Diatomaceae of Philadelphia/Surirelloideae
RHOPALODIA VENTRICOSA (KUETZ.) MUELLER
Valve gibbous in the middle on the dorsal side, straight on the ventral side, with reflexed apices; costæ, 7 in 10 µ; striæ, 14-16 in 10 µ. L. 40-100 µ.
The median nodule appears as a minute depression in the middle of the dorsal side. The two species usually occur together.
Epithemia gibba var. ventricosa Kuetz.
Pl. 31, Fig. 24.
SURIRELLOIDEÆ
The Surirelloideæ are usually understood to include the genera Surirella, Podocystis, Cymatopleura and Campylodiscus, all of which resemble each other more or less, either in having a keel or markings like the divisions of the keel in Surirella and a median line, or pseudoraphe. The genus Nitzschia also has a keel, but it does not border each side of the valve as in Surirella, being found either near one margin or between it and the centre. Certain of the Surirellæ are allied to the group Tryblionella of the Nitzschiæ, while forms of Stenopterobia are distinguished with difficulty from the group Sigmata.
The following arrangement, therefore, is intended to include all genera having a keel or something which resembles it.
Hantzschia.—Valve asymmetrical; keels of the two valves opposite each other.
Nitzschia.—Valve asymmetrical; keels not (usually) opposite each other.
Surirella.—Valve usually symmetrical; a keel on each border.
Cymatopleura.—Valve without an elevated keel, but with markings like those of Surirella; undulated in zone view.
Campylodiscus.—Valves saddle-shaped.
Hantzschia GRUN. (1877)
(named after C. A. Hantzsch)
Valve arcuate, with rostrate ends; keel puncta short, prolonged into costæ or extending across the valve; median nodule rudimentary; the keels of the two valves opposite each other.
Distinguished from Nitzschia chiefly by the position of the keels. According to Mereschkowsky, however, two species of Nitzschia, N. lanceolata and N. spectabilis, show the same peculiarity.
Chromatophores four, two on each of the zones (Mereschkowsky).
HANTZSCHIA AMPHIOXYS (EHR.) GRUN.
Valve slightly arcuate, with rostrate apices; keel puncta, 8 in 10 µ; striæ transverse, 16-18 in 10 µ, punctate. L. 60 µ.
Quite variable.
Fresh water.
Pl. 32, Fig. 9.
HANTZSCHIA AMPHIOXYS VAR. MAJOR GRUN.
Valve as in type, but the keel puncta are 5 in 10 µ and the striæ are 11-12 in 10 µ. L. 71 µ.
H. amphioxys var. major Grun. is stated to be 120 µ in length. The present form is smaller but corresponds in puncta and striation. Van Heurck remarks that it approaches H. virgata.
Abundant in sand ripples on the beach at Cape May, N. J.
Pl. 39, Fig. 4.
Fig. 6, Pl. 39, is drawn from an authentic specimen of Wm. Smith's Nitzschia amphioxys, from England, and is introduced for comparison. The central nodule is not evident.
Fig. 3, Pl. 39, is from a specimen from an unknown locality. The keel puncta are 6 and the striæ 16 in 10 µ.
HANTZSCHIA VIRGATA (ROPER) GRUN.
Valve arcuate on the dorsal side, nearly straight on the ventral side, with rostrate, recurved apices; keel puncta prolonged to one-third the width of the valve, 4 in 10 µ; transverse striæ, 9-10 in 10 µ. L. 115 µ.
Shark River, N. J. (Kain).
I have not been able to find this form on our coast. The figure is drawn from a specimen from another locality.
Pl. 32, Fig. 23.
HANTZSCHIA MARINA (DONK.) GRUN.
Valve with dorsal margin slightly arcuate, ventral margin straight; apices rostrate and recurved; keel puncta, 6 in 10 µ, prolonged into costæ across the entire valve; transverse striæ, 12 in 10 µ, in double rows of alternating puncta between the costæ. L. 106 µ.
Epithemia marina Donkin.
Along the coast.
Pl. 32, Fig. 22.
Nitzschia HASSALL (1845), em. GRUN. (1880)
(named after Christian L. Nitzsch, of Halle)
Frustules usually free, sometimes enclosed in tubes or united into a filament. Valves keeled, the keels of the two valves usually diagonally opposite (see Hantzschia); keel puncta short or prolonged.
According to Mereschkowsky, there are at least two endochrome plates placed transversely on the zones; sometimes there are from four to six plates, in one species twenty granules and in another no trace of any endochrome whatever.
