sc. form “kame, kaim”, has superseded komb, komba, in the colloq. language.

kani [kani, kāni], sb., (the hindmost part of) the stern-compartment of a boat, esp. the space between the last rib and the stern, the hindmost part of “de shot” (stern-compartment). Fe. [kani]. U. [kani, kāni]. S.Sh. (Du.) [kani]. Cf. Icel. kani, m., something projecting on an object, a trunk, snout, also a kind of boat (B.H.), kanabragð, n., the top of a boat’s stem to which the ropes are fastened (B.H.). No. kane, m., a bowl (“kani” in Icel. also a small wooden vessel). Germ. kahn, m., a boat.

†kankersten [ka‘ŋ··kərsten·], sb., (white) quartz, a hard species of stone. Ai.

kann¹ [kan (kaᶇ, käᶇ)], sb., inspection, counting up, esp. of cows which have been collected in the out-field (to see that none is missing); “ane o’ my k., twaa o’ my k., t’ree o’ my k.”, etc.: reported of a woman’s counting-up of her cows (St.: kăn). *kann. See below kann, vb. — In the now more general sense: ability in carrying out a task; skill; knowledge; handiness, partly = vand, sb., kann is L.Sc. can, cann, sb.

kann² [kan], sb., a can as a measure of liquids, esp. of train-oil; = ¹⁄₄ bull(e) and ¹⁄₃₆ of a barrel (acc. to Rental of Yetland, 1628); see *bull, sb. Corresponding to O.N. kanna, “justukanna” as ¹⁄₄ bolli. Balfour gives “can” as a measure of “¹⁄₄₈ of a barrel.” — In general sense, Shetl. kann assimilates to Eng. can, sb.

kann [kan, käᶇ (kaᶇ)], vb., 1) to inspect; to count up, esp. count the cows (in the out-field) to see that none is missing; to k. de kye [‘cows’] or de baess [‘beasts’, the cattle], to kain [käin] de kye: Øja, Nm^n.-w. to kand [kaᶇd (kaᶇd)]: U. occas.; to kand de kye, to count the cows; to kand among de kye, to examine or count the cows, choosing out the best (U.). 2) to try to identify by closer examination or observance; “he is tryin’ to k. de boat”, he is trying, by means of a telescope, to recognize a boat, visible in the distance (Conn.: kăn). 3) to go through; clear up; throw light upon, esp. relationship, to k. kin (Ai.: kăn), = to red op kin, to red op sibred. — kăn: fairly common (S.Sh., M.Sh., Wests.), käᶇ (kaᶇ): N.I. occas., Nm. occas. — O.N. kanna, vb., to search; examine; find out; recognize. No. kanna, vb., inter alia to search; examine; go through, esp. in order to know if everything has been collected, or if anything is wanting, e.g. cattle, small stock. In a similar sense Icel. and Fær. kanna, vb.

†kant [ka‘nt], sb., 1) edge; corner; side; der wer no a great k. upo de boat, the boat was not very deeply or heavily loaded (Fe.). 2) (right or wrong) way of treating a person or thing, way of executing something; upo de wrang k., in the wrong manner, upon a wrang k., wi’ a wrang k., in a wrong manner (Sa.). 3) humour; spirits; he was upo de wrang k. dis mornin’, he was in bad humour (prop. on the wrong side) this morning (Sa.). Recent word. No., Da., Sw. kant, m. and c. Eng. obsolete and dial.: cant, sb., edge; angle.

†kant [ka‘nt], vb., to turn over, capsize, = L.Sc. kant, vb., and No. kanta, vb., Eng. cant, vb.

†kapp [kap], sb., 1) a hole, hollow. 2) a wooden cup or bowl, esp. of the so-called “Norwa-kaps”, wooden vessel, formerly imported from Norway; L.Sc. cap, caup. See further under kopp, sb.

kapp [kap], vb., to cut off, esp. to cut off the heads of fish, and take out the entrails; to k. de fish. Da. kappe, No. kappa, vb., = kabba, vb., to cut off.

kappet [kapət], adj., esp. applied to sheep: white and black or white and grey, esp. black on the lower part of the body and sides, and white on the back (or conversely?); a k. sheep, a k. yowe [‘ewe’]; also appl. to cows: a k. coo, a black cow having a white back (Y^m.). Sometimes: having vertical, white stripes on the sides and a black body, referring to sheep (Fo.). From Fe. is reported: a k. grice, a pig having a black hind part, and white fore-part of the body (or conversely). — Prop. “wearing a cloak or outer garment”. No. kappa, f., = kaapa, f., a cloak.

kappi¹ [kapi] and kappisten [kap··isten·], sb., the sinker of a fishing-line. On a long-line kappi denotes a larger sinker, fixed to the main line, a “kappi” at each end of the latter. Between the two end-stones, sinkers, are fixed smaller sinkers at definite intervals, the so-called “bighters [bäi‘χtərs, bäi‘^χtərs]”, deriv. (with anglicised form of the word) of bugt, sb., a certain length of line; q.v. To each “kappi”, at the end of the main line, is fixed a buoy-rope. In a few places (as in Du.) “kappi” is used as a sea-term or tabu-name for the sinker of a fishing-line, whilst “steed-sten” or “sinker” is the common designation. — Edm. has a form “caapie” with long a-sound; not further confirmed. O.N. kǫppu-steinn, m., a boulder; No. kapall, koppul, m., a round stone (kopp, m., pebble). Da. kampesten, No. kamp, kampestein, m., a boulder, also appl. to pebbles; in the same way Sw. dial. kamp, kamper (kampersten), m.

kappi² [kapi], sb., in different meanings, as 1) a kind of funnel-shaped sponge (Uⁿ.). 2) round bird’s-nest (acc. to J.I.), is prob., like kapp, sb., an alteration of the word kopp, sb.

kapswivl [kapswɩv·əl], vb., to capsize. Fe. A mingling of Eng. capsize with O.N. sveifla, vb., to swing; turn?

kar [kar], vb., to mix: 1) vb, a., to mingle heterogeneous things together. kard [kard], perf. part., mixed; mingled. 2) vb. n., to root in something; to work with the hands in something dirty, soiling oneself; to k. in onyting [‘something’], f. i. in fish, taatis [‘potatoes’]. Nmⁿ. (N.Roe). — Cf. No. kara, vb., to rake, scrape together, and Icel. kar, n., dirt; filth. See also, however, gar, vb., to which kar aImost assimilates.

karl [karl, kārl], sb., 1) an old man, fellow. 2) a big, bulky person, esp. a woman; see further *koll², sb.

karm [karm, kārm], sb., properly frame, reported in the foll. meanings and applications: 1) a heap of something damp or soiled; wet or dirty pile; “to lie in a k.”, e.g. of damp hay or corn, also of drenched clothes; boat-sails. Conn. [kārm]. N.I.? Edm. has “kaarm”, defined by “a mass of dirt”. 2) state; condition, esp. bad condition; to be in a puir [‘poor’] k. U. [karm]. 3) humour; spirits, esp. a) very bad humour; b) excited state of mind; in these senses given under 3, only reported from Fo. in the form karmi [karmi]; he was in a “karmi” (ill k., bad k.). — *karmr. No. and Sw. karm, m., Da. karm, c., a frame. Fær. karmur, m., also of a drenched suit of clothes, wet clothes (on one’s body, or thrown in a heap). O.N. karmr, m., is handed down in sense of breastwork.

kasen, kassen [kasən (kāsen)], adj., having a disagreeable, stale taste; no longer fresh; see kasten, perf. part. and adj.

kassmelt (kass-smelt?) [kaᶊme‘lt, kaᶊmɛ‘lt (kaᶊmæ‘lt)], sb., 1) collision of two pack-horses loaded with peats. N.I. 2) collapse, precipitation; confused tumult; destruction; hit [‘it’] was a’ [‘all’] in a k. (Sa.: kaᶊmæ‘lt). 3) sometimes a heavy downpour of rain, a k. o’ rain. The first part of the compd. — taking meaning 1 as the original — seems to be kass in sense of load, packing; cf. No. kass, m., a basket; a small burden on the back; a small load. The second part is more uncertain — O.N. *smellr, m., crack?

kast [kast (kāst)], sb., 1) a cast, throw. 2) a cast of a fishing-tackle, the setting out of a fishing-net. 3) a certain measure of length, as far as one is able to cast. 4) quick movement, turning or twisting. 5) squall, gust of wind, a k. o’ wind. 6) a cast; winding; twisting. 7) handiness; skill, (right) way or skill of carrying out something; he has a guid [‘good’] k. in his hands; to ha’e a fine k. to dø onyting [‘do something’] or in døin’ [‘doing’] onyting; he has nae [‘no’] k. to dø it (these turns of expression are reported from Uⁿ.); to ha’e de k. aboot onyting (Nm^w.). 8) a) handling over of something; b) a loan, lending of something, esp. for a short time; I will gi’e dee a k. o’ it, I will lend it you (Uⁿ.). 9) a helping hand. 10) an attack of illness, esp. in cattle; a k. o’ illness; de coo is [‘cow has’] gotten a k. (o’ illness). N.I. 11) habit, esp. of bad habit; de grice is [‘has’] gotten a k. o’ gaun [‘going’] i’ de corn-rigs (the cultivated patches): Y^h. 12) a change; occurrence. 13) opportunity, convenient point of time; to get or wait a k. 14) disagreeable flavour, sour or stale taste; to get a k. (= knagg, nagg): esp. with reference to fish and meat. Du. — Generally pronounced “kast” with short a. “kast” and “kāst, kâst” are noted down from Uⁿ. in sense 7. — O.N. kast, n., a cast, throw of a fishing-tackle, esp. of a fishing-net; quick movement, turning, twisting; situation or opportunity when one’s turn comes, etc. No. and Fær. kast, n., also inter alia a casting as a measure of length; sudden gust of wind; winding; chance; meeting; occasion; time; times. Sw. dial. kast, n., inter alia chance, luck; handy carrying out of something; trick, mischief. L.Sc. cast, sb., inter alia dexterity; cunning, trick; occasion; helping hand. — For meaning 14 of Shetl. kast cf. partly No. kasta, vb. (kasta smaken), to lose its taste; to become stale, sour, partly Icel. kasta, vb.: “kastar í kjötið”, the meat is beginning to decay (B.H.). For the use of the word in compds., such as aboot-kast, attikast, mooth-kast, see these sbs.

kast [kast], vb., 1) to cast, fling, O.N. kasta. 2) to set out fishing-tackle, esp. a fishing-net. 3) to make a quick movement, a cast or turn. 4) applied to wind: to chop about. 5) to hand one something, prop. and esp. of a quick action; k. me here my jacket! (Conn.). 6) to reject; cast off; cf. kasten, attikassen (-kasten), perf. part. and adj., as well as attikast, sb. 7) in the phrase “to k. de door”, during a snow-storm: to heap up snow in the doorway to prevent drifting snow from penetrating into the house (N.I.). 8) in collocation with certain adverbs. k. aboot, to make an exchange; dey cuist [kⁱøst, kjøst] aboot deir kye, they exchanged cows (Sa.); when de day and de night cuist [kjøst] aboot, when the nights began to grow longer than the days or conversely, at the equinox (N.I.); see aboot-kast, sb. k. op, a) vb. a., to propose, bring into discussion, esp. to upbraid, reproach, to k. somet’in’ op to ane; b) vb. n., to come to light. — O.N. kasta, vb., to cast, to throw out a fishing-net; to reject, etc. No. and Fær. kasta, vb., also inter alia α) to make a sudden or quick turning; β) (of wind) to blow unsteadily; γ) to carry or bring in a hurry (with this cf. Shetl. kast 5). With Shetl. kast 7 (k. de door) cf. No. “kasta ned (nedre)” in sense of to cover with things thrown together. With “k. aboot” cf. No. kasta um (about), to exchange, and “kasta seg”, to be changed suddenly. With “k. op” cf. O.N. kasta upp, to propose, bring into discussion, and L.Sc. cast up, α) vb. a., to upbraid, reproach; β) vb. n., to occur (accidentally), to come to light. — A form *kasta [kasta, kāsta] with preserved infinitive-a is found in an obsolete Norn verse, belonging to a troll myth (Skere, skere skulma: see Introd., Fragments of Norn).

kastel [kāstəl], sb., de k., the castle, old name for the ruin “Munes [mūnɛs] castle, de castle o’ Munes” (U^s.-e.). Pronounced diff. from the common word “castle [kasəl, kas^əl]”, and therefore prob. to be derived from O.N. kastali, m., a castle, stronghold.

kassen, kasten [kasən], properly perf. part. of kast, vb., but now often used as an adjective, esp. in foll. senses: 1) rejected; unserviceable; useless; a k. ting; see kast, vb. 6. 2) appl. to the state or taste of food or drink: no longer fresh; stale, sour, disagreeable, esp. of fish (N.I.) and bland (whey mixed with water) or milk. The word, also in this latter sense, is prob. from kast, vb.; see kast, sb. 14, sour or stale taste, as well as No. and Icel. kasta, vb., mentioned there. Probably a mingling with another word — No. kasen, adj., sourish, somewhat decayed (no longer fresh), esp. of fish; Icel. kasaðr, adj., beginning to decay by having lain in a heap (B.H.). “k. fish”, however, is esp. applied to fish which has been hung up, and not lain in a heap (O.N. kǫs).

katta, see kattamillaskrua.

kattaful [kat··aful·] and kattiful [kat··iful·], sb., a kind of owl. *katt(ar)-fugl. See further kattjugla, sb.

kattaklu [kat··aklū· (-kᶅū·), -klu·, kaⁱt··a-] and kattiklu [kat··iklū· (-kᶅū·), -klu·, kaⁱt··i- (käƫ··ɩ-)], sb., bird’s-foot trefoil, lotus corniculatus. *kattarkló, f., cat’s claw. Da. katteklo, trefoil, lotus corniculatus, No. kattarklo, f., denotes partly the same plant (R.); also L.Sc. catcluke, sb. Fær. kattarklógv, f., denotes, acc. to Landt, bog-asphodel, anthericum ossifragum, narthecium ossifragum. — From some places in Shetland (Esh., Nm^w.) is reported “katti [kati]-flooer” = kattaklu. — kattaklu, in sense of tangled cluster or lump (Yⁿ.: kaⁱt··iklū·), is hardly original, but is most probably a mingling of *klu [O.N. kló, f., claw] and Eng. clew, sb.

kattaklur [(kat··aklūr·) kaⁱt··aklūr·, -klū^ər·] and kattiklur [kat··iklūr·], sb., hubbub, hurry-scurry (Uⁿ. and Yⁿ.); a brawl, noisy quarrel (Uⁿ. and Fo.); der wer [‘there was’] a k. atween dem. Uⁿ. [kaⁱt··aklūr·, -klū^ər·]. Fo. [kat··iklūr·]. kattagori [kat··agɔr·i], kattigori [kat··igɔr·i (-går·i)], reported from Nm. and Wests. (Sa.) in sense of quarrel, is prob. a corruption of kattaklur(i). kattiklu [kaⁱt··iklu·, käƫ··ɩ-] (Fe.), a brawl, quarrel, with dropped final r of the second part of compd. kattaklu [kaⁱt··akᶅū·, käƫ··a-] (Uⁿ.) and kattiklu [kaⁱt··iklu·, käƫ··ɩ-] (Yⁿ.), in sense of unruly, noisy crowd or flock (a crowd of boys, cats), is the same word. — Prop. applied to cats scratching each other. *katta(r)klór, “cats’ scratching”; cf. No. kattarklor, n., a scratch made by a cat. The partial dropping of the final r in Shetl. may be due to influence of the preceding word.

kattamillaskrua [kat··ameᶅ·askrū··a, kaⁱt··a-, -məᶅa-], in the phrase “to rin k.”, to play at hide and seek among the corn-stacks (de skrus). Uⁿ. Other forms: kattamilliskru [kat··amel·iskrū·] (U. occas.), kattamollaskru [kat··amȯᶅ·askrū··] (Y^h. occas.), kattimilliskru [kaƫ··ɩmeᶅ·ɩskrū··, käƫ··ɩ-] (Y^h. occas.), and abbr.: kattamilla [kat·ameᶅ·a, katameᶅ·a, -məᶅ·a, kaⁱt·a-] (U. occas.), and katta [kaⁱta, käƫa] (Yⁿ.); to rin k. For the etymology of this tripartite word see further skottamilliskru(a), skattamilliskrua.

katthus [kat(t)ô̆s, kaⁱt(t)ô̆s, kat(t)ȯs (-əs), käitô̆s (käithô̆s)], sb., porch in front of the door. U. The forms “kaⁱt(t)ôs, käit(h)ôs” are peculiar to Uⁿ., and “kat(t)ȯs, -əs” to U^wg. With katt- cf. Sw. dial. kätte, kett, m., a small, locked closet, Da. dial. kiette, kiætte, c., a narrow corner, closet (Molb.), No. (and Sw. dial.) kitte, m., a space surrounded by a wall made of boards, and Icel. keta, f., = kota, f., a small compartment or nook in a house (B.H.). For other names of porch in Shetl., see andor and sjaphus.

kattiram [kat·irām·], sb., properly cat’s paw, now commonly used metaph. of a small, ragged-looking cloud, esp. in pl. kattirams, small, detached, ragged clouds flying before the wind. Wh. “cats’-krameks [kraməks]” is a more common designation for clouds of this kind. *kattar-hrammr. Shetl. ram [rām] and krammek, sb., paw, cat’s paw; q.v.

kattjugla [kat·jog·la] and kattjugl [kat·jog·əl], sb., horned owl (eagle-owl), strix bubo. N.I. Also a) kattjogl [kat·jɔg·əl, -jȯg·əl], kattiogl [kat··iȯg^əl·] (N.I. occas.), and b) kattul [kat(t)ul]. *katt-ugla. No. kattugla, kattula, Sw. kattuggla, f., Da. katugle, c., tawny owl, strix aluco. Fær. kattugla, kattúla, f., a) snowy owl, strix nyctea (acc. to H. C. Müller); b) strix passerina? (Landt). Ork. katogle, sb., eagle–owl, strix bubo (Barry). — kattaful [kat··aful·] is reported from Nmⁿ. (N.Roe) in the same sense as kattul. Acc. to another report (from Ai., Wests.), kattiful [kat··iful·] is understood as barn owl, strix flammea. *katt(ar)-fugl.

kattmoget [kat·mō·gət, kat·mog·ət], adj., partly a) light-coloured (grey, dirty-grey, more rarely white) with dark belly, partly conversely b) dark-coloured (on the back) with light belly; esp. appl. to sheep; a k. sheep, yowe [‘ewe’]. The word is quite common, and is occasionally found in both senses in the same neighbourhood or village. This word can scarcely be any other than an original *katt-mǫgóttr, the first part of which is the word cat (O.N. kǫttr, kattr, m.), the second part is moget, adj., having the belly of a certain colour, differing from that of the body. In sense a, which seems to be the more frequent one, the first part of the compd., katt-, probably denotes the ground-colour of the body, somewhat restricted by the second part, moget, denoting the particular colour of the belly (see the concluding remark under golmoget, adj., and cf. e.g. Fær. reyðriggjutur, adj., “reyðriggjut kúgv”, denoting a red cow having a back of a different colour, esp. white; now occas. also applied to a red-backed cow). From Uⁿ., where kattmoget [-mogət] is found in sense b, as a further explanation the foll. is reported: “The lambs are born dirty-grey or ‘cat-coloured’ and turn out ‘kattmoget’ during the summer.” — From Esh., Nm^w., is reported a form kidmoget [kɩd·mog·ət] = kattmoget b. — kattmoget [-mogət] is sometimes used metaph. in sense of dirty, esp. of a dirty face, “a k. face”; thus in Y^h., where the word otherwise is found in sense a.

kattmollet [kat·mȯᶅ·ət], adj., applied to sheep: having light-coloured nose and jaws; a k. sheep. Fe.? Reported by J.I. The meaning of the word is not quite certain. By J. Inkster it is reported in sense of wry-mouthed, appl. to sheep. Doubtless having a nose like a cat. The last part of the compd. mollet for *molet from O.N. múli, m., muzzle; snout; hanging lip. See grolmolet (grølmølet), kormollet, trollmolet, adjs.

kav [kāv], sb., see kavi, sb.

kav [kāv], vb., 1) to press on one’s way, to walk at a great pace, to stride; to come kavin op, to geng kavin. N.I. 2) to be troubled, esp. with short breath, caused by great exertion; to gasp for breath; to pant. Ai.; U. to be kavin [kāvɩn], to be out of breath (U.). 3) to rush about, to work in a restless, foolish way, running from one place to another; to geng kavin aboot. Conn. 4) to eat greedily, taking large mouthfuls; to k. in (U.; Conn.); de coo [‘cow’] is kavin in. b) to grumble; to insist upon something in a tiresome way; to k. aboot somet’in’. Nm^w. Also kjav [kjāv] (Nm^w.). 6) a) of the sea during a storm: to foam in breaking, to throw up spray when a strong gale takes hold of a breaking wave (N.I.; Nm^w.); de sea kavd ower us, the sea-spray flew about us (Fe.); b) more rarely as vb. a., of storm: to raise the sea, to throw up spray; de wind is kavin de sea. N.I. 7) to snow in drifts; to snow fast and thick (in a snowstorm); he is kavin, it is snowing fast and thick, the snow is drifting; he is kavin and berin; see ber, bear, vb. kavd [kāvd] under or in under, quite covered with snow; de sheep was kavd in under (Sa.). — From Fe. is reported a parallel form kaf [kaf] with short vowel in sense of a) to walk hastily (fighting one’s way); b) to gasp, pant heavily; shø [‘she’] cam’ kafin op efter. — *kafa. No. kava, vb., to toss about, to be uneasy, to be burdened or overcharged; to grasp, to fumble with one’s hands; to dive. Sw. dial. kava, vb., to fumble with one’s hands, to make swinging movements with one’s arms. O.N. kafa, vb., to dive (into the water); to swim under the surface of the water. — The word seems originally to have been used partly of plunging (diving) down into or under something, partly, through association with the latter, of eager or violent carrying out of something; burdening, overloading. See kavi, kava, sb.

kava, sb., see kavi, sb.

kavabord [kā··vabȯrd·], sb., dense snow-storm, = fogbord(er). N.I. Reported from Yⁿ. in the form kavaborg [kā··vabȯrg·]. *kafa-burðr. See the foll. word as well as bord², sb.

kavi [kāvi], kava [kāva], kav [kāv], sb., I) kavi: properly something diving (into the depth), noted down in foll. meanings: 1) the sinker, kappi, of a fishing hand-line or long-line; esp. as a tabu-name, sea-term. N.I. 2) in rowing out for deep-sea fishing by boat: de kavi, the land (land, in contrast to the sea), esp. the low land, which, during rowing, disappears before the heights or high land; the latter is (was) called “de kogi (and kogis, pl.), prop. “that which peeps out.” Often used in pl.: de kavis. Uⁿ. 3) a) rock by the shore, esp. in pl.: de kavis, (the rocks by) the shore, mostly used of low shore. Chiefly assimilating in meaning to I 2. N.I., etc. b) in a wider sense: big boulder, esp. a stone used for ballast. N.I. In this latter sense the word has poss. arisen from meaning I 1, partly from I 3. II) kavi, kava, kav: prop. that into which someone or something is plunged, or that which descends closely around one: 1) a dense snowfall, often with added “o’ snaw [‘snow’]”: a k. o’ snaw, a snaw-k.; fairly common. Also a) kave [kāvə]; b) kafe [kāfə], kafa [kāfa]. The forms with f are noted down in Conn. 2) heavy, driving rain, a kavi o’ rain. U^wg. III) kava: eagerness; hurry; violence; to geng in a k., to walk fast with violent movements; to eat in a k., to eat hastily and greedily; to be in a k., to be eager, quick and violent in one’s movements. Conn. — *kaf-. O.N. kaf, n., depths of the ocean, a plunging into the water, also inter alia = kóf, n., smoke, steam; “kafi” appl. to snow-storm in the combinations “kafafjúk”, n., a thick fall of snow, and “kafahríð”, f., heavy snowfall accompanied by strong wind. No. kav, n., tumult, unrest, bustle; diving, swimming; depth (depth of water). No. kave, m., snow-squall, dense fall of snow; Fær. kavi, m., snow. Icel. a) kafi, m., dense smoke; heavy dew or rain, and b) kafald, n., dense snow-storm. In sense III Shetl. kava assimilates to O.N. ákafi, m., hastiness; eagerness; vehemence. In Shetl. kavi, kava, kav (kave, kafe, kafa) are poss. one or more derivatives of O.N. “kaf” merged together with the word “kaf”, so that here actually appear more than one word.

kavl, kavel [kavəl], sb., the hindmost space in the boat where the fishing-line is hauled over the roller fixed to the gunwale, and where the fish are taken off the hooks, also called “wed”. The man who hauls in the fish is said “to sit i’ de k.” U. Allied to the foll. word.

kavl¹, kavel [kavəl], vb., to take a fish off the hook by means of a wooden stick with a notch on the lower end, the so-called kavl-tree, to k. de fish. U. Sometimes also metaph. to take hold of one, to collar; “I’ll k. dee”. *kafla. See kavl-tree, sb., and cf. kevl¹, kevel, vb.

kavl², kavel [kavəl], vb., to wind the snell a few (two or three) times around the hook, when hauling in the long-line; to k. op de hooks. U. *kafla, prop. to coil up into a roll. No. kavla, vb. n., to coil itself up into a roll, kavle (R.).

kavl³, kavel [kavəl], vb., to perform work awkwardly, to bungle, to k. aboot onyting. Ai. No. kavla, vb., to dive into the work; to move the hands as if to disperse something, from kava, vb.

kavlin [kavlɩn, kāvlɩn] and kavli [kāvli], sb., on a fishing-line: a) the junction of the snell and the main line, the place where the snell, de tom, by winding, is joined to the main line; b) the winding about the sinker, the place where the sinker is fixed to the line (= de fatlin); c) the winding of the snell around the hooks, that part of the snell which is wound about the hooks, de kavlin o’ de tom. Uⁿ. In senses a and b the word is noted down in the forms “kāvlɩn” and “kāvli”, in sense c, with a short a: kăvlɩn (more directly to be classed with kavl², vb., which has a short a). Deriv. of *kafla, to roll or wind up; see kavl², vb.

kavlisben [kāv··lɩsben·] and kaflisben [kāf··lɩsben·], sb., bone of a halibut: the foremost interspinal bone of the anal fin, more strongly developed than the others. Uⁿ. The first part of the compd. is O.N. kafli, m., a cylinder, roller, stick, or a deriv. thereof; see kavl-tree, sb.

kavl-tree, kavel-tree [kav··əltri̇̄·], kavlin-tree [kav··lɩntri̇̄·], sb., “palate-stick”, cylindrical piece of wood with a notch on the lower end which, in fishing, is put into the mouth of a fish to extract the hook, esp. when it has been swallowed too far down. Fairly common. From S.Sh. have been reported the forms “kavli-stick [kāv··lɩstɩk·]” (Conn.) and “kavlin-stick [kav··lɩnstɩk·]” (Du^{s, w.}). — O.N. kafli, m., cylinder; stick. No. kavle, m., cylinder; round stick; billet of wood (Aa.), and kavling, m., a short, round stick (R.). Sw. kafle and (dial.) kavel, m., a thick stick; a roller. The Shetl. forms kav(e)l, kavli, spring from *kafl and (O.N.) kafli; kavlin, most prob. from a *kaflingr, a parallel form (without mutation) to *keflingr; cf. ante, No. kavling. See “pattel-tree” and (the sea-terms) “gap-stick, gum-stick”.

käfs-, see kefs-.

keb [kēb (ᶄēb)], sb., thole, wooden pin, serving as a support for an oar in rowing. O.N. keipr, m., thole.

*kebb, sb., see kepp (kepper), sb.

*Keddhontla [ked·hȯ‘ᶇt··la], sb., the name for a kind of ogress, prob. belonging to a certain class of trolls. Fe. Prob. *kettu-hyndla, a being which is half cat, female cat (O.N. ketta), half bitch (O.N. hyndla). O.N. ketta, f., female cat, is also found used of an ogress, giantess. See ketthuntlin, sb., as a sea-term, tabu-name for cat.

keel [(kil) kɩl, ᶄɩl], sb., 1) the hollow of a horse’s back. 2) a stripe of another colour, esp. a black stripe, along the back of a horse, = il, “eel”, sb. N.I. (Fe.; Y.). Though the pronunciation does not quite assimilate to that of “keel” in sense of keel of a vessel [ki̇̄l, kil], it must be the same word in a sense handed down from Norn. Note No. kjøl (kyl), m., a) a keel; b) (long) mountain ridge; c) elevated line or edge; O.N. kjǫlr, m., a) the keel (of a vessel); b) mountain ridge.

keel-draught [kildraχt (-drāχt)], sb., false keel, = No. drag, kjøldrag, n.

keel-hogg [kil·hɔg·], sb., see hogg², sb.

kefl, vb., see kevl, vb.

kefs [kæfs], vb., to be unhandy, to make awkward, clumsy movements in work or gait, spilling what one is carrying, etc.; what is du gaun [‘going’] kefsin for like yon [‘that’]? (W.); to k. and work and walk (Du.). Wests., S.Sh. kefst [kæfst] and kefset [kæfsət], perf. part., applied to worsted, a piece of woollen work: badly or carelessly spun or worked, kefs(e)t op, = kegeld (Ai.). Also käfs [käfs (kä^əfs)]; perf. part.: käfst and käfset. Sa.; Ai. — No. kafsa, vb., to grab; to move one’s hands continually; to stir something about (R.). See kav, vb. (kav 3: No. and Sw. dial. kava), with which kefs is related by derivation.

kefset [kæfsət], adj., unhandy; untidy; awkward, spilling what one is carrying; a k. body, craeter’ [‘creature’]. Also käfset [käfsət (kä^əfsət)]. Wests. (Sa.; Ai.). *kafsóttr. See kefs, vb.

kefsi [kæfsi], sb., unhandy, untidy and awkward person (who spills what he is carrying). The word is noted down in Sa. in the form käfsi [käfsi (kä^əfsi)]. See the two preceding words.

keger¹ [kegər (kⁱegər), ᶄegər], sb., a twisting; winding; turning; sprain; twist (of thread or rope); a k. i’ de rep (the rope). Wh.; U. The word is more extented in the sense of crick in the neck (nape of the neck) caused by spraining, a k. i’ de neck. Sometimes in a wider sense of stiffness in a member or joint (caused by spraining). Easts. and S.Sh.: kegər and ᶄegər. Wests. (Ai.): kegər. From Sa. (Wests.) is reported a form, kek [kek], esp. appl. to a crick in the neck, a kek i’ de neck. This latter form is found used in other senses, differing from keger; see further kek, sb. and vb. — *keikr. No. keik, m., a) a bending, twisting; crookedness; dislocation; b) stiffness in the neck (from keeping it long in one position), halskeik. -(e)r in keger is the fossilized, masculine nominative ending. — keger [kegər] in sense of badly twisted band or rope (Du.) may either be classed with keger¹ or may be an original keg(e)l; see kegl, sb. 2 and kegl, vb.

*keger² [kegər], sb., the stomach of a ling or cod; prop. inflated stomach. Only handed down as a sea-term, tabu-name. “to blaw [‘blow’] de k. (its k.)”, applied to a ling (or cod): to blow the stomach out into the mouth, while struggling to get off the hook; de ling (or cod) is blawn [‘has blown’] its k. U^wg. For *kig(e)r from an original *kíkr. Fær. kíkur, m., (inflated) stomach of a whale, esp. inflated and dried for keeping train-oil in. No. kik (ii), m., skin of a sheep taken off entire, inflated, and used as a buoy (R.).

keger [kegər, ᶄegər], vb., to twist; wind; distort; entangle; de coo or sheep is kegerd (entangled) i’ de tedder [‘tether’]. U. [ᶄegər]. Deriv. of keger¹, sb. — Merges with kegl, kegel, vb. 2.

kegga-piltek, kigga-piltek [kega (kⁱega) pʌ‘ltək, ᶄega pʌ‘ltək], sb., a big, plump, young coalfish, not yet fully developed: four- or five-year-old coalfish, piltek (young coalfish). U^{n, w}. The period of development for a coalfish is said to be six years. The word is occas. found in the form gegga (gigga)-piltek [gega (gⁱega), ꬶega pʌ‘ltək] (Uⁿ.). The first part of the compd. is prob. an original *kekk- or *kikk-. Cf. Icel. a) kekkur, m., a lump, = kökkur (O.N. kǫkkr, m.); b) kekki, kikki, n., id., in the compds. “hafkikki”, a variety of very plump whale (B.H.), and “holdakikki” = holda-hnoða, n., a sleek animal (B.H.). Sw. dial. kikk(ä)r, f., a lump.

kegi-buckle [keg··ibok·el], sb., something distorted; tangled lump; in a k.-b., entangled. Ai. kegi is prob. an original *keikr; No. keik, m., a twisting, dislocation, etc.; see further keger¹, sb. “buckle”, often used uncompounded in Shetl. in sense of tangled lump, is doubtless Eng. buckle, sb. See kikel-buckle, sb.

kegl, kegel [kegəl, ᶄegəl], sb., 1) the thickest part of a fishing long-line, now esp. the part next to the sinker, de kappi (= 20 fathoms). Wests. and Skalowa (Scalloway) [kegəl]. 2) badly and unevenly spun woollen yarn; in a wider use of the word: work badly done. Conn. [kegəl]. In the senses mentioned under 2 the word is also used in pl.: keglins [keglɩns] (Conn.). 3) a tangled lump; tangled state; in a k. Du. [kegəl]. 4) a talk about a thing without coming to any decision. Ai. [kegəl]. 5) toil and moil; struggle; I had a guid [‘good’] k. wi’ dis piece o’ wood, afore I gat [‘got’] it hem (home). U. [ᶄegəl]. Also kigl [ᶄɩgəl]: U. 6) wrangle, quarrel. U. [ᶄegəl]. Also kigl [ᶄɩgəl]: U. — No. kjegl, Fær. kegl, n., (prop. a winding, that which is wound on a wheel of a winch) a twisting and turning; quarrel. Esp. for the first three senses of the Shetl. word, see kegl, vb.

kegl, kegel [kegəl, ᶄegəl], vb., 1) a) to twine, to wind in and out, esp. appl. to an uneven twining; hit [‘it’] is kegeld ut and in. N.I. [(kegəl) ᶄegəl]. Also kigl [ᶄɩgəl] (Yⁿ.). b) to k. onyting [‘something’] op, to twine, plait or spin carelessly and badly; to k. op simmens (straw-bands), to k. op worsed [‘worsted’]. Du^w. [kegəl]. keglet [keglət] op, perf. part., twined (plaited, spun) carelessly and badly (Du.): kegeld [kegəld] op: appl. to worsted, or to a piece of woollen work: badly and carelessly spun or worked (Ai.), = kefst. 2) to entangle. Wests., U. de lambs is kegeld [kegəld], the lambs’ tethers have become entangled (Sa.); de corn was kegeld [kegəld], the corn lay tangled on the ground, blown down by the wind (Fo.). 3) to perform a task in an awkward manner, to leave work half finished; to stand keglin [keglɩn, ᶄeglɩn] at a ting (Conn.); to k. [kegəl] wi’ (or aboot) somet’in’ (Sa.). 4) to rock backwards and forwards. Y. [ᶄegəl]; to sit keglin [ᶄeglɩn] upo de chair (Y^{h., n}.), = kuglin (see kugl, vb.); to sit keglin at de ayre [‘oar’], to pull slackly (swaying the body to and fro): Y^h. The word is also reported in the form kigl [ᶄɩgəl] in sense of to rock (Yⁿ.). 5) to overbalance oneself, to tumble down, e.g. by becoming entangled in something; to k. ower. Wests. [kegəl]. 6) to snap at each other or another, to fight in jest or play; de coo [‘cow’] was keglin wi’ de bull (Sa.). Wests. [kegəl: Sa.; kegəl and ᶄegəl: Ai.]. 7) to make vain efforts to catch, taking hold and letting go repeatedly, esp. appl. to a dog, which is pursuing a sheep or some other animal (a rabbit); kegl [ᶄegəl] and kigl [(kɩgəl) ᶄɩgəl]; de dog kigeld [ᶄɩgəld] de sheep. Nm. 8) to talk about a thing without coming to any decision. Ai. [kegəl]. 9) to dispute angrily; to wrangle, esp. used of a petty quarrel; U. and Nm. [ᶄegəl]. Also kigl (U.: ᶄɩgəl. Nm.: kɩgəl, ᶄɩgəl). — *kegla and *kikla. No. kjegla, vb., a) to spin, twine (prop. on the wheel of a winch, kjegla, f.); b) metaph.: to mouth (words), to wrangle. Fær. kegla, vb., to wind yarn badly, and keglast, vb. refl., to wrangle, brawl, quarrel. — In a few of the given senses, as well as in the form kigl, there may be the possibility of a merging in Shetl. Norn of “kegla” with other words, as a) “kikla”: No. kikla, vb., to make short turns and twists, etc. (R.), and b) Eng. dial. keggle, vb., to be unsteady; to stand insecurely. See kugl, vb.

*keita [kæita], sb., sea-term, tabu-name for halibut. U^wg. The form, esp. the diphthong “ei”, indicates that the word is not originally Shetl. Norn, but rather borrowed recently from Norwegian: No. kveita, f., halibut. — Beside keita a still more corrupted form kreita [kræita] is reported from U^wg.

kek [kek], sb., 1) a twisting, dislocation; stiffness caused by spraining, a k. i’ de neck (stiffness in the neck). 2) a bending backwards; stiff, erect bearing with backward-bent head and shoulders; to geng [‘go’] wi’ a k.; he’s gotten a k. upon him, he walks along stiffly (bending head and shoulders backwards). Sa. Is doubtless the same word as keger¹, sb., see this word as well as kek, vb. Might, on the other hand, be cognate with keger; cf. No. kikk, m., a spraining; stiffness.

kek [kek], vb., to bend or twist backwards, esp. appl. to the bending backwards of the head and shoulders; he keked [kekəd] his head back. Also “k. ower”; he is gaun [‘going’] wi’ his head keket [kekət] ower. Sa. O.N. keikja, vb., to bend the upper part of the body backwards; No. keika, vb., a) to bend back; b) to dislocate (a member or joint); O.N. keikjask, No. keika seg, to bend the upper part of one’s body backwards.

kel¹ [kēl, kē^əl], vb., referring to rabbits: to bring forth young. Du., De. *keila? May be associated with O.N. keila, f., a) female genital parts; b) female creature.

kel² [kēl (kē^əl), ᶄē^əl], vb., to move very slowly; to geng [‘go’] kelin aboot; “de mill is kelin (kelin aboot)”, applied to a water-mill when grinding very slowly on account of the stream being low (Uⁿ.). Uⁿ. [ᶄē^əl] and Yⁿ. [kēl (kē^əl)]. No. kjala, vb., to have difficulty in doing a thing, to drudge (R.).

kel³ [kⁱē^əl, ᶄē^əl], vb., 1) vb. a., applied to sheep: to rub the wool loose against any fixed object, or to tear it with the teeth when the skin itches (on account of parasites); de sheep is kelin ut de oo’ [‘wool’], her oo’. 2) vb. n., applied to sheep: to lose the wool owing to parasites (sheep-tick); de oo’ is kelin aff o’ de sheep. Conn. — The word is poss. an original *kila. Cf. No. kila (kiila), vb. (R.), = kitla, vb., to itch; “kitla seg” also: to rub oneself, owing to itching.

kelda [kɛlda, käᶅda] and keldi [kɛldi (kældi), ᶄɛldi], sb., 1*) source, spring of water. Fe. (kelda). In this sense the word is now found only as a place-name, e.g. de Well Kelda [kɛlda] (Øri, Fe.); Smorkelda [smȯr-, smərkäᶅ·da] (Fe^f.), a spring in which, from olden times, fresh churned butter has been washed: *smjǫr (smœr)-kelda. Also *kella [käᶅa], in the name “Kellabrunn” [käᶅ··abron·] (Velji, Fe^h.), a spring, well: *keldu-brunnr. 2) patch of soft, sandy sea-bottom between the rocks in a fishing-ground. Esh., Nm^w.: keldi. “we ’re fa’en [‘fallen’] upon a keldi”. Also used as the name of a fishing-place: de Keldi [kældi] (Stenhus, Esh., Nm^w.). — O.N. kelda, f., a) a source, well; b) swamp; morass.

kelek [kēlək, kē^ələk], sb., narrow trench, gutter for carrying off waste water (a gutter in the floor leading the water out beneath the outer wall of a house). Fe^e. kela [kēla] is found as a place-name: de Kela (Sa.), a narrow strait between “de holm o’ Melbi” and the opposite mainland. — O.N. keila, f., a fissure (strait); No. keila, f., a channel, a narrow sound.

kelli, killi [keᶅɩ], sb., the gull, esp. the three-toed gull, larus tridactylus. U. An onomatopoeic word; see kall, vb.

*kellin, sb., see kerlin, sb.

kelmin, sb., see kilmin, sb.

kelpa-, kelper- and kelpinsten, sb., see kilper- and kilpinsten.

kelva [kɛlva] and kelvek [kɛlvək], sb., a well-developed, not quite half-grown ling. Conn. kelva, esp. in the expr. “k. olek” (olek, a small ling), is O.N. kefli, n., a cylindrical piece of wood. kelvek may be either “kefli” or a derivative “*keflingr, *keflungr”. For the use of the Shetl. form of words, cf. No. kjevling, m., a) a small cylinder or (thick) stick; b) a half-grown boy or girl, and kjevlungseid, m., a medium-sized coalfish. Cf. drølin, welsi and veltrin, sbs.

kem, kaim, kame [kem, ᶄem], vb., applied to sea, waves: to rise, to form a crest of foam, see kom(b), vb.

kemp, vb., see kepp, vb.

keng [kɛŋ, keŋ], sb., a clamp by which something is fastened; see king, sb.

kengsi [ᶄe‘ŋsɩ (ᶄe‘ŋksɩ, kje‘ŋsɩ)] and kensi [ᶄe‘nsɩ (kje‘nsɩ)], sb., a small cod, which, after the entrails have been removed, is filled with fish-livers and grilled; liver-k. Fo. kengsi, kensi, may have arisen through a later developed i-mutation from an older *kangs, *kans = *kams; cf. No. kams (and partly “kangs”), m., a kind of bun or cake, made from fish-liver and meal, kamshovud, n., fish’s head filled with kams and boiled, Fær. kamshøvd, n. Sw. dial. kings, kinns, m., lump; knot, approximates more closely to the Shetl. word in form and pronunciation.

kenn [kɛn, ken], vb., 1) to know; 2) to be aware of; 3) to feel, to be sensible of; in all these senses syn. with O.N. kenna, vb., and in the senses 2 (and 3) also with O.N. vita. I kennt it on me, I had a presentiment of it; O.N. kenna á sér, to have a feeling of. In senses 1 and 2, the word assimilates to Eng. dial. and L.Sc. ken, vb. de sea kenns in it [‘itself’], commotion in the sea along the shore, foreboding an approaching storm (Y^h.), = Fær. sjógvurin “veit í”; Fær. vita í, to indicate, forebode, esp. appl. to weather.

kennin [kenɩn, kenin], sb., 1) a feeling; sensation. 2) identification; recognition; also in pl.: kennins. 3) knowledge (about something), knowledge (of something); k. aboot or o’ somet’in’. Assimilates in all three senses to O.N. kenning, f. L.Sc. kennin, sb., knowledge; acquaintance.

kennmark [kenma‘rk], sb., identification mark, esp. on an animal. Y^h. O.N. kennimark, n., identification mark.

kent [kɛ‘nt], adj., properly perf. part. of kenn, vb., partly 1) well known; partly 2) skilful (at something), well acquainted (with something). No. kjend, L.Sc. kent, perf. part. and adj., id.