The following analysis is that of Grunow as given in Cleve and Grunow's "Arctic Diatoms," and adopted and illustrated by Van Heurck in his "Synopsis."
GROUPS
1. Tryblionella.—Keel very excentric, valve often folded; keel puncta indistinct, usually the same in number as the striæ.
2. Panduriformes.—Valve broad, constricted in the middle, with more or less evident fold; keel very near the edge; keel puncta quite evident or apparently wanting.
3. Apiculatæ.—Keel very near the edge; valve linear or somewhat narrower in the middle; striæ on the longitudinal fold fainter than on the remaining surface, or wanting; puncta not in quincunx.
4. Pseudo-Tryblionella.—Keel more or less close to the edge; valve with a more or less deep longitudinal fold over which the striæ are spread in the same way as over the remaining surface; keel puncta always distinct.
5. Circumsutæ.—Valve with more or less wide longitudinal fold; keel very excentric; keel puncta quite evident; surface of valve irregularly punctate and also traversed by rows of delicate puncta which belong to a different layer of the valve.
6. Dubiæ.—Like the group Pseudo-Tryblionella, but the valves are not so much folded; frustules sometimes narrowed in the middle. The separation of species is difficult and, in part, doubtful. Keel excentric.
7. Bilobatæ.—Like the group Dubiæ, but with more central keel and so forming a transition to the group Pseudo-Amphiprora; valves without longitudinal folds.
8. Pseudo-Amphiprora.—Valve with quite central, sharp keel, arcuate, without longitudinal fold; keel puncta always evident; frustule narrowed in the middle with more or less marked central nodule.
Includes two species not found in this locality.
9. Perrya.—Valve arched with very sharp central keel; not narrowed in the middle; keel puncta mostly on short or long lines which are sometimes interrupted.
Includes six species not found in this locality.
10. Epithemioideæ.—Keel excentric; keel puncta extended into costæ across the entire valve.
11. Grunowia.—As in the group Epithemioideæ, except that the costæ are shorter, not extending across the valve; keel very excentric.
12. Scalares.—Like Grunowia, but with sharper, somewhat excentric keel; transverse section of frustule quadrangular.
13. Insignes.—Like Scalares, but with more central keel so that many of the forms are near the group Perrya; frustule somewhat sigmoid.
14. Bacillaria.—Keel central or nearly so; valve somewhat arched; keel sharp, as in the group Insignes.
15. Vivaces.—Keel moderately excentric; valve, according to position, semi-lanceolate, with keel puncta in short rows, or lanceolate with quite central keel. The valves have in many positions a resemblance to Hantzschia, so that N. vivax frequently becomes confounded with a form of H. amphioxys. The median keel puncta are not distant and a central nodule is not evident as is the case in all species of Hantzschia.
16. Spathulatæ.—Like the group Bacillaria, but usually with very delicate striated valves; keel in valve view usually bordered with two parallel lines.
17. Dissipatæ.—Like Vivaces and Spathulatæ, but with smaller central keel and without parallel lines. Valves usually small, very delicately striated; no central nodule.
18. Sigmoideæ.—Keel quite central; no parallel lines; frustule sigmoid; valve without longitudinal furrow; keel puncta not extended; no central nodule evident.
19. Sigmata.—Like Sigmoideæ, but with a more excentric keel.
20. Obtusæ.—Like Sigmata, with a more or less excentric keel which has in the middle a small bending to the inside; middle keel puncta somewhat more distant than the others, and between them a central nodule evident.
21. Spectabiles.—Valve large, slightly arcuate, with excentric keel; no longitudinal folds; keel puncta somewhat extended over the valve but much less than in the group Insignes, and often scarcely perceptible.
22. Lineares.—Keel somewhat excentric, but less than in Spectabiles; frustule straight, sometimes a little constricted in the middle, so that a transition is shown to the groups Dubiæ and Bilobatæ. Valve without longitudinal fold; keel puncta round or somewhat angular, scarcely extended.
23. Lanceolatæ.—Valve lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or rarely elliptical, with very excentric keel; not folded; keel puncta not extended.
24. Nitzschiella.—Valve with excentric keel and long, produced apices.
Tryblionella
NITZSCHIA TRYBLIONELLA HANTZSCH
Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with subacute apices; longitudinal fold well marked; striæ coarse, transverse, 5 in 10 µ; indistinct puncta intermediate between the striæ. L. 45 µ. Quite variable.
Blue clay.
Pl. 32, Fig. 8.
NITZSCHIA GRANULATA GRUN.
Valve elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate; striæ in double rows, each row of three or four small puncta along the margin and rows of large puncta about 6 in 10 µ across the valve. L. 28-44 µ.
Blue clay. Along the coast.
Pl. 32, Fig. 3.
NITZSCHIA NAVICULARIS (BRÉB.) GRUN.
Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with acute apices; striæ on one side a double row of large and small puncta, and on the other side radiate short rows of large puncta, 7 in 10 µ; middle of valve hyaline. L. 35-60 µ.
Blue clay. Not common.
Pl. 32, Fig. 4.
NITZSCHIA COMPRESSA (BAIL.)
Valve elliptical-lanceolate, sometimes acuminate; striæ, 6 or 7 in 10 µ, coarsely punctate. L. 56 µ.
Pyxidicula compressa Bailey.
Nitzschia punctata (Wm. Sm.) Grun.
Tryblionella punctata Wm. Sm.
Common along the coast.
Pl. 39, Fig. 7.
Var. minor (H. L. Smith).—Valve acuminate; striæ, 8 in 10 µ. L. 22 µ.
Pyxidicula compressa var. minor H. L. Smith, Type Slide No. 431.
Pl. 39, Fig. 8.
The smaller forms occur northward, while the larger are found southward. This is unquestionably Bailey's form, as indicated by his figure and by the fact that it is found everywhere along the coast. Wm. Smith's T. punctata is the same species, although the puncta are smaller.
Panduriformes
NITZSCHIA PANDURIFORMIS GREG.
Valve elliptical, constricted in the middle, with sub-cuneate apices; longitudinal fold, with a punctate longitudinal line; striæ transverse and oblique, 15 in 10 µ; keel puncta, 6 in 10 µ. L. 108 µ.
Along the coast. More often found southward.
Pl. 39, Fig. 2.
NITZSCHIA PANDURIFORMIS VAR. MINOR GRUN.
Valve elliptical, constricted in the middle, with cuneate apices; keel puncta, 9 in 10 µ; striæ in transverse and oblique lines about 20 in 10 µ; longitudinal fold bordered by a punctate line. L. 34 µ.
Pavonia, N. J., artesian well.
Pl. 32, Fig. 5.
The var. continua Grun. is reported as occurring in Shark River. It varies in having the longitudinal fold punctate. It is also usually smaller than var. minor.
Apiculatæ
NITZSCHIA APICULATA (GREG.) GRUN.
Valve oblong-linear, with cuneate-apiculate apices; striæ punctate, apparently interrupted or pervious, about 18 in 10 µ. L. 26 µ.
Chester River, Md.
Pl. 32, Fig. 6.
The puncta are continued across the valve, but are less distinct on the fold. The figure shows the entire frustule with the fold on each valve. The valves are sometimes slightly constricted.
NITZSCHIA ACUMINATA (WM. SM.) GRUN.
Valve linear, sometimes slightly constricted in the middle, with acuminate apices; longitudinal fold entirely without or with indistinct striæ; keel puncta not evident; striæ, 14-15 in 10 µ. L. 82 µ.
Port Penn, Delaware River.
Pl. 32, Fig. 13.
NITZSCHIA PLANA WM. SM.
Valve linear; apices acute, slightly constricted in the middle; longitudinal fold further from the keel than the margin, broad, with scattered puncta; striæ subtle, irregular, interrupted, about 18 in 10 µ; keel puncta oblong, 3-6 in 10 µ. L. 100-170 µ.
Blue clay. Along the coast.
Pl. 32, Fig. 2.
Pseudo-Tryblionella
NITZSCHIA LITORALIS VAR. DELAWARENSIS GRUN.
Valve linear, with obtusely rounded cuneate ends, scarcely, if at all, constricted in the middle; longitudinal fold wide; keel puncta, 5 or 6 in 10 µ, sometimes confluent; striæ obscure, about 21 in 10 µ. L. 75 µ.
Delaware River.
Pl. 32, Fig. 12.
This form is drawn from a slide of Christian Febiger containing an abundance of specimens from Delaware City, and marked "Nitzschia dubia."
Circumsutæ
NITZSCHIA CIRCUMSUTA (BAIL.) GRUN.