†keper [kepər, ᶄepər]-corner, adverbially in the phrase “to cut (or saw) k.-c.”, to cut (saw) diagonally. N.I. (U.). kepen [kepən]-corner: Fe. The first part of the compd. is prob. the same word as M.L.G. keper, Da. kipper, n., cloth woven diagonally, twill, and cognate with O.N. keifr, adj., askew.

kepp, sb., see kepper, sb.

kepp [kⁱæp, ᶄɛp, ᶄæp], vb., to try one’s strength or skill in a competition, to vie with someone; to strive to be chief or first, e.g. in a race. Conn. In the same senses O.N. keppa, keppask, vb. (from “kapp”, n., eagerness, competition). More common in Shetl. than kepp is the form kemp [kɛ‘mp, kæ‘mp (ᶄɛ‘mp, ᶄæ‘mp)], which is most prob. borrowed from L.Sc. (kemp, vb.), though a) “kampast” is found in No. like “kjeppast”, and b) “kampas, kämpas” in Sw. dial. like “käppas”. — In the sense of to hinder, stop (someone or something), kepp, on the other hand, is L.Sc. kep, vb.

kepper [kɛpər, kⁱɛpær, ᶄɛpər (ᶄæpər)], sb., a short stick, billet of wood put into a horse's mouth to prevent it from eating corn, hay, potatoes, etc. The pronunc. “kⁱɛpær” is noted down in Conn. Also kibber [kɩbər]: Ti.? -er is a fossilized nominative ending, kepp, on the other hand, is found in the compd. berkikepp; q.v. O.N. keppr, m., a cudgel; club. — As a place-name, name of a hill, a form kepp [kɛp, kæp] is found in Shetl.; “de Kepp o’ Nunsdale”, a hill by Helliness, C. “de Kebb [kɛb]”, name of a conical-shaped hill near Kebbister, Ti., is prob. the same word (name) with change of pp to bb. As the name of a hill the word arises rom a root-meaning: knot; cf. Icel. keppr, m., a) mallet, cudgel; b) knot.

kepper [kɛpər (kⁱɛpær), ᶄɛpər, (ᶄæpər)], vb., in the expr. “to k. a horse”, to put a billet of wood, a kepper, into a horse’s mouth to prevent it from eating corn, hay, potatoes, etc. See the preceding substantive, from which the verbal form (with the fossilized nominative sign -er of the substantive, preserved) is a later derivative. There may poss. have been an earlier form, *kepp, vb., from an original *keppa.

†kepperwari, sb., see kipperwari.

keptet [kɛptət, ᶄɛptət, kæptət] and kebdet [kɛbdət (ᶄɛbdət), kæbdət], adj., having jaws or mouth of a certain shape, in compds. such as miskeptet, skevkeptet; q.v. Deriv. of O.N. keptr, kjaptr, m., jaw; mouth. — As a place-name, name of some cultivated patches of ground, is found “de Keptatongs [kɛp··tatɔŋs·, -kɛp··ti-]” (Seter, N.Roe), originally “*kepta (kjapta)-tungur”, prob. named from their outline.

ker [kēr], properly adj., dear, but now only as an exclamation in a tender, caressing tone: Oh, kere [kērə] ker! (Wests.). In address to children: ker for dis [‘this’] ting! ker cam’ I till! (Sa.): my treasure! my dear one! — With the suffixed, grafted possessive pronoun my, ker, sb. (adj.), is found in keremi [kē··rəmi·], my dear one! my treasure! (Wests.); oh keremi! what is happened? (Fo.). — O.N. kærr, adj., dear. With keremi cf. No. kjær, m., and kjæra, f., a dear soul, in exprs. such as: “kjæren min” and “kjæra mi”, in address: my dear! — korri [kȯri], q.v., is another form developed from “kærr”, still partly used as a pure adjective. — ker may sometimes be confused with Eng. “care”, in exclamations, as “oh, care and dule”! woe is me! woe worth the day!

kerfi [kⁱæ‘rfi], sb., a bunch, bundle (of rushes). Conn. See further kervi, kirvi, sb.

kerlin [kērlɩn, kē^ərlɩn] and kerl [kē^ərl], sb., properly a crone, but now generally in sense of a big woman, and commonly used in the form kerl, prob. by mingling with L.Sc. cairl(e) = carl, sb., a man. — In Shetl. place-names the word is applied to detached rocks, mostly by the water-side or in the sea, and then often in the form kellin [kelin, keᶅɩn, (kælən) käᶅən], in which word the development rl > ll is more in accordance with the rules of Shetl. phonology. Thus in several places in Fetlar, e.g. de mukkel and de piri Kellin [keᶅɩn, käᶅən] (Hammersness, Fe^w.), the big and the small “crone”; de Kellin: a) in “de Gjo o’ Litleland”, Fe^e. [käᶅən]; b) in Ramnagio, U^mo. [käᶅən]; c) by the isle of Uyea, “Øja”, U^s. [kelin]. Sometimes also in the form kerl as a place-name,thus: “de Kerl”, detached rock near “de Loch o’ Skellister”, N. — O.N. kerling, f., (old) woman.

kernatansi, sb., see kirnatansi.

kerro [kɛrro, kærro], sb., tabu-name, sea-term for spinning-wheel. Ai. The word is to be classed with No. kirra, vb., to tremble, quiver, Sw. (Scania) kirra, vb., to swing.

kervi, kirvi [kervi (ᶄervi, ᶄɩrvi)], sb., a bunch, bundle, truss; a certain quantity of grass, and esp. of rushes; a k. o’ fIos, a bundle of rushes. More rarely appl. to straw. Reported from Fo. [kervi] in a special sense, a bundle of rushes. Edm. has “kirvie” in a wider sense (“a certain quantity of straw or grass”), but especially in the phrase “a k. o’ floss”. An earlier form with f, kerfi [kⁱæ‘rfi, ᶄæ‘rfi], “a k. o’ flos”, is preserved in Conn. — O.N. kerf, kerfi, n., a bunch, bundle, No. kjerve, n., a bundle of leafy twigs, etc.; Sw. kärfve, m., and Da. kærv, c., a sheaf, sheaf of corn.

kes [kē^əs, ᶄē^əs, ᶄɛs], sb., a heap, pile, esp. in the compd. bolkes; q.v. U. No. kas(a), f., and kase, m., Sw. dial. kas, f. and m., a heap, pile. See kjos, kus, sbs.

kes [kē^əs (ᶄē^əs, ᶄɛs)], vb., to pile up, esp. appl. to peats (to be dried); to k. op peats. U. No., Fær., Icel. and Sw. dial. kasa, vb., to pile up. O.N. kasa, vb., esp.: to bury in a kǫs (a heap).

kessi [(kesi, kɛsi) keᶊɩ, kɛᶊɩ; keᶎɩ, kɛᶎi], sb., a carrying-basket, made of straw or dried dock-stalks, esp. for transport of peats or manure. Partly appl. to a basket for carrying on the back, partly to one used for transport on a pack-horse. comm. More rarely kjess(j)i [ᶄeᶊi] (Fe^h.). In Papa Stour kissek [kiᶊək] and kisi [kɩ̄si, kɩ̄zi], “docken-k.”, denote a smaller basket, esp. a basket for holding bait, made of dried dock-stalks. Sa.: kissik [kɩᶊɩk], a small kessi. — *kessa. No. kjessa, f., an osier-basket, esp. used on a pack-saddle, also a high, narrow basket for carrying on the back. Deriv. of O.N. kass(i), m., a basket. Ork. and Caithness: cassie = Shetl. kessi.

kessibel [keᶊ··ɩbəl], an old, worn-out and ragged basket, kessi. U. bel poss. for pel [pɛl, pæl], a rag.

kessilepp [keᶊ··ɩlɛp·, kɛᶊ··ɩlɛp·, -læp·; keᶎ··ɩ-, kɛᶎ··ɩ-], sb., a piece of a broken or worn-out basket, kessi; occas. a torn basket with the bottom loose. From Papa Stour the word [kɛᶊ··ɩlæp·] is reported in the same sense as bødi, a fish-creel; prop. appl. to a smaller basket than bødi. kessilapp [keᶊ··ɩlap·]: M.Roe, De^w. — lepp is O.N. leppr, m., a small piece or part of something, a patch.

kessiriva, sb., see rivakessi, sb.

ketl, kettel [kɛtəl, kætəl], vb., applied to cats: to litter, kitten. Uⁿ. *kettla. No. kjetla, vb., L.Sc. and Eng. dial. kittle, vb., id.

ketlin [kɛtlɩn (ᶄɛtlɩn), ketlɩn (ᶄetlɩn)], sb., a kitten. Also kitlin [kɩtlɩn (ketlɩn, ᶄetlɩn)]. O.N. ketlingr, m., a kitten; L.Sc. and Eng. dial. kittling, id.

ketthuntlin [ᶄet·ho‘nt··lɩn], sb., tabu-name, sea-term for cat. Whⁿ. Originally the word probably denotes a mystic being, something between a cat and a dog [*kettu-hyndla]. See further under *Keddhontla as the name for an ogress, really the same name as ketthuntlin.

kev [kēv, ᶄēv], vb., 1) to struggle with something, to try to execute work, but without success; to k. wi’ a ting. Sa. [kēv]. 2) continually to make large but feeble movements with the hands, to k. wi’ de hands. Nm. [kēv, ᶄēv]. 3) to wrestle in fun; to k. wi’ ane anidder [‘one another’]. Sa. [kēv]. Nm. [kēv, ᶄēv]. 4) to contend for something in an eager, impudent manner (of one sticking his face close to that of another in eager assertion); to k. op in ane’s face; he cam’ kevin op in or into my face. Nm. [kēv, ᶄēv]. Also as vb. a.: to k. ane op; he kevd me op. Nm^w. [kēv]. 5) to talk largely, but without any weight, to k. and speak. Nm^w. [kēv]. 6) to interfere, meddle with another person’s affairs, to k. wi’ onybody [‘any-’] or onyting. Sa. [kēv]. 7) to fall on the wrong side; “de corn kevd doon i’ wir [‘our’] face”, in mowing corn. Nmⁿ. [kēv]. 8) to be overcome with weariness or sleepiness, letting the head drop forward, to drop off, to fall asleep, esp. in conn. with “ower”: to k. ower. comm.: [kev]. As adj.: kevd [kēvd], overcome, quite exhausted. Wests. — Prob. a deriv. of O.N. “kaf”, at any rate, with regard to several of the senses given above. Cf. a) O.N. kefja, vb., to press down; sink; dive down, Icel. kafinn, perf. part. of “kefja”, and adj., overwhelmed, Sw. dial. kävja, vb., to work eagerly; b) Shetl. kav, vb., and the senses of No. and Sw. dial. kava, vb., given under this word. Further: No. kava, vb., to fumble, to move the hands as if pushing something away, Sw. dial. kava and käva, vb., to fumble with the hands, Sw. dial. keva, vb., inter alia to make feeble attempts or efforts. With kev 3 and 4 may also be compared No. kjevja(st), vb., to wrangle — compare with the latter, kegl, vb., in the senses 6 and 8 — and with kev 5 cf. No. kjeva, vb., to talk vaguely. A few senses of the Shetl. word, esp. sense 1, may also contain No. keiva, vb., a) to use the left hand; b) to bungle, to work awkwardly; c) to throw obliquely; to twist; writhe; see kevl², vb.

kevl, kevel¹ [kevəl, kɛvəl (kⁱevəl, kⁱēvəl)], sb., a bit, a short billet of wood put into a lamb’s mouth to prevent it from sucking the ewe. kebl, kebel [ᶄē^əbəl]: Uⁿ. occas. For the forms of pronunc., see kevl¹, vb. — O.N. kefli, n., cylindrical piece of wood, a bit.

kevl, kevel² [kevəl], sb., badly and clumsily executed work, muddle; to mak’ a k. o’ a ting. Sa. From Sa^e (Snaraness) and Ai^w. the word is reported in the special sense of too thickly spun worsted. Prob.: *keifl-. No. keivl, n., a bungle, clumsy work.

kevl, kevel¹ [kevəl, kɛvəl (kⁱevəl, kⁱēvəl)], vb., to put a billet of wood, kevl, into the mouth of a lamb to prevent it from sucking the ewe; to k. a lamb. This practice was common in milking the ewes, “kevəl, kɛvəl” are the common forms of pronunciation. “kⁱevəl” is reported from Fe., “kⁱevəl” from Uⁿ. In Uⁿ. is found a parallel form kebl, kebel [ᶄē^əbəl]. From Nmⁿ. (N.Roe) is reported a form with preserved, original fl.: kefl [kæf^əl]. — Metaph. kevl is sometimes used in sense of to take hold of, to collar; “I’ll k. dee”; see kavl¹, vb. — O.N. kefla, vb., to provide with a bit, kefli; “kefla lamb” as in Shetl. No. kjevla, vb., to provide a kid with a bit. — Cf. kepper, vb.

kevl, kevel² [kevəl, kēvəl], vb., to execute work badly and awkwardly, to bungle, to k. wi’ a ting. On Wests. esp. with short e-sound: kevəl. — The word is most prob. No. keivla, vb., to bungle, = keiva. See, however, kav, vb., and note No. kavla, vb., to strive at something, = kava. — kefs, vb., from *kafsa, is found in a similar sense to kevl, vb.

kevlet [kevlət], adj., clumsy with one’s hands, awkward, bungling; a k. body. Sa. Prob. *keiflóttr; see kevl², vb. — In a similar sense kefset, adj., from *kafsa.

kevlin [kevlɩn], sb., a badly tied knot. Y^b. Is to be classed with kevl², vb.

kibbek or kibek [kɩbək], sb., small tub, esp. for holding butter, buttermilk or sour milk; a k. o’ butter. Nmⁿ. occas. (N.Roe). O.N. kippa, f., a basket; No. kipa, f., a) a basket (osier-basket); b) (square) tub.

kibi [kɩbi, kebi (kəbi), kⁱɩbi (kⁱebi), ᶄebi], adj., a) lively and alert, quick and clever. N.I., Nm. [kɩbi: U. occas., Y^{m., n}., Nm. occas.]. b) vivacious; quick-witted. Uⁿ. [ᶄebi]. c) merry; in good spirits; delighted. Nm. occas. [kɩbi]. d) animated, making oneself amiable; coquettish. Wests. [kɩbi, kebi]. e) eager; greedy, very k. for onyting (Nm.); eager to execute something (esp. something that one is not concerned with); “du is k. at yon wark [‘that work’], but du wouldna dø [‘-not do’] what du was bidden to dø” (L.); Nm. occas. [kɩbi]. L. [kɩbi, kebi, ᶄebi]. f) smart and handy, mostly in a mischievous way. Y^{b., n}. [kɩbi]; Uⁿ. occas. [ᶄebi]. g) cunning, tricky; difficult to govern or have anything to do with. N.I. occas., esp. Y. and Fe. [(kɩbi) kebi (kəbi); Y. and Fe. occas.]. h) flippant; talkative; incapable of keeping secrets, and apt to exaggerate. Fe. [(kɩbi, kebi) kⁱɩbi, kⁱebi]. i) impertinent, meddling too much with other people’s business. Y. and Fe. occas. [kɩbi, kebi (kⁱɩbi, kⁱebi)]. — Common in the expr.: a k. body. — In a different sense the word is found in Ai. [kɩbi, kebi]: having a pleasing, fine appearance; well-shaped and sleek; a fine k.-lookin’ baess [‘beast’]. — No. kipen, adj., a) restless from merriment, frolicsome, wild (Aa.); b) proud (Aa.); c) carrying the head high; difficult to master; hard, obstinate (R.).

kidi [kɩdi, kedi], sb., a small lamb, reared at home, a k.-lamb (= kadi-lamb and ali-lamb). U. kidi [kɩdi, kedi, kədi] is more commonly used when calling a lamb or sheep: k., k.! k. ma [mā]! Sometimes also kida [(kɩda) keda] as a call for sheep. Uⁿ. — O.N. kið, n., a kid. No. kidla, f., a kid, is also used as a call (“kille”). Sw. dial. kidde, m., a young goat. Icel. kið, n., and kiða, f., (a she kid). Shetl. (Uⁿ.) kida is really a fem. form: *kiða.

*kidn, Kidna, kidnet, see kinn, *Kinna, *kinnet.

kiga, kigga, sb., see kwiga, kwigga.

kigga-piltek, sb., see kegga-piltek.

kigl, sb. and vb., see kegl, sb. and vb.

kigr, kiger [ᶄɩgər) ᶄegər], sb., fits of foolish laughter. Wh., Sk. *kikr. See the foll. word.

kigr, kiger [(ᶄɩgər) ᶄegər], vb., to laugh foolishly and fitfully; a kig(e)rin laugh. Wh., Sk. *kikra. Cf. No. kikla, vb., to make short jerks and twists; also to laugh in a peculiar, fitful way, “kikkle og le” (“giggle and laugh”), Telemarken.

kik¹ [kik], sb., 1) a peeping, peep. 2) very short visit; to ha’e a k. alang [‘along’] (Du.). See kik¹, vb., and cf. L.Sc. and N.Eng. keek, a peep.

kik² (kikk) [kɩk, kik], sb., commonly in pl. kiks: 1) gesticulation; turning and twisting of the body, esp. in walking; “shø [‘she’] had so mony [‘many’] kiks upon her” (Conn.); affected manner of movement (Conn.). 2) crick, stiffness (in the neck), = keger¹ and kek, sbs.; a k. i’ de neck. Barclay: keek; “he had a keek in his neck”. 3) metaph.: a mouthing (vague talk), a making a fuss about a thing; he has so mony kiks aboot it (Conn.). — No. kik, n., sportive turns and twists; jerking, writhing, kikk, m., a spraining. — Edm. gives a form “kek”, which might also spring from *keik-; see keger¹, sb., and kek, sb. and vb.

kik¹ [kik (kⁱɩk, kⁱɩ̄k)], vb., to peer, to keep a sharp look-outfor something, to stand kikin; also to peep. The pronunc. “kⁱɩ̄k” is reported from Uⁿ.; elsewhere commonly: “kik” with short i. No. and Fær. kika (ii), vb., to peep, look out for something (to stretch one’s neck in order to see something), Da. kige, to peep, peer. L.Sc. keek, keik, vb., partly like Shetl. kik. Compare kog¹, vb.

kik² [kik], vb., to make efforts in swallowing something difficult to get down, to k. upo de kreg [krēg], Fe. kreg = throat. — No. kika, vb., to twist, wriggle; Sw. dial. keka, vb., to chew something very tough, to struggle, etc.

kikel-buckle [ᶄɩk··əlbok·əl], sb., something matted and entangled, tangled mass; in a k.-b., tangled. Esh., Nm^w. kikel is poss. a parallel form to kegl, kegel, sb., to which it assimilates in sense 3 of the latter word; note, however, Sw. dial. (North Sw.) kikkr (kikkär), f., a lump, No. kikr (R.). “buckle”, tangled mass, is doubtless Eng. buckle. See kegi-buckle, sb.

kikhol [kikhɔl, kⁱɩ̄khɔl], sb., a peephole, chink in a wall. Uⁿ. [kⁱɩ̄khɔl]. *kik-hol. Also L.Sc.: keek-hole. See kik¹, vb.

kikin, kiken [kikɩn, kikən], adj., properly pres. part., all alive, animated and vivacious, in the expr. “alive and k.”; he was a’ [‘all’] alive and k., he was all alive and kicking. The word is doubtless an old pres. part. *kykandi = *kvikandi from a verb *kyka, *kvika; cf. No. kvika, vb. (n.), to become animated (R.), Icel. kvika, vb., to move. O.N. kvikr and kykr, adj., a) alive; b) lively; merry; alert.

kilk [(kɩ‘lk) ᶄɩ‘lk], vb., to be full of the joy of life and of mirth, to go about merrily and briskly, to k. aboot. De^w. (M.Roe). kilk poss. for *kirk (alternation between r and l is fairly common in Shetl. Norn), and, in that case, to be referred to O.N. kjarkr, m., vigour, courage (spirit), ardour (Icel. kjarkur), No. kjerk, m., spirit. No. kirren, adj., lively and nimble in movement.

kill-rainmek, -remmek, sb., a lath in a kiln, see remmek, sb.

kilmin [ᶄelmɩn], sb. and adj., I) sb., a) a person attired in ludicrous disguise; b) droll attire, esp. droll head-gear; he’s [‘has’] “got on” a k. II) adj., ludicrous; odd, appl. to dress, esp. head-gear; a k. mutch. Uⁿ. kilm- prob. for *kiml- by metathesis of m and l; cf. Icel. kímilegur, adj., a) droll; funny; b) mocking, and “kímilyrði”, n. pl., gibes.

kilp [(kɩ‘lp) kⁱe‘lp, ᶄe‘lp], vb., to catch by means of a rod (kilpin-stick): a) to take up a lamb or sheep from a ledge in a steep, rocky cliff, by means of a rope looped at the end, and attached to a rod; to k. lambs or sheep. The loop is thrown over the sheep’s head. Sometimes also sea-fowl, esp. gulls, are caught by means of a rod of this description; to k. weegs (weeg = three-toed gull); b) to catch sea-fowl, esp. guillemots and puffins on a sea-cliff where birds nest, by means of a rod with a hook at the end. U^{n, w}. — *kilpa or *kylpa. No. (Lister) kylpa, vb., to fish with a rod. Deriv. of O.N. kilpr, m., handle of a vessel; loop. Cf. also Sw. dial. kälp, kjelp, m., a) rope-handle; b) a switch or short stick used as an implement, and Sw. dial. kållpa, vb. a., to fish with a rod through a hole in the ice.

kilpek [kɩ‘lpək, ᶄɩ‘lpək, ᶄe‘lpək], sb., wooden box in which the bait (limpets) is collected and kept; square box with gable-shaped ends to which a string, serving as a handle, is fastened. Br., Sandw., Du. Deriv. from O.N. kilpr, m., handle of a vessel; loop (No. kylp, m.). No. kylpa, f., a narrow (cylindrical) cooking-pot with a handle, is a cognate word, though “kylp”, in this case, seems to contain a somewhat different root-meaning (cf. No. kylpen, adj., deep and narrow, appl. to vessels).

kilpersten, kelpersten [ke‘l··pərsten·, kɛ‘l··pərsten·, ᶄɛ‘l··pərsten·], kilpinsten, kelpinsten [ke‘l··pɩnsten·, ᶄɛ‘l··pɩnsten· (ᶄe‘l··pɩnsten·)], sb., a large, flat stone, at the top of the mouth of a kiln, the innermost edge of which projects into the. kiln space, protecting the corn, spread on laths, from the fire in the kiln. Of the forms of pronunciation “ᶄɛ‘l··pərsten·” is characteristic of Conn., “ke‘l··pɩnsten·” of Y^{h., n}., and “kɛ‘l··pɩnsten·, ᶄɛ‘l··pɩnsten·” of U. occas. (Uⁿ. occas.). From Nmⁿ. (N.Roe) is also reported a form kilpisten [ke‘l··pisten·], and from Uⁿ. also kelpasten [ᶄɛ‘l··pasten·]. In Y^h. kilpinsten is partly used of a projecting stone below, inside the mouth of the kiln. — Variants of the main vowel-sound in the first part of the compd.: kjolpinsten [kjɔ‘l··pɩnsten·, kjå‘l··pɩnsten·]; reported from U. [kjɔ‘lpɩn-]; Nm. and De^w. (M.Roe) [kjå‘lpɩn-]. — The first part of the compd. is probably kilpr (kylpr), m., the handle of a vessel; loop; stick, etc., mentioned under kilp, vb., and kilpek, sb. kjolpin- presupposes a *kylp-; cf. No. “kjølp, kjolp” as parallel forms to “kylp”, m. — Compare the names a) hjelpersten, etc., hjolpinsten; b) hjolkinsten, and the etymological conjectures given under these headings.

kilpin-stick [(kɩ‘l··pɩn-) kⁱe‘l··pɩnstɩk·, ᶄe‘l··pɩnstɩk·], sb., a) a rod to which a rope, with a loop at the end, is attached, esp. for hoisting up lambs or sheep from ledges in steep, unapproachable places (by the coast), sometimes also for catching sea-fowl (gulls); b) a rod with a hook at the end, for catching sea-fowl, esp. guillemots and puffins, on a sea-cliff where birds nest. U^{n, w}. *kilp- or *kylp-. See further kilp, vb.

kilpusk, sb., see *kinnpuster, sb.

kilset, kil-set [kɩl·sɛt··], vb., to chase obstinate sheep by driving them into some corner or other (e.g. a bend in a fence) or into a natural enclosure, in order to catch them there. Ai. Prob. for *kir(r)set from O.N. kyrrsetja, vb., which is found handed down in sense of to put or lay something in a certain place ready to hand, to sequester. For the change of r and l in Shetl. Norn, see Introd. V (also N.Spr. VII), § 38 h, and cf. the foll. word.

kilsket [ᶄɩ‘lskət, ᶄe‘lskət], adj., excessively merry; wild and wanton; a k. bein’. N.I. occas. (U.). Prob. from an older *kersket, *kirsket by change of r to l — see the preceding word — and originating from O.N. kerskinn, adj., coarsely jocular; skurrilous (Icel.). O.N. kerska, kerski, f., cheerfulness; mirth; fun.

kimek, kimmek [(ᶄɩmək) ᶄemək], sb., quite a small, grass-grown strip or spot between rocks, esp. in pl. kim(m)eks, small, grass-grown spots, “kim(m)eks” o’ girs [‘grass’]. Uⁿ. Cf. No. kime (kimm), m., a strip, small stretch; a narrow, pointed piece of land lying among surroundings of a different sort, skogarkime, small stretch of woodland.

kimp [(kɩ‘mp) ᶄɩ‘mp], sb., hasty movement; dash of the waves, commotion in the sea with short, choppy waves, esp. at change of wind; cross-sea; a k. i’ de sea. U. (Uⁿ.). No. kimp, m., jerk, cast or twist (of the body), kimpen, adj., inter alia restless.

kimp [ᶄɩ‘mp], vb., 1) in boat-fishing: to haul up the fishing-line with quick, short jerks; to jerk up the line a few fathoms when it has reached the sea-bottom; this is to prevent the line from sticking there. Uⁿ. Mostly in the expression “kimpin [ᶄɩ‘mpɩn] fadoms [‘fathoms’], kimpi-fadoms”, partly a) uneven pulling up of the fishing-line with short jerks; the fathoms, which the line is hauled up in this way; hail [‘haul’] steadily! not dat [‘that’ = those’] short kimpi-fadoms! (Uⁿ., Norwick); b) the number of fathoms which the line is hauled (jerked) up from the sea-bottom; de kimpin fadoms (Yⁿ.), kimpin and kimpi fadoms (Uⁿ.). While kimpin must reasonably be regarded as a form in the pres. part., kimpi however may be a substantive *kimp- as the first part of compd. (see kimp, sb.) or an adjective: jerky; unsteady. 2) to draw a straw along the incisions (bens; see ben, sb.) made by the point of a knife on an injured part of the body, esp. the leg, to make the blood flow and keep the wound open. Uⁿ. — From a “*kimpa” in sense of to make quick movements or jerks. No. kimpa, k. (paa) seg, vb., to start up, making short jerks or turns with the body, kimpen, adj., inter alia restless. — hjimp (*himp), vb., q.v., is closely cognate with kimp, and used in the same senses.

kims [kɩ‘ms, ᶄɩ‘ms], sb., 1) a sudden or quick movement, turn of the head or body. 2) a sudden, capricious whim. 3) short, dashing waves; cross-sea; a k. i’ de sea, = kimp, sb. U. (Uⁿ.). — The word is to be classed with No. kimsa, Da. kimse, vb., to toss the head, etc.

kims [kɩ‘ms, ke‘ms, ᶄɩ‘ms], vb., 1) to make quick movements, sudden turns of the head or body, esp. applied to a foolish, somewhat distracted person. 2) applied to the sea: to become agitated; to rise, dash violently; de sea is kimsin, kimsin op. U. The verb is now seldom used; see the more common kims, sb., and kims, kimset, adj.

kims [(kɩ‘ms, ke‘ms) ᶄɩ‘ms, ᶄɩ‘mps (ᶄe‘mps)] and kimset [kɩ‘msət, ᶄɩ‘msət], adj., 1) a) making quick movements and sudden turns of the head or body, esp. of a foolish, somewhat distracted person; a k. body. Partly also used (in fishermen’s lang.) of fish: nibbling at the bait without taking it; de fish is kims, the fish only nibbles at the bait (Uⁿ.). Uⁿ.: kims. Nmⁿ. (N.Roe) and Conn.: kimset. b) touchy; sulky, kimset and sulky. Nm. 2) restless; unsteady; feverish; “he has a kimset way aboot him” (N.Roe), partly including the senses given under 1. 3) talking abruptly, giving short, dry answers; a k. body. Nmⁿ. occas. (N.Roe): kims and kimset. 4) frolicsome, merry and foolish, flighty. Uⁿ. (kims). 5) silly, wanton, half-witted. Uⁿ. (kims, kimslike). — A form kwums [kwo‘ms], reported from Norwick, Uⁿ., is doubtless to be regarded as a parallel form to kims, possibly formed by mingling with the synonymous hwums- (see hwumset, adj.), as original hv (hw) does not change to kw in Unst. — *kimsinn or *kimsóttr. No. kimsen, adj., inclined to twist or toss one's head. See kims, sb.

kimtjagg [kɩm·tjag··, ᶄɩm·tjag··], sb., continuous teasing; a putting obstacles in the way; lengthy, tedious work. to keep ane in k., to tease, hinder someone. Nm., Ai.? See the foll. word.

kimtjagg [kɩm·tjag··], vb., to tease continually, to put obstacles in the way in a teasing manner; to keep one at lengthy, tedious work, = tiggtagg, tjiggtjagg. Nm., Ai.? With the first part of the compd. kim-, cf. No. kima, vb., to writhe, wriggle, etc., Sw. dial. kimmra, vb., to tease, irritate. For the second part tjagg, see tigg¹, vb., to tease; Sw. dial. tjagga, vb., to grumble continually.

king (keng) [kɩŋ, keŋ (kɛŋ); kiŋ; ᶄɩŋ, ᶄeŋ], sb., a hoop; rivet; small clamp with which something broken is fastened together, now esp. applied to a small clamp of lead and tin, or lead and zinc or clay, with which a broken or partly broken object of (earthenware) china is mended. Fairly common. The forms “kiŋ” and “ᶄɩŋ” are reported from U. — “grundking, grund-king” in a water-mill: a small iron plate with two or three holes in it, which is fixed to the groundsill, and in which the pivot of the axis turns; see grundking, sb. Also grundkeng, grund-keng [kɛŋ (kæŋ)] (Fe. occas.; acc. to J.I.). — O.N. kengr, m., a) a bight; bend; b) a crook of metal with which something is fastened or closed; No. kjeng and king, m., a small iron clamp, to fasten at both ends.

king (keng) [kɩŋ, keŋ (kɛŋ); kiŋ; ᶄɩŋ, ᶄeŋ], vb., to mend something, esp. broken objects of earthenware or china, by means of a hoop or rivet, king (keng), sb.; to k. a truncher [‘trencher’, plate]; fairly common, “kiŋ” and “ᶄɩŋ”: U. — No. kjenga and kinga, vb., to fasten with a clamp.

kings [ᶄɩ‘ŋs (ke‘ŋs)], sb., quarrel; dispute. U. *kings or *kjangs. No. kjangl, n., quarrel. See the foll. word. — kinks, sb., differs from kings.

kings [ᶄɩ‘ŋs (ᶄe‘ŋs)], vb., to quarrel; dispute; grumble, to k. aboot onyting. U. *kingsa or *kjangsa. Cf. a) No. kjangla and kjengla, vb., partly to chew with difficulty, partly to wrangle, and b) No. kjangsa, vb., to chew; gnaw.

kink [kɩ‘ŋk (ki‘ŋk), ke‘ŋk; ᶄɩ‘ŋk, ᶄe‘ŋk], sb., 1) a) a twist, winding, contortion; to get a k.; a k. in a rep (rope). Uⁿ.: ᶄɩ‘ŋk (ki‘ŋk, ᶄi‘ŋk). a k. i’ de neck (Sa.: ke‘ŋk), “he has a k. in his neck” (see keger¹, kek, kik², sbs.). b) a writhing and wriggling; tossing of the head; haughty and affected bearing; “der’r a k. upon her de day [‘to-day’]” (Sa.: ke‘ŋk). c) metaph.: to gi’e ane a k., to give one a good drubbing (Esh., Nm^w.: ᶄe‘ŋk). 2) commotion in the sea, cross-sea; a k. i’ de sea (Nm.: kɩ‘ŋk, ᶄɩ‘ŋk, ke‘ŋk). — No. kink, m., a (small) bending or turning; tossing of the head; Sw. dial. kink, m., an intertwining, etc., also Eng. dial. (kink) in this sense. — In the sense of whooping-cough, Shetl. kink, kinkhost, is most prob. L.Sc. (kinkhost), though the word “kinkhost” is also found in Da. dial. (Jut.) in the sense of whooping-cough.

kink [kɩ‘ŋk, ke‘ŋk (ᶄɩ‘ŋk, ᶄe‘ŋk), vb., 1) to writhe, wriggle; to toss the head, to carry the head high; to geng kinkin (Sa.: ke‘ŋk); de coo [‘cow’] kinks (wi’ de head): Sa. 2) to dislocate a limb; to k. de foot. De^w. (M.Roe: ᶄe‘ŋk). — No. kinka, vb., to wriggle; rock to and fro; to wag the head, kinksa, vb., to toss the head slightly. — See kinks, sb. and adj.

kinket [kɩ‘ŋkət, ke‘ŋkət (ᶄɩ‘ŋkət, ᶄe‘ŋkət)], adj., inclined to make wriggling or tossing movements, esp. to toss the head, or carry the head high; a k. body, craeter’ [‘creature’]. Sa. [ke‘ŋkət] and several places. No. kinken, adj., restless, wriggling; kinksen, adj., inclined to toss the head.

kinks [ᶄe‘ŋks], sb., offence, fit of bad humour, touchiness; to tak’ a k., to be peevish or offended. Sa. Prop. (offended) toss of the head. No. kink and kinks, m., a bending; turning; twisting; toss of the head. Cf. Sw. dial. kinka, vb., to be touchy, to whine and scold, kinken, adj., touchy.

kinks(t) [ᶄe‘ŋks(t)], kinkset [ᶄe‘ŋksət], adj., touchy, easily offended; to be kinkst at ane [‘one’]; he looked kind o’ kinks. Sa. Deriv. of the preceding word. — kjinsket, tjinsket, reported from Fe., is different from kinks(et); see tinsket, adj.

kinn [kin (kɩn)], sb., properly cheek, but now found only in a few places in the same sense as the more common “kinn-fish”, cheek-flesh of a fish; thus in Y. occas. [kin]. From Fo. is handed down an obsolete kidn [kidn, kid^ən], with change from nn to dn, in proper sense cheek, used by fishermen as a tabu-word. A.L. (in “Proceedings”): keedin. — The word is found rather commonly in place-names in the sense of steep slope, steep tract of coast, still partly on the border of a common noun, understood in several places by the common people, and mostly with prefixed def. art.: (de) Kinn. Sometimes with added, closer designation, such as: de Kinn o’ Fjel [fjēl] (Fe.); de Kinn o’ Sørett [søret] (Wh.) [Sørett from O.N. sauð(a)rétt, f., sheep-fold]; de Kinns o’ Katanes (L.), some sloping tracts of coast. With double pl. ending: de øter (outer) and inner Kinnens [kiᶇens] (Fe.); -ens from O.N. -rnar [kinnrnar] with later added Eng. -s. On Wests.: Kidn [kidn, kid^ən]; thus: “de Side o’ Sudra Kidn [sodra kid^ən]” (Fo.), from an original *syðra kinn, the southern slope; “de craig [‘crag’] o’ Kidn” (Sa^w.). In the eastern part of Sandness (Sa^e.), however, is found “de Kinn” without change of nn to dn. See further Shetl. Stedn. p. 116. — O.N. kinn, f., a) the cheek; b) a steep slope or mountain-side. — See kinn-fish, *kinnpuster, sbs.

*Kinna, sb., the name of a black cow with white cheek (cheeks) or a white cow with black cheek (cheeks); only noted down in Fo. in the form Kidna [kidna]. See kinn, sb., and *kinnet, adj.

*kinnet, adj., applied to an animal, a cow: black with white cheek (cheeks) or vice versa. Only noted down in Fo. in the form kidnet [kidnət]; a kidnet coo [‘cow’]. — *kinnóttr, having the cheek (cheeks) of another colour. See kinn, sb.

kinn [kin (kɩn)]-fish, sb., the cheek-flesh of a fish. comm. Icel. kinnfiskr, No. kinnfisk, m., cheek-flesh (not only of fish; in No., however, esp. applied to the cheeks of fish and human beings), “fisk”, m., is found uncompounded in No. in sense of thick muscle. In Shetl. this latter word has been confounded with Eng. fish, sb.

*kinnina(n)silek [kɩᶇ··ɩnasel·ək, keᶇ··ənansel·ək], *kinninsilek [kin··ɩnsel·ək], sb., quite young coalfish (silek), split, after having the entrails removed, and hung up to be slightly dried, then stuffed with fish-livers and grilled, mostly in pairs; the word is only handed down in the pl. form: kinnina(n)sileks. Fe. Like “liver-silek”, spjolkin (spjolket silek), and mogildin, mugildin. — “spjolkin, spjolket silek”, syn. with “kinnina(n)silek”, really denotes a small, split coalfish, hung up to dry, with a wooden skewer (spjolk) across the split to keep it open (in order to dry the fish more quickly). The so-called kinnina(n)sileks were doubtless treated in a similar manner, and the word then might be explained as an original “*kinninga- or *kinnunga-silungr”, in which “kinningr, kinnungr” possibly denotes side, side-flap, pl. “kinningar, kinnungar”, the two side-flaps of the split, out-stretched fish. Cf. Icel. kinnungur, Fær. kinningur, m., in sense of the one side of a boat’s stem, O.N. kinnungr, m., prob. the bow of a ship. Possibly (though not probably) *kinnin may be regarded in the same way as spjolk, in reference to the skewer, used for holding the fish open; and, if so, it might be referred to No. kinnung, Sw. dial. kinning, m., a stick; post (for fitting in, or into which something is fitted), door-post, Da. dial. (Jut.) kinding, kinning, c., tang, the part of the shaft that fits into the carriage (O.N. kinnungr, m., beam with a groove in the end; groove in the end of a beam for fitting into another beam).

*kinnpuster [kin·pus·tər], *kinnpus [kin·pus·], sb., properly cheek-muscle; only reported in pl., kinnpusters and kinnpuses [-pus·əs, -pus·ɩs], jokingly of cheeks, cheek-flesh, esp. full cheeks; fat aroond de kinnpusters (kinnpuses), full in the cheeks. Y^m. (kinnpusters), and Y^b. (kinnpuses). — From U^mo. is reported a form kilpusk [ᶄɩl·pusk·, ᶄɩlpusk·, ᶄɩlposk·], only in pl.: fat, white, etc. aroond de “kilpusks”. Corruption of *kinnpust. — In Hildina-ballad (the Foula song) is found kidnpuster, written “kedn puster”, sb. sing., in sense of box on the ear. — O.N. kinnpústr, m., prop. (full) cheek-muscle, cheek-flesh, but handed down only in sense of box on the ear. No. kinnpust, m., cheek-flesh (pust, m., a swelling). Cf. Sw. dial. pus-kinnad, adj., having full cheeks, applied to a hen having feathers sticking out around the beak (No. and Sw. pusa, Da. dial. puse, vb., to swell).

†kinsked, †kin-sked [kin·skēd·, -skē^əd·], sb., accident happening either to oneself or to a relation, one of the same clan; “geng [‘go’] du wi’ dy k.!” “du will maybe get dy k. yet!” Y^h. kin- may be either O.N. kyn or Eng. kin, sb.; sked, either O.N. skaði, m., or L.Sc. skaith, sb., damage (Eng. scathe).

kint [ᶄɩ‘nt], sb., 1) contemptuous, disparaging term for a man. Y. 2) conceited or haughty person, a person with a provocative behaviour, esp. applied to a young woman; a k. o’ a ting. M^l. — Cf. No. kynt, adj., inter alia pretentious, haughty, = kyndig, kyndug; Sw. dial. kyndig, adj., proud; conceited; wilful. O.N. kyndugr, adj., cunning.

kippek [kɩpək (kepək), ᶄɩpək (ᶄepək)], sb., small bunch or string, esp. of small fish hung up (mostly small coalfish, sileks and pilteks). A kippek consists of 3 or more (usually 4) fishes tied together, while a band (q.v.) is only two fishes. — O.N. kippi, n., a bundle strung together; No. kippa, f., and kippe, n., Fær. kippa, f., id.

kippek [(kɩpək) ᶄɩpək (ᶄepək)], vb., to string small fishes (small coalfish) together in small bundles, kippeks; to k. de sileks (pilteks). Uⁿ. The word has received the substantival ending -ek, and represents an older *kipp from (O.N.) kippa. No. kippa, vb., inter alia to collect; draw together. O.N. kippa, vb., to snatch; pull. See the preceding word.

kippel [kɩpəl, kⁱɩpəl (ᶄɩpəl)], sb., a small bunch or bundle; a k. o’ tings; a k. o’ herrings. Du. l-derivative of *kipp- (bunch). See kippek, sb.

kipper-corner, adv., see keper-corner.

†kipperwari, -wäiri [ᶄep·ərwaⁱr·i, -wäi·ri], sb., tabu-name, sea-term for tongs. Uⁿ. The first part of the compd. kipper is possibly to be derived from O.N. kippa, vb., to snatch; pull. Or poss. kepper-?: from O.N. keppr, m., a cudgel; stick? -wäiri: Eng. wire?

kirikin [ᶄir··ɩkɩn·, ᶄer··ɩkɩn·], sb., see kirki, sb.

kirk [ke‘rk, kə‘rk], sb., a church, O.N. kirkja. kirk is, however, most prob. to be regarded as a L.Sc. form; in place-names the word is generally found in forms as kjork- [(kjȯ‘rk) ᶄȯ‘rk], kjørk [ᶄø‘rk] and kork [kȯ‘rk], esp. the first mentioned. Examples: Kjorkabi [ᶄȯ‘r··kabi·] (U^wg., Wd.), name of a farm: *kirkju-bœr. de Kjorkidelds [ᶄȯ‘r··kɩdɛlds·] (Aith, Ai.) and de Kjorke- or Kjørkidelds [ᶄȯ‘r··kə-, ᶄø‘r··kɩidɛlds·] (Papa St.), pieces of land: *kirkju-deildir. Korki [kȯ‘rki]-field (Clumlie, Du.). Kjorkigert (Korkigert), Korkegert [ᶄȯ‘r··kɩge‘rt·: Hoswick, Du.; kȯ‘'r··kɩge‘rt: Wd.; kȯ‘r··kəgə‘rt·: W.], names of farms, and names of pieces of land: *kirkju-garðr. ?K(j)orkhul [ᶄȯ‘rkol: Fe^f. and Kwarf, M^s.; kȯ‘rkul: U^b.], name of a hill and of a farm: ?*kirkju-hóll. de Kjorkalis [ᶄȯ‘r··kalis·] (Fe^f.), slopes, hill-sides: *kirkju-hlíðir. ?Korkaseter [kȯ‘r··kaset·ər] (Ti.): ?*kirkju-setr. See Shetl. Stedn. pp. 85 and 179. Words compounded with “kirk” denote either that a church stood on the site, or that the site belonged to a church. With the Shetl. place-names compounded with “kirk”, cf. O.N. (O. Norw.) kyrkja, “kiorkja”, besides “kirkja”, Mod.Norw. kyrkja, kjørkja, and other forms, as well as Sw. kyrka.

kirkasukn, -sukni [ke‘r·kasuk·ən (-sok·ən), -suk·ni; kə‘r·ka-], kirksukni [ke‘rk·suk·ni, kə‘rk·suk·ni], sb., properly parish; congregation, but now only used metaph. in foll. senses: 1) great crowd of people, multitude. Yⁿ.: kirksukni, with parallel forms such as kirksukna [ke‘rk·suk·na] and kirksøkni [ke‘rk·søk·ni]. 2) the buried dead of a parish; the dead, buried in a church or churchyard (as distinguished from those who perished at sea). U.: kirkasukn and kirksukni. A.L. and Edm.: kirkasucken. 3) supernatural vision appearing as: a) a multitude of spirits, seen in a churchyard (esp. at night); b) a crowd of people, seen at night, esp. a crowd of people coming from a church; Yⁿ.: kirkasukni (kirksukni, -søkni). — Ork. kirk-sookan (Dennison) is used metaph. of a kind of pillory, strap for the neck in a pillory. — O.N. kirkju-sókn, f., parish; congregation. — See sukni, sb.

kirkfolk [ke‘rkfɔk, kə‘rk-], sb., church-goers, church-people, O.N. kirkjufólk, L.Sc. kirk-folk.

kirki [(ᶄɩ‘rki) ᶄe‘rki] sb., disagreeable, convulsive cough; he’s gotten a k., a k.-host. Wh. The word is also used adjectivally: a k. host (Wh.). — kirikin [ᶄɩr··ɩkɩn·, ᶄer··ɩkɩn·], sb., is doubtless the same word, a) cramp, stiffness in the neck, a k. i’ de neck; b) short illness of uncertain kind, some sort o’ k. Wh. — No. kjerkja, f., cramp in the neck, drawing the head backwards; stiffness, crick in the neck.

kirkmark [ke‘rkmark, kə‘rk-], sb., harelip. U.

kirkmarket [ke‘rk··ma‘rkət and kə‘rk··-], adj., harelipped. U.

kirks [kɩ‘rks], sb. pl., scissors; tabu-name, used by fishermen at sea. Levenwick, Du. Is doubtless to be classed with O.N. kyrkja, vb., to pinch (prop. to strangle).

kirl [(ᶄɩrəl) ᶄerəl], sb., sudden rolling over or falling on the back; to get a k. op. Wh. See the foll. word.

kirl [(ᶄɩrəl) ᶄerəl], vb., to roll over or fall suddenly on the back, to k. op or ower. Wh. An l-derivative. Cf. Sw. dial. kirra, vb., to swing round, roll over.

†kirn [(kɩrn) kern, kərn], sb., 1) a churn, — O.N. kirna, f. (kjarni, m.), and L.Sc. kirn, sb. 2) a) = kirn-milk, butter-milk; b) curd in contrast to whey. The preservation of “rn” is due to Eng. (L.Sc.) influence.

†kirn [(kɩrn) kern, kərn], vb., to churn, = (O.N.) *kirna, vb., and L.Sc. kirn, vb.

kirnatansi [kər·nâ··tansɩ·], sb., violent agitation and excitement; great, confused haste; in a perfect k. U^s. The first part of the compd. is possibly associated with Icel. kirna, vb., (to churn) wrangle, quarrel, Fær. kjarnast, vb. refl., to become greatly excited.

kirp, kirpet, kirpin (kjirp-, kjerp-) [ᶄə‘rp, ᶄə‘rpət, ᶄə‘rpɩn; kjə‘rp, -ət, -ɩn], adj., 1) compressed, contracted, short; k(j)irp-faced, k(j)irpet(-faced), kirret [ᶄɩr(r)ət]-faced, short-faced, contracted and angry-looking; also snub-nosed (and having a short, broad face). Du.: k(j)irp-faced and k(j)irpet(-faced). N.Roe: kirret-faced. kirr (kjirr)-faced [kjərr-, ᶄərr-] for kirp-faced, having a short face, snub-nosed (Conn.), shø has a wheer [‘queer’] k(j)irpet way wi’ her, she has a peculiarly sharp and hard expression, and contracted features. Du. 2) bent on something, eager and zealous in the execution of something; kirpin: Conn. 3) pinched; niggardly; miserly; kirp: Nm.; a k. measure; dey’re k. wi’ deir measure or weight. — The word is to be classed with No. kyrpa, vb., to draw together, to wrinkle. Cf. O.N. kyrpingr, m., a weakling. — kor(p)nibset, q.v., is found in the same sense as “kirp-faced”.

kirr [kərr], vb., to quieten; check; to scare away, esp. hens; to k. de hens (*huneks). O.N. kyrra, vb., to quieten; calm; No. kjørra (kyrra), vb., to quieten; to frighten, check.

kirr [kerr (kⁱerr), kərr], interj., hush! be quiet! esp.: a) repeated exclamation when trying to calm a child, or lull it to sleep. Sa. [kerr (k^ɩerr)]. Also korr [kȯrr]. kirra-baw [kerr·abā·], lullaby. Sa. b) exclamation to stop the noise made by cackling poultry (esp. hens and geese), or to scare them away; shoo! shoo! In this use of the word the pronunc. is commonly “kərr”. — The word may be referred, partly to O.N. kyrr, adj., quiet (see the preceding word), partly — in sense a — to Icel. korra, vb., to sing low to children (korríró, cradle-song, lullaby). L.Sc. baw, lullaby. See korr, sb. and interj.

kirrnirr [ker(r)·nerr·, kⁱer(r)·nerr·; ᶄer(r)·-], sb., a slight sound, murmur; reported in the phrase “he never wort’ said k.”, he did not utter a syllable. Wests. [ker(r)-, kⁱer(r)-: Sa. ᶄer(r)-: St.]. Also used as interj.: keep quiet! be silent! See korrnorr and kørrnørr, sb. and interj., as well as korr, sb. and interj.

kirser, sb., see kisek, kisert, sb.

kirvi, sb., see kervi, sb.

kirvi-bent [ᶄɩr··vibɛ‘nt·], adj. (perf. part.), appl. to a fishing-hook the point of which is bent to one side; a k.-b. hook. Conn. kirvi here possibly means twist, dislocation, and is then cognate with kirki, sb. Cf. No. kjerva (kyrva), f., of stiffness of the muscles, due to contortion.

kisek [kisək], kissek [kɩsək] and kisert, kissert [kɩsərt, kesərt, ᶄesərt], sb., a cat; partly as a pet name, partly and esp. as a tabu-name, used by fishermen at sea. N.I., esp. Y. and Fe. The forms ending in -ek are reported esp. from Yⁿ. — O.N. kisi, m., a cat. Icel. kisa, f., id. Sw. dial. kiss(e), m., and kiss(a), f., cat, used as a call; No. kiss, Da. kis (call for a cat).

kisi and kissek, sb., a small basket, see kessi, sb.

kiss [kiss, kɩss] and kissi [kɩssi], interj., a) call for a cat: puss! mostly, however, b) exclamation in scaring away a cat: kiss! be off! No. kyss!

kist [kɩst (kest), ᶄɩst, ᶄest], sb., a chest. comm. O.N. kista, f., L.Sc. kist.

kist [kist, kəst], interj., exclamation by which cats are scared away; be off! [kist]: Uⁿ., etc. More commonly: [kəst]. Also ksst [k^əsst]! No. kjest! kist! kyss! exclamation with which to threaten or scare away cats.

kitl¹, kitel [(kɩtəl) ᶄɩtəl], vb., to prick with a knife. Esh. Is doubtless to be classed with No. kytel, m., a wooden knife for scraping off bark (Aa.).

kitl², kittel [kɩtəl (kⁱɩtəl), ᶄɩtəl], vb., to tickle; irritate. comm. a kitlin host, a tickling in the throat (tickling cough). O.N. kitla, vb., to tickle, L.Sc. kittle, vb., id.

kitlin, sb., a kitten, see ketlin.

†kittel, adj., see the foll. word.

kittelsom [kɩt··əlsɔm· (kⁱɩtəl-, ᶄɩtəl-)], adj., ticklish; sensitive. With different suffix No. kitlug, Sw. kittlig, adj., ticklish. — kittel [kɩtəl (ᶄɩtəl)], adj., partly a) = kittelsom, partly b) difficult to steer or manage, (of a boat): apt to heel over or capsize, crank, is most prob. L.Sc. kittle, adj., used in the senses mentioned; but No. kitall, adj., is found in proper sense, ticklish.

kitti [kəti], sb., pet name and call for a hen: chick. k.-hen, chickabiddy. Syn. with Sw. dial. kytta, f., a girl? (Finnish “kotti”, a boy). “kittie” is found in L.Sc. partly in the sense of a loose woman, and partly as a designation for a cow.

kiv [ki̇̄v], vb., 1) to quarrel; to k. aboot onyting. Also: 2) to argue, insisting upon something in a provoking manner, to k. op in ane’s face. 3) to strive to out-do an opponent, to compete. U. O.N. kífa, vb., to quarrel.

kjav, vb., see kav, vb.

kjob [kjōb (kjō^əb)], sb., 1) compensation, reward; to get a k.; I’m awin’ [‘owing’] dee a k., I owe you a return. to gi’e ane a k. o’ de glegg (gligg), to give one a drubbing, see glegg, sb. 2) a good gift (jokingly or mockingly); I’m gotten [‘have got’] a k.; a round sum, something considerable, mostly ironically, to be wort’ a k. Also alms. 3) something given as an inducement or bribe; to gi’e ane a k. 4) a) stake in a wager; b) wager; prop. bargaining; to gi’e ane a k., to lay a wager with someone (N.I.). — O.N. kaup, n., compensation, payment; bargain (bargain and sale). — A form kop [kop], found in U. besides kjob, but in a somewhat different sense, good bargain, sale, is rather L.Sc. coup, sb., id. “der ’r guid [‘good’] kop for de kye [‘cows’] or horses de year [‘this year’].

kjob [kjōb (kjō^əb)], vb., 1) to compensate or reward someone for doing a service; dey kjobed [kjōbəd] me for gaun [‘going’]. Ai. 2) to induce someone to do a thing by promise of a reward; to bribe; to k. ane to dø [‘do’] a ting. 3) to make a stake. An imperative kjob! kjob! is used in the same sense as “lay somet’in’ i(n) my hand!” in a child’s game (Nmⁿ.). One of the children, blind-folded, stretches out his hand saying “kjob! kjob!” lay something in my hand (make a stake)! The one blind-folded has then to catch hold of the one who complies, and try to guess who it is. If he guesses rightly, the two change roles. 4) to make a wager. — O.N. kaupa, vb., to make a bargain, to buy; to compensate, pay.

kjod [kjōd, kjō^əd (kjȯ^əd)] and kjoder [kjōdər (kjō^ədər)], vb., a) to show fondness, to be ingratiating and caressing; to talk fondly and cheeringly: to caress; to come kjoderin (Nm^w.); to kjod [kjō^əd] aboot ane (Fe.). kjod [kjȯ^əd] and kjød [kjø̄^əd] (N.Roe, Nmⁿ.). b) kjoder: to cheer up, to enliven; to give something as an encouragement; to kjoder ane wi’ somet’in’ (Wests.; Nm.). — More rarely koder [kōdər] (Du. occas., esp. in sense a). — kjod (kjoder, koder) may be the same word as No. kada or koda (“køa”), vb., partly to cackle, chirp, quack, babble, partly to trifle, potter about. For the development of meaning in Shetl. cf. kjokl¹, vb. See kjos² and køli, vbs.

kjoder [kjōdər] and kjodos [kjōdȯs], sb., a) kjoder: ingratiating behaviour; fondness; caressing; effusive kindness; b) kjoder and kjodos: encouragement, enlivenment; something to refresh one, or brighten one up; to gi’e ane a k., to get a k. Nm. The form kjodos is reported from Esh., Nm^w. See the preceding word.

kjoder [kjōdər] and kjoderet [kjō··dərət·], adj., ingratiating; fondling; effusively kind; spoony; he looks very kjoder aboot her (Du.); dey’re ower [‘very’] kjoderet de day [‘to-day’] (Conn.). Also koder [kōdər]: Du. See kjod, vb.

kjodi (kjodi-oil), sb., see gøti and kødi, sbs.

kjofset [kjɔfsət] and kjufset [kjofsət], adj., thickly wrapped up about the neck, k. aboot de neck; a k. hen, a hen with thick plumage round the neck. Nmⁿ. (N.Roe). — Prob. a deriv. of O.N. kjaftr, kjaptr, m., the jaw (jaw-bone). Cf. kjokset, adj., from *kjaki, m., jaw, partly syn. with kjofset. For the derivative ending in kjofset, kjufset, cf. No. kjafsa, (*kjaftsa), vb., to chew with large movements of the jaws (R.).

kjoga, sb., see tjoga³, sb.

kjokl¹ [kjɔkel, kjåkəl, -^əl; kjɔχ^əl, kjåχ^əl], vb., to talk in a fond, ingratiating way; to fondle; caress; to k. aboot ane. Also to show fondness, esp. excessive fondness; to k. aboot anesell [‘oneself’], to flatter oneself. An obsolete infinitive ending in -a is reported by J.I.: *kjokla [kjåχla]. Fe. No. kokla, vb., a) to cackle (of birds, esp. hens); b) to pet; spoil. Cf. kjokr and kokr, vb.

kjokl², kjokel [kjåkəl, kjɔkəl, kjokəl], vb., to cough abruptly or slightly, a kjoklin host, a slight, jerky cough, a dry cough. Fe. [kjɔkəl, kjokəl]. Y^h. [kjåkəl, kjokəl]. Prob. *kjakla from *kikla. Cf. No. kikla, vb., to make short jerks and twists, to laugh in short jerks, “kikkle o læ” (Tel.), and see below kjoks, vb.

kjokr, kjoker, vb., see kokr, vb.

kjokrin, sb., see kokrin, sb.

kjoks [kjåks, kjɔks] and kjuks [kjoks], vb., 1) to clear the throat slightly when embarrassed, appl. to tickling cough; to k. and host. comm.: kjoks. to sit kjuksin at de fire (out of sorts, suffering from a cold or slight illness): Esh., Nm^w. 2) applied to a hen: to try to swallow, or to get something up that has stuck in the throat, esp. referring to the sound thus produced. Wests. [Sa.: kjåks, kjɔks; W.: kjoks]. — With kjoks 1 cf. No. kjakstra and kjaaksta (kjaakstra), vb., to cough slightly. “kjakstra” from “kjakka” from “kik(k)a”, vb., to jerk, twist, etc. See above kjokl², vb. Another word is possibly merged with kjoks 2; note No. kjoka and kjøkja, vb., to make efforts to swallow something, e.g. applied to a hen.

kjokset [kjåksət, kjɔksət], adj., 1) having flabby, fat cheeks; a k. body. Applied to a hen: having long, hanging, red wattles; a k. hen. Fo. [kjåksət]. 2) a) having thick, long wool down from the jaws, of a sheep; a k. sheep; b) having thick plumage round the neck, of a hen; a k. hen. Fairly common in sense 2 b. 3) sulky-looking; sulky; a k. body. Fo. Prop. having flabby cheeks. — *kjaksóttr, *kjǫksóttr. Deriv. of *kjaki, the jaw; No. kjake, m., and kjok, f., the jaw. For the derivative ending cf. No. kjaksa, vb., to chew wearily, from “kjake”.

kjolek [kjōlək, kjō^ələk] and kjoli [kjōli, kjō^əli], sb., thin, stirred mass. blandi k., thin gruel, meal and bland (whey mixed with water) stirred up; swatsi k., thin gruel, made from meal and swats (swats, pl., the thin part of sowens, sooens: a kind of oat-gruel). U. For *kjorek, *kjori by change of r to l. Cf. a) No. kjore, m., curdled milk, and “kjøra”, f., mixture (preparation of milk or whey); b) Shetl. gjola, and the form syn. with kjolek, viz.: kørek (kjørek) with the parallel forms kølek (kjølek), køli (kjøli).

kjolk [kjɔ‘lk (kjå‘lk)] and kjolka [kjɔ‘lka], sb., prop. the jaw, but now used only metaph. of talking organs in phrases as: a) he (shø) has a pair o’ kjolks, he (she) has a good pair of jaws, i.e. can jabber (U^w.); b) he (shø) has a lock [‘lot’] o’ kjolka, he (she) has a tongue in his (her) head (Wh.). — O.N. kjalki, m., the jaw, jaw-bone, Icel. and Fær. kjálki.

kjolkakast [kjɔ‘l··kakast·, kjɔ‘l··kə- (kjå‘lk-)], sb., facility in using one’s jaws; noted down in foll. phrases: to ha’e a guid [‘good’] k., a) to be a good trencherman, to have an excellent appetite (Uⁿ.: kjɔ‘lka-, kjɔ‘lkə-); b) to have a good tongue in one’s head (U^w.: kjɔ‘lka-). he wanted no [‘not’] a guid k., he had no lack of appetite (Uⁿ.). a guid kolkekast [kɔ‘ᶅ··kəkast·, kɔ̇‘ᶅ··kəkast·] (Fe.), good appetite. In the same sense hwolkekast [hwȯ‘l··kəkast·] (Br.) for *kwolkekast from *kolkekast. — kjolkakast (U^w.) also: a long gossip; to ha’e a k. — *kjalka-kast. See kjolk(a), sb., and kast, sb.

kjolki, sb., see kolki, sb.

kjolpinsten, sb., see kilpersten, kilpinsten.

kjomset, adj., see kjumset, adj.

kjonki, sb., see konk(i) and kunki, sb.

*kjorek, *kjori, sb., see kjolek, kjoli, sb.

*kjork [kjȯ‘rk], sb., church, see kirk, sb.

*kjorn [kjȯrn], sb. pl., de k., the cows (U^s.), see *kørn, sb. pl.

kjos [kjȯs, kjɔs (kjos)], sb., thrown-up heap, esp.: a) heap of dried mould (used as litter for the cows in the byre), a muldi [mȯldi]-k. Y. [kjȯs]; b) heap of stones thrown together, under which small fish (esp. small coalfish, sileks) are kept until almost putrid; also applied to such a heap of small fish (small coalfish) in a pit made for the purpose, and under a heap of stones; a k. o’ sileks. Y^{e, m, n}. and Fe. [kjȯs]. U. [kjɔs, kjos]. — O.N. kǫs, f., a heap, pile, thrown together, e.g. of stones. — See kus, which is the more frequent form in Shetl., as well as køs, sb.

kjos¹ [kjȯs, kjɔs (kjos)], vb., to heap up, to k. togedder; esp. to keep small fish (small coalfish) under a heap of stones, kjos; to k. sileks. Y^{e, m, n}.: kjos [kjȯs] and kosj [kȯᶊ], to k. togedder.. U. [kjɔs, kjos]. See the preceding word. O.N. kasa, vb., to bury in kǫs (heap of stones); No. and Sw. dial. kasa, vb., to heap up, to put or gather into a heap. See kus and køs, vbs.

kjos² [kjōs, kjɔs], vb., to caress, fondle, to k. aboot ane. Fe. No. “kaas(s)a” and “kausa”, vb., id. (cf. Germ. kosen).

*kjosen [kjōsən], sb., kiss (kiss on the mouth). Fo. Irregular lengthening of o. Properly def. form, *kossinn, from O.N. koss, m., a kiss. See kuss, sb.

kju [kjū], sb., 1) a kind of disease, dropsy, in sheep, making them lean and feeble, and the skin shrunken and hard. Fo. 2) offensive, bad taste, of something beginning to decay. Sa. — In sense 1, doubtless the same word as Icel. kúgr, m., used of thin, poor marrow (B.H.). See the foll. word.

kjud [kjūd, kjū^əd], adj., properly perf. part., 1) applied to dropsied sheep: lean; feeble; having dry, shrunken skin; de sheep is k. Fo. [kjūd]. 2) beginning to get a sour taste, no longer fresh, e.g. of flesh and fish; de fish or flesh is k. Sa. [kjū^əd]. — In sense 1 kjud assimilates to Icel. kúgaðr, adj. (perf. part.), emaciated, prop. subdued (B.H.), which poss. is the same word (O.N. kúga, vb., to subdue; compel).

kjufset, adj., see kjofset, adj.

kjuks, vb., see kjoks, vb.

kjulsin, adj., see kølsin, adj.

kjumplet [kjo‘mplət], adj., applied to a person: stout and unshapely (clumsy), with implied notion of untidiness. Nmⁿ. (N.Roe). The word is doubtless a deriv. of No. kump, m., a lump, bun. Cf. No. kumlen, adj., a) like a bun; b) stout, stiff and clumsy, kumla, f., and kumle, m., a) a lump; b) an unshapely person.

kjumset [kjo‘msət], adj., having a broad and fat face, k. and k.-faced. Wests. (Sa., Ai.). Applied to a face: broad, fat, ugly; a k. face, a ill k., or ill-k. face. U. — Prop. kjomset, “having large cheek-bones or jaw-bones”, derived from *kjamm-; Icel. kjammi, m., cheek-bone (B.H.). For the s-derivative (kjoms-) kjums- cf. Icel. kjamsa, vb., to move the jaw-bones (B.H.), and No. kjamsa, vb., to chew slowly. With kjumset for *kjomset cf. kjufset, adj., = kjofset, and kjuks, vb., = kjoks. With regard to kjumset it is, however, also possible to conceive an older *kumset, either from an original *kums-, syn. with *kump- and *kuml- (see under kjumplet, adj.), or by metathesis of *kusm- (No. kusma, f., swelling in the face).

kjurl, vb., see kurl, kurel, vb.

kjød¹ [kjø̄^əd], vb., to fondle, caress, to k. aboot onybody, to k. aboot de grice. Nmⁿ. (N.Roe). See further kjod, vb.

kjød² [kjød] and kjødi [kjødi], vb., see kødi (køti) and gøt, vb.

kjölg, kjölk, kjölger, see gjolg, sb.

kjøli, vb., see køli, vb.

kjørek, sb., see kørek, sb.

kjørk, vb., see kørk, vb.

kjørnek [kjø̄^ərnək], sb., haddock, which is filled with fish-livers and grilled, after having the entrails removed; liver-k. De^w. (M.Roe). Nm.? kjørn- poss. for *kjødn- from *kjøðn-. Cf. No. kjøda, f., trout, and Shetl. kød (køð), sb., half-grown coalfish, a large, young coalfish, mostly in the expr. “liver-kød”, a coalfish, filled with fish-livers and grilled. For a change ð > r in Shetl. Norn see brori, rori, sbs.

klabunk [klā·bo‘ŋk·] and klabunks [klā·bo‘ŋks·], vb., to heap thick clothes on oneself. a) klabunk is reported as vb. a.: to k. anesell [‘oneself], “I klabunked [-bo‘ŋkəd] me” (Uⁿ.); b) klabunks, on the other hand, as vb. n.: “I klabunksed [-bo‘ŋksəd] or klabunkst [-bo‘ŋkst].” U. — klabunk(s) for *klebunk(s) from *klæð-bunka, *klæð-bunksa, to heap clothes on oneself. See bunks, sb. and vb. The form kla- for kle- is prob. old and has arisen through influence of A.S. cláð or M.Eng. clath = cloth. A form kled is found in the compd. *klednabun, sb.

klabunksi [klā·bo‘ŋk·si], sb., a heavily-clad person (Uⁿ.), partly also a short, stout person, = bunksi. U. See the preceding word.

klag [klāg], sb., 1) a crying, cackling, appl. to sea-fowl, and esp. to hens. 2) jabber; twaddle. With short a [klăg] in the compd. ramaklag; q.v. O.N. klak, n., sound; screeching of birds.

klag [klāg], vb., 1) applied to sea-fowl and esp. to hens: to cry, cackle; a klagin hen. 2) to jabber; twaddle; to k. aboot onyting [‘something’]; to stand klagin. O.N. klaka, vb., to voice; cry; cackle; twitter; cluck (esp. appl. to birds); also appl. to people: to jabber.

klag(g), sb. and vb., see kleg(g), sb. and vb.

klakk [klak], sb., 1) fragment of rock, very large stone. N. In place-names also denoting a mountain, hill or a headland, e.g.: de Klakk o’ de Hwæis (N.), a mountain; a high hill; for “hwæi” see kwi, sb. de Klakk o’ Nunsverd [*nóns-varða or varði] (Wh.), a hill, de Klakk (Little Ham, Fo.), projecting point of land. 2) bank or elevation in the sea-bottom, fishing-ground, esp. near the land, opp. to haf; fairly common; see klakkskor, sb. 3) one of the two projecting wooden handles, crossing each other, in a pack-saddle; de klakks o’ de klibber (q.v.). Wests. In this sense other names are used in other places, as: knibi, nibi, nivi (N.I.), nugg, noggin, “horn” (Easts.). On the handles mentioned the load is hung in two halves, one on each side of the pack-horse. — O.N. klakkr, m., a lump. Icel. and Fær. klakkur, m., a) a rising or prominent rock, knoll; b) wooden handle in a pack-saddle; in Fær. also bank in the sea, fishing-ground. No. klakk, m., a) a lump; b) a rock; c) bank in the sea, fishing-ground. Sw. dial. klakk, m., a) a lump; b) a rock; knoll; mountain-top.

klakkskor [klakskȯr] and klakkaskor [kla‘k··askȯr], sb., fishing-ground. The form klakkaskor is reported from Fe. The word is a compd. of klakk and skor, both words being found uncompounded in the sense given here.

klaks [klaks], vb., to strike; smack; “to k. doon”, like the more frequent “to clash, clatch doon”. Nm. Either a deriv. of *klakka (No. and Sw. dial. klakka, vb., to beat, Icel. klaka, vb., to smack), or a metathesis of klask, vb.; q.v.

klamm, clam [klam], sb., a wooden vice. The use of the sing. form is Norse; cf. No. klaamb (klomber) and klaamm, f., Sw. dial. klam(m), m., Da. klemme, c., id. Eng. and L.Sc. “clams” is used in the plural.

klamp [kla‘mp], sb., a wooden clamp or patch for binding or fastening things together, e.g. on a boat to cover a crack, = No. and Sw. dial. klamp, Icel. klampi, m. In Shetl. also a patch to be sewn on something.

klamp [kla‘mp], klamper [kla‘mpər], vb., to make a noise with the shoes in walking, esp. in clogs, = No. and Sw. dial. klampa. Also L.Sc.: clamp, clamper, vb. Cf. klimper, klump and klumper, vbs.

*klamper, sb., see klimper, sb.

klapp [klap], sb., a tap, a gentle blow, = O.N. klapp, and partly Eng. clap, sb., in Shetl. commonly applied to a lighter blow than Eng. clap, and more like Da. klap, a tap. klapp is especially Shetlandic in the sense of slight surf (light waves breaking against the shore), a søl o’ a k. upo de sand (Fe.); see søl¹, sb.

klapp [klap], vb., to tap, to strike (gently), = O.N. klappa. The word has a wider application than Eng. clap. Besides it is found in some special exprs. and phrases, as in: he klapped [klapəd] him [‘himself’] doon i’ de muckle chair, he flopped down (placed himself) in the armchair (prop. the great chair): N.Roe. I never klapped my een [‘eyes’] upon it, I never saw or observed it. Also L.Sc. clap.

klask [klask], sb., a stroke, a (dull) blow, esp. with something soft or damp; he t’rew it wi’ a k. against de wa’ [‘wall’]. uncommon (Fe.?). Da. klask, n., a smack. See the foll. word.

klask [klask], vb., to strike, to give a dull blow, esp. with some damp or soft object. Da. klaske, and No. kleska, vb., id.

†klass [klaᶊ], sb., slush; mire, = No. klessa, klesja, f., from “klass-”, and L.Sc. clash, sb. Now more commonly: clatch.

klass [klaᶊ], vb., to splash, plash; to go splashing, to geng klassin doon de road, = clatchin’. The word assimilates to No. klassa and (esp.) klessa, vb., to splash, plash, soil, but has certainly been influenced in later times by L.Sc. and Eng. clash, vb.

kläim [kläim], vb., to paste; smear, e.g. butter on bread. Du. Cf. a) No. kleima, vb., Sw. dial. klema, kläima, vb., to paste; smear; stick, and b) Shetl. kläin, vb.

kläimiwik, sb., see kläiniwik and klemmiwik.

kläin [kläin], vb., 1) to paste; smear, e.g. butter on bread; to k. butter on bread, comm. 2) in spinning wool: to guide some wool along the taut strand, letting the two intertwine, so that the strand appears to be double, to k. de worsed [‘worsted’]. U. de t’read is kläind, the one strand of wool is twisted around the other (not exactly twined together). — From *klin [*kli̇̄n] by anglicising of long i to äi. — O.N. klína, vb., to smear.

kläinin [kläinin, klainɩn], sb., a piece of bread and butter, esp. thickly buttered. comm. O.N. klíningr, m., (piece of) buttered bread.

kläiniwik [kläi··niwɩk·], sb., a small tallow-candle, made by dipping a wick repeatedly into melted tallow. Also kläimiwik [kläi··miwɩk·]. From kläin (and kläim), vb. In the second part of compd. (O.N.) *veikr, Fær. veikur, No. veik, m., a wick, have been merged with Eng. wick. See klemmiwik, sb.

kläip [kläip, kläi‘p], sb., properly something squeezed in, used in foll. meanings: 1) fissure in a rock; now mostly used as a place-name: de Kläips (Sa.). 1) a miserable, emaciated creature, esp. an animal, a puir [‘poor’] k. (Nm.). 3) a stingy, miserly person. N.I. — From *klip [*kli̇̄p] by anglicising of long i to äi. — *klýp-. No. klypa, f., a) narrow space; b) fissure in a rock (bergklypa); c) a miser, and “klype”, n., a narrow ravine. See klip, sb.

kläip [kläip, kläi‘p], vb., to pinch, to be stingy, = No. klypa, vb. O.N. klýpa, vb., to pinch; squeeze. See the preceding word. klipi, vb. (q.v.), which is found in a different sense, is prop. the same word as klāip, vb.

kläipet [kläipət, kläi‘pət], adj., 1) pinched; lean (N.). 2) stingy; miserly; see klipet, adj.

kläit [kläi‘t], interj., properly sb., smack! he fell k. upon his back or face, he fell heavily on his back or face. N.Roe. L.Sc. clyte, adv., with a heavy fall; heavily. No. klett, m., a crack, cracking blow or fall. Cf. kloit, sb., and compare klons and kloss, sb. and interj.

kleberg or kleber [klēbər, klebər], sb., a kind of soft stone: steatite, soap-stone. Nm. and several places. Du^m.: klever [klēvər]. Also kleber(g)sten [klē··bərsten·, kleb··ərsten·]. a) klever [klēvər], kliversten [klɩ̄··vərsten·], and b) kløbersten [klø̄··bərsten·] are reported from Fe. and Ai. respectively, in sense of a stone tied before the horns of a bull apt to charge = klø, sb. — That the second part of the compd. kleber(g) is most prob. an original “berg” (stone, rock) is apparent from a couple of place-names: Kleberg [klēbærg]: Feⁿ.; Klebergswick (U.), now pronounced: [kleb··ərswɩk·], but in a deed dated the 4th of March, 1360, (issued in Sandwick, Unst) it is called “i Klebergi”. Cf. also No. klybberg, n., steatite (R.). Possibly, however, a kleber, different from kleberg, has merged with the latter; cf. Da. klæber, No. klæbbr and klabberstein (see R. under “klybberg”), which is to be classed with “klæbe”, and (No.) klabba, vb., (to adhere), as well as L.Sc. and Eng. dial. (Cumb.) clabber, sb., soft, sticky mud. With kle in kleberg cf. e.g. No. kli, n., fine (soapy) mass; fine, tough clay, etc., Da. klæg, c. and n., adhesive kind of earth, (alluvial) clay, A.S. clæg, sb., clay, Germ. klei, m., alluvial clay; mire; marshy soil. Shetl. kle- is prob. synonymous with O.N. *kléi, (later) klé, m., one of the stones fastened to the ends of the warp hanging from a loom, since originally this word seems to have had the meaning steatite; cf. Icel. “kljágrjót”, applied to steatite, soap-stone, and see further under Shetl. klibi¹ (klibisten), klibbi¹, sb., as well as klebi, vb. — Other Shetl. names for steatite are klem(m)el and (in Conn.) berdel (*berg-talg); q.v.

klebi [klebi, klēbi], vb., to tie a stone on something in order to weight it down, e.g. on a fishing-line, esp. to put an additional stone on a line; to k. de line. Also metaph.: to k. a body (person), to burden one with a difficult task. Y^h. — The word is prob. associated, partly with O.N. *kléa, (later) kljá, vb., to fasten stones (kléi, klé, m.), e.g. on the ends of the warp hanging from a loom, partly with Shetl. klibi (klibisten), klibbi, a) a stone, sinker of a fishing hand-line; b) a red-hot stone dropped into the milk, during churning, in order to separate the curd from the whey, probably steatite. klebi may be an older *klebbi, which, as a substantive, originally denoted steatite, and etym. is to be classed with Sw. dial. klebbig, adj., adhesive, No. klabba, vb., to adhere. See further klib(b)i, klø, sbs.

kled [kled], vb., to dress, to put on a garment or clothes; to k. de bairn (the child); to k. anesell [‘oneself’]; to k. de skøvek, to put something on one’s feet (Ai.). O.N. klæða, vb., to dress oneself, put on clothes; L.Sc. cleed, vb., perf. part., cled.

*klednabun [klɛd··nabūn· (klæd··na-)], sb., a garment. Conn. O.N. klæðnabúnaðr = klæðabúnaðr, m., clothes, apparel.

kleg, klegg [klɛg, klæg], sb., loamy, adhesive mass; mire. To this the adjectives: kleg(g)et and kleg(g)i. Cf. Da. klæg, sb., loam, adj., loamy, and No. klæk, adj., loamy, adhesive. — Now commonly: clag, sb., and claggy, adj., from L.Sc.

kleg, klegg [klɛg, klæg], vb., to adhere, of a sticky mass. Now comm.: clag, from L.Sc.

klek or klekk [klɛk, klæk], vb., to flock, crowd together, to k. togedder; de folk is a’ [‘all’] klek(k)in to de kirk de day [‘to-day’]. Sa. klek(k) poss. for *krek(k) from an older *krik(k), vb., to swarm. Cf. No. krykkja (krykja), Fær. kryka [kri̇̄ka], vb., to swarm. Alternation of r and l is common in Shetl. Norn.

kleks [klæks], sb., sticky or adhesive mass, esp. very fine meal which settles on the edges of the millstones. Du. No. kleksa, f., = klessa, f., soft lump, soft mass. Cf. klemmin, klesgord, klisgord and don¹, sbs.

kleksi, sb., see kliksi, sb.

klem [klem (klɛm)], klemm [(klɛm) klæm], vb., to adhere, applied to a damp, soft and sticky mass. U.: [klem]; Fe. (and Y.) [(klɛm) klæm]. de snaw [‘snow’] klems (is klemd) to de feet, upo de face; de claes [‘clothes’] is klem(m)d to de skin; “my tongue is klemin [klemɩn] to my mooth wi’ trist [‘thirst’]” (U.). — No. kleima, Sw. dial. klema, vb., to paste; No. “kleima” also to adhere, e.g. of meal, sticking to a quern.

klemel [kleməl, klēməl (-el)], klemmel [(klɛməl) klæməl] and klemer [klemər], sb., steatite, soap-stone, = kleberg. The forms klemel, klemmel, are more frequent; mostly with short vowel-sound. U. and Conn.: kleməl and klēməl, -el. Y., Fe. and Du.: klæməl (klɛməl); k.-sten (Du.), klemer is noted down in Yell and in Conn. besides klem(m)el. Ork. clemel, clemmel. — klemel prob. from older klemer, originally *kleimr, n. Cf. a) No. kleimra, vb., to adhere (from “kleima”) and kleimer, n., mucus; b) No. klim, m., mire (klima = kleima, vb., to adhere). See klem(m), vb.

klemi [klemi (klɛmi)], klemmi [(klɛmi) klæmi] adj., adhesive; loamy; a k. substance. No. kleimen, kleimutt, adj., adhesive. See klem, vb.

klemmin [(klɛmɩn) klæmɩn], sb., fine, adhesive meal or meal-dust which, in grinding corn, settles on the edges of the millstones. Du. No. kleima, f., and kleim, m., paste; exceedingly fine meal, also meal which sticks to the quern. See klem(m), vb., and compare kleks, klesgord, klisgord, don¹, sbs.

klemmiwik [(klɛm··iwɩk·) klæm··iwɩk·], sb., a wick (rag), dipped repeatedly into melted tallow or fat, serving as a tallow-candle; also a small tallow-candle, made in the same way. Wests. From klem(m), vb. See kläiniwik, sb.

klepp [klɛp (klep, klæp; kləp)], sb., 1) a gaff: wooden stick with a large iron hook at the end of it, used byfishermen in spiking a large fish when drawn above the surface of the water. Now esp. used as a tabu-name at sea. The name commonly used is hoggistaf, huggistaf. 2) a crooked piece of iron, fixed to a wooden handle, used for tearing up tormentil by the root. Wests. (Sa.: klɛp, klep). Uⁿ. See barkklepp and berkiklepp. 3*) crag; hill; now only used as a place-name, e.g. de Klepp [klæp], projecting part of the promontory Fitful Head, Du. de Nort’ and Sooth Klepp [klæp], two hills in Fladabister, Conn. de Klepps [klæps] o’ Kollaster (Sa.), hills. — O.N. kleppr, m., a lump; block; knot (the root is handed down in sense of crag, rock, in the compds. “klepparnes, kleppu(r)nes”). No. klepp, m., a) a lump; b) crag; elevated point of land; c) a staff, supplied with an iron hook, by which large fish are hauled into the boat; in sense c to the North of the Dovrefjeld. Sw. kläpp, m., elevated height. The form of pronunc. “kləp” in Shetl. points most prob. to L.Sc. clip, sb., = klepp 1.

klesgord [klēsgōrd, klēskōrd; klæskər], sb., 1) the edges of the two rotating millstones where the adhesive meal-dust settles during the grinding of the corn; de k. o’ de mill. Nmⁿ. [klēsgōrd, klēskōrd]. 2) adhesive meal or meal-dust which, in grinding corn, settles on the edges of the millstones. Nmⁿ. [klēsgōrd, klēskōrd]; Ai. [klæskər]. *kleis-garðr (and *kless-garðr), m., “(surrounding) adhesive edge”. No. kleisa and klessa, vb. n., to adhere, stick, Sw. dial. klessa, vb. For the second part of the compd. see *gord, sb. Cf. klis(s)gord, sb.

klester [klɛstər, klæstər], sb., something pasted or smeared on; see the foll. word.

klester [klɛstər, klæstər], vb., to paste on; to smear on, esp. in an untidy or careless manner, e.g. paint or tar on a boat, whitewash on a stone-wall. Deriv. of *kleisa or *klessa, vb., to adhere, stick (see the preceding word). The word is most prob. a *kleistra; No. kleistra, vb., to squeeze the juice out of something, = klistra, vb., which also is used in sense of to deposit fluid, applied to sticky objects. Cf. klister, vb. In meaning and use of the word, Shetl. klester, klister, is more closely allied to Da. klistre, to paste, than to No. kleistra, klistra.

klett¹ [klɛt, klæt], sb., 1) detached rock, esp. on the sea-shore; kletts, pl., sea-rocks; low-lying rocks on the coast; to dry fish on de “kletts”. In place-names, in which the word has a wider application (cliff, rock), it is sometimes found with more or less perfectly preserved, old terminations, e.g.: Klettin rø [klɛtən or klæten rø̄] (Hillswick, Nm^w.), prop. name of a red rock, “*klettrinn rauði”, but now only preserved as the name of a farm: *undir klettinum rauða. Kletterne [klæt··ərnɛ·] (W. Sw., Y.), def. form in the pl.: *klettarnir. de Kletters [klætərs] (Noss near Bressay): *klettar, O.N. pl. form with added Eng. pl. -s. “de Klettins”, fishing-bank near M.Roe (De^w.): “*klettar-nir” with added Eng. pl. -s. Elsewhere commonly: “Klett” and (in pl.) “Kletts”. A form “Kletta [klɛta]” (Ai.), name of a rocky hill, corresponds to No. klitta, f., = klett, m. 2) a large stone, intended for a certain purpose, esp.: a) (large) ballast-stone (Nm.); b) sinker of a fishing-line, mostly used as a tabu-name (Du.); see kappi, sb.; c) a whetstone (Du.), = glanklett, glan(i). 3) a pike; pointed fin, esp. of a shark (or whale) and of a ray; de k. o’ de ho, de kletts o’ de skate (Nmⁿ.). — O.N. klettr, m., (detached) rock; cliff; crag, prop. and originally in a more extended meaning clod. In Ork. and Caithness dial. esp. of a detached rock in the sea.

klett² [klætt], sb., a tough lump; small, sticky mass, in pl., kletts, esp. appl. to too damp and badly ground meal, which settles in lumps on the edges of or between the millstones; also appl. to tar, badly smeared (in lumps), “de corn comes ut in kletts”, in grinding of imperfectly dried corn. N.I. (U., Fe.). Cf. Sw. dial. kladd, m., (damp) lump; a piece of dough; a moist lump of clay, No. kladd, m., a lump. In form, however, the word assimilates more closely to Da. klat, c., No. klatt, m., a lump; mass.

klett [klæt], vb., appl. to a quern or mill in grinding of damp corn: to crush the corn insufficiently, pressing it into tough, sticky lumps; de mill kletts de corn. U.; Fe. Also as vb. n.: to form tough lumps, appl. to corn, not properly ground, and to damp meal; also of tar, badly smeared, de corn or meal kletts (U.). de corn is klettet (forming lumps) in under or aboot de mill; de meal is klettet at de sides o’ de basin (U.). de tar is klettet, the tar is badly and unevenly smeared (U.). Syn. with Da. klatte, vb.? (to daub, etc.). Cf. also No. kledda, vb., = kladda, to adhere, and Sw. dial. kleta, vb., to spread, smear on.

klett [klɛt, klæt]-fish, sb., a species of whale with spinous fins like the shark (de ho), squalus acanthias. Nmⁿ. (Ske.). See klett¹, sb. 3.

klev [klēv], sb., 1) a brink or steep slope over which a path leads; now almost obsolete in the spoken language, but often used as a place-name, the meaning of which is still partly understood, e.g. de K. o’ Mangister, o’ Olnesfirt’ (Nm^w.). On Wests. is found a form klevi [klēvi] in sense of a steep path; thus in Ai. (Onnefirt’). In Fo. klev and klevi as (common noun and) place-name (de K.) de Klevi o’ Tresta (Fe.). 2) barren ground, a spot where the soil has been taken off the surface, leaving only the gravel or the rocky ground. Y^h. — O.N. kleif, f., steep, rocky slope; steep ascent; Icel. kleif, No. and Fær. kleiv, Sw. dial. klev, f., partly a rocky slope, partly steep ascent; steep, rocky path.

klever, sb., see kleberg, sb.

klevi [klēvi (klē^əvi)], sb., a hollow in the ground caused by trampling; a place trampled up by animals; a sheep-k., sheeps’ k.; tramped like a sheeps’ k. (Fe.). N.I. Prob. for *kløvi by change of ø to e (cf. e.g. er³, sb., from ør), poss. by influence of klev (klevi), steep slope or track. In that case, prop. a place trampled up by cloven-footed animals; cf. Fær. kleyva (orig. *klaufa), vb., to trample, prop. appl. to cloven-footed animals: to trample up the ground, from O.N. klauf, f., a cloven hoof.

klewel [klēwəl], sb., a strap, band, plaited from horse-hair (or straw), which goes (went) under the neck of a plough-ox, and is (was) tied on each side with the so-called besels (pieces of wood, fixed to the yoke) in ploughing with the old, now obsolete, Shetl. wooden plough. Nm^s., Conn. Deriv. of O.N. klafi (No. klave, Sw. klafve), m., collar for an animal, “collar put round a cow’s neck to tie it up in the stall” (Fr.).

klibasten, sb., see klibbi¹, klibi¹, sb.

klibbatengs, klib(b)itengs, sb. pl., see klipitengs.

klibber [klɩbər], sb., a pack-saddle: two flat pieces of wood (one on each side of the horse) with projecting handles, crossing each other over the horse’s back, on which the carrying-baskets (de kessis) are hung. comm. Also in Ork. and in Caithness. O.N. klyfberi (No. klyvbar, “klybbar”, klyvbere, Fær. “klibbari”), m., a pack-saddle.

klibbi¹ [klɩbi] and klibi¹ [klibi, kli̇̄bi, klɩ̄bi], sb., a roundish stone (prop. steatite), used in foll. senses: a) a stone, made red-hot in the fire, plunged into the milk, in churning butter, in order to separate the curd from the whey; this procedure is (was) used when the water, poured on, is (was) not hot enough or insufficient in quantity. klibbi and klibi [klibi], klibisten: Fe. klibi (klibisten) [klibi-]: Y. occas. klibi and klibasten [klɩ̄··basten·]: U. Also klipi [klipi], klipisten: U. (and Fe. occas.), as well as klivi [klivi]. b) sinker of a fishing hand-line; klibi [klibi]: Fo. Also klivi [kli̇̄vi, klivi]: Fo. — From Fo. is also reported klivi or klivvi [(klivi) klɩvi] in sense of a stone, easy to handle or throw. — The root-meaning of the word is probably steatite. Cf. Sw. klibba, vb., to adhere, stick, and (dial.) klebbig, adj., sticky; tough; adhesive, and see further under kleberg, klø, sbs., as well as klebi, vb.

klibi (klibbi)², sb., see klipitengs, sb. pl.

klifastikk [kli̇̄··fastɩk·], sb., quarrel; de(r) wer a k. atween dem. U^{n., burr}. With the first part of the compd. klifa- cf. O.N. klifa, vb., to harp upon the same subject. With stikk cf. No. styk (stuk, stok), n., noise; din (Sw. ståk, n.).

klifen, kliffen, sb., see klovi, sb.