Valve elliptical, sometimes more than 200 µ in length; longitudinal fold more or less conspicuous; keel puncta about 4 in 10 µ, the middle distant with the appearance of a nodule; striæ irregular, subtle, finely punctate, frequently interrupted.
Surirella circumsuta Bail.
Tryblionella scutellum Wm. Sm.
Common in brackish water.
Pl. 32, Fig. 1.
Dubiæ
NITZSCHIA DUBIA WM. SM.
Valve linear, scarcely, if at all, constricted in the middle, with cuneate, produced, apiculate apices, somewhat recurved; keel very excentric; puncta sometimes partly prolonged, about 9 in 10 µ; striæ, 20-24 in 10 µ. L. 93 µ.
Reported from along the New Jersey coast. I have not seen it. It is generally regarded as fresh-water. Slides sometimes labelled N. dubia are in reality N. litoralis var. delawarensis.
Pl. 39, Fig. 5.
The figure is drawn from a specimen from another locality.
Bilobatæ
NITZSCHIA BILOBATA WM. SM.
Valve linear-lanceolate, constricted in the middle, apiculate at the ends; keel puncta 6 in 10 µ, prolonged unequally across part of the valve, the two median sub-remote; striæ, 16 in 10 µ. Frustule oblong, truncate, constricted in the middle. L. 120 µ.
Shark River, N. J., Chester River, Md.
Pl. 32, Figs. 10 and 11.
Epithemioideæ
NITZSCHIA EPITHEMIOIDES GRUN.
Valve linear, with cuneate, rostrate apices; slightly constricted on the keel side; keel puncta, 8 or 9 in 10 µ, extending as costæ across the valve; striæ delicate, 22 in 10 µ. L. 47 µ.
Brackish water, Long Island Sound.
Pl. 32, Fig. 21.
Grunowia
NITZSCHIA TABELLARIA GRUN.
Valve rhomboidal, inflated in the middle; apices produced; keel puncta extend in costæ across half of the valve, 7 in 10 µ; striæ transverse, about 22 in 10 µ. L. 20 µ.
Dimerogramma sinuatum Thwaites.
Nitzschia sinuata var. tabellaria (Grun.) V. H.
Schuylkill River. Not common.
Pl. 32, Fig. 7.
Scalares
NITZSCHIA SCALARIS (EHR.) WM. SM.
Valve linear, with obtusely conical apices; costæ transverse, extending more or less to one-third the width of the valve, 3 or 4 in 10 µ; striæ, 9 or 10 in 10 µ, punctate. Length of valve quite variable, up to 480 µ (Cleve).
A well-known form, abundant in salt marshes and more or less brackish water.
Pl. 33, Fig. 6. (To the right of the figure is an outline of the valve reduced one-third.)
Insignes
NITZSCHIA INSIGNIS GREG.
Valve nearly linear or linear-lanceolate; apices broad, slightly produced, obtuse; keel puncta extended into short costæ, 4 or 5 in 10 µ; striæ about 14 in 10 µ. Length variable up to 400 µ.
Delaware Bay.
Pl. 33, Fig. 8.
Bacillaria
NITZSCHIA PAXILLIFER (O. F. MUELLER) HEIBERG
Frustules united in a filament, afterwards free; valve lanceolate with nearly central keel; keel puncta, 7-9 in 10 µ; striæ about 21 in 10 µ. L. 110 µ.
Vibrio paxillifer O. F. Mueller.
Bacillaria paradoxa Gmelin.
Nitzschia paradoxa (Gmelin) Grun.
Brackish water or streams subject to its influence.
Pl. 33, Figs. 13 and 14.
Otto Frederick Mueller, in 1786, published at Copenhagen a work on "Infusorial Animalcules," including a description of a Vibrio which he named paxillifer, obviously alluding to the partially-extended frustules bearing at the end a tablet-like bundle. Two years later, Gmelin described the same form as Bacillaria paradoxa, a name still used. Heiberg, however, in 1863, placed the form under Nitzschia where it properly belongs and called it Nitzschia paxillifer (O. F. Mueller). I have adopted Heiberg's name.
Perhaps the most remarkable of all diatoms. Many species possess the power of motion, which, however, is evident only in the free frustule. In N. paxillifer, the movement of the frustules occurs without the loss of continuity or adherence to each other, so that, while at one time the adnate frustules form a narrow filament, like that of Fragilaria, at another time they move laterally to their extreme length and form a thread of frustules adherent at their ends, later resuming their original position. The motion is repeated at intervals of from five to ten seconds. No satisfactory explanation of the movement has ever been made. In the filamentous form the frustules adhere to water-plants.