†klikk [klɩk, klək], vb., the word may still be heard used in an older sense, to give a light fillip, = Fær. klikkja (No. klekkja, vb., inter alia to strike), but is now chiefly used like L.Scottish “cleik, cle(e)k”, vb., in sense of to pull (hastily), to snatch.

kliksi [(kleksi) kləksi], sb., magic name and tabu-name (sea-term) for eagle. Uⁿ. Commonly used in former times in the following magic formula, reported from Uⁿ., recited to get an eagle to let go its prey:

Kliksi, kliksi! fire i’ dy tail!
water i’ dy nest!
tar-barrel abune dee!

[abune = above]. — The word must be derived from *klikka, vb., to make a cracking sound, to cry; No. klikka, vb., to smack, to smack with the tongue, applied to the eagle: to cry (O.N. “klaka”, vb., to cry, used inter alia of the eagle).

klimper [klɩ‘mpər (kle‘m-), klə‘mpər], sb., rough or pointed rock; bare, uneven, rocky ground; de bare k. (Fe.). klimpers, pl., sharp stones or fragments of rock in the subsoil (Ai.). [klɩ‘mpər]: Fe. [klə‘mpər]: Ai. *klimpr. No. klimp, m., barren crag (R.), = klepp, m. Da. klimp, c., on the other hand, clod of earth. — A form *klamper [kla‘mpər], syn. with klimper, is sometimes found as a place-name; thus: de Klampers, pl., as a name of a rocky ridge, now esp. name of a farm, in Seter, Walls. With this cf. No. klamp, m., log, piece of wood, and the cognate Icel. klömbrur, f. pl. (from klambr-), “a stony place, difficult to pass” (B.H.). — See klump and klumper, sbs.

klimper [klɩ‘mpər (kle‘m-), klə‘mpər], vb., to walk noisily with heavy footing, esp. in a pair of clogs; to geng klimperin aboot in a pair o’ clogs (Ai.), = klamp, klamper, vb. Cf. Da. klimpre, vb., to strum.

klingr, klinger [klɩŋər], vb., to turn round; only reported in the imperative: “k. dee!” “turn round!” exclamation belonging to fishermen’s tabu-language at sea, and addressed to a halibut or other large fish, when hooked, and threatening to run out the whole length of line and break it. Uⁿ. Cf. *haltagonga. — kling(e)r for *kringl by metathesis of r and l. Sw. dial. “kringla” and by metathesis “klingra, klingär”, vb., to wind about, to turn or roll around. O.N. kringla, f., a circle; ring; disk, in Fær. and some No. and Sw. dials. by metathesis: klingra.

klink [klɩ‘ŋk, kle‘ŋk], vb., to clinch, rivet, = No. klinka, Da. klinke, L.Sc. clink, vb. Also fig. to clinch.

klink-seam [klɩ‘ŋksɩm, klɩ‘ŋksɩm; kle‘ŋk-], sb., clinch-nail.

klip [klip], sb., ear-mark in sheep: incision in the top of a sheep’s ear, partly also in the side of the ear. Du. *klýp (*klíp)-. No. klype, n., a cleft, klypa and klipa, f., narrow space, etc. (O.N. klýpa, vb., to squeeze; pinch). The pronunc. [klip — not: klɩp] makes a derivation from *klýp (*klíp)- more probable than a derivation from *klipp- (klippa, vb., to clip). See klipi, vb., and kläip, sb.

klipet [klipət; klɩpət, kləpət], adj., 1) pinched (lean). Now mostly: 2) pinched; stingy; miserly. *klýpóttr or *klýpinn. No. klypen, adj., a) narrow; pinched; b) stingy; miserly. See kläipet, adj.

klipi, klipisten, sb., see klibbi¹, klibi¹, sb.

klipi [klipi], vb., to jam, now esp. “to k. a dog”, to jam a dog’s tail in a crack in a piece of wood, thus imprisoning the dog or hampering it in its movements. Conn. O.N. klýpa, vb., to squeeze; pinch. Cf. kläip, vb., which is found in a different sense.

klipitengs, -taings [klip··itɛŋs·, -tæŋs·], sb. pl., a pair of tongs, a piece of bent iron or wood (piece of a hoop) used as tongs. Fe.? (reported by J.I.). More common in the forms: klibi [kli̇̄bi, klibi]-taings, klibbi [klɩbi]-taings, klibba [klɩba]-taings (the last form reported from U.). Edm. gives “klibba-taings” with the definition “tongs made of two bits of wood”. kløbi [kløbi]-taings, “klobi [klȯbi]-taings” and klobi: Conn. klibbi [klɩbi] (Br.), with the second part of the compd. dropped, is found as a tabu-name, sea-term, for tongs. klippers [klɩpərs] (Glup, Yⁿ.), sb. pl., sea-term for tongs, is doubtless originally the same word with association to klipp, vb., to clip. — Icel. klýpitöng, klípitöng, Fær. klípitong, klíputong, f., pincers. The second part of the Shetl. word is L.Sc. taings, = Eng. tongs, pl. — See klovi, sb.

klipp [klɩp (klep), kləp], vb., to clip, O.N. klippa, vb., to clip. to k. de bait, to cut the bait into small, square pieces (U.: kləp).

klippers, sb. pl., see under klipitengs.

klippstolin [klɩp·stō^ə·lɩn], klippstollin [klɩp·stȯᶅ·ən] and klippstolnin [klɩp·stål·nin], sb., not fully developed (hermaphroditical) he-lamb, non-prolific ram; a lamb, neither male nor female. Ai. The form klippstolin, with long o in the second part of the compd., is best testified (Anthony Doull, W.Burr., Ai.),and stolin then, in this connection, might be O.N. stauli, m., a boy, toddler (svein-stauli); the same stem as in Fær. stoyla (*støyla), f., bridesmaid, and O.N. (Icel.) staulpa, f., a girl, lass. The first part klipp- indicates a restricting or disparaging term, and might be looked upon as being Da. dial. klep, klæp, Sw. dial. kläpp, m., a child (partly disparagingly), a toddler, No. klebb, m., a little boy, toddler. As r and 1 frequently alternate in Shetl. Norn, klipp-, however, might also be supposed to represent *kripp- from older *krypp-, denoting something stunted.

klir [kli̇̄r] and kliri [kli̇̄ri, klɩ̄ri], sb., partly a nickname, partly tabu-name, sea-term for the cock. U^{n, w}. klir: Uⁿ. kliri: U^wg. The word is either a deriv. of O.N. kliðr, m., bird’s cry, or a metathesis of kriel, which is also handed down as a tabu-name for the cock. For a change ð > r in Shetl. Norn see brori, rori, sbs.

klisgord, klissgord [klisgərt, klɩsgərt], sb., fine, sticky meal or meal-dust which, in grinding corn, settles on the edges of the millstones. Du. *klis(s)-garðr. No. klissa, f., sticky mass, and klissa, vb., to adhere, etc. Cf. klesgord, sb.

klister [klistər], sb., partly jocular or mocking term, partly tabu-name, sea-term for butter (churned butter). Fo. Cf. Da. klister, n., paste, and see the foll. word.

klister [klistər], vb., to paste, daub, smear, coat, esp. in an untidy, careless manner, e.g. paint or tar on a boat, whitewash on a stone wall, = klester, vb. The meaning of the Shetl. word is more closely allied to Da. klistre, vb., to paste, than to No. klistra, vb., to squeeze the juice out of something.

*kliv¹ [klɩv], sb., brink; steep slope or cliff, almost = klev. Now only used as a place-name: de Klivens [klɩvəns] (N.Roe^w.), pl., elevated, steep, rocky tract; de Hedlikliv [hæd··lɩklɩv·] (Fo.): *hellu-klif. — O.N. klif, n., = kleif, f.; see under klev, sb. Fær. kliv, f., a steep place; a brink.

*kliv² [klɩv], sb., partly a) cleft in a rock, partly b) stretch of coast containing a cleft. The word is only preserved as a place-name: de Kliv (U.). O.N. klyf, f., prop. a cleft or something cloven, handed down in sense of the pack for a horse (horse-load, divided into two parts), pack-saddle. — A form klivi [klɩvi, klivi] is reported from St. [klɩvi (kli-)], and from Fe. [klivi] as belonging to the colloquial language in sense of fissure, cleft in a rock. It is, however, uncertain if this latter klivi springs from O.N. klyf; it may, like kliva, klivi, in sense of a cleft piece of iron, tongs, spring from O.N. klofi, m., a cleft in a hill, through infl. of L.Sc. clivvie, sb., a cleft in a branch of a tree or in a piece of wood. — kliv, in sense of hoof (cloven foot), springs from an older kløv¹, klov¹, sbs.

kliv³, klivi, kliva, sb., cleft implement (a piece of iron, tongs); see further klovi, sb.

kliv⁴, klivek, sb., hoof; see further klov¹ and kløv¹, sbs.

klivaben, sb., = klovaben.

kliven, sb., I) cleft implement, tongs, see klovi, sb. II) tabu-name, sea-term for sheep, see kløvin, sb.

kliversten, sb., see kleberg, kleber, sb.

klivgeng, sb., see klovgeng, sb.

klivsi, sb., see klovsi, sb.

-klo (-*klu), sb., properly claw, in lungklo; q.v.

*klobb¹ [klȯb], sb., crag; rugged hill-top, often found in place-names, esp. in Mainland (M^{m., n}.): de Klobb. See Shetl. Stedn. p. 118. Also found as a name “Klobba [klȯba]” (Nm^w.). No. klubb, m. (and klubba, f.), round lump; crag; height; O.N. klubba, f., a club. — In the collocation møldin or møldoin (møldo-in’) klobb, a long wooden handle to the end of which is fixed a flat, slanting piece of wood, by which to smooth the mould after the sowing, “klobb” may be either O.N. “klubba” (see klubb, sb.) or Eng. club. The same applies to klobb as a sea-term (in L.) for hoggistaff, a gaff.

klobb² [klȯb], sb., a worm for baiting the hook in trout-fishing. Y. occas. Poss. originally synonymous with the preceding word. No. klubb, m., a lump; dumpling.

klobi, klobi-taings, sb., see klipitengs.

†klodi [klōdi], sb., (small) hillock, mound. The word is to be associated with No. klot, m., Sw. klot, n., lump, Da. klode, c., globe, ball; but it is often found as a place-name, denoting mounds or hills, and may here, in all probability, be derived from Celt.: Cymr. (Welsh) “clodd-, clawdd”, Irish “clad”, raised earth-wall or mound, frequently found in place-names, names of mounds. In Shetl. there is also found a form kloud [klåud] as a place-name (Klouden: Vela Isle, W.), corresponding to Cymr. clawdd. See Shetl. Stedn. p. 240.

†klogg [klɔg (klåg), klȯg], sb. and vb., = klegg, sb. and vb.

kloit [klȯi‘t], sb., a smack; plash; he fell wi’ a k. i’ de gutters (in the mire). U^mo. The same word as kläit, adv., prop. sb.

klokk¹ [klɔk, klåk], sb., a beetle, esp. in compds. as honnklokk (hornklokk, hondiklokk), nasicornous beetle, witchi-klokk, a species of large beetle, and “water-klokk”, water-beetle, dytiscus. Icel. and Fær. klukka, f., Eng. dial. and L.Sc. clock, sb., a beetle. Icel. brúnklukka, f., corresponds to Shetl. “water-klokk”.

†klokk² [klåk], sb., bract of rush; de k. o’ de flos. N.I. In the same sense also bøti [bøti]. N.I. — O.N. klokka, f., a cloak (M.Lat. cloca).

†klokk, vb., see klukk, vb.

kloks, sb., a kind of milk-pottage. Uⁿ.? Edm.: cloks, “a preparation of milk, milk boiled for hours until it acquires a dark colour and a peculiar taste”. *klaks(a) or *kluks(a), a soft or pulpy mass. See glaks, gluks, etc.

klombong(i), sb., see klumbung(i).

klonger [klɔŋgər], sb., wild brier, wild rose. N.I.; Conn. (Fladabister). — Sometimes (as in Bastavo, Y.) = klonger-berry, flower-bud of the wild brier. klonger-flooer, brier-bloom. O.N. klungr, m., brier.

klonk¹, sb. and vb., see klunk¹, sb. and vb.

klonk², sb. and vb., see klunk², sb. and vb.

klons [klȯ‘ᶇᶊ], sb., 1) a lump; Edm.: klunsh. 2) a stroke, dull blow. *kluns. With klons, in sense 1, cf. No. and Sw. dial. kluns, m., a lump; big knot. See the foll. word as well as kloss, sb.

klons [klȯ'ᶇᶊ], vb., to smack, to give a dull blow; to strike a soft or damp object against something; he klonst it op alang de wa’ [‘wall’]. Fe. ? No. klunsa, vb., to strike with a stubby object.

klont [klȯ‘ᶇt (klȯi‘nt)], sb., 1) a lump; piece of wood, esp.: a) log of wood, a k. o’ wood; a piece of wood, badly hewn; a k. o’ a tree; b) a shapeless stone, a k. o’ a sten. Uⁿ. 2) a corpulent, clumsy person; an obese, dull person, a k. o’ a fellow. Uⁿ. — Cf. Da. klunt, c., log of wood (No. klant, m., a clod, No. and Sw. dial. kluns, m., α) a lump, log of wood; β) a corpulent, clumsy person, Sw. dial. klunn, m., a stumpy piece of wood).

kloss [klȯᶊ], sb., 1) a lump; a clumsy object or person. Fo. 2) a fall of something heavy and clumsy, a thud; to fa’ [‘fall’] wi’ a k. Nmⁿ. (N.Roe). Also as interj., smack! splash! = kläit; he fell kloss upon his back or face (N.Roe). — Prob. from klons by assimilation of ns to ss. See klons, a) a lump; b) a stroke, and cf. No. and Sw. dial. kluns, m., a) a lump, etc.; b) a corpulent, clumsy person.

klosser [klȯᶊər], sb., a species of large beetle, witchi-klokk, found in the out-field, esp. in dry, peaty soil. Conn. Prob. for *klonser, and prop. the same word as kloss, sb. 1, and *klons, sb. 1.

klosset [klȯᶊət] and klossi [klȯᶊɩ], adj., stout and clumsy. Deriv. of kloss, sb.

kloster [klȯstər (klostər)], sb., tabu-name, sea-term for chapel or church. Wests. Also kluster [klustar (klostar)] (Fo.) and kløster [klø̄stər, kløstər] (Sa. occas., Sa^e. and Ai^w.). O.N. klaustr, n., a convent, monastery.

klov¹ [klȯv], sb., hoof, cloven hoof of animals. More rarely kløf [kløf] and kløv [kløv (klø̄v)] (U. occas., Uⁿ.). Now mostly: kliv [klɩv], klivek [klɩvək]. Jocularly or esp. mockingly also appl. to the foot of a human being. — O.N. klauf, f., a hoof.

klov², klova, sb., see klovi, sb.

klovaben [klȯv··aben·], sb., partly a knob, with a small hollow, on the top of the thigh-bone of an animal (Uⁿ.), partly = gløbiben: a small, round bone, with a socket at the top, between the thigh-bone and the shin-bone of an animal (U. occas., U^s.). Also kløvaben [klø̄··vaben·]: Norwick, Uⁿ. From Fe. is reported klivaben [klɩv··aben·, kləv··aben·] = gløbiben. — klova- prob. springs from O.N. klofi, m., a cleft; angle; kløva- may spring from O.N. “klauf” or “klyf” in the same sense, and kliva- from “klyf”, unless kliva- happens to be a variation of klova-, which same possibility applies to kløva-; see klovi, sb.

klovamark¹ [klȯv··ama‘rk·, kləv··ama‘rk·], sb., inside cavity in the hindmost part of the back of an animal. N.I. (U.; Y.); Fo. Also wedge-shaped piece of flesh, cut from the groin of an animal. U. [klȯva-] and [kləva-]: N.I. (U.). [kləva-]: Fo. — *klofa-mark. The first part of the compd. is O.N. klofi, m., a cleft; angle. See klovi, sb.

klovamark² [klȯv··ama‘rk·, kləv··ama‘rk·], sb., 1) a print made by a hoof (cloven foot). Uⁿ. 2) a peculiar or characteristic form of hoof in an animal, esp. in a young calf. Y^h. *klaufar-mark. See klov¹, sb.

klovek [klōvək], sb., cleft, fork, esp. between the buttocks, = rovek¹. Fe. O.N. klof, n., a cleft (esp. between the legs of a human being), the fork.

klovgeng [klȯvgɛŋ, -ꬶɛŋ], sb., 1) a herd of cloven-footed animals in motion; a herd of driven cows, or esp. a flock of driven sheep. Also metaph. of a crowd of people, a flock of horses (in motion or being driven). [klȯvꬶɛŋ]: Uⁿ. 2) tracks, foot-prints of a flock of cloven-footed animals, also (fig.) of a crowd of people or a flock of horses. In this sense noted down in N.I. in the form klivgeng [klɩvgɛŋ (-ꬶɛŋ), -gæŋ]. Also in sense 1 (at any rate outside Uⁿ.) is now commonly used the form klivgeng. — O.N. klaufagangr, m., the motion of the hoofs during the going of a cloven-footed animal. Sense 1 of the Shetl. word indicates klov to mean a cloven-footed animal; in O.N., klauf, f., not only denotes hoof, but also a cloven-footed animal. With the second part of the compd. geng (a flock in motion), in klovgeng 1, cf. esp. O.N. ganga, f., (a going, gait), in sense of advancing flock, procession, and Fær. gonga, f., in sense of a flock of sheep grazing together in one place, and being driven into the sheep-fold at one time.

klovi [klōvi, klovi, klȯvi], klova [klȯva (kləva)], klov [klōv, klȯv], kloven [klȯvən (kləven)], sb., cleft tool (of iron), esp.: 1) tongs, only preserved as tabu-name, sea-term. The word is found in many different forms besides those mentioned above, viz.: kliva [klɩva (kləva)], kliven klɩvən (kləvən, klivən)], klivi [klɩvi, klivi], kløvi [kløvi, klø̄vi], kløv [klø̄v], klovni [klȯvni], klovandi [klȯvan·di], kløvann [klø̄·van·, kløvan·], kløvendi [kløvæn·di], and with preserved original f: klofen [klȯfən (kləfən)], klifen [klɩfən (kləfən)]. For the distribution of the different forms of pronunciation in the different localities heterogeneous facts prevail. The following forms in different places are predominant: [klovi, ’klōvi]: Nm^w. [klōvi]: L. occas. [klȯvi (kløvi), klōv, klɩvən, klivən]: Conn. [klȯv]: Yⁿ. occas. [klȯvaə, klȯvni, klø̄·van·, kløvan·]: Y^h. [kləva, klɩva; kləvən, klɩvən]: Fo. (Wests.), [klø̄vi, klø̄v]: Whⁿ. [kløvi]: Nm. occas., U. occas. [klø̄vi, kløvæn·di (klȯvan·di), klɩvi, klivi]: U^wg. The forms with f (klofen, klifen) are peculiar to U^{n. and burr}. A pl. form klivens [klɩvəns] in singular sense is reported from Ai.; the pl., in this case, is due to infl. of the now prevalent L.Sc. taings, pl., tongs. The form klovandi [klȯvan·di] is contained in a rhyme from Unst, partly in Norn, partly in Scottish, originating from the 18th century (about the lad who made a journey to Caithness; see Introd.). 2) klovi [klōvi]: on the old wooden Shetl. plough: a long piece of iron, in shape like a horseshoe, passing under and above the place where “de merkal”, i.e., the piece of wood on which the plough-share is (was) fastened, goes (went) into the hindmost part of the plough; a piece of iron (cleft or shaped like a horse-shoe) under de merkal. Du^s. Reported in this sense from Conn. and Sandwick (Duⁿ.) in the form klivi [kləvi, klɩvi], and from Nm^s. (Sulem) in the form kliv [klɩv]; see *ordikliv. — O.N. klofi, m., a cleft; angle; cleft implement, pincers. Fær. klovi, m., tongs. No. and Sw. dial. klove, m., Da. klov (dial., Jut.: klove, klow), c., cleft implement; fire-tongs. — The Shetl. forms, ending in -ann, -andi (-endi) spring from O.N. “klofann”, accusative with added, definite article. The forms in -en and -ni may spring either from “klofinn”, nominative, definite form, or from “klofann”.

klovin [klōvin], sb., tabu-name, sea-term for sheep. Yⁿ., Lunn. (Skelbre). *klaufingr for *kløyfingr, m., a cloven-footed animal, from O.N. klauf, f., hoof, Shetl. klov. See kløvin, sb.

klovmark [klȯvma‘rk], sb., harelip = kirkmark. St. *klof-mark: O.N. klof, n., a cleft. See klovamark¹ and ², sbs.

klovsi [klȯvsi], sb., 1) cloven-footed animal, esp. sheep. 2) a person (man) with clumsy feet, a club-footed person. In both senses now more commonly: klivsi [klɩvsi (klevsi), kləvsi]. Deriv. of klov¹ (kliv), sb., hoof.

*klu, sb., a claw, in the compds. kattaklu and lungklo; q.v.

klubb [klob], sb., a long wooden handle to the end of which is fixed a flat, slanting piece of wood, by which to smooth the mould after the sowing, in the expr. “møldoin (møldoin’) k.” U. The pronunc. [klob] with close o indicates the word to spring from O.N. klubba, f., a club, and is not the Shetl. pronunc. “klȯb” of Eng. club. See *klobb¹, sb.

klud [klud], sb., (a cloth) neck-cloth, neckerchief. Nmⁿ. (N.Roe). In proper sense, a clout, is commonly used the form klut [klut]. O.N. klútr, m., a clout, rag (for tying around something). See the foll. word.

kludet [kludət], adj., applied to stockings: figured, striped, esp. having such stripes (or spots), as are produced by tying bands around the stocking before dyeing so as to prevent the dye from taking; k. sokks. Nm., Fe. From klud, sb., in the former sense of the word, a clout, rag (for tying around something); see the preceding word.

klug, vb., see the foll. word.

kluk [kluk (klô̆k)], vb., to build up loosely and temporarily, esp. a fence; to k. op a dyke. Uⁿ. *klug [klô̆g], to klug op a dyke: Y. *klúka, to pile up (loosely). Fær. klúka, vb., in hay-making; to put up hay in small, loose heaps; Icel. klúka, vb., to sit on a rickety seat (B.H.). — Some place-names seem to spring from *klúk- with root-meaning pile, such as “Klukistakk [kluk··ɩstak·]” (Foraness, Du^w.), name of a rock in the sea, and “Klugen [klūgən]” (U^e., Fe^e.); see Shetl. Stedn. p. 118. Icel. klúka, f., small stack or heap; Fær. klúkur, m., small, loose heap of hay. — Cf. klunk², sb. and vb.

kluki [kluki], adj., wily, sly; now mostly used in a disparaging sense. Sometimes also in sense of ingenious and dexterous or nimble; reported from Uⁿ. — O.N. klókr, adj., wily. In sense of dexterous (nimble), kluki has been merged with L.Sc. cleuch, adj., in the same sense.

klukk [kluk, klok], vb., applied to a hen: to cluck, to call the chickens. The pronunc. with u [kluk] is reported from N.Roe (Nmⁿ.); elsewhere more comm.: [klok]. *klukka. Also L.Sc.: clouk, vb. — A form klokk [klåk] in sense of to cluck in the hatching-season, to desire to hatch, is L.Sc. clock, vb.

klumber [klombər], vb., to walk noisily with heavy tread (with clogs); to geng klumberin. Sa. See klump and klumper, vbs.

klumbung (klumbungi) [klom·boŋ· (klom·boŋ·gi)], sb., a thick-set, clumsy (short) person. Du. klombongi [klȯm·bȯŋ·gi]: Fe. In Fe. esp. of an undersized or thick-set person. The word is a compd. of klump, sb. (see the foll. word), and bungi, sb., a bump; lump; bundle, No. bunga, f., a bump; a small heap.

klump [klo‘mp], sb., a lump, esp. 1) a log of wood, a k. o’ wood. 2) a) a clod of earth (Ai.); b) a large, square peat (Fo.). 3) a) a big boulder, fragment of rock; in this sense also klumper [klo‘mpər] (Sa.); as a place-name: de Klumpers o’ Hogster [håkstər] (Sa.); b) mass of rocks (Ti.). 4) a thick-set, clumsy person, a k. o’ a fellow (U.). (O.N.) *klumpr. No. klump, m., a lump.

klump [klo‘mp], vb., to walk noisily with heavy footing, esp. with clogs; to geng klumpin. Also klumper [klo‘mpər] and klumber [klombər] (Sa.). See klamp (klamper), vb. klump is prob. an old *klumpa (= *klampa), as klumper, sb., clog, seems to be an original *klumpr.

klumper [klo‘mpər], sb., clog; esp. of old, clattering clogs, and commonly in pl.: klumpers. Fe. *klumpr. No. klump, m., a lump, also a kind of wooden shoe. Eng. dial. clump and dumper, id. Either the same word as klump, sb. (the ending -er then is the fossilized nominative, masculine ending), or a derivative of the verb klump. For a klumper in a deviating sense, see klump, sb. 3 a.

klumper, vb., see klump, vb.

klumpet [klo‘mpət], adj., lumpy, thick and somewhat clumsy; “a k. shield” (L.Scottish chield). N.I. *klumpóttr. No. klumputt, adj., lumpy.

klums [klo‘ms], vb., to make speechless, to deprive one of speech; esp. by swearing: “Sorrow” (De’il) k. dee! — de nort’wind klumsd de grey-fish, the north wind kept the coalfish from taking the bait (prop. closed the mouth of the coalfish): De^w. Sometimes in the neuter or intransitive: to become speechless, unable to open the mouth, besides: to expire, to die; de horse klumsd, the horse could not open its mouth (could not drink), or the horse expired: De^w. (M.Roe). Also klumps [klo‘mps] (Uⁿ. occas.). — klumsin, commonly regarded as pres. part. of klums, vb., is properly and originally an adjective; see the foll. word. — *klumsa. No. klumsa, vb., to make speechless.

klumsen (klumsin) [klo‘msən], adj., parched in the mouth, that cannot open the mouth, esp. when choked with thirst. I am k. wi’ trist [‘thirst’], I am nearly choked with thirst, prop. I am parched, or my throat is closed from thirst. Also klumst, klumsd [klo‘msd]. de fish was a’ [‘all’] klumst de day [‘to-day’], the fish would not take the bait (would not open the mouth) to-day (Fo.). Sometimes metaph.: blocked, (too) firmly packed; too klumst (klumsd): originating from the meaning: having the throat blocked. — No. klums, klumsa (klumsad), adj., speechless; Icel. klumsa, adj., unable to open the mouth from cramp (B.H.); Sw. dial. klumsen, klummsen, adj., a) stiff and numb from frost; b) excessively thirsty and hungry.

klunk¹ [klo‘ŋk], sb., a gurgling sound, e.g. of a liquid, when gulped down greedily; a draught. Also klonk [klɔ‘ŋk]. (L.Sc. clunk). See klunk¹, vb.

klunk² [klo‘ŋk], sb., the top of a wall or fence (a fence of stone or earth), a k. on a dyke. Esp. in pl.: klunks, applied to the uppermost part of a fence. Fe. No. klunk, m., a lump of something rather soft; Fær. klunkur, m., Sw. dial. klunk, m., a (large) lump. Cf. kluk, vb.

klunk¹ [klo‘ŋk], vb., 1) v. n., to gurgle, to make a gurgling or gulping sound, appl. to a liquid, when shaken. 2) vb. a., to drink eagerly (producing a gulping sound), to swallow greedily, to k. doon [’down’]; he klunked [klo‘ŋkəd] doon a lock [‘lot’] o’ water. Also klonk [klɔ‘ŋk]. — *klunka. No. and Sw. klunka, L.Sc. clunk, vb., to gurgle (of a liquid when shaken), in No. and Sw. also to drink greedily with a gurgling sound.

klunk² [klo‘ŋk], vb., to build something, esp. a wall or fence, temporarily and loosely; to k. op a dyke. Fe. *klunka. See klunk², sb., and cf. kluk, vb.

klur [klūr (klô̅r)], sb., a scratch, a mark, made by a cat’s claw. *klór. No. klor, n., a scratch, made by a claw.

klur [klūr (klô̅r)], vb., 1) to scratch, esp. appl. to a cat. comm. 2) to harrow the earth unprepared by spade or plough, esp. of earth in which potatoes have been planted; to k. op de grund; klurd [klūrd, klô̅rd] grund: U. — O.N. klóra, vb., to scratch.

klurek [klūrək, klurək], sb., jokingly of a claw, cat's claw. Deriv. of klur, vb. 1.

klurer [klūrər] and kluri [klūri], sb., tabu-name, sea-term for a cat. klurer: Hoswick, Du. kluri: W. Properly a scratcher. See klur, vb. 1.

kluster, see kloster and kløster.

klut [klut], sb., 1) a clout, rag, piece of cloth. comm. 2) sea-term, tabu-name in fishermen’s lang. for sail, a boat’s sail. Yⁿ. O.N. klútr, m., a clout. Cf. klud, sb., a neckerchief, and kludet, adj.

klø [klø̄], sb., a stone, esp. a piece of steatite (or a piece of wood), hung down the face of a butting cow, and tied with a piece of cord round the horns. Fe., Y^h. Prop. a stone for weighting down. O.N. klé (*kléi) and kljár, m. In O.N. esp. a stone for keeping the warp straight in the old, upright loom. — In Fe. is found a parallel form klør [klø̄^ər] with preserved nom. -r, originating from O.N. “kljár”, and used similarly to klø, appl. to a stone hung down the face of a cow.

klø [klø̄], vb., to tie a stone (or a piece of wood), klø, down the face of a cow, apt to butt; to k. a coo. Fe., Y^h. O.N. (*kléa) kljá, vb., esp. to fix weight-stones on a loom. See klebi, vb.

kløbersten, sb., see klebersten.

*kløbi [klø̄bi], sb., badly spun, uneven, lumpy worsted. Y^h. Poss. lump, something lumpy, and in association with Norw. words, such as “klubb” and “klabb”, a lump, etc.? The pronunc. with long ø seems, however, to contradict this adoption. It is also possible to conceive that the word is related to Germ. klauben, vb., to trifle with something (taking to pieces or putting together), or to No. klob (klov?), n., ball of thread.

kløbitengs, sb. pl., see klipitengs.

kløf [kløf], sb., cleft hoof. Uⁿ. O.N. klauf, f., id. See klov, sb.

klør, sb., see under klø, sb.

kløster, sb., see kloster, sb.

kløv¹ [kløv (klø̄v)), sb., cleft hoof; see kløf and klov, sbs. — In sense of heading-tool, kløv is found in the compd. “sem-k.”; q.v.

kløv² [klø̄v], sb., narrow cleft in a rock. Conn. The word is found repeatedly as a place-name: de Kløv, in names of clefts. Kløv prob. springs from O.N. klauf, f., (narrow) cleft, though a derivative of “klyf”, in sense of cleft, is not improbable. Cf. klov¹, sb.

kløv³ [klø̄v], sb., = klø, sb. Fe.

kløvhammer [klø̄v··ham·ər, kløv··ham·ər], sb., claw-hammer. Also kløvi [klø̄vi, kløvi]-hammer. Icel. klaufhamarr, m., id.

kløvi¹, sb., fire-tongs, see klovi, sb.

kløvi² [klø̄vi, kløvi], sb., claw of a hammer (claw-hammer). Prob. *kløyf- (from “klauf”) of a piece hewn off. See kløvhammer.

kløvin [klø̄vin, klø̄vɩn], sb., tabu-name, sea-term for sheep. N.I. (U., Y.), etc. klovin [klōvin]: Yⁿ. occas., L. (Skelbre), etc. Also in forms such as klover [klȯvər (kləvər)], kliver [klɩvər, kləvər], klivin [klɩvɩn (kləvɩn), klivɩn], noted down esp. on Eastside. — kløvin is an old *kløyfingr, m., cloven-footed animal, deriv. of O.N. klauf, f., cleft hoof. klovin is a form with dropped i-mutation. See klov¹ (and kliv), sb.

knab [knāb], vb., to crunch; gnaw, gnaw off, esp. to gnaw audibly, making a sound with the teeth; de dog knabs de ben (the bone); de horses is [‘are’] knabin de tangles (the stalks of seaweed). Perf. part. knabet [knābət], gnawed, eaten off. de neeps [‘turnips’] is [‘are’] knabet by de sheep. Uⁿ. Besides knab is found a form knob [knō^əb] (Uⁿ.). — No. knapa, “knaapaa”, vb., to gnaw hastily and audibly.

*knabb [knab], sb., projecting knoll, rock; now only used as a place-name: de Knabb = de Nabb (Lerwick, M.). No. knabb, m., knoll, crag. Cf. nabb, sb.

knabi [knābi], sb., sea-term, tabu-name in fishermen’s lang. for cod. Fo. O.N. knapi, m., a man, fellow, No. knape, m. Cf. knavi, vb.

knabsi [knabsi], sb., a thick-set, well-knit person. No. knabbe, m., a knoll, crag.

knag(g) [knag, k‘nag], sb., 1) a sore, wound (metaph.), gnawing grief, smart; “dat will be a k. at my heart”; Sa^e. and Ai^w. [k‘nag]. 2) foul, stale and mouldy taste; der’r a k. wi’ de bread, etc. Conn. [knag]. — No. knag, n., trouble, to be classed with “knaga”, vb., to gnaw, parallel form to “gnaga”.

knapp [k‘nap], sb., a (button) round top, a knob; de k. o’ a staff, the knob of a staff; de k. o’ de elbog, the bone of the elbow, de k. o’ de knee, the knee-cap. The form with “kn” is peculiar to Wests. and Conn. On Eastside commonly: hnapp [hnap]. — knapp and knappi [k‘napi], hnappi [hnapi], are found as place-names, names of hills: de Knapps (Sa., Taft, Ai.). de Knappis or Hnappis (Ti.). de Knappis o’ Stabaness (M.Roe, De^w.), two rocky heights. — O.N. knappr (Icel. hnappr), m., a knob, round top; in Norw. place-names “knapp”, m., inter alia denotes mountain-top, crag. Eng. and L.Sc. knap, sb., a knob, protuberance; hillock. Cf. snapp², sb.

knark, knjark [(kᶇa‘rk) k‘ᶇa‘rk], sb., a) creaking sound; b) loud and noisy gnawing, crushing between the teeth; c) a snatching with the teeth, a bite, esp. and prop. in producing a chattering or creaking sound with the teeth; de horses ga’e [‘gave’] a k. de ane at de tidder [‘the one at the other’], the horses snapped at each other (as if to bite): Uⁿ. See the foll. word.

knark, knjark [(kᶇa‘rk) k‘ᶇa‘rk], vb., a) to emit a creaking sound; b) to rub two rough and hard objects against each other, producing a creaking sound; c) to gnaw loudly, to crunch between the teeth; also mockingly of hasty and greedy eating; to k. and “snite” (Uⁿ.); to k. a sugar-lump; de dog is kn(j)arkin op de bens (Uⁿ.); d) to snatch with the teeth, making quick bites. Also hn(j)ark [hᶇa‘rk] (Easts.), reported in the senses a and b. — Sw. knarrka, vb., to creak, and dial.: to chew something which produces a crunching sound, No. knarka, vb., a) to creak (Aa.); b) to gnaw (to grin; growl) (R.). — Cf. knirk and snirk, vbs.

knarp [kna‘rp, k‘ᶇa‘rp], sb., = knark, sb., esp. in sense c. U.

knarp [kna‘rp, k‘ᶇa‘rp], vb., = knark, vb., esp. in the senses c and d. U. The word is doubtless a deriv. of *knarra in the same way as knark.

knav [k‘nāv, k'ᶇāv], vb., a) to gnaw off, e.g. meat from a bone; de dog is knavin de ben; b) to scrape off, e.g. encrustation from the inside of a kettle. Nmⁿ. (N.Roe). Cf. No. knavla (from *knava, orig. *knafa), vb., to importune, plague, prop. to gnaw, and see knab, vb.

knavi [knāvi], sb., tabu-name, sea-term for cod. Fo. Parallel form to knabi, sb.; q.v. For the form knavi, cf. A.S. cnafa, = (old) cnapa, m., a boy, Eng. knave.

kne [knē, k‘nē], sb., ear-mark in sheep: a slanting cut down from the top of the ear, a piece cut on the slant out of a sheep’s ear; a k. afore, a k. ahint [‘behind’]. U., Y^{h., b}. Prop. the knee, O.N. kné, n. In proper sense, knee, the Eng. pronunc. [kni̇̄, older: k‘ni̇̄] is now always used. From Conn. is reported “knee” in sense of knee of a plough (the old wooden plough), the bend in the plough-beam into which the plough-share fits. — Cf. knee-head, sb.

kned [knēd, knē^əd], adj., appl. to a sheep’s ear: marked with a kne (a slanting cut above in the side of the ear); a k. lug [‘ear’]; k. afore, k. ahint [‘behind’]. U., Y^{h., b}. See kne, sb.

knee-buks [kni̇̄·boks·], vb., to keep a vanquished man down by placing one’s knee on his abdomen; see buks, vb.

†knee-head [hni̇̄·hɛd·], sb., in a boat: a knee, knee-timber, which below is scarfed together with the frame-timber or cross-timber, de band, and above is scarfed into the cleft end of the thwart, de taft. Between two opposite “knee-heads”, and resting on top of each, is fastened a cross-beam (bekk, fastiband, hadiband) underneath the thwart. — Prop. “knee-timber-head, or frame-timber-head”. O.N. kné, n., the knee, also knee-timber in a vessel; Mod. No. kne, n., Da. knæ, n., id. Cf. *kragek and “kraga-tae”, sbs.

knee-shall [kni̇̄ᶊäl, kni̇̄·ᶊäl·], sb., the knee-pan, O.N. knéskel, f.

knepp [knɛp, knæp, k‘n-], vb., to bind, clench or fold, to tie together; to k. de nev, to clench the fist, to k. de hands, to fold the hands, e.g. at prayer (Uⁿ. occas.: k‘n-); to k. a mesi (o’ hay), to tie the carrying-bands, de fetels, around a straw-net basket (with hay) in transport by pack-horse. Also hnepp [hnɛp, hnæp] and snepp [snɛp, snæp]. The form knepp is characteristic of Wests. and Mⁿ., partly also of N.I.; hnepp esp. of Easts., partly of S.Sh. (alternating with knepp); snepp of N.I., alternating with hnepp and knepp. — O.N. kneppa and hneppa, vb., (to make scant) to press; squeeze; to pinch. See hnepp and snepp, vbs.

knepp [knəp], adj., scant; close; (too) short. Fo. No. kneppen, Icel. (O.N.) hneppr (= Icel. hnappr), adj., scant; short.

knibb [knɩb], vb., in play, competition: to strike the knuckles against those of another person. Fo. Cf. No. knubba, vb., to push; shove (knua, vb., to knuckle; knead, press with the knuckles), Da. knubbe, vb., to beat, and knubse, vb., to thump, drub; Sw. dial. knybbla, vb., to beat (slightly).

knibbi [knɩbi], sb., a pointed stone, sharp point on a stone or on a fragment of rock. Conn. No. knibbe, m., sharp stone (Wille), pointed crag (R.).

knibbi [knɩbi], adj., stumpy, small of stature but well-knit. Fo. *knybb-by i-mutation from *knubb-. Cf. No. knubben, adj., thick-set (from knubb, m., block; log of wood), knybba, f., and knybbe, n., small lump; piece of wood; Sw. dial. knubbe and knybbel, m., inter alia a small ox.

knibi [kni̇̄bi, knibi], sb., a handle or peg in a pack-saddle, one of the two projecting handles (in a pack-saddle), crossing each other; de knibis o’ de klibber. Yⁿ., Nmⁿ. occas. The long, pure i-sound in the main syllable indicates knibi not to be the same word as the before-treated knibbi, sb., but an original *kníp-. Cf. No. knip (ii), m., and knipa (ii), f., Sw. dial. knip, m., steep mountain-top, crag. For the development of meaning of the Shetl. word cf. e.g. klakk, sb., partly rock (hill), fragment of rock, bank (in the sea), partly peg in a pack-saddle, and cf. besides nibi and nivi, sbs., = knibi.

knif [knɩf, knəf (knʌf), kᶇɩf, kᶇəf (k‘ᶇɩf, k‘ᶇəf)], adj., quick (in action and movement), clever, active and able; a k. body. In some places (as in Uⁿ.) esp. applied to old, yet able-bodied, active people. Uⁿ., Y^h. [knɩf]. Y^m., Fe. [knəf], Y^b. [k‘ᶇəf (k‘ᶇɩf)]. Wests. (Sa.) [kᶇɩf, kᶇef]. S.Sh. [kᶇɩf]. With hn: hnif [hnɩf, hnəf, hᶇɩf, hᶇef, hᶇəf], esp. on Easts. Fe. occas. (J.I.): [hnɩf, hnəf]. Lunn. [hᶇəf]. knifi [knəfi, knʌfi]: U^ba. [knʌfi] and several places. Also in forms with o [ȯ]: knof [knȯf] and hnof [hnȯf], reported by J.I. — Icel. knæfr (næfr), adj., brave; active; ardent (B.H.); quick, clever (E.J.). Da. (dial.) knøv, adj., clever. L.Sc. kneef, kneif, knief. Cf. O.N. nœfr, adj., clever; skilled. — The now comparatively rare forms with o [ȯ] (knof, hnof) are, as a rule, older in Shetl. than the forms with “i”, which must be due to influence of L.Scottish. Without initial k (h) is found in Shetl. nof, njof, adj., q.v.

knikr, knikker [knɩkər (knekər)], vb., to emit a grating or snickering sound. Cf. No. knikra, vb., to laugh continually, to snicker with laughter (Aa.), to giggle (R.). L.Sc. and Eng. dial. nicker, vb., to neigh, whinny, is cognate with the word.

knipp [(knɩp) k‘nɩp, k‘nep], vb., to pull to pieces, to break asunder with a jerk; de coo [‘cow’] knipped [k‘nɩpəd, k‘nepəd] de tedder [‘tether’]. Wests. (Sa.). No. knippa, vb., to snatch, pull, cut off (pinch off) with a smart nick.

knippek [knɩpək], sb., a (small) bunch, (small) bundle or parcel. Conn. Edm. gives “knippach” as “two or three small fish tied together” (compare kippek). The derived forms are: a) knipsek [knɩpsək, k‘nɩpsək], reported from Nmⁿ. (N.Roe), and b) knipsel [knɩpsel (k‘nɩpsel)], reported from De. — Fær. kneppi, Icel. hneppi, No. kneppe, knippe, Da. knippe, n., a bundle.

knipsek, knipsel, sbs., see the preceding word.

knirj [knɩrdᶎ], vb., to squeeze; crush; pinch; press. Uⁿ. *knyrja. No. knyra and knyrja, vb., to squeeze; crush; press; the form “knyrja” from W.Tel. (Mo.) is reported by S. Bugge in R., Suppl.

knirjin [knɩrdᶎɩn], sb., a squeezing; crushing; pressing; to gi’e ane a k., to press (press on) one, to give one a drubbing. Uⁿ. See knirj, vb.

knirk [(knɩ‘rk) kne‘rk, knə‘rk, k‘n-, kᶇ-, k‘ᶇ-], sb., a creaking.

knirk [(knɩ‘rk) kne‘rk, knə‘rk, k‘n-, kᶇ-, k‘ᶇ-], vb., to creak. Cf. knark and snirk, vbs.

knirk [knə‘rk], adj., scant; short, appl. to measure. Fo. Is doubtless to be classed with No. knurk, m., stunted in growth.

knit [knɩt, knet, knət; k‘nɩt, k‘net, k‘nət], vb., is used partly like Eng. knit, partly in sense to tie; to k. de corn, to bind the corn into sheaves. In a special sense: to k. de coo, to tie the cow in the byre, in contrast to “to bind [bɩnd] de coo”, to tether the cow in the home-field. Shetl. “knit” is doubtless Eng. (L.Sc.), as O.N. knýta, vb., to tie, has a long vowel.

knob [knō^əb], vb., to gnaw, gnaw off, esp. to gnaw audibly, = knab, vb.; de yowe [‘ewe’] or coo is knobin aff o’ de kail-stock (the cabbage stalk). Uⁿ.

knobb [knȯb (k‘nȯb)], sb., 1) a log, short cudgel, small club. 2) projecting lump, bump, knob; also a bump caused by a blow or knock. 3) a short, thick-set person; a k. o’ a “chield”, a stout little fellow. 4) a thump; knock; smart blow. — No. knubb, m., log of wood; stub of a tree; Sw. knubbe, m., a) short, gnarled stick; b) (dial.) large protuberance, bunion; c) (dial.) a short, thick-set person. For knobb 4 see the verb knobb, and cf. Eng. dial. knub, sb., a (gentle) push; nudge.

knobb [knȯb (k‘nȯb)], vb., to push; strike; thump. No. knubba, vb., to press; push; shove; Da. knubbe, vb., to beat.

†knobb [knȯb, k‘nȯb], vb., to make a hitch (half-hitch) on a snell around the hook, to “k. on” a hook. Uⁿ. Cf. M.H.G. knôp, Dut. knoop, a knot, No. knop, m., a hitch on a halyard(?), Sw. knop, Da. knob, c., hitch on a log-line, and knobe, vb., to make a hitch on a rope (line), to splice.

knobbi [knȯbi, k‘nȯbi], sb., protuberance; de k. o’ de elbog, the prominent bone of the elbow; de k. o’ de knee, the knee-cap. U. In both applications = knapp, sb. Either (No.) knubb, m., log of wood; stub of a tree, or No. knop, m., a bone of the human frame, knope, m., a knot; gnarl of wood; lump.

†knobbin [knȯbɩn, k‘nȯbɩn], sb., a hitch, half-hitch on a fishing hand-line; snell. Uⁿ. See knobb, vb.

knof (hnof), adj., see knif.

knoggi [knȯdᶎi, k‘nȯdᶎi] and knoggj [(knȯdᶎ) k‘nȯdᶎ], sb., a short, square-built, well-knit fellow. Y^h. (knoggi). Fe. (knoggj). *knyggi? No. knugg, m., a) protuberance on the body; b) a short, thick-set fellow (R.). See snøggi, snøggji, sb.

knoggjet [knȯdᶎət, k‘n-], adj., small in stature, but stout and square-built; a k. fellow. Fe. — No. knuggjen, adj., thick-set. See the preceding word, and cf. snoggjet, adj.

†knokk¹ [knɔk, knåk, k‘n-], sb., a bundle of carded wool, a certain number of carded tufts of wool, wound and tied together, a k. o’ rowers [‘rollers’, carded tufts of wool rolled up cylindrically] = “a ba’ [‘ball’] o’ rowers” or “a head o’ rowers”. On Easts. occas. hnokk [hnɔk, hnåk]. The expr. “a head o’ rowers” rather suggests Fær. knokkur, m., the head (Gael. cnoc, roundish hill, knoll); but Shetl. knokk is, however, in the given sense, most prob. originally the same word as Sw. dial. knoka, f., a bundle, bundle of flax, Germ. (L.Germ.) knocke and knocken, bundle of flax, skein of flax, M.Eng. kno(h)che, cnücce, cnicche, a bundle, which words assimilate to the Shetl. word in sense as well as in application.

†knokk² [knɔk, knåk, k‘nåk] and †knokkin [knɔkɩn, knåkɩn (k‘n-)], sb., the head of two couples joined together; de knokk(in)s o’ de “couples”, [knåkɩn]: Fo. Also “de heads o’ de couples”. The same word as Fær. knokkur, m., the head? (Gael. cnoc; see under the preceding word). The word might also be referred to *knuk- (whence O.N. knykill, m., protuberance; in the same sense No. knugg, m.), esp. as nugg and noggin, sbs., in Shetl. are used partly in the same sense as knokk², partly of a projecting peg or handle in a pack-saddle; cf. knibi, nibi, nivi and klakk (sense 3), sbs.

knolt¹ [knȯ‘ᶅt, k‘nȯ‘ᶅt], sb., a knoll; lump; log of wood; a k. o’ wood. Also metaph. of living things, e.g. a k. o’ a codlin, a well-developed (large and firm) cod (Uⁿ.). Sometimes appl. to persons: a strong, well-knit, young person (a man); in this sense reported from N. in the form hnolt [hnɔ‘ᶅt, hnå‘ᶅt]; q.v. Reported from Conn. [knȯ‘ᶅt] in sense of small, knotty, undeveloped horn of an animal. — No. knolt, knolte and knult, m., a knoll (crag), unevenness; Sw. dial. knollt, m., a lump.

knolt² [knȯ‘ᶅt, k‘n- (knɔ‘ᶅt, knå‘ᶅt)], sb., a thrust or blow with the knuckles; to gi’e ane a k. wi’ de knuckles. Occas. in a wider sense: a stroke (esp. a slight stroke), a buffet. On Easts. occas.: hnolt. knult [k‘nolt] (Esh., Nm^w.), a smart blow. See the foll. word.

knolt [knȯ‘ᶅt, k‘nȯ‘ᶅt (knɔ‘ᶅt, knå‘ᶅt)], vb., to thrust, strike, esp. to knuckle; to k. wi’ de knuckles. On Easts. occas.: hnolt. knult [k‘no‘lt]: Esh., Nm^w. — No. knolta, vb., to push, and knultrast (knaltrast), vb. refl., to buffet each other.

knoltin [knȯ‘ᶅtin, k‘nȯ‘ᶅtin], sb., a stroke, (repeated) thumping with the knuckles; to gi’e ane a k. N.I.

*knorin, sb., a vessel, boat. Fo. In Low’s list of words. Prop. def. form. O.N. knǫrr, m., a kind of merchant ship, Fær. knørrur, m.

knoss [knȯᶊ, k‘nȯᶊ] and knossi [knȯᶊɩ, k‘nȯᶊɩ], sb., a protuberance; an object of a coarse, knobby appearance; a k. o’ a tail. De. Cf. No. knust, m., and knyste, n., knobby log of wood, Sw. (dial.) knyst, m., Da. knyst, c., bunion, and Sw. dial. knose, m., protuberance.

knott [knɔt, knåt, k‘nɔt, k‘nåt], sb., 1) roundish lump. 2) a person with a short and stout body, a k. o’ a man (chield, fellow). The word, esp. in sense 2, is to be derived rather from Old Northern than from Eng. knot, sb. No. knott, m., a short, stout body (prop. a ball; log; cone); O.N. knǫttr, m., a ball; globe. Originally the same as the foll. word.

knotti (knutti) [k‘noti], sb., properly a ball (for a game of ball), football, in later use a cork, a cork-stopper, used in football-playing, replacing a proper ball; to play k. Wh. A boy’s game. Instead of using the feet in hitting these corks, hooked, wooden sticks are (were) used, but otherwise the game is (was) essentially the same as football-playing. — O.N. knǫttr, m., a ball, inter alia for a game of ball (football). The word, however, is lost in this application in the Scandinavian countries.

knubbi [knobi], sb., tabu-name in fishermen’s lang. for potato. Fe.? Prop. a log, club, and the same word as knobb, sb.

knugl, knugel [knⁱogəl (kᶇogəl), k‘ᶇogəl], sb., protuberant knot or unevenness. Wests. (Sa.). Cf. O.N. knykill, m., a small knob or swelling, Fær. knykil [kni̇̄tᶊɩl], m., from *knuk-, a) lump; protuberant knot; b) small projecting crag; further: No. knoklar, pl., lumps, as on frozen ground. — The form knugl with gl indicates the word to be an old Norn word, and not Eng. knuckle. — snukkel, snjukkel, snikkel, q.v., are prop. syn. or closely cognate with the word here treated.

knuglet [knⁱoglət (kᶇoglət), k‘ᶇoglət], now more comm.: knugli, knugl-y [knⁱogli (kᶇogli), k‘ᶇogli], adj., full of projecting knots, knobby, uneven; a k. staff, a k. sten (knobby, useless for building purposes), a k. hand. Wests. (Sa.). Deriv. of the preceding word. Cf. No. knoklutt, adj., lumpy, uneven, and Da. knoklet, knoglet, adj., bony.

knurr [knorr], sb., a slight sound, a murmur; no [‘not’] a k., not the slightest sound or indication. Uⁿ. *knurr. See the foll. word.

knurr [knorr], vb., to produce a slight sound, to whisper, murmur; esp. negatively. Uⁿ. More comm. as a substantive; see preceding. No. knurra, Da. knurre, to produce a sound, to grumble, murmur.

kobb [kɔb, kȯb], sb., a young seal. Papa Stour. O.N. kobbi, m., a seal. See kub, kubi, sb., which is another form [O.N. kópr].

kobbi [kȯbi] and kobbek [kȯbək], sb., 1) kobbi: the hollowed stone or wooden box from which a pig eats its food. Uⁿ., Fo. 2) kobbek: a wooden vessel, small tub. Fe. May be either O.N. koppr, m., a cup, small vessel (for a change pp > bb in Shetl. Norn see Introd. V — also N.Spr. VII — § 38 a), or No. kubbe, m., a log of wood; stub of a tree, Sw. kubb, m., in dial. inter alia applied to a flat-bottomed cargo-boat, Icel. kubbi and kubbr, m., a stump. kobbi, however, easily merges with kupi, sb.; q.v.

kobbirobbis [kɔb··irɔb·is], sb. pl., small, detached, ragged clouds. Br. Prop. seals’ tails. See kobb, sb. robbis for rovis through influence of the preceding word kobbi-. rovi, rovek, sb., a tail. See tovi-rovins, sb. pl., = kobbirobbis. A more common designation for such clouds is “cats’-krammeks” (partly kattirams), literally “cats’-paws”, and “mares’-tails”.

kodd [kɔd (kåd)], sb., 1) a pillow, cushion. comm. From Wests. (Sa.) the older parallel forms koddi [kådi] and koddin [kådɩn] have been reported. 2) the fleece of a sheep; a new k. o’ oo’ [‘wool’] on a sheep. Fo. 3) kodds [kåds], pl., a piece of plaited straw through which goes the spindle of a spinning-wheel, de mukkel wheel. Wests. (Sa.). — O.N. koddi, m., a pillow. The senses 2 and 3 doubtless spring from a root-meaning cod, sheath. Cf. Sw. kudde, m., a) a pillow; b) a small bag or sack; c) (dial.) sheath, cod, capsule. — The form koddin contains the suffixed, definite article grafted on the word (O.N. koddinn).

kodd [kɔd, kåd, kȯd], vb., 1) vb. a., to make lumpy; de cairds (the wool-cards) only kodds de oo’ [‘wool’]. 2) vb. n., to become lumpy, esp. appl. to wool; de oo’ is koddin on de sheep, i’ de cairds. The word is to be classed with kodd, sb., a pillow.

koddi [kȯdi, kɔdi (kådi, kodi)], sb., 1) a small plaited basket, e.g. of straw or dried dock-stalks; esp. a) a basket for holding bait (limpets); a limpet-k.; b) a bee-hive-shaped straw-basket for holding salt, sauti-k.; a similar basket for spoons, spoon [spøn]- or spooni [spøni]-k.; also “spoona-k. [spøn··akɔd·i, -kåd·i]”: U. In Du. koddi [kȯdi] esp. denotes a small, round basket (made from dock-stalks) for gleaning potatoes in (in Du. is mostly used kubi and hovi in sense of basket for bait, limpets, and hovi, hobi or hobbi in sense of salt-basket). 2) a small bag for holding bait. Wests. (Sa.) [kȯdi]. A form køddi [kødi] is reported from Sa. in sense of a small basket for bait. 3) = kodd, sb. 1; Sa. [kådi]. — Prop. the same word as the preceding, and denoting a bag, something bellied or baggy. See the etym. given under kodd, sb., and besides, cf. L.Sc. coodie, cudie, sb., a small tub, No. kudde, m., a nest, bird's-nest (containing a dozen eggs or more).

†koddins [kɔdins], sb. pl., the foundation-stones of a chimney. Also koddings [kɔdɩŋs], U.

†kodd-skew [kɔdskjū, -sᶄū], sb., a large, square stone, forming the upper corner of the main-wall and the gable-wall in a house, at the foot of “de wind-skew”. U.

koder, vb., see kjod, kjoder, vb.

koder [kōdər] and kodi [kōdi], adj., ingratiatingly kind, confidential. koder: Du. and Wests. occas. (Sa.). kodi: Wests. occas. See further kjod, kjoder, vb., kjoder(et), adj.

kodi (kodi-oil), sb., see gøti and kødi, sbs.

kodn, kodden, vb. and adj., see konn, vb. and adj.

kofl, kofel, sb. and vb., see kovl, kovel.

kog¹ [kōg], vb., to peer, to look out cautiously. comm. In the same sense O.N. kaga, No. kaga and koga, vb.

kog², kug [kŏg], vb., to swallow, to drink in large draughts; to k. aff o’ a can o’ bland (whey mixed with water). Y., Fe. Cf. Icel. koka and kykja, vb., to devour, and No. kjøkja, vb., to make efforts in swallowing something, from kok (Icel. kok, f. and n., No. kok, n.), the throat, O.N. kók, f.

kogabrøl [kɔg··abrø̄l·], vb., to howl; to mew loudly and continuously, applied to cats in pairing-time; de cat is kogabrølin. Conn. The first part of the compd. is prob. No. kauka, vb., to shout, cry, Sw. dial. kauka, kåka, vb., also to try to allure by calling. The second part is brøl, vb., to bellow; howl.

*kogi¹ [kōgi, kɔ̄gi], sb., sea-term, name in fishermen’s tabu-lang. at sea for seal. Nm^w. (Esh.). Prop. the peeping one, from kog¹, vb., owing to the manner in which the seal, with its head above the surface of the water, watches the boat from a distance.

kogi² [kōgi], sb., sea-term, name in fishermen’s tabu-lang. at sea for land (in contrast to sea), esp. the high land (ridges of hills) in contrast to the low land (see kavi, sb. I 2). Uⁿ. “I saw de tap [‘top’] o’ de k. loomin’.” Often used in the pl., de kogis, the high land, the hills. Also partly gogi [gōgi], gogis (U^u.). Prop. that which peeps out (as the high land is the last to disappear and the first to appear when the boat-fishermen row out towards the high sea, or in towards the land respectively); see kog¹, vb.

kogl, kogel [kɔgəl, kȯgəl], sb., something round and unshapely, a round, lumpy stone; see further under kugl, kugel, sb.

kogl, kogel, vb., see kugl, kugel, vb.

koglet, kogli, adj., see kuglet, adj.

koil, sb., see koll, sb.

kojak(k) [kōjak, kō·jak·], vb., to chatter, to have a long gossip; to sit kojak(k)in. Fo. Poss. an extension of a *koja, like e.g. bisnakk, vb., to be occupied with useless trifles, from *bisna (No. bisna). In that case, the word can be referred to O.N. kœja, vb., to disturb by talking? or to No. skoia, vb., to bawl, to make a noise (some examples of dropped, initial s before a consonant are found in Shetl. Norn). It might also be conceived that kojak(k) has arisen by extension of a *kjak(k): No. kjaka, vb., a) to wrangle; b) to talk with tiresome monotony, and kjakka, vb., a) to carp at; b) to grumble, wrangle.

kok (kjok) [ᶄɔk], vb., to caress, to fondle in a rough manner, to k. aboot ane. Uⁿ. *koka? No. kaka and koka, vb., a) to bungle: b) to fondle.

*kokk, sb., see *kukk, sb.

kokkasødi [kɔk·asø̄·di, kåk·asø̄·di (kɔk·aᶊø̄·di)] and kokkasøti [kɔk·a-, kåk·asø̄·ti, -søt·i], sb., an onomatopœic name, prop. tabu-name, sea-term in fishermen’s lang. applied to various kinds of sea-fowl. N.I. Acc. to some people, the name for an auk, alca torda, acc. to others, a cormorant (large, grey, white-breasted cormorant), again acc. to others (Y^h.), the long-tailed duck, the so-called kallu (q.v.); finally acc. to some, used of the shearwater, liri. Also kokkinsøti [kåk·ɩnsøt·i] (Fe. occas.) and kokkasøna [kåk·asø̄·na] (Y^h.). The cry of such a sea-bird was taken as an omen of bad weather, when heard by fishermen rowing out to the high sea. — to sing like a k., to sing out of tune (N.I.).

kokkel [(kɔkəl) kåkəl], sb., tabu-name, sea-term, used by fishermen for the compass. Nm^s. Prop. a lump, Icel. kökkull, No. kokle (kokul), Sw. dial. kokkel, m.

kokkeluri [kɔk·əlū·ri, kåk·əlū·ri], sb., daisy, Bellis perennis. comm. Sometimes called “de piri (the little) k.” in contrast to “de mukkel (the big) k.”, ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum), L.Sc. horse-gowan. Is the same word as No. kokkelur(e), m., pine-cone (seed-capsule, kokul), with which doubtless are connected “kukkelur(e)”, m., snail-shell, Icel. kukulur, m., snail (= fjörukongur. B.H.). Prop. a lump; see kokkel, sb.

kokr, koker [kɔkər (kåkər)] and kukr, kuker [kokər], vb., to cheer up, to revive, to k. ane op; also to talk gently; to fondle, caress. Wests. occas. (Sa.): [kokər]. Elsewhere more comm.: [kɔkər (kåkər)]. Also commonly with inserted j: kjokr, kjoker [kjɔkər]. More rarely used as vb. n., to become revived, to recover, to k(j)okr op. — No. kokra (kukra), vb., inter alia to fondle; to talk gently (prop. to cackle; whinny; to emit monotonous, detached sounds); Eng. cocker, vb.

kokrin, kokerin [kɔk··ərɩn·] and more comm.: kjokrin, kjokerin [kjɔk··ərɩn·] sb., sea-term, fishermen’s tabu-name for hen. Wh. In Papa Stour the word is found with close o-sound: (kukrin) kjukrin [(kok··ərɩn·) kjok··ərɩn·]. — Prop. the cackling one. No. kokra (and kukra), vb., to emit monotonous, detached sounds; to cackle, whinny, etc. See the preceding word.

kol [kɔl], sb., a small piece of partly burnt, glowing peat on the hearth, small brand (q.v.) or piece of a brand. O.N. kol, n., is handed down in sense of coal; prop. fire or something burning (from this “kola”, f., a lamp). See tand, sb.

kolgrof [(kɔlgrȯf) kɔⁱlgrȯf], kolgref [kɔlgref, kålgref], sb., a piece of ground very carelessly delved; “to dell [‘delve’] or lay onyting (a piece, a ‘rig’) in k.”, in delving a piece of ground with a spade: to prepare the ground roughly, leaving it in an uneven state. In a wider sense: to lay onyting in k., to execute a piece of work carelessly and badly. Y. (kolgrof: Y^b.; kolgref: Y^m.). — de Kolgref or Kolgrev [-grev] is found as a place-name on the east side of the isle of Hascosay [has··kose·], situated between Yell (Y^m.) and Fetlar. The said place is of a very rough character, uneven and full of depressions. From this is derived the name of the sound “Kolgref or Kolgrev Sund” (between Hascosay and Fetlar). — O.N. kolgrǫf, f., a charcoal pit. See gref, sb.

koli [kɔli (kåli)], sb., a small, cup-shaped, open lamp (made of iron), a train-oil lamp. comm. From F.I. is reported a form with long å [kååli]. — O.N. koIa, f., a small, open lamp (train-oil lamp).

kolihekk [kɔl·ihæk· (kål·i-)], sb., a wooden frame for the lamp, koli, to hang in. Fo. See hekk, sb.

kolirag [kɔl·irag· (kål·i-)], sb., the wick in a train-oil lamp, koli. The word is now only used in exprs. in which the original sense has become obscure, as: riven (torn) i’ kolirags, torn into strips, rags, applied to a piece of cloth, a garment — with reference to Eng. rag. — O.N. rak, n., the wick of a candle; Fær. rak, n., also wick in a train-oil lamp (kola).

kolket [kȯ‘ᶅkət (kȯi‘lkət)], adj., knobby, unshapely, out of its proper shape. U. (Uⁿ.). Doubtless perf. part. of a verb *kolk, to bring out of shape. Cf. No. kolka, kulka, vb., to work badly, to bungle, and see the foll. word.

kolki [kȯ‘ᶅki (kȯi‘lki)], sb., 1) a protuberance, knob or lump: a) de k. o’ de kettle, the protuberance (round little swelling) on the outside of the bottom of a kettle. N.I. (in Unst, Uⁿ., also kjolki [kjȯ‘ᶅki] and kulki [ku‘lki]). Wests. occas. (Ai.) and Easts. occas. (L.; Wh.; Sk.): kulki [ku‘lki, ko‘lki], de k. o’ de kettle; b) the hindmost curve of the stomach of a fish; de k. o’ de mogi. N.I. and several places (Uⁿ. occas.: kulki [ku‘lki]). 2) small hollow in the centre of the hearth in the horizontal, midmost hearthstone; de k. o’ de heart’-sten, = de kuli. Nmⁿ. (N.Roe). 3) (dented) corner of a plaited straw-basket; “de k. o’ a kessi”, esp. referring to the corner of an old basket, which has lost its shape (see kolket, adj.). U. occas. (U^ba.). 4) short stem of a pipe; de k. o’ de pipe. Fe. — In sense 1 a are found also without k-derivation: kuli and kulek (-ek is the diminutive ending in the latter); in sense 2 also kuli. — *kulkr. Deriv. of *kúl-; O.N. kúla, f., a bump; swelling; No. and Sw. dial. kul (uu), m., and kula, f., a bump. No. kolk (kulk), n., is doubtless the same as the Shetlandic word, but used in a different sense: a bungle; badly done work, prob. originally something knobby or lumpy.

koll¹ (koil) [kɔᶅ, kɔil], sb., 1) sea-term, a name in fishermen’s tabu-lang. at sea for head, esp. head of a fish; smite de k.! chop its (the ling’s) head off! Ai. Also in the compd. grokoll [grō·kɔᶅ·] or with anglicising of the first part: grey-koll, grey k., sea-term, tabu-name for mouse, prop. grey-head [O.N. grár kollr, *grákollr]. Ai. (W. Burr.). 2) a protecting cover of straw, placed over the top of a hay- or corn-stack, esp. against rain; chiefly in the compd. “head k.”; Nm^s. [(kɔᶅ) kɔil (kåil)]. In the same sense: koll-tap [‘top’] and “koll-tett (-tate)” (L.Sc. tate, tatte, sb., a small quantity; tuft of wool; lock of hair, etc.; O.N. þáttr, m., a single strand of a rope; a part of something); Nm^s. — In sense of hay-stack a form koll [kɔl (kɔⁱl)] is found, alternating with “cole [kōl]”. The latter form is doubtless L.Sc. (Jam.: cole), and the use of koll in sense of hay-stack is probably due to L.Scottish influence (N.Eng. dial. and L.Sc., N.Scottish: coll, sb., hay-stack), though a derivative *kyllingr, from O.N. kollr, is found in sense of small hay-stack in No. (kylling, m.), and in Fær. (kyllingur [tᶊɩdlɩŋgȯr]); the word “kollr” itself is not found in this sense in the Northern languages, but certainly it is found in sense of the rounded top of a hay-stack. Original words in Shetl. for hay-stack, such as høstakk and sodi, sodek, are found only in a metaphorical sense, used comparatively; see further under these words. 3*) round-topped hill, knoll; now found only in place-names, chiefly as the first part of compd., and pronounced in many different ways [kɔl (kɔⁱl), kɔᶅ (koᶅ, kåᶅ), kȯl, kȯᶅ, kɔil (kȯil)]. Examples: Kollafirt’. [kɔl··afe‘rt·] (Nm.): *kolla-fjǫrðr; Kollevo [kȯᶅ··əvo·] (Yⁿ., Papa St.): Shetl. Stedn. p. 121. — O.N. kollr, m., the head; rounded top, summit; crag, knoll.

*koll² [kåᶅ], sb., a man, an old man, noted down only in a sea-song in Norn from Uⁿ. in the expr. “sagde k. [ᶊagdə kåᶅ]”, sagde kolle gambli or kolla gamla [ᶊaⁱdə (ᶊagdə) kåᶅə gambli, ᶊagdə kåᶅa gamla], the old man said so, *sagði karl, sagði karlinn gamli. O.N. karl, m., a man. The now current form karl [karl, kārl] in Shetl., in spite of its likeness to O.N. karl, or rather on account of its inconsistency with Norn phonology (esp. rl for ll, softened, palatal l), is scarcely Shetlandic, but a loan-word from L.Sc. (L.Sc. carl, sb., a man, churl). karl is sometimes used, by mingling, in the same sense as kerlin, kerl (a big woman). For the relation between “karl” and koll, cf. the relation between kerlin (kerl) and *kellin.

koll [kɔl], vb., to clip, to take off the top, to k. onyting aff; to k. de light, to snuff the candle. No. kolla, vb., inter alia to clip, to take off the top; L.Sc. coll, vb., id. A form with long o: kol [kōl, kō^əl], which must be L.Scottish, is now more common in Shetl.; see under koll¹, sb. 2.

kolla [kɔᶅa (koᶅa)], sb., sea-term, tabu-name in fishermen’s lang. for a buoy (made from sheep-skin). Conn.; Fo. Prop. something clipped and rounded, a roundish or “polled” object. Cf. No., Fær. and Icel. kolla, f., a wooden vessel without ear or handle, Sw. dial. kolla, f., Shetl. -koll in the compd. rømikoll (q.v.). O.N. kolla, f., a polled animal, a female, also a woman, is prop. the same word.

kollek [kȯlək, kȯᶅək (koᶅək)], sb., 1) a roundish, lumpy object, esp. an unshapely stone (useless for building purposes), = kog(e)l and kug(e)l, sb.; a vilde [‘vile’] kollek o’ a sten. Du. [kȯᶅək]. 2) a variety of oval-shaped mussel; acc. to L. Edm.: Mactra solida. In Neill: Venus Erycina. Acc. to Th. Edm. (Glossary): Tellina rhomboides. kȯlək: Y^h. occas. koᶅək: Sa. occas. Elsewhere more comm.: kȯᶅək. In Wh.: kolli [kɔli]-shall. Deriv. of O.N. kollr, m. (rounded top; the head)? See koll¹ and kolla, sbs. The word might, however, also suggest an older *koglek or *koklek; see further kugl, kugel, sb.

koller [kȯᶅər], sb., young gull (esp. the three-toed gull). Sa. Onomatopœic word; see kelli, killi, sb., and kall, vb. 2.

kollet [kȯᶅət (kɔᶅət, kȯilət, kɔilət)], adj., 1) applied to cattle, esp. cows: polled; a k. coo. In Fo.: kodlet [(kɔdlət) kådlət], now partly superseded by, and alternating with, the more common kollet [kȯᶅət]. Nmⁿ. (N.Roe): kȯᶅət and kȯilət, koilat. Of a hard storm it is said: “hit [‘it’] is enough [enjåχ] to blaw [‘blow’] de horns aff o’ a k. coo”. 2) bald-looking, having the hair cropped closely; du is very k.-lookin’. N.Roe [kȯᶅət, kȯilət, kɔilət]. 3) in the phrase “a k. cap”, a skull-cap. N.I. [kȯᶅət]; corresponding to O.N. kollhetta (-hǫttr), Icel. kollhúfa, No. kollhuva, Fær. kollhúgva, a skull-cap. — O.N. kollóttr, adj., polled (bald), appl. to animals.

kollgrøt [kɔᶅgrøt], sb., a lead, with a rope attached, for sounding the depth of the sea. Esh., Nm^w. The second part of the compd. is grøt, sb., a stone. The first part is poss. O.N. kaðall, No. kal, kall, m., a rope; cable. Or koll, head?

kollifirbolli [kåᶅ·ɩfərbåᶅ·ɩ], adv., headlong, topsy-turvy; dey guid [‘went’] k. doon [‘down’] de hill; dey tumbled k. N.Roe. *koll fyrir bǫll? kolli here prob. means head; see koll¹, sb. bolli: globe; lump; hind part?

kolmirk [kɔlmə‘rk], adj., pitch dark. No. kolmyrk, Sw. kolmörk, adj., id.

kolti [kȯ‘ᶅti], adj., applied to a stone: round and lumpy, useless for building purposes; a k. sten. Conn., Du. No. kulten, adj., resembling a kult (log of wood; crag; a small, stout, round figure), somewhat convex, stoutish.

*kolv-, sb., see *kwolvin.

kom¹, come [kɔm], vb., to come, used in collocations with certain preps. and advs. in some exprs. originating from O.N. (Norn). Thus: k. aff, see af, aff, adv. — k. at, a) to come to an end, to have nearly finished some work or other, = Fær. koma at enda; we ’re comin’ at; Sa. b) to happen, of a misfortune or accident; som’tin’ is [‘has’] come at him; what’s come at de coo? O.N. koma at, inter alia α) (impers.) to come to a certain point, so that something is at hand; β) to come over one, to overwhelm; Icel. and Fær. koma at e-m, to happen (of an accident). — k. frae, inter alia of a fishing-line which has chanced to stick fast to the sea-bottom, round, or under, a stone, and is carefully jerked up: to become loose, to slip out (with a jerk), — gloit, vb.; de line cam’ frae (Fe.). — k. on, to happen, occur, = Fær. koma á, No. koma paa (up-paa); in other senses see “k. upon (upo)”. — k. op, to get on, to become known, = O.N. koma upp. — k. till: d) to grow, to become something more or greater; esp. jokingly or ironically: du is comin’ till, you surpass my expectations. Uⁿ.; No. and Fær. koma til, inter alia to grow to manhood; O.N. koma til e-s, inter alia to become something. b) to recover; to regain strength; in a similar sense No. koma til (tee), to revive, to come to (of a person in a swoon). — k. tø [‘to’], in the phrase “ill come tø”, perf. part., properly to come off badly, esp. of a cow calving before due time, or applied to a woman who has been confined before her time; “shø’s ill come tø” (Conn.). O.N. koma til, inter alia to happen, occur. — k. upon (upo), a) to meet, to run across, O.N. koma á; b) to come over one, applied to frame of mind, = Fær. koma á; der ’r a ilska come upon him. — k. wi’, to occur in a certain manner (well or ill), to k. weel or ill wi’, = Fær. koma (væl, illa) við; O.N. koma við, inter alia to happen, occur. — In fishermen’s tabu-lang. at sea is used the phrase “come till itsell [‘itself’]”, of the fishing-line, in sense of to break; mostly in perf. part.: de line is come till itsell, the line is broken.

†kom(b) [kɔm, kom], vb., of waves: to form a crest (of foam); of the sea: to form crested waves, combers; de sea is kom(b)in op. Wests. (Sa., Papa). Also kem, “kame, kaim [kɛm, kem, ᶄɛm, ᶄem]”, with L.Sc. form of the word; thus on Easts. (Wh.: ᶄɛm); to k. op. — Denoting, in contrast to Eng. comb, vb., not the breaking but only the lifting of long, high waves, and may then be an old *kamba, to form crest or top. See *kamb and *komb(a), sb., sharp-crested mountain ridge, and compare faks, sb. and vb.

komin [kōmɩn], sb., that which is suitable for one to do, is one’s duty; to be in ane’s k., to be one’s duty; hit [‘it’] is guid or ill i’ dy k. to dø it, it becomes you well or ill to do that; hit is ill i’ dy k., it is ungrateful of you, it is a poor return. Also in pl.: komins; hit is ill i’ dy komins (N.I.). — Cf. O.N. koma, vb., in sense of to be one’s duty, something one is obliged to do (koma 6 in Fr.).

*kongalu [kɔŋ·galū·, kåg·gəlū·], sb., a bush, heather-bush; under (a) k. U^{n., bu}. Only preserved in a riddle in Norn; see Introd. Prob.: *kǫnglu, acc., gen., dat. of *kangla, f. O.N. kǫngull, m., a cluster of berries; No. kongla, f., a fir-cone (kongul, m., a cluster of berries), Sw. dial. kangel, m. Cf. also Sw. dial. kang, m., a long, drooping, leafy twig or branch of a conifer, No. kangla, vb., to strip off leaves or seed. — For the stressed ending in the Shetl. word see Introd. V (also N.Spr. VII), § 41.

kongel [kɔŋgəl (kåŋgəl)], sb., 1) a piece of dough made into a brøni or circular, thick cake (barley- or oat-cake), raw brøni. Nm. 2) a small piece of peat (piece of burning peat). U.? Edm.: “kongl, a piece of burning peat”. Fær. kongul, m., a small piece of peat. No. kongul (East Norw.), m., kongla, f., Sw. dial. kangel, m., a fir-cone, “kongul” also means a cluster of berries (West Norw.). See the preceding word, and konglalavin, sb. The root-meaning of the word is doubtless lump. For the relation between the two different meanings of kongel cf. the relation between Shetl. bogel, sb., and Ork. boglo, sb.

kongi [kɔŋgi], sb., sea-snail, spiral-formed shell. Y^h., Fe. No. kong, m., and Icel. kongur (fjörukongur), m., sea-snail.

konglalavin [koŋ·glalā·vin], sb., = kongel, sb. 1 (a piece of dough made into a brøni). Nm. For the second part see lavin, sb.

konk, konki (kjonki), sb., illness, a very bad cold, see kunki, sb.

konn, vb., to become acquainted or familiar with something (a place), to become accustomed to a haunt, esp. referring to cattle, kept in a certain pasture, in order to get them accustomed to the place. Only reported in the form kodn, kodden [kȯdən] from Sandness on Wests. “keep de coo dere, untill shø koddens”, keep the cow there till she gets familiar with or used to the said pasture. — O.N. kynnask, vb. refl., to become acquainted, to make acquaintance with someone or something (kunnr, adj., known); No. kynna, vb., to let a person get familiar with one, and kynnast, vb. refl., to make oneself familiar (with someone). — In the Shetl. verb the i-mutation is dropped. Change of nn to dn, especially prominent in the Foula dialect, has formerly been common on the greater part of Westside (Sa., W., Ai^w., St^w., Foula and Papa). Examples of the changes ll > dl, nn and rn > dn, on Wests., are found in Introd. V (also N.Spr. VII), § 42; note further the Foula forms, such as kidn- from kinn- (O.N. kinn, f., the cheek), and in the Hildina ballad (Foula ballad), e.g. kadn from O.N. kann, can, 3rd pers. sing. of kunna, vb. In Norn ^a)ll and ^b)nn, rn, are found as ll and nn respectively in the other parts of Shetland, often (esp. in the N.I.) with softened, palatal pronunciation.

konn, adj., acquainted with; familiar with; accustomed to, esp. referring to cattle having become accustomed to a certain pasture. Only reported from Sa., Wests., in the form kodn, kodden [kȯdən]. “de coo is no k. yet”, the cow is not yet accustomed to the pasture. O.N. kunnr, adj., a) known; b) familiar (with), being acquainted with or having knowledge of. For the change nn > dn in Shetl. Norn on Wests. see under the preceding word.

*konnmerki [kɔⁱn·mæ‘r·ki, kȯᶇ·mæ‘r·ki (kɔ̇ᶇ·-)], sb., a kind of cornworm (that creeps into the ears of corn, ruining them), zabrus gibbus. Y^h. *korn-maðkr, corn-worm. merki: derivative, with i-mutation, of older *mark, O.N. maðkr, m., maggot; worm. For the change ðk > rk cf. No. and Sw. dial. mark = makk, m., maggot; worm (Sw. literary lang.: mask). Another Shetl. name for the said worm is oks-worm, “ear (of corn)-worm”; q.v.

konta-plucker^{[errata 2]} [kɔ‘ᶇ··taplok·ər], sb., small marul (the angler), Lophius piscatorius. Uⁿ. — O.N. kunta, f. cunnus. See †plukker, sb.

†kop, sb., see kjob, sb.

kopp [kɔp], sb., 1) a somewhat precipitous hollow, roundish depression in the landscape. Ai. (Fogrigert). Often found as a place-name: de Kopp, de Kopps. Holokopp [hɔl··okɔp·] (Norwick, Uⁿ.): *holu-koppr; de Kukopp [kūkɔp] (de Biggins, Papa St.): *kú-koppr, and “Koppena kør [kɔp··əna· kø̄r]” (Nm^w., near the lake of “Kørwater”): *kýr-kopparnir — small dales, haunts of the cows, de Koppadelds (Semblister, St.): *kopp(a)-deildir. Koppifell [kɔp··ɩfel·] (Ai.), a hill, the one side of which is concave: *kopp-fell. de Koppahwæis [kɔp··ahwäis·] (Sulem, Nm.): *kopp(a)-kvíar (see kwi, sb.). de Koppa-“rigs” (Tangwick, Esh., Nm^w., Huster, Ai.); rig (L.Sc.) = cultivated patch (older Shetl. teg, deld). — Sometimes kopp (in place-names) denotes a roundish elevation, e.g. de Smokopps [smōkɔps, -kops] (Conn^w.), some small, round hills with level top; cf. O.N. “smákoppr” in a contrary sense small vessel; small hollow. 2) in a water-mill: one of the (two or three) holes, bored in the iron plate fixed to the groundsill, and in which the pivot of the axle turns; see grundking, sb. In sense 2 now often a) with the pronunc.: [kȯp], like Eng. “cup”, and b) in the form kapp, “cap” [kap], after L.Sc. cap, sb., a wooden bowl. 3) stern of a boat or ship? In this sense a form “kupp” is given in Edm. Not further confirmed. — kapp is commonly used in Shetl., partly in sense of wooden bowl, a Norwa-k., a wooden bowl made in Norway (and imported from there), partly (esp. in S.Sh.) in sense of boat's scoop, = ouskerri, but in contrast to the latter, mostly used as a sea-term, tabu-name; see *kupa, sb. Also in place-names the form kapp has sometimes replaced kopp; e.g. de Rossikapps [rȯᶊ··ɩkaps·] (Fitful, Du.), depressions in the ground, pastures for horses: *hrossa-koppar. — O.N. koppr, m., a) a cup, small vessel; b) a cup-shaped hollow; c) semi-spherical elevation. — It may be doubtful, in several cases, whether in Shetlandic place-names there is any evidence of an original “koppr” or *kop-, *kopa (No. kōp and kopa, small hollow), or a *kúpa (No. kupa, f., a bowl, something cup-shaped), esp. where the pronunc. is [kop] with close o. Examples: Bergkop(p) or -kup [bæ‘rkop] (Brough, Wh.), hollow in a rock; de Koppek or Kupek [kopək] o’ de Wart (Scousburgh, Du.), hollow in a mountain-side. Kop(p)a [kɔpa] (L.), an over-hanging rock, concave at the foot, may be an original *kopa. See *kupa, kupi, sbs.

*kora-mussi [kor·amoᶊ·ɩ], sb., reported from Sa. as being the last words of a dying Aithsting man to his wife: “Oh, puir k.-m., I’ll t’ink lang for dee”, oh, poor - -, I will long for you (Ai.). As the expr. “krøl-mooth” or “krølet mooth”, prop. “curly mouth”, is still used as an endearing term to or about someone, kora-mussi may possibly be explained in a similar manner from O.N. kárr, m., a curl (or No. kaure, m., id.), and Fær. mussur, m., endearingly = munnur, m., the mouth. With Fær. “mussur” compare No. munsa, Sw. dial. and Fær. mussa, vb., to kiss.

korf, sb., see kurf, sb.

korgl, korgel [kårgəl], vb., to tell strongly exaggerated stories. Prop. to emit throat sounds? in this case, there may be compared with the Shetl. word, Fær. gorra and gorpa, vb., a) appl. to the raven: to croak (hoarsely); b) to babble, to talk nonsense; Fær. gorpur, m., the raven, = O.N. korpr, No. korp, m. No. karkla, vb., to cackle, almost assimilates in form to Shetl. korgl.

korhird, vb., see gordhird, vb.

kork, vb., see kørk, vb.

†korka [kå‘rka] and †korkin [kå‘rkɩn], sb., oats. Fo. (korka) and U^{n., bu}. (korkin). Used as a tabu-name, sea-term in U. korkakost, oaten bread (Fo.); see *kost¹, sb. — O.N. korki, m., oats, from Irish coirce, corca.

korkalit [kå‘r··kalɩt· (kɔ‘r··ka-)], sb., red dye (purple), produced from crab’s-eye lichen, korki, = Fær. korkalitur, No. korkelit, m. Fe. Otherwise more comm.: korkelit [kɔ‘r··kelɩt·, kå‘r··ke-] or korkilit [kɔ‘r··kɩlɩt·, kå‘r··kɩ-]. See below korki, sb.

†korki [kɔ‘rki, kå‘rki], sb., crab’s-eye lichen, lichen tartarea. From this lichen is extracted a purple colour. comm. korki and korka [(kɔ‘rka) kå‘rka]: Fe. Fær. korki, No. (West Norw.) korke, m., id., from Gael. corcar. L.Sc. (obs.) corkes. Shetl. korki denotes also a red (purple) colour, prepared from crab’s-eye lichen.

korki [kɔ‘rki, kå‘rki]-ba’, sb., a round lump (ba’) of prepared korki, a lump of red (purple) dye, — Fær. korkaleivur (O.N. hleifr, m., a round loaf).

korl, sb., see korr¹, sb.