Vivaces
NITZSCHIA FLUMINENSIS GRUN.
Valve lanceolate, apices produced; keel puncta, 4-6 in 10 µ, partly extended in short costæ; striæ transverse, 14-15 in 10 µ, punctate; keel without a pseudo-nodule. L. 73 µ.
Common at Greenwich Point, Philadelphia.
Pl. 32, Fig. 16.
The form here figured is smaller than the type, which is from 130-160 µ in length.
Spathulatæ
NITZSCHIA SPATHULATA BRÉB.
Frustule linear, truncate, dilated at the ends; zone with longitudinal folds; valve lanceolate, keel central; apices acute, with an elevated appendage; keel puncta, 5-6 in 10 µ; striæ very fine. L. 56 µ.
Atlantic City and Cape May, N. J. (Lewis).
Pl. 40, Fig. 3.
Dissipatæ
NITZSCHIA DISSIPATA (KUETZ.) GRUN.
Valve lanceolate, with sub-rostrate apices; keel excentric; keel puncta about 6 in 10 µ; striæ, 14 in 10 µ. L. 20-40 µ.
Fresh and brackish water.
Pl. 40, Fig. 7.
Sigmoideæ
NITZSCHIA MACILENTA GREG.
Frustule sigmoid, truncate at the ends; valve linear, with sub-acute apices and nearly central keel; keel with 5-6 puncta in 10 µ; striæ obscure, about 25 to 28 (?) in 10 µ. Length variable, up to 490 µ.
As the valve is usually seen when the keel is on the margin, the outline (reduced one-third, shown to the left of the figure) is, as a rule, sigmoid.
Delaware Bay.
Pl. 33, Fig. 7.
NITZSCHIA VERMICULARIS (KUETZ.) HANTZSCH
Valve linear, sigmoid, attenuated toward the obtuse ends; keel puncta, 9 in 10 µ, quite distinct; striæ very fine. L. 105 µ.
Fresh-water pools.
Pl. 32, Fig. 24; Pl. 33, Fig. 9.
SIGMATA
NITZSCHIA SIGMA (KUETZ.) WM. SM.
Frustule linear, sigmoid; valve linear, slightly sigmoid, tapering to the sub-acute apices; keel excentric, puncta, 8 in 10 µ; striæ, 20-24 in 10 µ. L. to 250 µ.
Along the coast.
Pl. 39, Fig. 13.
NITZSCHIA SIGMATELLA GREG.
Valve linear, sigmoid, slightly attenuated toward the obtuse apices; keel excentric, puncta, 8-10 (?) in 10 µ; striæ delicate, 25-30 in 10 µ. L. to 400 µ. The keel puncta are quite obscure.
Nitzschia curvula Wm. Sm.
Nitzschia sigma var. curvula (Wm. Sm.) De Toni.
Fresh water. Hammonton Pond; May's Landing, N. J.
Pl. 33, Figs. 4 and 5.
Gregory remarks that the keel puncta are seen in some specimens. In both of the forms figured I have counted 30 striæ in 10 µ, but, after many examinations, I have not been quite certain about the keel puncta. The general appearance of the valves in any position is that of a Stenopterobia or Surirella anceps, with which it occurs.
NITZSCHIA CLAUSII HANTZSCH
Valve linear, slightly sigmoid, tapering to the sub-capitate ends; keel puncta, 11 in 10 µ; striæ subtle. L. 40 µ.
Abundant in Ridley Creek, Delaware Co. (Palmer).
Pl. 32, Fig. 20.
Obtusæ
NITZSCHIA OBTUSA WM. SM.
Frustule sigmoid, rounded at the ends; keel somewhat excentric, inflexed in the middle, the two median puncta distant; keel puncta, 5-6 in 10 µ; striæ, 26 in 10 µ. L. to 300 µ.
Along the coast.
Pl. 39, Fig. 16.
NITZSCHIA OBTUSA VAR. FLEXELLA H. L. SMITH
Valve more attenuate at the ends than the type and smaller.
Pl. 39, Fig. 14.
NITZSCHIA OBTUSA VAR. SCALPELLIFORMIS GRUN.
Valve linear, with apices unilaterally truncate; keel excentric; keel puncta, 8 in 10 µ; striæ, 26 in 10 µ. L. 48 µ.
Along the coast.
Pl. 32, Fig. 17.
Spectabiles
NITZSCHIA SPECTABILIS VAR. AMERICANA GRUN.
Frustule linear, slightly constricted in the middle, with sub-cuneate ends; valve linear, slightly arcuate, tapering to the sub-rostrate ends; keel excentric, keel puncta sometimes confluent, 4-6 in 10 µ, prolonged into short costæ; striæ distinct, 14 in the middle, 18 at the ends in 10 µ (but variable in different specimens). L. 186 µ.
Blue clay, especially at Tioga St.
Pl. 33, Fig. 3; Pl. 39, Fig. 1.
This is, probably, one of the most beautiful of the Nitzschiæ. It sometimes, according to De Toni, reaches a length of 520 µ.
Grunow states that his variety is found in the S. Bridgeton deposit. In a slide of Mœller labelled "Bridgeton, Maine," I find specimens identical in every respect with the Philadelphia form.
Lineares
NITZSCHIA LINEARIS (AG.) WM. SM.
Valve linear, slightly inflexed in the middle; keel excentric; keel puncta, 8-9 in 10 µ, the two median distant; striæ about 30 in 10 µ. Frustules in zone view narrowed toward the ends, truncate. L. 75 µ.
Very common in fresh water.
Pl. 32, Fig. 18. Fig. 20, Pl. 40, a transverse section of frustule.
Lanceolatæ
NITZSCHIA PALEA (KUETZ.) WM. SM.
Valve linear-lanceolate, slightly rostrate at the apices; keel puncta, 10 in 10 µ, the median not distant; striæ, 33-36 in 10 µ; zone view linear, with rounded ends. L. 25-65 µ.
Fresh water.
Pl. 32, Fig. 15.
NITZSCHIA AMPHIBIA GRUN.
Valve lanceolate, apices sometimes slightly produced, rounded; keel puncta, 8-9 in 10 µ; striæ, 16 in 10 µ. L. 20-32 µ.
Fresh water.
Pl. 32, Figs. 14 and 25.
NITZSCHIA COMMUNIS RAB.
Frustule linear, slightly attenuated at the obtuse ends; valve elliptical-lanceolate, attenuated toward the obtuse ends; keel puncta, 12 in 10 µ; striæ more than 30 in 10 µ. L. 35 µ.
Fresh water.
Pl. 32, Fig. 19.
NITZSCHIA INTERMEDIA HANTZSCH
Valve linear-lanceolate; keel puncta, 8 in 10 µ; striæ about 24 in 10 µ. L. 100 µ.
Crum Creek. Not common.
Pl. 33, Fig. 2.
Nitzschiella
NITZSCHIA LONGISSIMA (BRÉB.) RALFS
Valve linear-lanceolate, with exceedingly long horns or beaks; keel puncta about 10 in 10 µ; striæ about 16 in 10 µ. L. to 500 µ.
Shark River, N. J.
Pl. 33, Fig. 1.
Forma parva V. H.—Keel puncta, 10-12 in 10 µ. L. 70 µ.
East Park Reservoir, Philadelphia.
Pl. 33, Fig. 10.
Differs from N. closterium (Ehr.) Wm. Sm. in the keel puncta.
The type form occurs in brackish and salt water. The occurrence of the variety in fresh water is another instance of the finding of presumably brackish forms in the water supply of the city. If these cases prove to be unusual, it may be because of one of two reasons. The Schuylkill River, before the building of the dam at Fairmount, was tidal as far as the Falls of Schuylkill, and brackish influences, while not now existent, may have caused the growth of forms which now survive. Another reason may be that the opening of the locks at Fairmount Dam may cause a slight admission of brackish forms from tidal water below. The abundance of the brackish species appears to indicate that the first reason is the more plausible.
NITZSCHIA REVERSA WM. SM.
Valve lanceolate extended into beaks or horns curving in opposite directions; keel puncta not evident; striæ, "20-26" in 10 µ. L. 70 µ.
Brackish water. Abundant in Duck Creek, Delaware River.
Pl. 33, Fig. 11.
NITZSCHIA ACICULARIS (KUETZ.) WM. SM.
Valve lanceolate, with beaks or horns about half the length of the median part of the valve; keel puncta, 18 in 10 µ; striæ exceedingly delicate, "about 40 in 10 µ." L. 45 µ.
Fresh water. Darby Creek.
Pl. 33, Fig. 12.
Homœocladia AG. (1827)
(homoios, like, and clados, a branch)
Frustules like Nitzschia, but enclosed in branching or simple tubes.