?kormoget [kərmō·gət], adj., having an impure, light grey colour, with a darker coloured belly, applied to animals; a k. sheep. Esh., Nm^w. For gormoget? see gor, sb. Or a parallel form to kidmoget? see under kattmoget, adj.

kormollet [kȯrmoᶅ·ət, kȯrmȯᶅ·ət, kormȯᶅ·ət (kɔr-)], adj., 1) having a large, ugly mouth, esp. a) used by children and young persons of old women who are (were) harsh with them, and b) of cows; a k. coo. Sa. [kȯrmoᶅ·ət]. 2) ill-looking, having a disagreeable, repulsive appearance and a queer, ugly face; a k. body. U. [kȯrmȯᶅ·ət; Uⁿ.: kormȯᶅ·ət (kɔr-)]. Fo. [kȯrmȯᶅ·ət]. — The word may be an original *kýr-mýltr or -múlóttr, "having a mouth (muzzle) like a cow”. The first part of the compd., in this case, is gen. sing. (kýr) of O.N. kýr, f., a cow. For the second part mollet see grolmolet, and grølmølet, kattmollet, *trollmolet, adjs. — Different from the kormollet, treated here, is another kormollet [kȯrmȯᶅ·ət] = kormolget [kȯrmȯᶅ·gət], having a dirty face, soiled (Nm.; [kȯrmȯᶅ·gət]: N.Roe), which is a parallel form to gormolget, gormollet; see further under gormolg (gormoll), vb. In sense 2 (ugly and disagreeable in appearance), the two words are, however, merged together; likewise in sense c of the word gormollet (kor-), surly and peevish, which poss. is a kormollet, “cow-mouthed”, “ugly-mouthed”, repulsive.

korn, corn [kōrn, kō^ərn, kårn], sb., corn, still commonly used in a sense handed down from the old language: a morsel; grain; a tiny part of anything, a piri (little) corn, = O.N. korn, n. The older Norn-form of the word was *konn [kɔⁱn, kɔᶇ, kȯᶇ]; see under *konnmerki, sb. Cf. forms as *honn- from O.N. horn, *bonn from O.N. barn.

corn-deld, -djeld, sb., see deld, (and skebb²), sb.

corn-gild [kōrn·gɩld· (-ꬶɩld·)], sb., payment, gild, for the damage done by one man’s sheep on another man’s corn. U. *korn-gild (gjald). See *gild, sb.

corn-skepp [kōrnskɛp, kōrnsᶄɛp, -skæp], sb., a large straw-basket for stamping corn in. See skepp² (and skebb²), sb.

korp [kå‘rp], vb., to emit rattling sounds, to be dying. Fe. *korpa, to croak hoarsely, applied to the raven; O.N. korpr, m., the raven. Cf. Fær. gorpa, vb., to croak (appl. to the raven, Fær. gorpur).

korpnibset [kɔrᶇɩb·sət], adj., snub-nosed, short-faced. Fo. kirpnibset [(kərᶇɩb·sət) ᶄɩrᶇɩb·sət]: Sa. Like “kirp-faced”. — Properly “short-beaked”. For the first part korp- see further under kirp (kirpet, kirpin), adj. The second part is a deriv. of *nebb, beak (No. nebb and Sw. näbb, m., Fær. nebb, n., O.N. nef, n.).

korr¹ [kȯr (kȯrr)], sb., in the expr. “de k. o’ dimm”, the quietest part of the midsummer-night, the dead of the midsummer-night. N.I.; Nm. occas. In Nm. also korl [kȯrl], de k. o’ dimm. — O.N. kyrð, f., rest, quietness (kyrr, adj., quiet, still). — Cf. No. kurr, adj. (= kyrr, kjørr, quɩet, still), in exprs. as “paa det kurraste”, in the middle of the night, and “kurraste natti”, in the dead of night.

korr² [kȯrr], sb., a slight sound, a murmur, esp. negatively “no a k.”, not the slightest sound or indication; der’ wer (there was) no a k. ut o’ his head; der’ wer no a k. among dem. N.I. Also referring to a cooing or clucking sound, e.g. of hens; Wests. (St.); see korr, vb. — O.N. kurr, m., a murmur, prop. a grumbling, growling.

korr [kȯrr], vb., to coo, to cluck, e.g. of hens perceiving something that fixes their attention. Wests. (St.). — O.N. kurra, vb., to murmur; grumble, growl, etc.

korr [kȯrr], interj., hushaby! Cf. Icel. korra, vb., to sing low to children (korríró, cradle-song, lullaby), and see kirr, interj.

korri [kȯri], sb., a small, lively fellow; applied to children and small animals. “My k.!” my treasure, my honey! (Sa.). Occas. also of dogs (Conn.), esp. in fondling address, and as the name of a dog. In the first given sense korri is prob. the same word as Sw. dial. kurre, m., a) the squirrel; b) a small, lively boy. In sense of dog, and as the name of a dog, another “kurre” is found in Sw. dial., with which cf. Eng. cur, sb. For a possible merging of “*kurri’’ and O.N. kærr, adj., dear, in the expr. “my kor(r)i”, see the following word.

korri [kȯri], adj., 1) small, lively, cheerful and quick, commonly applied to children and small animals; a k. little fellow. Nmⁿ. (N.Roe), Conn. 2) in fondling address to a child: my k. ting (lamb)! my piri k. ting! my sweet little honey! Sa. Edm. gives kurrie: “pretty, dear, amiable”. — For the etymology of the word in sense 1 see under korri, sb. In sense 2 there seems to be a mingling of *kurri with O.N. kærr, adj., dear, in Shetl. partly ker, as “my kor(r)i!” (see the preceding word) is also used syn. with keremi! my dear! my treasure!

korrnorr [kȯr·nȯr·], sb. and interj.: I) sb., a murmur; mutter, esp. negatively; he never said k., he never said a word. Nm. II) interj., be quiet! be silent! Fe. — The first part is korr², sb., a murmur; the second part is poss. knurr, sb., (q.v.) in this compd. merely intensive, noted down in the same sense. The initial k in the second part might easily be dropped in the said compd. See kirrnirr and kørrnørr, sb. (and interj.), in which “i” and “ø”, in the second parts are, respectively, due to adjustment of sound.

kors, cors [(kɔ‘rs) kå‘rs], sb., 1) fiery-cross in shape of a small, wooden cross-pin; formerly used especially when tithes were to be collected, and was stuck above the door when sending round from house to house. Also Ork. 2) express message, very important tidings or errand; to send a k.; N.I. (Y.; Fe.). 3) korses, pl., two pieces of wood laid crosswise and fixed at the end of the churn-staff, for butter-churning; (a pair o’) kirn-korses; comm. 4) a cruciform mark on a steelyard by which to distinguish the centre; comm. in pl. of two such marks on a steelyard; de bismer-korses, half a lispund korses. 5) exclamation in swearing: kors! “cross”! k. upo dee! k. upo dat! — Kors-mass, Cross-mass^{[errata 3]}, the 3rd of May (Inventio Crucis), and the 14th of September (Elevatio Crucis), = O.N. Krossmessa, L.Sc. Cors(e)-mass. — The form of the word is L.Sc. (cors), but the meanings spring from O.N. kross, m., a cross, cross-pin, which, inter alia, is found in sense of a circulating fiery-cross, = Shetl. kors 1; Fær. tingakrossur, m., fiery-cross. Meaning 2 of Shetl. kors has been developed from meaning 1. With kors (korses) 3, “kirn-korses”, cf. No. kirnekross, m., wheel in a wheel-churn (R.). — In place-names commonly in the older form kross [krɔs, krås; krȯs, krȯᶊ], esp. as the first part, and denoting a cross, in former times placed on or near the spot where e.g. the passers-by performed their devotions. See Shetl. Stedn. p. 124.

†kort [kɔ‘rt, kå‘rt, kȯ‘rt], adj., short; also scant. Prob. a more recent word. Da. (and No.) kort, Ndl. kort, adj.

koss [kȯᶊ], vb., to scare away poultry (hens) by shouting; see kuss and køss, vbs.

koss [kȯᶊ], interj., outcry, by which to scare away poultry (hens); see kuss and køss, interj.

kossi [kȯsi (kȯᶊɩ)] and kotsa, kotsi [kȯtsa, kȯtsi], sb., a calf or cow, used as a call or fondling term. kotsa: Uⁿ. occas. kotsi: U. and Fe. Elsewhere more commonly: kossi. See kussi, sb.

*kost¹ [kɔst], sb., 1) bread; handed down in the compds. boga [boga]-k., barley-bread, and korka |kå‘rka]-k., oaten bread. Fo. In Low’s list of words (from Fo.): Coust, Boga coust and Corka coust. 2) in former times: a certain tax of corn, acc. to D. Balfour commonly paid in ¹⁄₃ meal, and ²⁄₃ malt or corn (Ork. and Shetl.). cost: Balfour. — Cf. O.N. kostr, m., in sense of sustenance (in provisions), food, corn, and Ork. cost, coist, sb., a) sustenance or duty payable in kind, tax in kind; b) in a special sense: meal and malt (Jam., Edm.).

*kost², kjost [(kȯst) ᶄȯst, kjȯst], sb., tumulus. Nm^s. (Bard.). As a place-name, names of hills, are found: de Kostins [ᶄȯstɩns] or de Køstins [ᶄøstɩns], a lumpy hill in Bonidale, Lunn.; de K(j)ostins [ᶄȯstens, kjȯstɩns], sea-term for a (steep) tract of coast in Westing, U., forming a height; de K(j)osta [ᶄɔsta], sea-term, used by Yell fishermen of the promontory “Tonga [tɔŋga]” in Unst (U^w.); Kostifell [kɔs··tefel·], sea-term for the hill Sulmisvird [*-varða], Nm. — O.N. kǫstr, m., a heap, heterogeneous mass. Fær. köstur, m., Ork. kaest, sb. (Jam., Suppl.), a dunghill.

kotl, kottel [kȯⁱtəl, kȯi‘təl], vb., 1) to tickle (Uⁿ.), = kitl², kittel, vb. 2) to put aside secretly, to pilfer. U. Cf. a) No. kutla, vb. (Dal.), = kitla, to tickle, and b) kitla, vb., in sense of to poke, rake up the fire (R.).

kotti [kȯti], sb., a pet name and call for a hen: chickabiddy; piri (little) k.! Fe.? (acc. to J.I.). See kitti, sb.

kovl¹, kovel, sb., see kuvl, kuvel, sb.

kovl², kovel [kȯvəl], sb., thick, warm clothing, esp. head-covering. Also kofl, koffel [kȯfəl]. O.N. kufl and kofl, n., a cowled cloak.

kovl, kovel [kȯvəl], vb., to k. anesell [‘oneself’], to k. anesell op, to dress oneself warmly, to wrap oneself up carefully, esp. about the head; shø [‘she’] kovels her (her head) op. Also kofl, kofel [kȯfəl]: Uⁿ. occas., Conn. koveld (kofeld) op, closely wrapped up (esp. about the head). *kufla or *kofla. See the preceding word.

kra [krā], sb., see *kragek and kraga-tae, sbs.

krab [krāb], sb., a collection of small, worthless objects, e.g. small, ill-thriven potatoes; small pieces of peat, etc.; a lock [‘lot’] o’ k. Uⁿ., Y^h. (of potatoes). Also a collection of small creatures, esp. small, testaceous animals (very small limpets, patella, unserviceable for bait), small mussels. Uⁿ., Nm^s. (mussel-k.). Sometimes appl. to small fish, disparagingly. Uⁿ. — No. krap, n., a) copse; small, stunted trees; b) small, ill-thriven animals (R.).

krab [krāb], vb., to scrape, to be dragged over an uneven surface while scratching and gripping hold, e.g. of an anchor or grapnel, dragged over the sea-bottom; de anchor or dregg krabs (is krabin). U^mo. *krapa? Cf. O.N. krafsa and krapsa, vb., to scratch, scrape, No. krabba, vb., a) to crawl, creep; b) to grab, snatch, scrape (krafsa), Sw. dial. krabba, vb., to creep.

krabbaliri [krab·ali̇̄·ri], sb., barnacles, lepas anatifera; commonly in pl.: krabbaliris. Esp. of barnacles on driftwood. Uⁿ. The first part of the compd. is, in all probability, O.N. krabbi, m., handed down in sense of crab, but doubtless originally used in a wider sense of a creeping creature; cf. No. krabbe, m., a) a crab; b) a small, creeping thing, and No. and Sw. dial. krabba, vb., to crawl, creep. liri is possibly the same word as, or cognate with, No. lira, f., a thin cake. Otherwise Shetl. liri is found in sense of shearwater, Puffinus (a species of sea-fowl). Other names for barnacles are spikkaliris (spiggaliris) (Uⁿ.) and “tammi-noris”, the latter otherwise denoting the sea-fowl puffin, Fratercula arctica. The name “tammi-nori” for barnacles is prob. due to a comparison of this animal with the beak of the puffin. On the other hand, a comparison with the beak of the shearwater does not agree quite so well.

*krabbi, *krabbe [(krabi) krabə], sb., a crab, in the verse about the crow and the crab (see Introd.: Fragments of Norn). Fe. Now always: crab. — O.N. krabbi, m., a crab.

krabbi [krabi]-lines, sb. pl., a variety of stringy seaweed, fucus filum. Fe.? (J.I.). Doubtless “creeping strings”; No. and Sw. dial. krabba, vb., to crawl, creep; see krabbaliri, sb. Another name for the same variety of seaweed is “lokkis-lines”.

krag [krāg], sb., 1*) a collar. 2) the throat, neck. Conn. O.N. kragi, m., the collar of a coat. L.Sc. crag, craug, sb., the neck. In sense 2 the L.Sc. form “craig [krēg]” is now more common in Shetl.

kraga [krāga], sb., a black cow with a white stripe round the neck, or conversely. Used esp. as the name for such a cow: Kraga. Fo. See kraget¹, adj.

kraga-tae [krā··gatē·], sb., in a boat: the top of a frame- or cross-timber; a bent piece of wood, which stretches from the end of the cross-beam under a thwart up to the gunwale (antiquated construction). Y^h. Elsewhere more generally in the abbreviated form: “kra [krā]-tae”, now used of a somewhat different construction: short knee-timber, a piece of wood which, underneath, rests on the end of a cross-timber, and on top of which is scarfed the so-called “knee-head” (q.v.). In Wh. found uncompounded: kra [krā], denoting a knee-piece scarfed to the bottom timber (de band) below, and to “de knee-head” above. — “kraga-tae”, prop. “knee-timber-toe” (L.Sc. tae, sb., = Eng. toe). For the first part of the compd. see the foll. word.

*kragek [kragək, krāgək], sb., knee-timber in a boat; the word assimilates partly to “kraga (kra)-tae”; q.v. Edm.: “cragacks, the knees in a boat”. — O.N. kraki, m., a pole, stake, also (as Icel. kraki, m., No. krake partly) a crook, hook.

kraget¹ [krāgət (kragət)], adj., appl. to an animal: having the neck (partly also the cheeks and head) of a different colour from that of the body, with light (white) body and dark (black) neck, or conversely; a k. coo or horse, a k. sheep. Prop. having a collar round the neck, and derived from O.N. kragi, m., a coat-collar. *krǫgóttr? One might have expected a form *kroget, similar e.g. to moget [*mǫgóttr], having a belly of a different colour from that of the body, from O.N. magi, m., the stomach. The word is possibly not quite old, though absence of u-mutation in kraget may be due to influence of the word krag, sb., whilst o in moget is supported by the form mogi, sb., stomach, stomach of a fish. Cf. bjelset (*bi-helset), adj.

kraget² [krāgət], adj., very lean and miserable, esp. applied to cattle; a k. sheep. Wh. Cf. No. krakutt, Sw. dial. krakig and krakligr, adj., feeble; miserable; sick (krake, m., inter alia a very emaciated animal), O.N. krakligr, adj., thin, slim, slender of frame, and see below krak(k)¹, sb.

kragklut [kraklət, kräklət (-klȯt)], sb., a cravat, neckerchief. From krag and klut, sbs.

†kragsi [kragsi], sb., a person with a long neck, esp. as a nickname for such a person. Fo. From krag, sb. 2.

krak or krakk¹ [krak], sb., a small, thin and weak person who has reached maturity, but is stunted in growth; a k. o’ a ting. Cf. a) O.N. kraki, m., (a stake, pole) thin and spare-limbed person, No. and Sw. dial. krake, m., also a stunt; a weak, emaciated being; b) No. krakk, m., a poor wretch. See kraget², adj.

krakk² [krak], sb., 1) a three-legged wooden stool, = No. krakk, Fær. krakkur (O.N. knakkr), m., L.Sc. crackie, sb. Also krokk [kråk]. Sometimes 2) a foot-stool (wooden foot-stool), = No. krakk (O.N. knakkr).

krakk-grice [krak-gräis], sb., a pig with very short, poorly developed hind legs, on account of disease in the joints. Uⁿ. With krakk, in this compd., cf. No. krakall, adj., stiff and feeble in the feet, kraken, adj., that moves stiffly and wearily (to be classed with kraka, vb., to creep, crawl along).

kram¹ [krām], sb., a paw, cat’s paw, cat’s claw. Jocular or mocking term, also applied to a hand: “paw”. Wh., Lunn. O.N. hrammr, m., bear’s paw. The Shetl. form, however, possibly springs from an original *kram-; see kramm, vb., and krammek, sb. Cf. ram, sb.

kram² [krām], sb., a heap of small objects or tiny creatures (shellfish for bait, small potatoes, etc.). Nm^s. Is doubtless the same word as O.N. kram, n., goods, small wares. See krama, sb.

kram [krām], vb., to pack into a heap; kramd [krāmd] togedder, kramd op. Nm^s. The long vowel-sound indicates kram to be a Norn, and not the Eng. word. No. krama, vb., a) to grab; b) to cram, stuff. A form with short vowel-sound is now commonly used in Shetl.

krama [krāma], sb., a collection or heap of small objects, such as very small potatoes, small clods of earth, pieces of peat, etc.; gane [‘gone’] i’ k., lyin’ in a k., crumbled, crushed. Conn. Derived form from kram², sb., see ante. — The same word as krama is doubtless grama [grāma], sb., heap of small objects, esp. small potatoes, (dirty) heap of potatoes, many of which are bad ones. to lie in a grama, to lie in a partly decomposed state, appl. to small objects (potatoes) in a heap.

kramm [kram], vb., 1) to grab; to k. i’ de taatis [‘potatoes’], i’ de peats; to k. ut. 2) to scrape; scratch; de cat kramms or klurs (is krammin or klurin) to de wast [‘west’]: considered to indicate that the wind is going to be westerly (Fe.). — Cf. Da. kramme, vb., No. kremma, vb., to crumple; crush; handle; squeeze; paw (No. krama and kramsa, vb., to grab, snatch; “kramsa” also to scratch).

krammek [kramək], sb., the paw of an animal, esp. cat’s paw. Mockingly also appl. to a hand: "paw”. “cats’-krammeks” is also used metaph. in sense of small, detached, drifting clouds; see kattiram, sb. — O.N. hrammr, m., bear’s paw. The Shetl. form is, however, possibly an original *krammr; see the preceding word, and cf. kram¹ and ram, sbs.

kramp [kra‘mp], sb., cramp, contraction of the sinews; see krapp¹, sb.

krampi [kra‘mpi], sb., commonly in pl., krampis, liver-krampis: meal from bursten, burstin (corn, dried over the fire in a pot), crushed together with fish-livers, esp. livers from small coalfish (see sillek², sb.); barley- or oatmeal crushed together with fish-livers (from small coalfish) or with the train-oil extracted therefrom; usually prepared by boiling in a pan. krampi, sing., partly also = liver-brøni, barley- or oat-cake crushed with fish-livers and grilled, or brøni with livers in the middle (U. occas., U^wg.). — The word is to be classed with No. krampa, vb., to press; squeeze (esp. clothes in washing. <!_- link -->R.). — In Wh. and in L. occas. a form krumpas, q.v., is used in the same sense as krampis. Cf. krappin, sb.

krank [kra‘ŋk], adj., sick, feeble. O.N. krankr, adj., sick, L.Sc. and Eng. dial. crank, Germ. krank. See kronk, sb. and adj.

kranset¹ [kra‘nsət (krānsət)], adj., applied to cattle, esp. sheep: dark-coloured (black or brown) with partly light (white) face (esp. round the eyes), and frequently also with light (white) neck. Also conversely. Wests. Doubtless, having a wreath (crown, ring). O.N. krans, kranz, m., a ring; garland; crown.

kranset² [kra‘nsət], adj., cross; fretful; malicious. Prob. for *krangset. Cf. No. krange, m., a cross, disobliging person, “krangl”, applied to anything twisted or crooked (kranglen, adj., twisted, gnarled, krangla, vb., to quarrel).

kransi [kra‘nsi (krānsi)], sb., (the common) coral, millepora polymorpha. O.N. krans, kranz, m., a wreath; ring; crown, in No. (krans) also a cluster of berries.

krapp¹ [krap], sb., cramp, contraction of the sinews, in compds., such as tungekrapp, sandikrapp; q.v. N.I. Also kramp [kra‘mp] (U. occas.). Sw. kramp and (in dials.) krampe and krappe, m., cramp, contraction of the sinews.

krapp² [krap], sb., the angular space in the interior of a house between the upper part of the stone wall and the lower part of the roof (the rafters); de k. o’ de wa [‘wall’]. F.I. This space above the wall is a general depository for small things. — Doubtless narrow space; see krapp, adj., and cf. O.N. krappa-rúm, n., handed down in a different sense of a space (the third from the stern) in an ancient ship-of-war. No. krepp, m., a narrowing. L.Sc. crap, sb., the top of any thing. Cf. esins, sb. pl.

krapp [krap], adj., 1) close; scant, esp. of wind, mostly contrary wind, making it difficult for sailing; a k. wind. In the same sense No. krapp, adj. 2) of the sea: choppy, with short, crested waves; k. sea. 3) of the stem of a boat: sharply bent upwards; of a boat: having the stem sharply bent upwards, = No. kroppstemnd, adj.; k. stems; de boat is ower (very) k. i’ de stem. — O.N. krappr, adj., strait; narrow.

krappin [krapɩn], sb., meal and fish-livers crushed together (U.; Sa.); meal-dumplings, filled with fish-livers (Swinister, De.). Mostly in the form kroppin [kråpɩn, kråpən], and esp. denoting meal and fish-livers crushed together, stuffed into the head of a fish and boiled; k.-head. — Originally doubtless the same word as krampi, sb. (q.v.), with change mp > pp (cf. kramp and krapp¹, sb.). The word merges with L.Sc. “crappit head”, head of haddock, stuffed with oatmeal, suet, etc., from “crap”, vb., to fill, stuff.

kravi [kravi, krāvi], sb., a swarm, large (collected) flock, crowd; a k. o’ dogs, a k. o’ fish. Nm^{n., w}. (N.Roe; Esh.). Also appl. to inanimate objects: a heap; mass; great pile; a k. o’ waar [L.Sc. ware, seaweed]. Esh., Nm^w. [krăvi]: Esh. [krāvi]: N.Roe. — Possibly to be classed with No. krade, m., dense crowd (R.), Icel. kraðak, n., a swarm, crowd (B.H.). v (-vi), in that case, raises some difficulty, and therefore an original *kraf, in sense of crawling, creeping things, might be indicated; cf. Sw. dial. krava, vb., to crawl, creep.

craw-pil [krâpi̇̄l (-pɩ̄l, -pil)], sb., a kind of testaceous animal, to be found on the foreshore. Mostly used collect.: small, black shell-fish on the foreshore. Cf. O.N. kráku-skel, No. kraakeskjel, f., mytilus edulis; L.Sc. craw, sb., = crow. Shetl. pil, sb., small shell-fish; No. pile, m., a particle; grain. See kroklin, sb.

craws’-court [krâs-ko‘rt], sb., 1) “crows’ court”, a gathering of crows holding conference and judgement (generally resulting in an attack on one of the flock, leaving it dead on the spot), = Fær. krákuting, n. 2) comparatively and mockingly: boisterous assembly discussing insignificant matters with much and useless talk, = Fær. krákuting, No. kraaketing, n.

craw-siller [krâ-sɩlər], sb., glimmer, a kind of mineral (stone, cleavable into very thin, glittering, flexible plates), mica. No. kraakesylv, Da. dial. kragesølv, n., id.

craw-sten, -stane [krâstēn, -sten], sb., = craw-siller.

craw-tang [krâtaŋ], sb., “crow seaweed”, a variety of yellowish seaweed, growing in small clusters on a single stalk among the so-called golatang (q.v.) on the sea-shore. Y^h., Fe. Reported from Fe. appl. to the kind of seaweed growing on the sea-shore above the so-called bongtang or sea-wrack. Fe.: craw-tang = Y^h.: golatang?

krechin, sb., see krekin.

†kreg, sb., see krigi, krik, sbs.

kregasod, craiga-sod [krē··gasōd·, -sō^əd·], sb., a rock on the sea-shore from which angling is carried on. U. The form of the word is partly L.Sc., partly Norn. L.Sc. craig, sb., a rock; Shetl. sod, sb., a seat. See *bergset and *bergsodi, sb.

krek¹ [krɛk, kræk], vb., to spit, hawk, to cough up phlegm. [kræk]: Conn. O.N. hrækja, vb., to spit. Common in the derived form kreks; see kreks¹, vb.

krek² [krē^ək], vb., to move slowly and falteringly, to stumble along, usually complaining in a whimpering voice; to geng krekin aboot. Du. Poss. syn. with No. “kreka” or “kraka”, Sw. dial. kräka (kreka), vb., to creep, crawl (to walk slowly and badly). Owing to the long e, however, the word, in its form, is closer allied to Icel. kreika, vb., to walk slowly, to stagger along.

krek, kræk [krɛ^ək, kræ^ək], sb., an animal with very short, poorly developed hind legs. Fe. See “krakk-grice”, sb., and krekset¹, adj.

krekin, krechin [kræχɩn, kræχən], sb., sea-term, used in fishermen’s tabu-lang. for whale. U. Cf. No. krake, m., as the name of a large marine animal (and in Aa. Suppl.: krakunge, m., a kind of marine animal?).

kreks¹ [kræks (kreks)], vb., 1) to hawk, cough up phlegm; to clear one’s throat, esp. in a forcible manner; to k. ut o’ de craig or t’rot (the throat), to k. ut ane’s t’rot, to k. i’ de t’rot. 2) to grumble; more rare in this sense. — kræks: comm. kreks: Wests. occas. — Cf. No. (Helgeland) kraksa, N.Sw. dial. kraaks’, vb., to hawk, cough, cough up (O.N. hrækja, vb., to spit). See krek¹ and bruks, vbs.

kreks² [kræks], vb., to walk in a bent position with crooked knees, to stagger. Du., etc. *kreksa. See the foll. word as well as krikl, krikel² and kriks, vbs.

krekset¹ [kræksət (kræ^əksət)], adj., applied to foals and pigs: having feeble, crooked and stiff legs (owing to disease in the joints); a k. foal or grice. Appl. to the legs of foals and pigs: feeble, crooked and stiff; k. legs. Fe. Cf. No. kreks, m., a stunt, and kreksa, f., a crooked object (a branch). Deriv. of *krak(k); see “krakk-grice”. krikset, adj., q.v., differs somewhat in sense from krekset.

krekset² [kræksət], adj., grumbling; cross. Uncommon. Deriv. of kreks¹, vb. 2.

kreksi [kræksi], sb., a disease in foals and pigs, causing the legs to become crooked and stiff. Fe. See krekset¹, adj.

krell, krill [kreᶅ], sb., a clinking sound, the sound of any hard object (as glass or china) breaking into pieces. U. See skrell, skrill, sb.

krem [krē^əm], vb., 1) to be ailing, always unwell and sulky. Fe.; Y^h. 2) to complain. Fe.; a kremin body. — *kreima(sk) or kremjask? The long e-sound in Shetl. rather indicates an original *kreim-. Cf. a) No. kreimskjen and kreimslen, adj., ailing, weakly and eating little, from *kreim-, Icel. kreima (kreyma?), f., a weak person; b) O.N. krem-jask, vb. refl. to pine away from a wasting sickness (krǫm, f.). — Hardly developed through a *krøm from *krauma; see further krom, vb.

krest [(krɛst) kræst], vb., to exert oneself, walking wearily, bending under a heavy burden (on one’s back); to k. under a burden. Uⁿ. Also krist [krɩst, krest] (Uⁿ.). — O.N. kreista, vb., to squeeze; pinch; press. No. kreista seg, to exert oneself in order to bring out something, e.g. the voice in singing or speaking.

krestin [(krɛstɩn) kræstɩn], sb., hard toil and struggle, e.g. in carrying a heavy burden (on the back), also of laborious rowing; we ’re had a k. Uⁿ. See krest, vb.

†kribb, sb., see krobbek, kruff and krib(b)i, sbs.

kribbage [krɩbədᶎ], sb., a poor wretch, emaciated creature (person or animal); a puir [‘poor’] k. U^{n, w}. May be either a *krypp- appl. to something shrunken or stunted (No. kryppa, vb., to shrivel up, O.N. kryppill, m., a cripple) or *krepp- (No. krepp, m., partly a narrowing, partly a falling-off in condition). Cf. poss. also Sw. dial. kripp, m., a little child. For a change pp > bb in Shetl. Norn see Introd. V (also N. Spr. VII), § 38 a. Edm. gives “cribbage, the person, the body of a person”, syn. with kruppin, from O.N. kroppr, m.

kribbi, kribi [kribi], sb., an oblong, flat wooden vessel in which the fisherman keeps his fishing-line (esp. haddock-line)' when going a-fishing. Ai. (W.Burr.). Prob. a form arisen by i-mutation or through infl. of Eng. crib, sb., from an older *krubb; see further krobbek, sb.

kriel [kri̇̄əl, kri̇̄^əl] and krier [kri̇̄ər, kri̇̄^ər], sb., sea-term in fishermen’s tabu-lang. for a cock. U. Cf. Icel. kría, f., as the name for a sea-swallow; No. kria, vb., to shout; rejoice.

krig(g) [krɩg], vb., to hook, to grip and let loose again, e.g. of an anchor or sinker on a fishing-line, catching the sea-bottom, and having to be loosened again; de kappi (the sinker on the line) was krig(g)et; we could feel de anchor krig(g)in. Yⁿ. O.N. krœkja, vb., to hook. The vowel is developed irregularly in Shetlandic.

krigga [krəga], sb., cover or shelter against bad weather, prop. crouching position; to stand in k. Fe. Prob. *kryk- or *krykk-. Cf. No. krykja, vb., = kroka, vb., to crouch (against bad weather), Da. dial. krøkke, vb. “krykja” from “kruk”, crouching position. See further kroga¹, sb., and krog, vb.

krigi, kriggi [krɩgi, krəgi], sb., corner, sharp angle in a wall or fence; a k. in a dyke (fence). U. [krɩgi; Uⁿ. occas.: krəgi]. As a place-name sometimes appl. to a creek; thus: “de Kriga (Krigga) [krɩga]”: a narrow creek in the isle of Muckle Roe (De^w.). — O.N. kriki and krikr, kríkr, m., a bend; curve; angle; No. krik and krikk, m., a sharp angle, corner. — A rare form kreg [krēg], curvature, in place-names may have arisen from “kríkr”, as long e in Shetl. Norn is sometimes a development of O.N. í; thus e.g. “Krega [krēga]-burn”, name of the bend of a stream, winding part of a stream, running into Vidlin Loch, Lunn. Different from this *kreg, though etymologically connected, and similarly pronounced, is the L.Scottish loan-word craig, sb., the throat. krik, sb., a narrow pass, q.v., is prop. the same word as krigi (kreg).

krigi-set, kriggi-set [krɩg·isɛt·, krəg·isɛt·, -sæt·], vb., to drive an animal into a corner, esp. into a sharp angle, krig(g)i, in a fence in order to catch it; to k.-s. a horse or sheep. U. [krɩgi-; Uⁿ. occas.: krəgi-]. *krik(a)-setja, to put into a corner. See the preceding word, and cf. krogset, vb.

krik [krik], sb., a defile in the landscape, narrow pass, cleft. Fo. Also fig.: a trap (prop. corner or angle of a fence in which to catch an animal; see krig(g)i, sb., and kriggi-set, vb.). As a place-name is found “de Krig [kri̇̄g]”: a narrow valley in Fo. On the other hand, kreg [krēg], in the expr. “de k. o’ a loch”, a narrowing, or a narrow, neck-shaped part of a lake, is prob. L.Sc. craig, sb., the throat. See further krigi (kriggi), sb., which prob. is the same word.

krikl, krikel¹ [krikəl], vb., to crumple or crush; de paper was a’ [‘all’] krikeld op. Y., Fe. Cf. No. “krikl” appl. to something crooked and winding, krikla, vb., to make crooked designs, e.g. in sewing.

krikl, krikel² [krikəl], vb., to walk unsteadily and feebly, to stagger along with bent knees; “to k.”, or “to geng kriklin”. *krikla or *krykla. Cf. a) No. krikel, m., a feeble creature, krekla, f., a poor, bent wretch, stiff in the limbs; b) No. krykla, f., α) lameness in the feet (in cows), = krypla; β) something stunted or weak and shrinking, kryklen, adj., weak and shrinking (krykjel, m., a crouching wretch).

kriklet [kriklət, krɩklət], adj., stiff in the limbs; bent; having a feeble, stiff and staggering gait; a puir [‘poor’] k. craeter’. Uⁿ. Is to be classed with the preceding word.

†kriks [krɩks, kriks], sb., stiffness in a limb or in a part of the body; pain in the sinews (from remaining too long in the same strained position); to get de k. (Du.); temporary lameness or numbness in the legs or arms accompanied by tingling sensations, “sleeping”; I ’m gotten de k. (Conn.), [kriks, krɩks]: Wests. [kriks]: Du. and Conn. See the two following words as well as a) kreks², vb., and kreksi, sb.; b) krikl², vb. Cf. Eng. crick, sb.

kriks [kriks (krɩks)], vb., to walk bent and unsteadily with a feeble, staggering gait; to geng [‘go’] kriksin. In Du. also krisk [krisk (krɩsk)], by metathesis of k and s. Cf. No. kriks, n., a poor, feeble creature, and see kreks², krikl², vbs.

krikset [kriksət (krɩksət)], adj., bent, crooked, having raised shoulders and humped back (Easts. occas.: N., etc., Nmⁿ.); having bent knees (De^w.); a puir [‘poor’] k. body; to geng k. See the preceding word and kreks², vb.

krikst [krikst (krɩkst)], adj., having a stiff limb, suffering from a temporary stiffness of the sinews, from remaining too long in the same strained position (Du.); having a numb limb, that “sleeps” (Conn.). I ’m k. = I ’m [‘have’] gotten de kriks; see kriks, sb.

krimm [krɩm, krəm], vb., to cough (slightly), to clear one’s throat, to k. ut o’ de craig (the throat). Fe. *krim- or *krym-? Cf. the following derived forms: No. krymta and kremta, vb., to hawk slightly, to clear one’s throat, Icel. krimta, vb., Sw. dial. krimta, vb., to squeeze; wring. The word is doubtless to be classed with O.N. kremja, vb., to press, kremjask, a) to be squeezed, pinched; b) to be afflicted with illness. For the development of meaning cf. No. kremta, vb., a) to press, squeeze; b) to hawk, to clear one’s throat.

krimp [krɩ‘mp (krə‘mp)], vb., properly to squeeze, press: 1) to shrink; to narrow; to restrict; now often used metaph.: a) ye maun no k. yoursell, you must not sacrifice so much that you will suffer want (Fe.); b) to be too stingy (in measure or weight), to give too short measure and weight (Uⁿ.). 2) a) to wince; complain; whimper; a krimpin body. U. (U^wg.). Applied to cows in the byre, longing for fodder: to ød (nød) and krimp, to emit a low, long-drawn, plaintive sound. Wests. (St.?); b) to desire, to long for something, intensive in the phrase “to ød (nød) and krimp” (Wests.: St.?). — No. krympa, vb., to squeeze; press, Da. krympe, vb., to shrink; Sw. krympa seg, Da. krympe sig, to wince.

krimpet [krɩ‘mpət, krə‘mpət], adj., having a scalloped edge, pinked (Du.). A form krimp [krɩ‘mp, krə‘mp], in sense of scarce, scrimp, is L.Sc. Jam.: crimpe, adj.).

krimpi [krɩ‘mpi], sb., a whimpering person, a person that is always complaining. U. From krimp, vb. 2.

kring [krɩŋ], sb., 1) a halter round the neck of an animal by which to lead it, esp. a rope binding or tying two animals (sheep, horses) together, either by passing it round the neck or feet of both, or (esp. in case of horses) by tying the one animal to the tail of the other the better to drive them. 2) two animals (sheep, horses) tied together by means of kring (k. 1); a k. o’ sheep, o’ horses. — O.N. kringr = hringr, m., a circle; ring; No. kring, m., also inter alia a chain (of connected links or osier).

kring [krɩŋ], vb., 1) to tie two animals (sheep, horses) together by means of kring (sb. 1; see the preceding word); to k. horses or sheep (lambs). 2) appl. to rope, tether: to become entangled; de tedders o’ de two kye (cows) kringd togedder [‘together’] (U.). — O.N. kringja and hringja, vb., to encircle, surround.

kring [krɩŋ], prep. and adv., around; about. Fo. O.N. í kring and “kring”, adv., about; around, (í) kring um, about (prep.).

kringband [krɩŋband, -bānd], sb., = kring, sb. 1.

kringl- or kringel [krɩŋəl]-bread, sb., a kind of round loaf, brought from Norway. Edm.: kringle-bread. Brand (Zetland): cringel-bread. — No. kringla, f., a) a round disk, a circle, = O.N. kringla; b) a twisted roll of bread or cake, Sw. kringla, Da. kringle.

kripmaliri [krip·mali̇̄·ri], sb., nickname for the so-called sandilu, a kind of plover, charadrius hiaticula. Metaph. applied to a person having an uneven gait, now running, now stopping; to geng like [lek] a k., to walk like a plover. Fe. or Wh. The first part of the compd. is prob. an original *krymp (*krypp-), denoting a small, feeble creature, prop. a stunted creature. kripma- may be a metathesis of krimpa-. The second part is to be classed with No. lira, vb., to move forward in jerks, to sneak along, Sw. dial. lira, vb., to turn and twist; to move in a lively but quiet manner.

krisk, vb., and krisket, adj., see kriks and krikset.

krist [krɩst, krist], vb., 1) to exert oneself, to take great pains without making progress; du ’s kristet [krɩstət] as lang wi’ it (Fe.). 2) to walk wearily, groaning under a heavy burden on one’s back. 3) to whimper, complain slightly and continually; to sit kristin at de fire. N.I. Parallel form to krest, vb., q.v. While krest springs from O.N. kreista, vb., krist is most prob. an original *krysta; cf. No. krysta, vb., = kreista, Da. kryste, Goth. kriustan. Ork. kreest, vb., to squeeze; pinch; press (Denn.), = O.N. kreista.

kro [krō], sb., a corner; nook; small space in which something is kept, esp.: a) a space in a corner of de but (kitchen and living-room) for storing potatoes, a taati-k. [taati: ‘potato’]; see lodi¹, sb.; b) a corner of de but for keeping peats; de peat-k.; now more comm.: peat-nook [L.Sc. nook, a corner]; c) in a boat: a small box fastened under de stamron (knee-timber of the stem). Sometimes by transference: a heap of potatoes or peats in a corner of de but; see the senses a and b. — In sense of a fold, small enclosure (= krø), kro is found in the obsolete compd. *lambakro (sheep-fold). — O.N. krá, f., a nook; corner.

krobb [krȯb], sb., small enclosure, esp. a) for young cabbage-plants, planti-k., = planti-krø; b) for pigs, and adjoining the sty, grice-k. (Uⁿ.). Prop. a narrow space. *krubba; see the foll. words.

krobb [krȯb], vb., to narrow, confine; to pinch for room. In a special sense: to keep (a child) in check, to k. a bairn; de bairn is never krobbed [krȯbəd], the child is never ruled, always gets its own way. The word is also found in Eng. dial., but in Shetlandic it may be of Norn origin (*krubba); see below krobbet, adj.

krobbek [krȯbək], sb., a crib, box, esp. a) lamb’s crib, a box for holding fodder for lambs (Conn.); b) a wooden box in which bait (esp. limpets) is gathered and kept (mostly square, with gable-shaped ends between which is fastened a string, serving as a handle), bait-k., limpet-k. (= kilpek and kupi). Conn. In Du., occas. (Ireland) krobbi [krȯbi], bait-k. — No., Sw., Fær. krubba, f., a crib, a box for holding fodder; Icel. krubba, acc. to B.H.: a jar, and krubbufat, n., a deep dish, deep bowl. Eng. dial. (and L.Scottish) crub = crib, sb.

krobbet [krȯbət], adj., narrow; confined; pinched for room, = No. krubben, krubbutt, adj.

krobbi [krȯbi], sb., a small hollow, hole in which plants, esp. potatoes, are planted. U.? Edm.: krubbie, a place or hole in which potatoes, etc., are covered up. Prop. confined space, and the same word as krobb and krobbek, sbs.

krod or krodd [krȯd], vb., to cram together (living beings), to crowd; esp. in perf. part. krodded [krȯdəd], krodded op, crowded (with something living), swarming; de room or path was krod(d)ed op wi’ folk. Fo. The word is pronounced diff. from Eng. (and L.Sc.) “crowd”, and can therefore be referred to No. kryda (*krjoda, kruda) or “kroda seg”, vb., to crowd; swarm. No. kroda, f., a crowd. See krodni and krødni, sbs.

kroder [krȯdər], sb., properly a murmur, slight indication of sound, reported in sense of a small piece of news, in the phrase “a k. o’ news”. “Ony [‘any’] k. o’ news de day [‘to-day’]”? Fo. O.N. krytr, m., a gentle sound (a murmur, grumble). Closer in form to the Shetl. word is O.N. krutr, m., given in Fr. as noise, tumult, doubtless, like “krytr”: a murmur, grumble.

kroddins [krȯⁱdɩns], sb. pl., small particles of curd floating in the whey after churning. Papa. In the same sense as the Shetl. word is found No. krodde, m. (prop. grit or small, hard particles floating in a liquid, = krot, n.; also greaves, = krota, f.). Otherwise L.Sc. crouds, cruds, sb. pl., which is Eng. curd(s).

krodni [krȯdni], sb., a crowd, multitude, a k. o’ folk, o’ horses, o’ sheep; in a k. (forming a dense crowd). Fe^e. No. kroda, f., a crowd. See krod(d), vb., krødni, sb., and cf. krøkni (krokni), sb.

kroff, sb., see kruff, sb.

krog [(krog, krɔg) krōg], sb., shelter against bad weather; to tak’ k., to take shelter. See krog, vb., and kroga¹, sb.

krog [krog, krɔg, krōg, krȯg], vb., to crouch (to bend the back) against bad weather, rain or cold; to shelter against bad weather (rain); to k. f(r)ae a shooer [‘shower’]; to k. in under; to stand krogin (for de cauld). comm. Also as vb. a.: to k. a shooer, to dodge a shower by taking shelter. Sometimes to crouch so as to hide oneself in order to spy, sneak about in a bent position, spying upon another; dey ’re krogin aboot (said of two persons watching each other). Conn. — Mostly with short vowel; reported with long vowel from e.g. Conn.; Nm^w. (Esh.); Ai. occas.; Easts. occas. (L.; Wh.); Fe. occas. — O.N. (Icel.) kroka, vb., to bend; No. kroka, vb., to bend oneself, to huddle oneself up (against bad weather, esp. appl. to cattle); Fær. kroka, vb., to take shelter from the rain and bad weather; Da. dial. krukke, krøkke, vb., to bend one’s back, huddle oneself up.

kroga¹ [kroga, krɔga, krōga], sb., shelter against bad weather; to tak’ k., to take shelter; to stand in k., in a k., to get atill [‘into’] k.; in under k. Deriv. of the preceding word.

*kroga² [krōga], sb., a crow. The word is quite obsolete, and the memory thereof, preserved in Duⁿ., is due to the fact that a skerry off Noness in Sandwick parish, Du^n.-e., is called Krogaskerri [krō··gaskær·i] (by people in Sandwick), and “Crawskerri” (by people in Levenwick). O.N. kráka, f., a crow. L.Sc. and Mod. Shetl. craw = crow. Kroga- and Craw-, in the said place-name, have scarcely any connection originally with the name of the bird, any more than with many of the Northern place-names beginning with *Krak-.

krogabøl [krog··abøl·], sb., enclosure, bøl, for giving shelter to animals against bad weather. Nm., De. See krog, vb., and kroga¹, sb.

krogen, krogin [krogən, krɔgən (krogɩn, krȯgən)], adj., that huddles itself up against bad weather, or esp. against the cold; susceptible to cold, unable to stand the cold; a k. body or craeter’ [‘creature’]. Icel. krokinn, No. kroken and krøkjen, adj., crooked; bent. See krog, vb., and kaldkrogin, adj.

krogg [krȯg], sb., raised, curved back, esp. the high, curved part of a swine’s back nearest the neck. Also grogg [grȯg]. S.Sh. No. krugg, m., the top of the back; raised, humpy back. See krugi¹, sb.

krogg [krȯg], vb., to raise one’s back and shoulders, to shrug one’s shoulders, to k. upon anesell; he krogged [krȯgəd] upon him. N. *krugga. Derived from the preceding word.

krogi, sb., see krøgi (krugi²), sb.

krogset [krȯgsɛt·, -sæt·], vb., to drive one or more animals into a corner, and catch it (them) there; to k. de sheep. U. Also krukset [kruk·sæt·]: N. Prop. *króksetja, to put into a corner. See further krig(g)i-set, vb.

kro [krō]-head, sb., “rib-head” in a boat (Uⁿ.), = “knee-head”; see further under that word as well as kragek (knee-timber), and kraga-tae, sbs. kro- is prob. another form of kra- in “kra-tae” = kraga-tae.

kroil, sb. and vb., see kroll, sb. and vb.

kroitel, sb. and vb., see krotl, sb. and vb.

krok [krok, krɔk], sb., a heap; cluster, esp. of potatoes forming a single root; der ’r a k. o’ taatis [‘potatoes’] under dat “shoe” (potato-top). Deⁿ. May be O.N. hraukr, m., (conical) pile or heap (No. rauke, m., ridge of earth covering a row of potatoes), or a word cognate with hraukr, m. (cf. e.g. O.N. hroki, hrokr, m., handed down in sense of heaped measure, and No. kroka, f., a cluster, a small quantity of sheaves of corn on a stake). The vowel-sound of the Shetl. word tallies better with O.N. hraukr than with O.N. hrúga and (Icel.) hrúka, f., No. ruk, m., and ruka, f., a heap. “hrúga” is also found in Shetl. in the current form rug [rūg].

†krok [krok, krɔk (krȯk)], vb., to be in a state of utter exhaustion, emaciation and misery, to starve, esp. of cattle in the out-field owing to a long spell of severe or stormy weather; de baess [‘beast’] is krokin. Sa. [krɔk (kråk)]. Also comm.: to die (prop. and esp. applied to cattle owing to their miserable condition); de baess is gaun to k. — Cf. No. kroka, vb., appl. to cattle: to die from exposure to rough weather or cold (R.). The Shetl. word may, in any case when used of people, also be Eng. dial. croak, vb., to die.

krokek or krokkek [krɔkək, kråkək], sb., name of some species of sea-fowl, reported from Unst, partly of the gannet (Uⁿ.), partly of the black-backed gull (bagi, swartbak, swabi). Acc. to J.I. (doubtful) also of a young gull (three-toed gull) or “craw-maw”. — As “craw” is Eng. crow in the last quoted word, krok(k)ek may be O.N. kráka, f., the crow. The name may have been transferred to other birds on account of likeness of their cry. Note, however, No. krykkja = krytja, f., sea-fowl of the gull kind (three-toed gull).

kroklin [krɔklɩn, kråklɩn], sb., small mussel; one of the small, black mussels adhering to the rocks on the foreshore. U. *kráklingr (with dropped i-mutation) = *kræklingr. Cf. Icel. krælingur, m., (and krákuskel, f.), a kind of mussel, mytilus vulgaris minor, Fær. kræklingur, (small) mussel, O.N. krákuskel, f., (common) mussel, mytilus edulis. See “craw-pil”, sb. — In a few place-names, such as Kroklahella [kråk·lahɛᶅ·a] (Wick o’ Tresta, Fe.), and doubtless also Kroglaskerri [krɔg··laskær·i] (Skerries), *krokl is prob. syn. with kroklin.

krokni [krɔkni, krȯkni], sb., a swarm; crowd. U^mo. [krɔkni]. Uⁿ. occas. [krȯkni]. See further krøkni, sb.

krolk [krȯ‘ᶅk], sb., a hump (on a person’s or animal’s back); a k. atween de shooders [‘shoulders’]. Uⁿ. Cf. a) No. krylt, m., = kryl, m., a hump on the back; b) Shetl. krøl and krølki, sbs.

krolket [krȯ‘ᶅkət], adj., hump-backed (Uⁿ.); having a very compressed shape (Yⁿ.); a k. body. Deriv. of the preceding word.

kroll [krȯl] and kroil [krȯil], sb., 1) something curled up. 2) a) something rolled or coiled up; b) a coiled or huddled state; to be in a k., to be intertwined or entangled; to lie in a k., to lie huddled up (of an animal). 3) arched back; hump, caused by compressing the body, e.g. against cold or bad weather, esp. appl. to cattle; to stand wi’ a kroil on the back (N.Roe). — No. krull, m., a) a curl; b) something rolled or coiled up; c) a circle; cluster. L.Sc. crull, sb.?, contraction, doubling up (see below crull, vb., under kroll, kroil, vb.). With kroll, kroil 3 cf. a) Shetl. krøl, sb., No. kryl, m., a hump; b) Shetl. krolk, sb.

kroll [krȯl] and kroil [krȯil], vb., 1) to curl up. 2) to roll or coil up; to lie krolld or kroild, to lie huddled up, esp. of cattle. No. krulla, vb., a) to curl; crisp; b) to bend together (into a ring or curve). L.Sc. crull, vb., to contract; to double up.

krom [krom], vb., to whimper, complain owing to bad health; a puir [‘poor’] kromin body. Uⁿ. Sw. dial. (N.Sw., West Bothnia) kraum’ (kröum, krööm), vb., a) appl. to sick persons: to wince; whimper; b) to complain; to be impatient; to grumble. Cf. No. kraumen = kraunen, adj., sensitive; whimpering (krauna, vb., to shrink from; to whimper). O.N. krauma, vb., to simmer. See krøn, vb.

krommin [krȯmɩn], sb., on the old Shetl. wooden plough: a wooden clamp fixed to the so-called merkal (the piece of wood to which the plough-share is fixed); a piece of wood between the plough-share (de sock) and the mould-board (de mukkel skäi). Conn. Poss. to be classed with Da. dial. (Jut.) kramme, c., a hoop on a wooden shoe.

kronk [krɔ‘ŋk], sb., indisposition; malingery, he’s gotten a k. Fe. Abbreviated form through influence of the adjective. O.N. krankdómr and krankleikr, m., ailing; sickness.

kronk (krunk) [krɔ‘ŋk, kro‘ŋk], adj., 1) sick, indisposed. Fe. and Yⁿ. 2) cross-grained, disobliging. Yⁿ. kronk 1 is O.N. krankr, adj., weak, frail, etc. In sense 2 kronk may be either “krankr” or “krangr”. Cf. No. krange, m., a cross, disobliging person, to be classed with O.N. krangr, adj., weak, frail. For a change ng > nk in Shetl. Norn see Introd. V (also N.Spr. VII) § 31.

†kront (kroint) [krȯ‘ᶇt (krȯi‘nt)], vb., to whimper; complain; to krist and kront. N.Sh. Originally doubtless the same word as No. krymta, vb., to press; crush, which also is the original meaning of krist, vb., q.v. Cf. the use of krimp, vb. Note, however, L.Sc. (Eng.) croyn, vb., to bellow; whine; whimper, and “crointer, croynter”, sb., as the name of the gurnard of the genus Trigla.

†krontel [krȯ‘ᶇtəl], vb., to curl; crisp; mostly in perf. part. kronteld. N., L. Possibly syn. with No. krynta, vb., to make oneself smart; to crisp, “kryntel” in “krynteldyr”, n., dressed-up doll. krontel might, however, also represent an older *kronkel, and, in that case, be L.Sc. crunkle, vb., to crease; to rumple.

kropen [kropən, krɔpən, krɔp^əm], krupen [krupən, -^əm, krop^əm], perf. part., crawled, crept; de bairn is k. awa’ [‘away’]. The word is an older Norn form besides the now common “crept” of “creep”, vb. O.N. kropinn, crept, perf. part. of krjúpa, vb., to creep. With u: Sw. krupen, perf. part.

kroppen [krɔpən, kråpən; krɔp^əm, kråp^əm], adj., properly perf. part., shrunk; contracted; doubled up; crooked, bent. Mostly in the forms “krɔp^əm, kråp^əm” (cf. the forms of pronunc. of this word, given under gopn, sb.). a k. body, a) a shrivelled-up person with a doubled-up or shrunken body; b) a crooked or bent person. In expletives, wishing evil: k. be de fingers, at [‘that’] dø sicc a ting! may the fingers become crooked that do such a thing! k. op, shrivelled. — O.N. kroppinn, bowed together, crooked, perf. part. of kreppa, vb. n., to clench; pinch; press.

kroppin¹ [kråpɩn, -ən], sb., meal and fish-livers crushed together (stuffed into a fish’s head); see further krappin and krampi, sbs.

kroppin² [kropɩn (krɔpɩn), -ən], sb., body, person; see further kruppin, which is the common form.

kros [(krōs) krō^əs], sb., (a dainty), a nice gift, esp. ironically appl. to a slight thing, a trifle, received as a gift; dis [‘this’] is a k. U. (Uⁿ.), Fe. — O.N. krás, f., a dainty. Cf. the use of the words gåfa, gjord, gløb¹, sbs.

kross¹, cross, sb., a cross; see kors, sb.

kross (krosj)² [krȯᶊ], sb., a heap, (small) pile; a k. o’ stens, o’ peats, o’ taatis [‘potatoes’]. N.Roe. No. krysja, f., (untidy) heap.

†kross (krosj)³ [krȯᶊ], sb., small, choppy waves, breaking against each other (indicating a change of weather, bad weather); commotion in the sea; cross-sea, esp. near the shore; a k. i’ de sea; a k. aboot de shore. Nm^w. The word is pronounced differently to Eng. cross, sb., — cf. the two foll. words, — but is doubtless the same word as Eng. cross-sea, Da. kryssø, with the second part dropped.

krossek [krȯsək, krȯᶊək], sb., 1) star-fish, Asterias. 2) a species of crab with a furrow across the back. In this sense also krossikrabb [krȯs··ɩkrab·, krȯᶊ··ɩ-]. — No. krossfisk, Icel. and Fær. krossfiskur, m., Da. dial. (Jut.) korsfisk, star-fish, Asterias. With krossikrabb cf. Da. dial. (Jut.) “korskrabbe” as the name of a species of crab (Fejlberg).

krosset [krɔsət (kråsət), krȯsət, krȯᶊət], adj., a) appl. to an animal, esp. a cow: (dark, black) having white stripes up over the loins and (partly) the shoulders; a k. coo. U. [krȯsət, krȯᶊət]. Fe. [krɔsət, krȯᶊət]. Also b) striped and spotted (esp. black and white) (U^wg.), and with a more extended application: c) variegated, with different colours blended together (Conn.: krɔsət). — In senses a and b the word is doubtless an old *krossóttr; cf. No. krossutt, adj., having the device of a cross.

krossikrabb, sb., see krossek, sb. 2.

krossmark [krɔsma‘rk, kråsma‘rk], sb., properly the sign of the cross, used in the foll. phrase: to mak’ ane [‘one’] a k., to thrash one so that the marks are visible to everyone, to maltreat (Sa.); to lie a k., to lie helpless, disabled (Y.; Fe.). — O.N. krossmark, n., the sign of the cross.

krotl [krȯt^əl, krȯⁱt^əl, krȯi‘t^əl, krȯi‘təl (krȯƫəl)], sb., 1) a) heterogeneous heap or mass; to be (lie) in a k.; N.I. [krȯⁱt^əl, krȯi‘t^əl, krȯi‘təl]; b) a collection of small objects; small stones used when building a wall or fence, for filling in the spaces between the larger stones for support (M.Roe, De^w.: krȯt^əl). 2) a crackling sound, e.g. of tallow being melted; a gurgling or rumbling sound; rumbling in the bowels; I heard de k. o’ him; “hit guid doon wi’ a k.”, of a liquid: it went down with a gurgling sound. Also rumbling of a down-falling mass, esp. stones, “hit cam’ doon wi’ a k.”; rumbling as of thunder. 3) commotion in the sea, small waves breaking against each other (choppy sea, cross-sea), a k. i’ de sea (S.Sh.); he set a k. i’ de sea, an uproar in the sea came on (S.Sh.). 4) a simmering; the sound of a liquid just before boiling. — S.Sh.: [krȯt^əl]. N.I.: [krȯⁱt^əl, krȯi‘t^əl, kroi‘təl (krȯƫəl)]. Wests. (Sa.): [krȯt^əl] and krutl [krot^əl]. — Cf. Sw. dial. krottel, m., mixed or entangled mass, No. krusl (krutl?), a simmering, No. and Fær. krutl, n., a bungling; a trifling with something. With krotl 1 b cf. also L.Sc. crottil, sb., a small fragment of any hard body. Different words?

krotl [krȯt^əl, krȯⁱt^əl, krȯi‘t^əl, krȯi‘təl (krȯƫəl)], vb., 1) a) to emit a crackling sound, e.g. of tallow being melted; of thunder; b) to make a gurgling or rumbling sound; to rumble; de guts (the bowels) is krotlin; “hit guid [‘it went’] krotlin doon”, e.g. of a liquid, passing through a narrow opening; a krotlin soond [‘sound’]. 2) to tumble down, e.g. of small stones in a fence; to com’ krotlin doon (Sa.). 3) to simmer; to begin to boil, of a liquid, esp. appl. to the simmering sound; de kettle is krotlin. — N.I.: [krȯⁱt^əl, krȯi‘t^əl, -əl (krȯƫəl)]. M.Sh., S.Sh.: [krȯt^əl]. Wests. (Sa.): [krȯt^əl] and krutl [krot^əl]. — Cf. a) No. krusla, prop. krutla?, vb., to simmer (R.); b) No. and Fær. krutla, vb., to bungle, to niggle with something; Sw. dial. krottla, vb., to mix; tangle. The meanings of “krutla, krottla”, given under b, are foreign to the verb. in Shetl., but cf. senses a and b of the substantive krotl.

krotli, krotl-y [krȯtli], adj., appl. to the sea: agitated; choppy (with small waves breaking against each other); a k. sea. S.Sh. Deriv. of krotl, sb. 3.

krov [krȯv], sb., 1) the cut-up carcass of a (slaughtered) animal; de k. o’ a coo, o’ a sheep. Uⁿ. 2) the lap of a (sitting) person, the angle between the breast and the knees; boy, come and sit i’ grannie’s k.! (L.Sc. grannie, sb., grandmother). U^wg. — In Fo. is found a form krof or kruf [krof] in sense of the back of the carcass of a slaughtered animal. — O.N. krof, n., the cut-up carcass of a slaughtered animal (No. krov, n., also: the inside of a body).

krovmark [krȯvma‘rk], sb., fat, lining the inside hollow of the back (along the spine) of an animal. Y^h. The first part of the compd. is krov, sb.; see the preceding word. The second part, mark, is doubtless the same word as mergi¹, merki, sb., marrow (O.N. mergr).

kru [krū], sb., an enclosure, fold, esp. sheep-fold. Wh. Now commonly: krø [krø̄], which word has mainly superseded the older form kru. In old place-names: kru. Icel. kró (lambakró), f., a fold (sheep-fold). Gael. cro, sb., a fold (sheep-fold). — A form kro [krō], found in the spoken language as well as in place-names, may spring from an original “krá” (see kro, sb.), or may be Gael. cro.

kru [krū], vb., to drive sheep into a fold, = krø¹, vb.; to kru de sheep. Wh. Cf. Icel. króa, vb., in the expr. “króa lömbin”, to close in the sheep (B.H.).

krubbet [krobət], adj., narrow; confined (Sa.); see the more common krobbet [krȯbət].

krubbi [krobi], sb., breastbone of a bird. Fo. Cf. No. krabbe, m., in sense of cartilaginous lamina.

kruf¹, sb., see krov, sb.

†kruf² [krof], sb., a crowd. Fo. See krø¹, sb.

kruff [krof], sb., a) a small wooden box for seed-potatoes; b) bait-box (esp. for holding limpets), of the same shape as krobbek and kilpek (q.v.); c) (oblong) box for holding sheep’s fodder; lamb’s crib. Wests. (in sense c reported from Fo.). Cognate with krobb and krobbek, sbs. Cf. No. krufsen (krupsen) and krufsutt, adj., narrow.

krug¹ [krūg], sb., a thole, keb, in a boat, only preserved as a sea-term, belonging to fishermen’s tabu-lang. “Shø blaws behint de far; guid lukk be at de k.!” “it (the ling) ‘blows’ behind the boat; good luck at the thole!” U^wg. O.N. krókr, m., hook; hoop. — In sense of sail, boat’s sail, used as a tabu-name (U.), the word has arisen more recently from the verb krug. — A form kruket [krukət] is reported from Easts. (L.; Wh.; Sk.) as a sea-term for “hailin’-keb, vatikeb”, reel on a boat’s gunwale. Cf. kruk¹, sb.

krug² [krūg], sb., see krugg, sb.

krug¹ [krūg], vb., 1) to crouch low, sinking on all fours, esp. in the phrase “to k. anesell [‘oneself’] doon!” 2) to arch the back, ready for attack, appl. to an animal going to butt, = to set de krug. Conn. No. kruka, vb., to crouch down as if going to sit on one’s hams. See krugg, sb., and cf. hug, vb.

krug² [krūg], vb., used in fishermen’s tabu-lang. at sea: to sail, of a vessel; I saw a far (a boat) krugin. U^wg. Cf. O.N. “rísta krók”, of a ship on the sea: to cut a great curve (krókr, m., a corner, nook; a bending, winding).

kruget [krūgət], adj., crooked; bent; stooping, bent and k., k. fore ower. Wh.; Conn. May be partly O.N. krókóttr, adj., bent, crooked, partly a deriv. of *kruk or *krúk; cf. No. kruken, adj., bent down, crooked, and Fær. krýkin [kroi‘tᶊɩn], adj., bowed.

krugg [krug (krog)], sb., the uppermost curved part of an animal’s back; de k. o’ de grice; — a bent back; to set de k., to arch the back, appl. to an animal ready to charge and butt. Diverging: “to set de krøl”, to bend the back against bad weather or when rising from a recumbent posture. — Also kruggi or krugi [krugi (krogi), krūgi], and with long u: krug [krūg]. — [krug, krog]: Wests. (Sa.; Ai.). [krūg]: Conn. [krugi]: Lunn., etc. “krūgi” is reported from Sa. in the sense first given (de k. o’ de grice); elsewhere more commonly with short u [krugi]. A form krog [krȯg], occas. also grogg [grȯg], “to set de k. (g.)”, is reported from Du. — No. krugg, m., a) the uppermost part of the back; b) raised, humped back, etc. The forms with long u [krūg, krūgi] may spring from an original *kruk (cf. No. kruk, m., a bent person, kruka, vb., to crouch down as if going to sit on one’s hams, and see Shetl. kruk², sb.) or may have arisen by a later vowel-lengthening from “krugg”.

krugi¹, sb., see krugg, sb.

krugi² [krūgi], sb., worm used for bait (U.); see krøgi, sb.

kruk¹ [kruk, krūk], sb., assimilates to O.N. krókr, m., and Eng. (and L.Sc.) crook, sb. The word is commonly used in a sense corresponding to Eng. curve, sb., a k. upo de band (the rib of a boat) (L.), de k. o’ de dyke (the fence) (U.). As a place-name, e.g. de Kruk o’ Haverswala (Kwarf^e, S.Sh.), name of the bend of a stream. The special meanings of the word in Shetlandic are: 1) knee-timber in the stem of a boat (Fo.), = stamron. 2) as an ear-mark in sheep: an incision, or a piece cut out of a sheep’s ear; comm. In N.I. (U., Fe.) kruk is appl. to a slanting cut from the edge upwards in a sheep’s ear, opp. to fid(d)er, sb. 3) a nook, corner (Fo.). In this sense the word is found also in place-names. — Commonly pronounced [kruk] with short u; with long u [krūk] reported from Fo. in sense 3. — O.N. krókr, m., a bending, winding; a hook; a nook, corner; a narrowing. Cf. krug¹, sb.

kruk² [kruk], sb., the uppermost part of the back of a (slaughtered) animal. Fo. Prob. an original *kruk- (or *krúk-) = krugg, sb.; see further under that word, as well as kruget, adj.

†krukben [krukben], sb., collarbone of a halibut, — blogaben. S.Sh., Wests. Prop. hooked bone? Poss. a more recent word, the first part of which, kruk, in this case, denotes a pot-hook, L.Sc. crook, because the said bone was hung on the pot-hook over the fire after the fish had been eaten.

kruket, sb., see krug¹ (and kruk), sb.

kruketi [kruk··əti·], adj., in definite form, crooked, bent, only handed down in the versified riddle about the meadow and the brook, the former accosting the brook: huketi kruketi, you bent one, you crooked one . . . . See further under huketi, adj. O.N. krókóttr, adj., crooked, curved. Cf. kruget, adj., which may be the same word.

kruki [kruki], sb., a bend, curve; de k. o’ a “dyke” (Fe.; Y.?); see kruk¹, sb.

krukl,¹ krukel [kruk^əl, krok^əl, -əl], vb., applied to a person: to bend one’s back, to go bent forward; to become bowed; to k. under a heavy burden; to k. doon [‘down’] wi’ age. U. No. krukla, vb., to walk with bent and stiff limbs (and back); to walk wearily and unsteadily. See krikl², vb.

krukl², krukel [krok^əl, krokəl], vb., to wrinkle, crease; esp. in perf. part.: krukeld, k. op. N.I. See the foll. word.

kruklet [kroklət], adj., wrinkled; creased. N.I. Cf. Sw. dial. krökllot, adj., wrinkled, creased, Da. dial. krøglet, adj., creased. See krukl², vb.

krukset, kruk-set [kruk·sɛt·, -sæt·], vb., to drive an animal into the corner of a fence in order to catch it, to k.-s. a(n) animal. N. *króksetja. See krogset, krig(g)iset, vbs.

krumm [krom], vb., to tie a string around the feet of a goose to prevent it from walking too far; to k. a goose. S.Sh., Esh., Nm^w. Prob. an old “*krumma”, prop. to bend; press (to curve, shrink), from which the root-extension: krump. — Different from the homonymous krom, vb.

krummek [kromək], sb., 1) the hand with hooked fingers; to set de k., to set the four fingers against the thumb, a k.-fu’ [‘-full’], a handful 2) as much as can be held between the tips of finger and thumb, a pinch; a k. o’ meal. — O.N. krumma, f., hand (with bended fingers; No. and Icel. krumma); Icel. “krumma” also handful. With krummek, in the expr. “to set de k.”, cf. also No. (Lister) krummar, (f.) pl., the four fingers hooked.

krump¹ [kro‘mp], sb., curved back, hump, esp. caused by raising the back (in contrast to a natural hump); to geng wi’ a k. atween de shooders [‘shoulders’]; to set de k., to arch the back. Fe. Prop. curvature; shrinking. See krump¹, vb., and krumpet, adj.

krump² [kro‘mp], sb., a mass of butter or cheese kneaded and formed like a loaf; cheese eaten together with butter. Fladab., Conn. The word is doubtless to be classed with No. krumpa, vb., to shrink; press; squeeze; knead, and, in that case, cognate with the preceding word. Cf. krumpas, sb. (pl.).

krump¹ [kro‘mp], vb., to cause to shrink or contract, to k. op onyting; krumpet op. de bread is krumpet op, the bread is shrunk (having been too long over the fire). — krump has doubtless also meant to curve, bend; see below krumpet, adj. (properly perf. part.), krumpin, sb., and cf. krump¹, sb. — No. krumpa, vb., to shrink; press; squeeze.

krump² [kro‘mp], vb., 1) vb. a., to crush between the teeth; to k. a ben. comm. 2) vb. n., to make a cracking noise (esp. of something being crushed between the teeth). Conn. No. krumpa, L.Sc. crump, vb., to crush (between the teeth). The Shetl. pronunc. with close o [kro‘mp, not krȯ‘mp] might indicate krump to be originally Shetlandic, and not a loan-word from L.Scottish.

krumpas [kro‘mpas], sb. pl., a dish of meal kneaded with fish-livers. Whⁿ., Skelbre, L. Also krumpis [kro‘mpɩs]. No. krumpa and krympa, vb., to press; squeeze; knead; crush; pinch. See further under krampi, sb.

krumpet [kro‘mpət], adj., 1) curved, appl. to a boat’s keel (to facilitate the rowing); keel-krumpet, of a boat: having a sharply curved keel. Fe. 2) crook-backed, humped; a k. or k.-backed body (person), a k.-backed coo. Fe. 3) shrunk; shrivelled up, = perf. part.: krumpet (k. op) from krump, vb.; see ante. — Cf. Sw. and Da. krumpen, adj., crooked, stiff and bent, properly perf. part. of an old *krimpa, vb., a) to be bent, crooked, shrunk; b) to shrivel up; to make crooked.

krumpin [kro‘mpɩn (kru‘mpɩn)], sb., a sharp curve, esp. of the curve of a boat’s keel in order to facilitate the rowing: a keel-k. (opp. to “keel-fettin”, the keel-rounding, which is better for sailing). Fe. *krumpan or *krumping. See krump¹, sb. and vb., and krumpet, adj.

krumplikin [kro‘mp··lɩkɩn·], sb., a codling, = porr. Sound (Lerwick, M.). Prob. an original *krympill or *krympl, denoting something shrivelled up, shrunk or stunted. Cf. No. krumpa and krympa, Sw. krympa, Da. krympe, vb., to shrink; Sw. krympling, m., a cripple; poor little wretch. The dim. ending -(i)kin in the Shetlandic word is doubtless the same as in, e.g. Eng. manikin, O.Dut. manneken, sb., formed by analogy.

krun [krūn], sb., 1) a crown; garland. 2) the crown of the head. 3) summit. As a place-name krun denotes a) circular hill-top; b) a hill with a circular top; thus: de Krun o’ de Øra (Uⁿ.), hill-top; de Krun o’ Winjerhul (U^wg.), hill-top; de Krun o’ Katfirt’ (N.), a hill; de Krunens [krūnəns] o’ Kollaster (Sa^e.), hills: *krúnurnar. Shetl. St. p. 125. — O.N. krúna, f., a crown; a wreath; the crown of the head. The word is found in Norway as the name of mountains and of farms. Shetl. krun, in a more extended sense, top, point, assimilates to Eng. crown, sb.

†krunter [kro‘ntər], sb., the gurnard, Trigla. Sandw., Du. L.Sc.? See kront, vb., and cf. gronter, sb.

krupen [krupən, krup^ən (krup^əm)], perf. part., crawled, crept. Conn. See further kropen, perf. part.

krupp [krup], sb., cramp. The second part in the compd. sandikrupp; q.v.

kruppen [(kropən) krop^əm], adj. (perf. part.), shrunk; contracted; doubled up (of the body or limbs); a k. body; to stand k. Sa. See kroppen, adj.

kruppin [krupin, -ɩn] and kruppen [krupən], sb., 1) the body; now only found in a few phrases, as: Blessins be upo dy k.! bless your body! 2) man, person, mostly jocularly or mockingly: an odd or poor individual. “Du is a kruppin”, you are a queer one (Uⁿ.). Puir kruppin! poor fellow! (Fo.). Siccan a k.! what a queer person! Fy upo yon k.! fy fa’ [‘befall’] yon k.! may misfortune befall him (her), that “body”! he (she) ought to be ashamed. Also kruppiin (kruppjin) [krup·iɩn·] (Sa. occas.); fy fa’ yon k.! — More rarely kroppin, -en [(krɔpɩn) kropin, -ɩn, -ən]. — O.N. kroppr, m., the body. The form of the Shetl. word springs from the accusative with added definite article: kroppinn, *kruppinn.

krus [krūs, krô̅s (krus, krô̆s)], sb., 1) a jug (made from clay), a small, cup-shaped earthen vessel, partly a) for holding train-oil, “øli [‘oil’]-k.” (Ireland, Du.: krūs), partly b) in which to form and bake a dough of meal filled with fish-livers in the centre; “liver-k.” (N.Roe: krô̅s). 2) dough of meal with fish-livers in the centre, baked in a krus (stoneware jug or cup-shaped vessel); a small, round meal-pudding, filled with fish-livers. — O.N. krús, f., a jug (a tankard), prop. of stone or earthenware (No., Da. krus).

krus [krūs, krô̅s], vb., to collect, to drive together, to drive the sheep together into a fold; k. dem (the sheep)! an exclamation in driving sheep towards the fold. Nm^s. (Bard.). Prob. etymologically to be classed with No. krysja, krøys, krøysa, f., a heap; a dense crowd, krøysa seg, vb., to gather into a dense crowd (krøys).

krutl, sb. and vb., see krotl.

krø¹ [krø̄], sb., a cluster; dense, assembled crowd; gaderd [‘gathered’] in a k. Nm. *kryð-. To be classed with No. kryda (“kry”), vb., to crowd, to gather; to swarm, teem; Sw. dial. kry, vb., to swarm, teem. Cf. krødni, sb.

krø² [krø̄], sb., a fold, enclosure, esp. a sheep-fold. A more recent form from L.Sc. See kru, sb. Icel. kró, f., Gael. cro, sb.

krø¹ [krø̄], vb., to drive sheep into a fold (krø), to k. de sheep. A more recent form. See kru, vb.

krø² [krø̄], vb., to flock together in a dense crowd; dey wis [‘were’] krød togedder. Fe. See krø¹, sb.

krødni [krødni], sb., a crowd, swarm, dense gathering (of living beings); in a k.; a k. o’ folk, o’ horses, o’ sheep. Also krodni [krȯdni]. Fe. To be classed with No. kryda (and kroda, k. seg), vb., to crowd, to gather; to swarm, teem. Cf. krø¹, sb. Compare krøkni, sb.

krøgi [krø̄gi], sb., worm used for bait in fishing, esp. trout-fishing; to skøn [sᶄø̄^ən] de k., to cut the bait (the worms) into pieces. Also krugi [krūgi] and krogi [krōgi]. U. (the form with long o is peculiar to Uⁿ.). *krœki, “anything hooked” (O.N. krœkja, vb., to seize with a hook). The i-mutation is dropped in krugi and krogi.

krøkni [krøkni], sb., a crowd, multitude, large flock; a k. o’ folk, o’ sheep or cattle, o’ fuls (birds). Uⁿ., Y^h. Also krokni [krȯkni]: Uⁿ. The word is to be classed with No. krjuka, vb., inter alia to creep, to teem (R.), krykkja, vb., to swarm (Aa.). No. kryk, m., a small shoal. Icel. krökkur (kröggur), adj., numerous; swarming (B.H.). Cf. krø¹ and krødni, sbs.

krøl [krøl (krø̄l)], sb., 1) something rolled (curled) or coiled up; something contracted, bent and curved or curled [krø̆l]; krøl [krøl]-mooth, round, pursed-up, protruding mouth. 2) arched back; (small) hump; a k. (small hump) upo de back, a k. atween de shooders [‘shoulders’]. Often in the expr. “to set de k.”, to arch the back, to bend the back, partly a) against bad weather or cold, partly b) in rising from a recumbent posture, esp. appl. to cattle; to set a k. upo or i’ de back, “to set de krugg (krugi)” is used somewhat differently, esp.: to arch the back in attacking, of cattle going to butt. In sense 2 the word is sometimes pronounced with long ø [krø̄l], acc. to J.I.; but mostly with short ø [krøl]. 3) a piece of dough (made from oat- or barley-meal), raw brøni, shaped into a round cake or brøni; a aitmeal [‘oat-’]-k., bursten (bere-bursten)-k.; see bursten, sb. In this sense with short ø: [krøl]. — Possibly here is originally more than one word. In sense 1 krøl assimilates mainly to kroll (kroil), sb., to which it prob. is a parallel form. With krøl 2 cf. No. kryl, m., a hump, protuberance on the back; No. kryla seg, to arch the back, = Shetl. “to set de krøl”. See kroll (kroil) 3, krolk (and krølki), sbs. With krøl 1 and 2 can also be compared Sw. dial. krylas, vb. refl., to double oneself up. With krøl 3 (a shaped piece of dough) can mainly be compared No. krull, m., inter alia curly shaving, and krulla, f., a cluster. With such a development of meaning of the Shetlandic word might then be compared the changes of meaning in dungel, and esp. kongel, sbs., used synonymously with krøl 3.

krølet [krølət], adj., 1) rolled up (curled), coiled up; contracted; curled. a k. mooth, a round, pursed-up, protruding mouth, = krøl-mooth. 2) having an arched back, humped; a k. (k.-backed) baess or animal. N.? — Deriv. of krøl, sb.

krølki [krø‘lki], sb., arched back, hump; to set a k. upon ane’s back, to arch the back. Fe.(?). Acc. to J.I. Prob.: *krylk- or *krylt-. See further krolk and krøl, sbs., in the same sense.

krøl [krøl]-mooth, sb., = krølet mooth; see krøl, sb., and krølet, adj. 1.

krømm [krøm], sb., a crumb; particle. Fe. A form with i-mutation.

krøn [krø̄^ən], vb., 1) to be ailing or sickly. 2) to whimper, complain; to sit krønin. U. No. krauna and krøyna, vb., a) to shrink from; b) to whimper, complain, Sw. dial. krøna, vb., to talk in the throat, to cough slightly; O.N. krauna, vb., to make a gurgling sound (appl. to liquid).

krøssek [krøᶊək], sb., star-fish, Asterias. Fe. See krossek, sb.

krøstigi [krø̄·stɩg·i] and krøstjagi [krø̄·stjā·gi], sb., a fence leading out from a sheep-fold, krø, preventing the sheep from being scattered when driven into the fold. Sa. (-stigi). Fo. (-stjagi). See stjagi, sb.

krøstuki [krø̄·stuk·i], krøstjugi [-stjū·gi], krøstog(g)i [-stȯg·i], sb., = krøstigi. Wests., Nm., De., L., N. See stuki (stjugi) and stoggi, sbs.

kub [kūb] and kubi [kūbi], sb., a seal, esp.: a young seal. Now mostly used as a call in order to coax a seal: kubi, kubi! Sa. — O.N. kópr, m., a seal, Fær. kópur. See kobb, sb., which is another form.

kub [kūb], vb., appl. to a seal: to bring forth young, = Icel. kæpa (*kœpa), vb. The Shetl. form springs from a *kópa = *kœpa, without i- mutation. See the preceding word.

kubi [kubi], sb., a small, hive-shaped basket, esp. a) a quite small bødi or fish-creel (made of straw); b) small basket for holding bait; c) a small hive-shaped box (made of straw or rushes) for holding salt, a saut (sauti)-k.; d) a hive-shaped muzzle (mostly made from dried dock-leaves) tied over a horse's mouth to prevent it from eating corn. Du. and Conn. In sense a the word is peculiar to Du., in senses c and d to Conn. Prop. the same word as kupi, sb. [*kúpa, f., a bowl]; q.v. — A form kubbi [kobi], a small bait-basket (Du.), is doubtless originally etymologically syn. with kubi; see however kobbi, sb.

†kuf, kuff [kuf, kof], sb., a push; thrust; blow. Fe. [kuf]. Y^h. [kof]. The word may spring from No. kuff (No. and Sw. kuffa, vb., to push; thrust), owing to the u-sound, and the close o [o]-sound, though in meaning it almost assimilates to Eng. cuff, sb. See the syn. kwiff, sb., which, together with the verb kwiff, seems to be of Norn origin.

kufi [kufi], sb., a species of big, round shell-fish, Cyprina (Venus) Islandica. U. (U^{n., w}.) and Yⁿ. Otherwise more commonly: a) ku-shall [kūᶊäl] for *kuv-shall [‘-shell’], and b) “ku [kū]-fish” for *kuv-fish. — *kúf-. No. kuvskjel (kuskjel), f., id., from the root *kúf-, denoting something rounded (Icel. kúfr. No. kuv, m., rounded top, No. kuven, adj., somethipg roundish, raised in the middle, convex, O.N. kúfóttr, adj., convex).

kugl, kugel [kogəl], sb., a round, unshapely object, esp. appl. to stones, useless for building purposes; a (roond, ugly) k. o’ a sten. Also kogl, kogel [kɔgəl, kȯgəl]. The pronunc. “kɔgəl” is reported from Ai^w.; elsewhere more comm.: [kogəl] and [kȯgəl]. — Cf. a) No. kugull, m., a small lump, knot, kjøgla or kygla, f., a roundish mass; lump; ball; b) No. kokle, m., a lump (see kuglet, adj.); c) Icel. köggull (kökkull), m., a lump.

kugl, kugel [kogəl], vb., 1) vb. n., to be unsteady and tottering (unsteady as to position), to rock, prop. of something round or roundish, unable to rest on its foundation; also of anything having an unsubstantial foundation to rest on. Appl. to persons: to rock from side to side; to sit kuglin. 2) vb. a., to turn upside down, to overset; to k. a ting ower. — Also in the form kogl, kogel [kȯgəl]. — The word is cognate with kug(e)l, sb., but in meaning closely associated with L.Sc. cog(g)le, vb. a., to cause anything to move from side to side, and in its use is prob. infl. by the latter. For the development of meaning, see the foll. word.

kuglet [koglət], adj., a) round and unshapely; b) unsteady, tottering and rocking, e.g. of stones, unfit for building purposes; a k. sten. Wests. occas. (Papa). N.I. (Fe.). Also of an unsteady boat; in this latter sense commonly in the more recent form kogli, kogl-y [kȯgli]; a k. boat. — Deriv. of kug(e)l, sb. Cf. No. koklutt (kuklutt, kuglen), adj., lumpy, uneven, and L.Sc. cogglie, adj., moving from side to side, unsteady as to position, apt to be overset.

kuhwal [kūhwāl], sb., a species of whale (somewhat larger than the ca’ing whale) with a white spot on each side of the neck. U^s. Prop. “cow whale”.

kuk(k) [kuk], sb., excrement, esp. excrement of a cow, dried in the sun. U. Fær. kukkur, m., No. kukk (kukka, vb., cacare).

*kukk [kuk, kok], sb., a detached rock (U.); now only as a place-name. de Kukk (Haroldswick, Uⁿ.), a rock on the sea-shore from which angling is carried on. Also *kokk [kɔk], only as a place-name: de Kokk (in “de Nort’ Sund o’ Balta”, U^e.), a rock in the sea. — O.N. kǫkkr, m., a lump. — For the u-sound in kukk, cf. kus, sb. [O.N. kǫs].

kukr, vb., see kokr, vb.

kul¹ [kul], sb., a light breeze; a k. o’ wind. Uⁿ. O.N. kul, n., a cool breeze. Da. kuling, id. See køl, sb.

kul² [kūl, kul], kuli [(kūli) kuli] and kulek [(kūlək) kulək], sb., 1) the protuberant little round swelling on the outside of the bottom of a pot; kul: Conn.; kuli: Nmⁿ. (N.Roe); kulek: N. 2) de kuli o’ de face (N.Roe), the prominent part of the face, esp. the nose; to wash de k. o’ de face. 3) kul [kūl]: a roundish hill. In this sense now mostly as a place-name, also (as a place-name) in the form kula [kūla]. Examples: Kula (N.Roe, Nmⁿ.); de Kul (Nm^w.), de Kul o’ Sound (near Lerwick, M.), de Kul o’ Fladabister (Conn.). 4) a small hollow in the centre of the hearth in the horizontal, midmost hearthstone; de kuli o’ de heart’ (heart’-stane); Nmⁿ. (N.Roe). 5) pot-hook; kul [kul]: Conn.; “hang de kettle higher op i’ de kul!” — O.N. kúla, f., a bump; knob; (round) lump; “something protruding from an otherwise plain surface” (Fr.). In Norway (acc. to O. Rygh) the word is found as a place-name, in names of heights. — In the senses of night-cap, skullcap, baby’s hood, Shetl. kuli is L.Sc. coul(ie), Eng. cowl (coul), sb.

kuli (kulek), sb., see the preceding word.

*kulk, sb. and vb., see kwolk.

kulki [ku‘lki (ko‘lki)], sb., protuberant knob or lump; de k. o’ de kettle [kettle, pot], de k. o’ de mogi [mogi, the stomach of a fish]; see further kolki, sb. Deriv. of kul², sb.

kulsin, kjulsin, adj., see kølsin.

kum [kūm, kum], sb., 1†) (layer of) dirt, soot. Y. Also adhesive meal-dust; fine, adhesive meal on the edges of the millstones (Du.); fine ashes (Conn.). — a k. o’ mel, a small quantity of meal (Conn.). 2*) low-lying mist; a k. ower de sea; der ’r a k. cornin’ op de valley (dal, dale); a k. upo de land. Fe. [kūm]. — *kóm = *kám. Icel. kám, n., a layer of dirt; Germ. kahm, m., mustiness. No. kaam, Sw. dial. kåm, Fær. kámur, adj., dusky; dull-coloured (faded). In sense 1 Shetl. kum merges with Eng. dial. and L.Sc. coom, sb., soot; coal-dust (also in a wider sense of dust-like refuse), and is, in this case, mainly to be explained from this word, as it is also pronounced with the same vowel-sound [ū]. In sense 2, on the other hand, kum is prob. O.N. *kám (*kóm) with ref. to the meaning of the adjective *kámr in No., Sw. and Fær. — See kumet (and gjomet), adj.

†kum [kūm], vb., appl. to a quern or mill in grinding of moist corn: to deposit adhesive meal on the edges of the millstones. Du. See kum, sb. 1.

kumet [kūmət], adj., misty, hazy, appl. to weather, atmosphere. Not appl. to very damp fog. Fe. Also kumi [kūmi] (Fe.). *kómóttr = *kámóttr. See kum, sb. 2. For another form, with different sense, developed on Wests. from an original *kámóttr (*kámr), see gjomet, adj.

kuml [koməl], sb., a cairn, a stany [‘stony’] k.; also a hillock, mound, a k. o’ eart’, a green k. Wests. Often found in place-names with the root-meaning tumulus (cairn). Beside kuml (e.g. “de Kummels o’ Korkigert”, near Kollswick, St., Wests.) are sometimes found in place-names the forms kumbel [kombəl] (Fo.: de K. o’ Harrier. U^{n, w}.), koml [kɔməl] (de stany K.: between Sa. and W., Wests.), and kombel [kȯmbəl] (Haroldswick, Uⁿ., U^wg.). — O.N. kuml, n., a sign; tumulus; cairn; Icel. kuml, n., a hill.

kuml [koməl], vb., to turn upside down, to turn a hollow object bottom up; to k. a boat (Nmⁿ., etc.). See further hwuml, vb., and cf. kuvl, vb.

†kummer [komər], sb., godmother (U.), also used as a term of address to elderly women in analogy with Sw. dial. “gummoran” (def. form), prop. the godmother, from O.N. guð-móðir. The Shetl. word, however, is also commonly used in sense of midwife like L.Sc. cummer, sb. a) (more rarely) godmother; b) a gossip-monger; c) midwife (Fr. commère = cummer a and b). Since a development g > k is comparatively rare in Shetl. Norn, when initial (the change of initial k > g is more frequent), there is certainly in Shetl. kummer a merging and mingling with the L.Scottish word, in form as well as in sense and application. Cf. golla, sb. — A loan-word from L.Sc. is kummerskols [kom··ərskɔls·, -skåls·], sb. pl., refreshments given to visitors by a woman just risen from childbed (Uⁿ.).

*kuna [kūna], sb., sea-term, name in fishermen’s tabu-language at sea for woman, wife. U., Fo.? Also kuni [kūni]. A.L.: kunie. O.N. kuna, f., a more rare parallel form to “kona”, f., a wife, woman.

kunki [ko‘ŋki], sb., an attack of illness, esp. a severe, bad cold; du’s gotten dee a k. Y^h. Also konk [kɔ‘ŋk]: Fe.; konki [kɔ‘ŋki, kå’ŋki] and kjonki [kjɔ‘ŋki]: Y. occas. (Yⁿ.: konki); du will get a konk efter dis; du will be gotten dy kjonki de night [‘to-night’]. Poss. the same word as, or cognate with, Sw. dial. kyng, m., inter alia sudden, violent attack of illness or pain (lying-in pain), hostekyng, n., a violent fit of coughing; No. kyng, m., inter alia rush; downpour.

kup [kup (kô̆p)], sb., 1*) a roundish elevation; small, rounded hill; the word kopp is more commonly used; de Smokups [smōkups] (Conn.) = de Smokopps. 2) a hollow, roundish depression in the landscape, esp. a hill, the one side of which is concave; to this the hill-names “de Kupens” [kupəns: Fo.; kopəns: Wd. and Katfirt’, N.], hills in the side of which are found vault-shaped hollows; poss. also “de Kupek or Kuppek [kopək] o’ de Wart’” (Scousburgh, Du.), hollow in a hill-side. 3) boat's scoop (Fe.), = kupa; esp. used as tabu-name, sea-term. — *kúp-. No. kupa, f., a) a bowl (Icel. kúpa); b) cup-shaped valley, kup, n., convexity. See kupa and kupi, sbs.

kup [kup], vb., 1) vb. n., to form a hollow, caused by an overhanging top, e.g. of a mountain; to k. or “k. (ut) ower”. 2) vb. n., to capsize, e.g. of a boat. 3) vb. a., to turn something (a hollow object) bottom up. 4) to bale out (water with a boat’s scoop); “hand me de kup (the scoop) to k. ut dis water!” an expr. belonging to fishermen’s tabu-language at sea (Fe.). — In sense 1 kup, vb., is an old *kúpa, to arch, to form a convexity or a concavity; see kup, sb. 2, and cf. No. kupa, vb., to arch. In the senses 2 and 3, kup is likewise an original to arch or to turn bottom up, but has certainly been influenced by L.Sc. (L.Sc. coup, vb. n. and vb. a., to overturn; overset; to be overset; to tumble). The use of the word in sense 4 is prob. more recent; see *kupa, sb. (kup, sb. 3).