HOMŒOCLADIA FILIFORMIS WM. SM.
Frustule linear, tumid in the middle, obtuse at the ends; valve linear-lanceolate, with somewhat acute apices; keel central or nearly so; keel puncta, 8 in 10 µ; striæ delicate. L. 108 µ.
Fresh and brackish water. Newark, N. J.
Pl. 33, Fig. 15.
Surirella TURPIN (1828)
(named after Dr. Suriray, a physician of Havre)
Valve linear, elliptical or ovate; pseudoraphe linear or lanceolate; a marginal keel forming wings or alæ seen in zone view; costæ short or reaching the pseudoraphe, frequently with intercostal striæ more or less evident.
The genus is divided by Grunow according to the length and form of the costæ. I include Stenopterobia.
Section 1.—Costæ of nearly equal width throughout, reaching the pseudoraphe.
Section 2.—Costæ short or marginal.
Section 3.—Costæ dilated at the margin, attenuated toward the pseudoraphe.
Section 4.—Valve having the appearance of Nitzschia, with inconspicuous alæ (Stenopterobia).
The endochrome consists of two laminate chromatophores, one on each valve.
The auxospores are single, originating from the union of two frustules (H. L. Smith).
Section 1
SURIRELLA BISERIATA (EHR.) BRÉB.
Valve lanceolate, subacute at the ends; costæ robust, about 2 in 10 µ, parallel in the middle, radiate at the ends; pseudoraphe narrow. L. 100 µ.
Surirella bifrons Ehr.
Fresh water.
Pl. 39, Fig. 12; Pl. 35, Fig. 2 (smaller form).
SURIRELLA LINEARIS WM. SM.
Valve linear, with cuneate ends, slightly constricted in the middle; costæ parallel, 2-3 in 10 µ. L. 90 µ.
Fresh water.
Pl. 35, Fig. 8.
SURIRELLA AMPHIOXYS WM. SM.
Valve oblong-linear, with cuneate ends; pseudoraphe narrow; costæ, 3-4 in 10 µ; striæ, 14-16 in 10 µ, somewhat radiate. L. 34-54 µ.
Surirella mœlleriana Grun.
Fresh and brackish water. Common along the coast.
Pl. 35, Figs. 12 and 13.
SURIRELLA ROBUSTA EHR.
Valve linear-ovate; pseudoraphe wide; alæ prominent; costæ wide, 1¼ in 10 µ. Frustule in zone view clavate. L. 200-365 µ.
Fresh water.
Pl. 36, Fig. 2.
SURIRELLA SPLENDIDA (EHR.) KUETZ.
Valve ovate; costæ, 1½ to 2 in 10 µ; pseudoraphe linear, narrow. L. 125-200 µ.
Fresh water.
Pl. 35, Fig. 3.
S. splendida is smaller than S. robusta and wider in proportion, but, as intermediate forms occur, it is difficult to distinguish between them.
SURIRELLA ELEGANS EHR.
Valve ovate, rounded at one end and acute at the other; pseudoraphe lanceolate, narrow; costæ, 1½ in 10 µ; striæ subtle, 22 in 10 µ. Frustule in zone view cuneate. L. 180-220 µ.
Fresh water.
Pl. 36, Fig. 1.
SURIRELLA STRIATULA TURPIN
Valve broad, obovate or elliptical, rounded at each end; costæ, 1¼ in 10 µ, curved at the ends; striæ, 14 in 10 µ. Frustule in zone view cuneate; marginal alæ quite robust. L. 100-160 µ.
Blue clay. Brackish water.
Pl. 34, Fig. 1.
In the specimen figured, the outline is exactly elliptical, although the species is usually conical at one end.
SURIRELLA GEMMA EHR.
Valve ovate or ovate-elliptical, rounded at each end, sometimes asymmetrical along the longitudinal axis; pseudoraphe very narrow; costæ distant, at irregular intervals, about 2 in 10 µ, somewhat radiate, reaching the pseudoraphe; striæ, 20 in 10 µ, punctate. Frustule in zone view cuneate. L. 70-120 µ.
Along the coast.
Pl. 36, Fig. 4.
SURIRELLA TENERA GREG.
Valve ovate; pseudoraphe narrow, well-defined; costæ indistinct, 2½ in 10 µ, their margins invisible; striæ about 14 in 10 µ, punctate, more evident near the margin. L. 90 µ.
Surirella diaphana Bleisch.