*kupa [kupa], sb., tabu-name, sea-term for boat’s scoop; “tak de k. and ous de bloda!” take the scoop and bale out the water! (expr. belonging to fishermen’s tabu-language at sea). N. Also *kupo [kupo]. With dropped ending: kup [kup, kôp] (Fe.). Icel. kúpa, No. kupa, f., a round vessel; a bowl.

kupet [kupət] and kupi [kupi], adj., arched, round (globular); a k. ting, “a k. head”, e.g. head of a buttercup (Fo.). O.N. kúpóttr, adj., id. See kup, sb. and vb.

kupi [kupi], sb., 1) a small basket, = koddi. N. 2) a wooden box with upright, gable-shaped ends, esp. for holding bait (limpet); a limpet-k. Br. See kilpek and krobbek, sbs. 3) a hollow; pit; hole; “to cut de kupis [kupɩs] or kupins [kupɩns]” was an old custom on St. John’s Eve, esp. practised by young, betrothed girls, and consisting in the foll.: three holes were cut in the ground, into which the breath was blown; they were then filled up with earth, and visited fasting next morning to see if there were any living worms or insects in the holes; and as many as were found of these, as many would be the children in the future marriage. Skerries. — Icel. kúpa, No. kupa, f., a round vessel; a bowl, prop. a hollow, something hollowed out. In sense 3, Shetl. kupi is more closely allied to No. kopa, f., small hollow or pit. In the pl. form, kupins, the final n is a relic of the old definite article. See kupikapp, sb.

kupi, adj., see kupet, adj.

kupikapp [kup··ikap·], sb., a deep, round wooden bowl (Fe.). kupi is prob. *kúpa, f., a bowl (see kupi, sb.). With regard to kapp (prop. L.Sc. form: cap) for kopp, sb., a cup, see the latter word.

kur [kūr], vb., 1) to stoop; crouch; to sit bending forward, to sit kurin. 2) to doze; to sit kurin, to sit dozing; — to rest (esp. in a somewhat bent or huddled-up posture), to doze; to lie or sit kurin. “de hen is kurin” is said of a hen, the wings of which hang limp, and which is expected to die. 3) to be unwell; to be dejected or dispirited; to geng kurin aboot; a kurin ting, a dispirited or sad creature. — No. and Sw. dial. kura, vb., a) to crouch; to hang one’s head; to cower; b) to rest; to lie still; to doze (prop. and esp. in a somewhat bent posture), in No. also to be dejected or dispirited. Icel. kúra, vb., to be at rest; to be idle; Fær. kúra, vb., to be unwell; to be dejected; Da. kure, vb., to lie (sit) still; to rest; (of birds) to hatch (in dial. also: to dip down, to hide oneself). L.Sc. cour, vb., to stoop; to crouch.

*kuralag? sb., confused, noisy assembly. Coll. L. L. Bonaparte in E.D.D.: koor-a-lag, people in a turbulent uproar.

kurf [ko‘rf], sb., (rough) surface; de k. o’ de land; — epidermis, the hairy side of leather. Uⁿ. Cognate with the word are partly No. skurv, n., a) scurf, b) scab, skorv, f., an uneven plane; partly No. korpa, f., and korp, n., thick, knotty bark.

kurl¹, kurel [kūr^əl (kô^ər^əl), kur^əl, kor^əl, -əl], vb., to crouch in bending forward; to sit kurlin ower de fire (Du.), N., S.Sh. l-deriv. of kur, vb.

kurl², kurel [kur^əl, kurəl], vb., to make a cooing sound, to sing or chirp low and softly, appl. to a bird. Fe., etc. Also kjurl [kjur^əl, kjor^əl, -əl]: De., etc. No. kurla, vb., to make a cooing sound, from “kurra”, vb.

kurr [korr], sb., a casual remark; slight rumour of something; I only heard a k.; hit [‘it’] was just a k. “Has du ony news? No [‘not’] a k.”, not the least (not the slightest news). Fo. O.N. kurr, m., a) a murmur; b) a rumour; talk.

kus [kus (kos)], sb., thrown-up heap, e.g. of dried mould: a muldi [mȯldi, møldi] k., muldi-k. a k. o’ peat(s), a pile of peat, a small, round pile of peat (U^wg.). Esp. a) heap of stones flung together, under which small fish (small coalfish: sileks, pilteks) are kept until almost putrid; b) a heap of small fish (small coalfish) kept in the above-mentioned manner; a k. o’ sileks or pilteks. For a form kjos [kjȯs, kjɔs (kjos)] in the N.I. see further under kjos, sb. In Unst the form kus is used esp. in the exprs. “muldi-k.” and “a k. o’ peat(s)”; kjos, on the other hand, appl. to a pile of stones covering small coalfish and to a heap of small coalfish under a pile of stones: a k. o’ sileks. — In place-names kus is found as the name of hills and rocks, mostly roundish in shape. As the name of hills, e.g.: de Kus o’ Buster (Y^h.); Kus-knowe [‘-knoll’] (South Nunsbrough, Ai.); as the name of rocks (detached rocks), e.g.: de Kus (Sa.); de Nort’ and de Sooth Kus (Lambaness, Norwick, Uⁿ.); de Kusens o’ Dimons [dɩməns] (two rocks; Y^h.). kjos is more rarely found as a place-name (name of hills), e.g. de Kjos o’ Nip (East Isle, Skerries), a hillock in shape like a dunghill, a) Kusena stura [kus··əna· or kos··əna· stūra]; de hole o’ K. stura, and b) Sturakjos [stū··rakjȯs·] is the name of a deep hollow at the foot of the hill Windus [*vind-áss]. Y^m.: O.N. *kǫsin stóra, *stóra kǫs. — O.N. kǫs, f., a heap, e.g. of stones.

kus [kus (kos)], vb., to heap up, esp. to keep small fish (coalfish) under a heap of stones till almost putrid; to k. (k. op) sileks. The word springs from O.N. kasa, vb., to pile up in a heap (of stones, kǫs), but in form (the vowel-sound u) it has been influenced by the substantive kus. See further kjos¹, vb.

ku-shall [kūᶊäl], sb., a variety of large, round shell-fish, see kufi, sb.

kuss [kos(s)], sb., a kiss (kiss on the mouth). S.Sh. O.N. koss, m., a kiss. See *kjosen, sb.

kuss (kusj) [kuᶊ, koᶊ], vb., to scare away poultry (hens) by shouting, = koss and køss; to k. awa hens.

kuss (kusj), interj., shout, by which to scare away poultry (hens). No. kyss! a threatening cry.

kussi [kusi, kosi], sb., a pet-name and call-name for a calf or heifer, cow; in S.Sh. esp. as a name for a calf, otherwise often appl. to a cow. Also kossi [kȯsi (kȯᶊɩ)], and more rarely kotsa [kȯtsa] (Uⁿ. occas.), kotsi [kȯtsi] (U. and Fe.). — O.N. kussa, f., a heifer, cow, still used as an endearing term or as a call in modern Northern languages. Cf. bussa, bussi, sb.

kussi [kos(s)i], vb., to kiss, now mostly used colloq. or as slang. S.Sh. A form with dropped i-mutation. O.N. kyssa, vb., to kiss. See kuss, sb., and køss(i), vb.

kust [kū^əst], interj., a shout to set dogs on sheep: at him! hits! k.! Fe. Cf. No. kusta, vb., to keep under discipline, to chastise.

kuv [kūv], vb., to be somewhat asthmatic, to cough slightly. Also køf [ᶄøf]. Conn. Cf. O.N. kœfa, vb., to be suffocated, from “kóf”. No. kjøva, vb., id. Icel. kóf, n., No. kjøva, f., kjøve, m., and kov, n., Sw. dial. kov and kjöv, n., a difficulty in breathing, asthma. In Shetl. kuv the i-mutation has been dropped. — gh in “cough”, which in Mod. Eng. sounds f, is in Shetlandic pronounced quite differently from kuv (køf), viz.: [kⁱɔχ, kⁱåχ; kjɔχ, kjåχ]. host is, however, still the common word in Shetl. for cough.

kuvl, kuvel [kovəl] and kovl, kovel [kɔvəl], sb., a hollow, a (concave) depression, esp. in a slope or in a hill-side; de k. o’ de hill. Nmⁿ. As a place-name: “de Kovl (Kuvl)”, a deep, concave depression in Sandvo Hill, Nmⁿ. — l-deriv. from *kúf-. Cf. Icel. kúfr, No. kuv, m., a round elevation or top, No. kyva, vb., conversely, inter alia to make concave or to be concave, kyven, adj., concave (O.N kúfóttr, adj., round, convex).

kuvl, kuvel [kovəl], vb., to turn a hollow, concave object (e.g. a vessel, a basket) bottom up; furthermore to place something under a hollow object, thus turned; to k. a kessi (basket), or a hen under a kessi. Also kuml, kumel [koməl]. Wests. (Sa.). — By metathesis from older *kulv (*kolv), and *kulm (*kolm). Cf. No. kolva, kolve, vb., = kvelva, vb., to turn a hollow object, to be in a concave or inverted position, O.N. hvelfa, hvalfa, vb. See further under †hwuml (and kuml), vb.

kwag¹ [*kwāg], sb., a) a round cake or large dumpling, kneaded together with chopped fish-livers and boiled; liver-hwags [hwāgs]: Skelbre, Lunn.; b) in pl.: (liver-) kwags, two flat and somewhat cup-shaped cakes made of oat- or barley-meal, baked with fish-livers between (Wh. and Sk. occas.: hwags). In Sk. also (in pl.) of two split, young coalfishes, pilteks, grilled with kneaded fish-livers and meal between, otherwise called “liver-pilteks”, and “liver-boats”. — The word is only noted down in the form hwag [hwāg] on Easts. (L., Wh., Sk.), where the pronunc. hw generally replaces kw. — Originally doubtless cake, O.N. kaka, f., “liver-kwag” in sense 1 = Fær. livur-køka (Fær. “køka” from O.N. kaka, acc., gen., dat.: kǫku). The form kwag (hwag) for *kag may be analogically formed after an older *kwog (*hwog), arising by diphthongation from *kog- in acc., gen., dat. (O.N. kǫku). w might, however, be due to infl. from v in the preceding “liver”.

kwag² [*kwāg], kwaga [*kwāga] and kwak [*kwāk], sb., stir, commotion, in the sea, dash of the waves (esp. in calm weather before wind or change of wind when it is veering), a k. i’ de sea; noted down in the forms a) hwag [hwāg]: Y^h.; b) hwaga [hwāga, χwāga]: Y^h. [hw- (χw-)]; Nm^w. [χw-], and c) hwak, hwach [(hwāk) hwāχ]: Du. — *kvak- (quake). Cf. the use of No. kvakla, vb., l-derivative of *kvak-, appl. to waves: to crest and break in meeting; to splash, ripple. The change k > g in hwag(a) together with the ā-sound indicates the word to be old in Shetl., and not directly to be derived from Eng. quake. — A form kwak, hwak [hwak] (Nm.), a quaking, quivering, violent motion (up and down), appl. to soft, marshy ground, quagmire, “de grund is a’ [‘all’] in a hwak”, may, on the other hand, be Eng. quake.

kwak¹ [kwāk], vb., 1) to quiver, quake. 2) a) to creep, of a number of small, creeping animals, esp. maggots, mites; b) to swarm, esp. of maggots, mites; de midden hwaks [hwāks] wi’ mids [mɩ̄ds] or meds [mēds], the dunghill swarms with maggots (Easts.). — *kvaka, prop. to be alive or in motion, to move, cognate with *kvika (O.N. kvikna, vb., to quicken, come to life). The word is hardly to be derived directly from Eng. quake. See kwag², sb.

kwak², [kwāk], vb., to quack, esp. of ducks; de duke [‘duck’] kwaks. C. The long a-sound indicates an origin from O.N. kvaka, vb., to chatter; quack; twitter (of birds); cf. Sw. dial. kvaka, vb., to quack.

kwakk, sb. and vb., see hwekk (hwakk), sb. and vb.

kwal¹, sb., see hwal, sb.

kwal² [kwāl], sb., abatement of wind; a lull in rough weather, or in a storm; he is a k. i’ de wadder [‘weather’], kw-: Wests. and Conn. hwal [hwāl]: Easts. and N.I. uncommon. Edm.: quaal. — No. and O.Da. kvale, m., a light slumber, a swoon. See hwil(d) and dwal(i), sbs.

kwal [kwāl], vb., appl. to wind: to abate, to calm. Also hwal [hwāl]. uncommon. Edm.: quaal. *kval-. See further under the preceding word.

kwamm, sb., see hwamm, sb.

kwangi [kwaŋgi, hwaŋgi], sb., a non-prolific ram (Papa), see further under kwingi, sb.

kwar, indef. pron., adv., see hwar.

kwark, sb., the throat, narrow pass; see kwerk, sb.

kwarl-, see hwarl-.

kwarm, sb., see hwarm, sb.

kwarv, sb., see hwarv, sb.

kwas-, see hwas-.

kwäkkrepp, -krupp, sb., see *kwikkrepp, sb.

kwedaklett, sb., see hwedaklett.

†kweg [kwēg], sb., a heifer. Wests.; Conn. hweg [hwēg]: Easts. As ē in Shetl. Norn is sometimes found as a development of O.N. í, the word may be regularly developed from O.N. kvíga, f., a heifer. It is probable, however, that the vowel-sound in Shetl. is due to influence of L.Sc. quey, quaig, sb., a heifer.

*kwen¹, sb., lamentation; sorrow; woe; reported from U. (and Fe.) in the form hwen [hwen, hwɛn (hwæn)], and in the exprs. “dule [døl] and hwen (or: hwen and dule)!” “hwen and care!” Oh, woe and grief! — O.N. kvein, f. and n., a wailing, lamentation.

kwen², sb., a non-prolific ram (or boar); Y. and Fe. occas.: hwen [hwē^ən]. See further under kwin², sb.

kwengi, sb., = kwen², sb.; see kwingi, sb.

*kwenni, sb., a quern, see kwern, sb.

kwerk (kwirk) [kwæ‘rk (kwɛ‘rk), kwə‘rk, kwerk], sb., 1) the throat; now rare in this sense, and found mostly in a restricted application; esp.: a) the angle between the chin and the uppermost part of the throat, de k. o’ de t’rot. Sa. [kwə‘rk]. b) part of the throat of a fish, used for bait in fishing; bait, cut from the throat of a fish; de k. [(kwæ‘rk), kwə‘rk (kwe‘rk)] o’ de fish; “gi’e me a bit o’ de k.!” Wests. hwerk, hwirk [hwæ‘rk, hwe‘rk, hwə‘rk]: U.; see kwerka-bait, sb. 2) the hollow of the sole of the foot, de k. o’ de foot (Wests., Conn.); hwerk [(hwæ‘rk), hwə‘rk (hwe‘rk)]: Easts. and N.I. Also a) kwark [kwa‘rk, kwä‘rk]: Wests. occas., and b) hwark [hwa‘rk (hwä‘rk)]: Easts. occas. and Du. By transfer, applied to the part of a shoe or boot, corresponding to the hollow of the sole; de hwark o’ de boot (Du.). 3) more rarely = jark(in) of the edge of the palm along the forefinger and the thumb, reported from Du.: de hwark o’ de hand (= de jarkin o’ de hand). 4) a closing in of the landscape: a) a (narrow) depression, a small hollow, α) in a height; a k. in a hill, de k. o’ de hill: Fo. [(kwæ‘rk) kwe‘rk, kwə‘rk]; β) between two hills, or two strips of arable land (corn-rigs): Du. (hwark); b) the innermost, narrow end of a cleft, gjo, a cleft in a rocky coast, into which the sea-water flows, de k. o’ gjo. Fo. [kwæ‘rk, kwə‘rk (kwe‘rk)]. — O.N. kverk, f., the angle below the chin, (in pl.: kverkr, kverkar) the throat. No. kverk, m., esp. a) the throat of a fish; b) an abrupt narrowing; also the sole of the foot. Icel. kverk, f., (the throat) also an angle, the innermost edge of a curve.

kwerka-bait, sb., a piece of bait, cut from the throat of a fish, reported from Uⁿ. in the form “hwerka-bait [hvæ‘r··ka- or hwə‘r··kabɛ̄^æt·]”. See the preceding word.

kwerkapus, -bus (-bos) [kwæ‘r··kapos·, -bos·, -bȯs·, (kwə‘r··ka-)], sb., a swelling, filled with pus: disease in the throat in cattle. The forms with kw- are peculiar to Wests. On Easts. and N.I.: hw-. Other forms reported are: a) kwarkabus, -bos [(kwa‘r··ka-) kwä‘r··kabos·, -bȯs·], kwarkebus, -bos [(kwa‘r··kə-) kwä‘r··kə-]: Wests. occas. (Fo.; Sa.); b) hwarkebus, -bos·, hwarki- [hwa‘r··kəbȯs· (-bȯs·), hwä‘r··kə-, hwa‘r··ki- (hwä‘r··ki-)]: Easts. occas. and N.I. occas. (Fe.). From Unst is reported a form hwerka- or hwirkabus, -bos [hwə‘r··kabȯs· (-bos·)]. Burra Isle: hwerkapus [hwæ‘r··kapos·]. In the second part of the compd. initial b has replaced p: bus or (mostly) bos [bȯs]. — *kverkar-púss, a swelling in the throat. O.N. kverk, f., the throat, Shetl. kwerk. With Shetl. -pus (-bus, -bos) cf. No. pus (uu), m., a swelling, filled with pus (No. and Sw. dial. pusa and pusna, Da. dial. puse, vb., to tumefy).

kwerket (kwirket) [kwə‘rkət], adj., applied to cattle: white about the throat and jaws; a k. sheep or coo. Conn. *kverkóttr. Deriv. of O.N. kverk, f., the throat. See kwerk, sb.

kwerkl, kwerkel (kwirkl, kwirkel) [*kwæ‘rkəl, *kwə‘rkəl (*kwe‘rkəl)], vb., 1) to cough up (phlegm), to hawk slightly, to clear the throat, reported from Uⁿ. in the form hwerkl, hwirkl [hwə‘rkəl (hwe‘rkəl)]; to hw. ut o’ de (ane’s) t’rot [‘throat’]. 2) of crested waves, esp. in tide-rip: to break (prop. to topple over); reported from Uⁿ. in the form hwerkl [hwæ‘rkəl]; he is hwerklin [hwæ‘rklɩn] upo de landfell de day, the sea breaks on the “land-tide” (the shoreward-setting tide) to-day. — *kverkla; deriv. of O.N. kverk, f., an angle; a narrowing, esp, a) the throat; b) the angle formed by the toppling crest of a breaking wave, curvature of a breaking wave-crest, etc.

kwern [kwɛrn, kwern; kwē^ərn, kwē^ɛrn, kwɛ̄^ærn], sb., a quern, hand-mill, = O.N. kvern, f. In Fo. the word is used also as a sea-term (tabu-name in fishermen’s language) for mill in general, kwern: Wests. (together with Nm^w.) and Conn. hwern: Easts., Du., N.I. The final rn in the word is doubtless due to infl. of Eng. quern, sb. Older and more phonetically developed Shetlandic forms (now obsolete) in which rn has been assimilated to nn [generally with palatal softening: ᶇ] are reported from N.I.:. *hwenni [hweᶇɩ] and *hwenna (hwenja) [hwɛᶇa, hweᶇa], as well as in a special sense snuff-mill: hwennek, hwinnek [hweᶇək], prop. a small mill, with the dim. ending -ek. In place-names the word often appears as the first part in sense of water-mill, in names of streams which drive or have driven such a mill, or, more commonly, in names (mostly trisyllabic) of places situated by mill-streams. The word, in this latter sense, is commonly found in the forms kwenn [(kwɛn) kwen, kweᶇ: Wests., Nm^w. and Conn.; in Du. occas.: kwæn], and hwenn [hwen (hwɛn) and more comm. hweᶇ: Easts. and N.I.; Y. occas.: hwɛin, hwein]. See further Shetl. Stedn., pp. 179—180. — O.N. kvern, f., a quern; mill.

kwern-fish, sb., the turbot. Du.: hwern [hwērn]-fish. Thus named on account of its round shape, resembling a millstone. Prob. a quite recent word.

kwi [kwi̇̄], sb., properly an enclosure or milking-place for cattle, reported from Uⁿ. in sense of shelter and pasture for cattle, in the form hwi [(hwi̇̄) hwei], esp. in pl.: de hwis [hweis] o’ a toonship, pastures, parcelled out, belonging to a farm, or common to a cluster of farms. The word is found extensively as a place-name in different forms with alternating pronunc. of the original long í. With preserved long i [i̇̄], e.g. Kwi (Conn.), now the name of a farm: de Kwis (Lorafell, Fo.); de Kwiens [kwi̇̄əns] (Tumlin, Ai.): *kwíarnar (def. pl.). Hwien [hwi̇̄ən] (Y^e.), two farms: prob. *í kvíum. More common with diphthongal i: [hwei, hwæi, hwäi and kwäi]. de Hweis: U^mo. [hwæis]; Fe^f. [hwæis, hwäis]; de Hweis [hweis, hwæis] o’ Valsgert (Uⁿ.). Mostly with äi-sound: hwäi and (esp. on Wests.) kwäi. de Hwäis: Easts., N.I., M^m. occas.; de Hwäis o’ Katfirt’ (N.). In M^m. “hwäi” alternating with “kwäi”. de Kwäis: Wd., Conn. and several other places. As the second part of compd. the forms “kwi, hwi, wi, vi” alternate with “kwäi, hwäi”. Vestkwi [væskwi̇̄] (W.): *vest(r)-kví. Hulshwi [hulshwi] (Hul, N.Roe): *hóls-kví. Helnahwi [hɛl··nahwi·] (Klebergswick, U.): *hellna-kví. Grøt(k)wi [grøtwi] (W.): *grjót-kví. Watnhwi [watwi] (Haroldswick, Uⁿ.); Vatnshvi [vatᶊvɩ] (Br.) and Vatnshwei [vatshwæi] (Colvidale, U^e.), near water, lakes: *vatn-kví and *vatns-kví respectively. With äi, e.g.: Okrekwäi [ɔkre-] (W., Conn.): *akra-kví; Fogrekwäi [fɔgre-] (Snaraness, Sa^e.): *fagra kví; Kulfahwäi [ko‘lfa-] (Haroldswick, Uⁿ.): *kalfa (*kálfa)-kví; Nordrahwäi [nɔrdra-] and Evrahwäi [ɛvra-] (Y^m.): *nyrðra and *øfra (*efra) kví respectively. As the first part Hwi- in “de Hwilands [hwi̇̄len(d)s, -lən(d)s]” (Skollan and Virki, Du.); Hwines [hwi̇̄nes]: L.; on the other hand “Hwäines [hwäines]”: W. Isle, Sk. See Shetl. Stedn. pp. 125—126. — O.N. kví, f., a fold, enclosure for cattle.

kwid and kwider, sb., see hwid and hwider, sbs.

*kwid-, adj., white, see *hwid, adj.

kwiff, sb., a blow; thrust; push; a box on the ear; reported from Fe. in the forms hwiff [hwɩf, hwif] and hwiffi [hwɩfi]. kwiff is a parallel form to †kuf(f), sb. For the sound-combination “wi” see the foll. word.

kwiff, vb., to bustle about, to move nimbly. Reported from N.Sh. (Nm. and N.I.) in the form hwiff [hwɩf: Nm.; hwif]; to hwiff aboot, to geng hwiffin aboot de hoose (Nm.): in the doing of various trifles. Parallel form to kuff. Cf. the Norwegian derivative forms from *kuf-: kufsa and kufta, vb., to bustle, run about. For the relation of change between “u” and “wi” in Shetl. cf. No. “kufs” and “kvifs, kvifsen”, adj., confused by being startled or surprised, prop. that makes a sudden movement or gives a start; further No. “kvifs” in “kvifsalda”, f., a big wave cresting suddenly and breaking.

kwig, sb. and vb., see hwig.

kwiga, kwigga [kwɩga, kwega], sb., quickgrass, triticum repens. kw-: Conn. and Wests. hwiga, hwigga [hwɩga (hwega)]: Easts.; Nm.; N.I. — No. kvika, f., Sw. qvicka, qvickrot, id. — A form kig(g)a [ᶄega], reported from Fo., may spring from a *kyka = *kvika.

kwikk [kwɩk (kwek)], adj., prop. living, reported in sense of swarming, teeming, appl. to a swarm of small animals, vermin; teeming with (small animals, vermin, in motion); hwikk [hwɩk (hwek)]: N.I. “I’m seen de grund hwikk [hwɩk] wi’ hondiklokks”, I have seen the ground alive (moving) with nasicornous beetles. Y^h. — O.N. kvikr, adj., living, lively; skríða kvikr, to swarm.

kwikk [kwɩk, kwek], adv., in the expr. “k. and kwider [kwɩdər]”, suddenly disappeared (Wests.); see hwikk, adv.

kwikkins [kwɩkins, kwekɩns], sb. pl., immature grains of corn mingled with husks which, by sifting (fl(j)ogin or rinnin, winnowin’), are separated from the fully ripened corn, as the husks and the immature corn, in winnowing, drift before the wind. kwikkins and hwikkins: Wests. (Sa.). Prob. from O.N. kvikr, adj., in sense of easily moved, prop. living. See afraains, afrarins, afrinnins, fl(j)ogins (affljogins), rødins (afrødins).

*kwikkrepp [kwekrəp], sb., misery, want, lack of the necessities of life; to get k. Also *kwäkkrepp, -krupp [kwäkrəp, kwäkrop]. Fo. — Prob.: “*kvik-kreppr”, the first part of which is No. kvik, n., live-stock, cattle, the second part is No. krepp, m., a falling off in condition.

kwikn, kwikken [kwɩkən, kwekən], vb., 1) vb. a., to get the fire to blaze (by poking it), to k. op de fire. 2) vb. n., of the tide, esp. at the beginning of flood: to begin to run quicker, to increase; de tide kwikkens, is kwiknin. de kwiknin o’ de tide, the increase of the tide. — kwikn 2 is O.N. kvikna, vb. n., to quicken, to come to life; in sense 1 the word represents an older *kvika or (O.N.) kveikja, vb. a., to quicken, to kindle. With kwikn 2, and “kwiknin o’ de tide”, cf. Icel. kveikja, f., the increasing of the sea-current with the changing phases of the moon (qveikja: B.H.), prop. a quickening, kindling, O.N. kveikja, f.

kwilk¹, kwelk, vb., 1) vb. n., to move smartly; to jump, gambol; to k. aboot, to geng kwilkin aboot. Reported from N.I. with initial hw: hwilk (hwelk) [hw^ei‘lk: Uⁿ.; hwə‘lk: U. occas. and Y. (Yⁿ.); hwɛ‘ᶅk, hwɛi‘lk, hwæi‘lk: Fe.]. 2) vb. a., to snatch; pull; pluck (with a quick grasp); to k. op or ut. hwilk (hwelk) [hw^ei‘lk, hwei‘lk: U.; hwɛ‘ᶅk, hwɛi‘lk: Fe.; hwä‘ᶅk: Du.]. — Two different words? By kwilk 1 may be conceived a metathesis of an older *kwikl, derived from O.N. kvikr, adj., living; lively; cf. No. kvikra seg, to become livelier. In sense 2, possibly a hwilk which has arisen from an older *hulk or *holk; cf. hjolk, vb., to catch hold of cleverly.

kwilk², vb., see kwolk, vb.

kwilli, sb., 1) a bump, a bumped or blunt corner, e.g. of a basket, kessi, which has lost its shape. U^ba.: hwilli [hwɩli]. Poss. for *kulli (cf. kwiff, hwiff = kuff) and prop. denoting round top; protuberant knot, etc. See the syn. kolki (kulki), sb. 2) a small boat, a) a boat about ten feet in keel-length. U.; b) a small four-oared boat: Fe. Reported from both places in the form hwilli [hwəli], the same word as kwilli 1? Cf. Fær. kulla [kodla], f., a small, roundish hollow.

kwillin, sb., a young, non-prolific ram; a hermaphrodite. Wh.: hwillin [hwɩlin, hwəlin]. Prop., however, a stunt, a feeble wretch, and to be classed with O.N. kvelli (kvellisótt), kvelling, f., Icel. kvilli, f., delicate health, Icel. kvillaðr, adj., ailing, weak (qvillaðr: B.H.). See kwin², sb.

kwin¹, sb. and vb., see hwin.

kwin², kwini, sb., a stunt, hermaphrodite, esp. appl. to sheep: a non-prolific ram. Reported from Easts. and N.I. with initial hw: hwin [hwɩ̄^ən], hwini [hwi̇̄ni, hwɩ̄ni], hwen [hwē^ən]. L. and De.: hwin. Esh., Nm^w.: chwen [χwē^ən], chweni [χwē^əni]. Fe.: hwini. Y. (and Fe.): hwen. In Fe. also sometimes appl. to a non-prolific boar, a hwen-pig. Originally prob.: *kvín-. Cf. O.Eng. cwînan, Germ. quienen, vb., to pine away, to be ailing, No. kviast and vankviast, vb. refl., to pine, vankvia, f., an ill-thriven animal. See the foll. word, and cf. kwillin, sb.

kwingi [kweŋgi], sb., non-prolific ram or he-lamb. Wests. (Sa., Ai.). Partly also kwengi [kwɛŋgi] (St.), and kwangi [kwaŋgi, hwaŋgi] (Papa). — *kvink-? Cf. Sw. dial. kvinklig, adj., sickly, ailing, that wastes away (Sw. dial. and No. kvinka, vb., to whimper, in No. also: to talk in a feeble, piping voice), O.Frisian kwinka, vb., to languish, to waste away. Esp. with regard to kwangi may poss. be compared Germ. quängeln, quengeln, vb., to whimper, whine. See kwin², sb.

kwirfil (kwirl), sb., see hwirel, hwirl, sb.

†kwiriakses [kwɩr··iak·səs], sb. pl., beating about the bush, subterfuge. Uⁿ.: hwiriakses [hwɩr··iak·səs]. Slang?

kwis, vb., see hwis, vb.

kwisl, sb. and vb., see hwisl, sb. and vb.

kwiss [kwɩs(s), kwes(s), kwəs(s)], vb., to cut off the outstanding edges of something, to dress, esp. stone. Wests. (and Conn.): kwiss. Easts. and N.I.: hwiss [hwɩs(s), hwes(s), hwəs(s)]. uncommon. E.D.D. (Sh. I.): quiss. The word, in the sense mentioned, probably springs from O.N. kvista, vb., to lop off twigs, also, as in Sw. dial., in a wider sense, to cut off, to separate (sections of a whole). — In sense of to scatter, to lacerate or pull asunder, Shetl. kwiss and hwiss is poss. the same word (to cut off). Another hwiss (kwiss), however, is found in sense of to husk, prob. for *huss from *huls; cf. Germ. hülsen, vb., to husk, from original *hulsc. With regard to “wi” for “u”, see under kwiff, sb. and vb. In sense of to bite to pieces, consume or eat up entirely (e.g. meat of bones), hwiss (kwiss) is probably the latter word (to husk). In sense of to scatter, pull asunder, hwiss, kwiss, may be either the one or the other of the originally different words mentioned. — kwissins [kwɩssɩns], sb. pl., immature grains of corn (Fo.), is to be classed with hwiss, to husk.

kwolk [kwȯ‘lk, kwə‘lk], sb., a large mouthful or draught; to tak’ a k. Wests. (Sa.). *kulkr or *kolkr. Sw. dial. kulk, kolk, kålk, m., a draught, Da. kulk, c., a) the throat; b) a draught (Molb.). See the foll. word.

kwolk [kwȯ‘lk, kwə‘lk], vb., to swallow quickly or greedily, to make efforts in swallowing, to k. doon [‘down’]; also to gulp, to drink in large draughts or greedily, to k. doon. Wests. (Sa.). S.Sh. occas. (Conn.). hwolk [hwə‘lk] and hwalk [hwa‘lk]: Du. kwilk [kwe‘lk, kwe‘ᶅk]: Nm^w. (Esh.). N.I.: [hwe‘lk, hwe‘ᶅk]. — Sw. dial. kulka, kolka, kålka, vb., to gulp, to drink in large draughts; Da. kulke, vb., id.; Fær. kulka, vb., to swallow, gulp down in large mouthfuls, to drink in large draughts.

*kwolvin [kwȯlvɩn, kwəlvɩn (-in)], sb., calf, properly def. form: the calf. Fo. O.N. kalfinn (kálfinn), def. form, accus. of kalfr (kálfr), m., calf. Shetl. kwolv- springs from “kálf-” with lengthened a.

kwums-, see hwums-.

kwums, adj., see kims, adj.

kwupp, vb., see hwepp (hwipp, hwupp), vb.

køb [ᶄø^əb], sb., a bargain, bargaining; compensation. Yⁿ. Otherwise comm. in the form kjob; q.v. O.N. kaup, n., id.

kød [kø̄d, kø̄^əd (ᶄø̄d, ᶄø̄^əd)] and køð [kø̄ð], sb., 1) a well-developed, plump, half-grown fish, esp. coalfish (see piltek, sed). Wests.; Nm.; N.I. Comm. in the form kød [kø̄d, kø̄^əd]. Nmⁿ. occas. and U. occas. (U^wg.): [ᶄø̄d, ᶄø̄^əd] and kjød [kjø̄d, kjø̄^əd]. kødin [kødin] (Wh. and Y. occas.). Y^h.: [kø̄d] and køder [kø̄dər] as well as obsolete *køþ [kø̄^əþ] and *skøþ [sᶄø̄^əþ]. In Y^h. occas. in a special sense: a big or well developed trout, a kød(er) o’ a troot [‘trout’]. Otherwise more comm.: a kød o’ a piltek, a coalfish. 2) a coalfish (young coalfish, piltek), prepared in a special manner, grilled with the liver; a young coalfish, filled with fish-livers and grilled; a liver-k. In this sense esp. in S.Sh. (Du.). køð [kø̄ð]: Du. — Ork. køð [kø̄ð] = Shetl. piltek. — *kœð-, *kœða. Deriv. of O.N. kóð, n., small fry. Cf. No. kjøda, f., a (young) trout.

kød, kødi, vb., appl. to fish-livers: to become liquid, to deposit oil which collects on the top of the livers. N.I. For this word and its possible etymology, see further under gøt, vb.

kødi, køti, sb., liver-oil which has collected on decayed fish-livers; k.(-oil). N.I. See further gøti, sb.

køf [ᶄøf], sb., noted down in the phrase “no [‘not’] wort’ a k.”, worthless, of no value (Y^h.), is prob. køb, kjob, sb., a bargain. The final f indicates influence of L.Sc. cofe (coff), sb., a bargain.

køf [ᶄøf], vb., to cough slightly (to be somewhat asthmatic). Conn. O.N. kœfa, vb., to be suffocated. See further kuv, vb.

køfl, køfel [køfəl (kⁱøfəl)], sb., 1) badly and clumsily executed work, muddle; to mak’ a k. o’ a ting. 2) a bungler. Du. (Ireland). Prob. the same word as kev(e)l², sb.

køfl, køfel [køfəl (kⁱøfəl)], vb., 1) to work slowly and clumsily, to bungle, to k. at a ting. Du. (Ireland). Prob. the same word as kevl (kevel)², vb.

køl [køl (ᶄøl)], sb., (cool) breath of air, fresh breeze, a k. o’ wind, a piri (little) k. Wests. [køl]. N.I. [køl, ᶄøl], The pronunc. “ᶄøl” is reported from Uⁿ. — No. kyl, kjøl, m., and kjøla, f., Icel. kylja and kæla (kœla), f., (faint) breath of air, cool wind. O.N. kul, n., a cool breeze. Da. kuling, id.

køl¹ [køl (ᶄøl)], vb., 1) to cool. 2) to blow faintly; he is kølin. — O.N. kœla, vb., to cool. No. kjøla and kylja, Icel. kylja (kæla), Fær. kylja, vb., to cool; to blow gently. In sense 1, however, køl may just as well spring from Eng. cool. (L.Sc. cuil).

køl² [ᶄø̄^əl], vb., to become cool by working slowly, to k. ower a ting. Uⁿ. Prob. a parallel form to kel², vb.; q.v. (L.Sc. cuil).

kølek [ᶄø̄^ələk] and køli [ᶄø̄^əli], sb., a thin, stirred mass, a kind of gruel; a warm k. Also kjølek [kjø̄^ələk] and kjøli [kjø̄^əli]. Sporadic forms in the N.I. Yⁿ.: køli, kjøli (and kølek, kjølek). U^s.-e. (Muness, Colvidale): kølek. Fe. occas.: k(j)ølek. For older *kør-. See further under the forms a) kjolek, kjoli, b) kørek.

†køli (kølli) [køli, ᶄøli, ᶄø̄^əli], vb., to fondle, to k. aboot or ower ane (a bairn); to k. a bairn. Commonly with short ø. Yⁿ.: ᶄø̄^əli. Also kjøl(l)i [kjøli]: U. occas. The relation to No. kjæla, Sw. kela and Da. kæle, vb., is doubtful. Cf. L.Sc. culye, culyie, vb., inter alia to caress, fondle.

kølki [ᶄø‘lki], sb., a) a small hollow, esp. in the centre of the bottom of a pot or bottle; de kettle has a deep k.; b) protuberance on the outside of the bottom of a pot; de k. o’ de kettle. Uⁿ. *kylki, deriv. with i-mutation of *kulk-; see further kolki (kulki), sb.

køllifirbølli [ᶄøl·ifərbøl·i], adv., headlong, topsy-turvy; to geng k. Esh., Nm^w. See kollifirbolli, adv.

kølsin [kø‘lᶊɩn, ᶄø‘lsɩn, kⁱø‘lᶊɩn], adj., 1) cool, appl. to weather; he is very k. ootside. 2) cold, chilly, susceptible to cold; k. i’ de hands, cold about one’s hands. Uⁿ. Also kjulsin [(kjo‘lᶊɩn) kjo‘lᶊɩn] (Uⁿ.) from *kulsin; reported esp. in sense 1. *kylsinn and *kulsinn. — No. kulsen and kjøls, kjølsen, adj., chilly, susceptible to cold (kjølen, cool); Sw. dial. köllsig, adj., cool. No. kjølsna, f., coolness.

kørek [ᶄø̄^ərək (ᶄørək)], sb., thin, stirred mass, a kind of gruel, esp. stirred mass of meal and bland (whey mixed with water); blandi [blāndi]-k. Fe. (and Y. occas.) [ᶄø̄^ərək]. More rarely with short ø [ᶄø̄^ərək] (Y.?). Also kjørek [kjø̄^ərək (kjørək)]: Fe., Yⁿ. — No. kjøra, f., mixture (preparation of milk and whey). See kjolek, kjoli, as well as kølek, sbs.

kørk [(kø‘rk) ᶄø‘rk], vb., to squeeze, pinch, to take hold of and shake, mostly in fun; to k. a bairn (a child). I’ll k. dee, I’ll punish you (esp. jokingly). Uⁿ. Also kjørk [kjø‘rk] and kork (kjork) [ᶄȯ‘rk]: U. (Uⁿ.). — O.N. kyrkja, vb., to strangle; in No. also in a wider sense: to squeeze, pinch.

kørkin [(kø‘rkɩn) ᶄø‘rkɩn], sb., a squeezing, pinching; also esp. partly in fun: a drubbing, correction or chastisement (with the hand); to gi’e ane (a bairn) a k. Uⁿ. Other forms of pronunc. are: kjørkin [kjø’rkɩn], k(j)orkin [ᶄȯ‘rkɩn] (Uⁿ. occas.). *kyrkjan. See kørk, vb.

*kørn [ᶄørn, ᶄø̄rən], sb. pl., cows. Handed down: a) in the phrase “to lag [lag] de k.”, to move the cows (from one part of the home-pasture to another). U^s.; Fe.? Also *kjorn [kjȯrn], to lag de kjorn (U^s.). Now commonly: to mon [mȯn] de baess [‘beasts’]; b) [ᶄø̄rən] in a fragment of conversation in Norn from Unst. In B. Edmondston and Jessie M. Saxby’s “The Home of a Naturalist”, given in the form “cür” (pl.) in the same fragment. See Introd. (Fragments of Norn). — kørn is prop. def. pl. form: the cows, O.N. “kýrnar”, from kýr, f., a cow. A pl. form *ger [gē^ər] from older *kør [*kø̄r] through a middle form *gør [*gø̄r] or *ker [kēr] is reported from Ai.; q.v.

kørr [kørr], vb., to scare away. esp. (cackling) poultry, hens; to k. de hens. N. O.N. kyrra, vb., to quieten, calm. More commonly kirr, vb.; q.v.

kørr [kørr], interj., shoo! shoo! esp. as a shout to poultry (hens) in order to stop their noise, or scare them away. N. Doubtless from O.N. kyrr, adj., quiet. See further kirr, interj.

kørrnørr [kør(r)·nør(r)·], sb. and interj. I) sb., a murmur, only negatively, as: “no [‘not’] to say k.”, not a word to be said. Conn. II) interj., keep quiet! be silent! Fe. — The first part of the compd. is prob. O.N. kyrr (kyrr, adj., quiet). See further kirrnirr and korrnorr, under which latter form an attempt has been made to define the second part of the compd.

køs [køs, ᶄøs (kjøs)], sb., a heap, esp. of small coalfish, turned sour. Fe. Parallel form to the more common kjos and kus, sbs. [O.N. kǫs, f., a heap]; q.v.

køs [køs, ᶄøs], vb., to bury in a pit or hole; esp. appl. to the burying of a heap of small coalfish. Fe. See further kjos¹ and kus, vbs.

køss [køs] and køssi [køsi], vb., to kiss; now esp. jokingly or mockingly. Yⁿ. O.N. kyssa, vb., to kiss. More common in Shetl. is a form with dropped i-mutation: kussi [kosi], q.v., esp. characteristic of the southern part of Shetland.

køss (køsj) [køᶊ(ᶊ)], vb., to drive away cattle or poultry (esp. hens) by shouting køss! to k. awa [‘away’]; to k. hens. Parallel forms: koss [kȯᶊ], kuss [kuᶊ, koᶊ] and occas. (e.g. in St.): kiss [kəᶊᶊ]. Prob. an original *kyssa, to cry kyss. See the foll. word.

køss (køsj) [køᶊ(ᶊ)], interj., shoo! a shout by which to drive away cattle and poultry (hens); k.! k. awa wi’ dee! Parallel forms: koss [kȯᶊ(ᶊ)], kuss [kuᶊ(ᶊ)] and kiss [kəᶊᶊ]. Cf. No. and Da. “kyss!” as a shout by which to scare away cats.

køtel [(køtəl) ᶄøtəl], sb., an old, blunt knife (for gutting fish; whittle). Also kjøtel [kjøtəl]. Wh. Cf. No. kytel, m., a wooden knife.

køti (køti-oil), sb., liver-oil which has collected on decayed fish-livers; see further gøti, sb.

køtl, køtel [køtəl (kⁱøtəl)], vb., to work awkwardly, to bungle, to k. at or aboot a ting. Du. Prop. to cut with a blunt knife? See køtel, sb. Poss. associated with No. kiltra (kjaltra, kjeltra), vb., to bungle, to scamp.

†køttikel [køt··ɩkəl·], adj., tough, difficult, appl. to a piece of work; a k. job. Du.

køvi [køvi], sb., a small basket (straw-basket), esp. for holding limpets, bait, = kubi and hovi. Conn., Sandw., Du. Prob. an original *kýfi, formed from *kúf- by i-mutation, denoting a round or convex object. Cf. a) Icel. kúfr, No. kuv, m., rounded top (see Shetl. kufi, sb.); b) No. kyva, vb., = kuva, vb, partly to round off, partly to be curved inwards at the top, appl. to vessels and baskets.

1. Original: [kālfskɩn] was amended to [kāfskın]: detail
2. Original: konta-plucker was amended to konta-plucker: detail
3. Original: cross-mass was amended to Cross-mass: detail