Pavonia, N. J., artesian well.
Pl. 35, Fig. 6.
The figure is that of the var. nervosa A. S. (Atlas, Pl. 23, Fig. 15), which differs from the type in having the position of the costæ indicated by scattered puncta.
Section 2
SURIRELLA GUATIMALENSIS EHR.
Valve ovate; pseudoraphe very narrow and indistinct; costæ short, marginal, 2-2½ in 10 µ, absent from the rounded end. L. 120 µ.
Surirella cardinalis Kitton.
Smith's Island, Delaware River.
Pl. 36, Fig. 5.
SURIRELLA OVALIS BRÉB.
Valve ovate; costæ short, marginal, radiate, 3-6 in 10 µ, often unequal; central area ovate, indistinctly costate; striæ scarcely visible, about 18 in 10 µ; pseudoraphe narrow. L. 45-93 µ.
Surirella davidsonii A. S.
Fresh or brackish water.
Pl. 35, Fig. 5; Pl. 39, Fig. 11.
The smaller specimen is from the Delaware River, and the larger from the Hudson River.
SURIRELLA CRUMENA BRÉB.
Valve nearly orbicular; costæ short, marginal, radiate; pseudoraphe narrow, indistinct; central area indistinctly costate, sometimes interrupted.
On account of the extreme confusion in the names of many forms which appear to be variations of S. ovalis, I have followed Van Heurck in retaining the original names as specific. De Toni gives S. crumena as a variety of S. ovalis.
Fresh and brackish water. Quite common in the Delaware River.
Pl. 35, Fig. 4.
SURIRELLA PINNATA WM. SM.
Valve ovate or oblong-ovate; costæ reaching the linear pseudoraphe, about 6 in 10 µ. L. 40 µ.
Surirella ovalis var. pinnata (Wm. Sm.) De Toni.
S. pinnata is the type of a number of small forms usually found together, including S. panduriformis, S. angusta and S. minuta.
Fresh water. Media (Palmer).
Pl. 36, Fig. 7; Fig. 9 (abnormal).
Var. minuta, a small form of S. pinnata, occurs with the type.
SURIRELLA PANDURIFORMIS WM. SM.
Valve linear-oblong, with rounded ends, more or less constricted in the middle; otherwise as in S. pinnata. L. 54 µ.
Fresh water.
Pl. 36, Fig. 6.
SURIRELLA ANGUSTA KUETZ.
Valve linear, with cuneate ends; otherwise as in S. pinnata.
Fresh water.
Pl. 36, Fig. 8.
S. pinnata, S. panduriformis, and S. angusta have a narrow central area, and differ from S. ovalis which has short costæ.
SURIRELLA OBLONGA EHR. ?
Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with obtuse ends; costæ, marginal, 2½ in 10 µ; median area granulate; pseudoraphe narrow, lanceolate, scarcely visible; striæ about 18 in 10 µ. L. 60 µ.
Blue clay. Rare.
Pl. 35, Fig. 9.
This has the outline and appearance of S. oblonga Ehr. (Mik. Pl. 15, Fig. 48), but the costæ are closer.
SURIRELLA RECEDENS A. S.
Valve ovate; costæ, 2-2½ in 10 µ; pseudoraphe narrow, not reaching the ends of the valve; intercostal spaces more evident near the middle. L. 50 µ.
Blue clay. Not uncommon.
Pl. 35, Fig. 7.
SURIRELLA CRUCIATA A. S.
Valve ovate; pseudoraphe very narrow; costæ, 2 in 10 µ; the outline of several of the median costæ strongly emphasized, while the other costæ are indistinct. L. 54 µ.
Blue clay.
Pl. 35, Fig. 10.
SURIRELLA GRACILIS GRUN.
Valve linear, with sub-cuneate ends, slightly constricted in the middle; pseudoraphe very narrow; costæ, 6-7 in 10 µ; transverse striæ about 26 in 10 µ, punctate. L. 75 µ.
According to De Toni (p. 598), this form is a Nitzschia. It has, however, a narrow pseudoraphe.
Pavonia, N. J., artesian well. Rare.
Pl. 35, Fig. 11.
Section 3
SURIRELLA FASTUOSA EHR.
Valve ovate; costæ about 1-2 in 10 µ, dilated at the margin and contracting at about one-fourth the distance toward the middle; area, ovate-lanceolate; pseudoraphe, narrow and indistinct; intercostate striæ more evident near the margin, 19 in 10 µ, becoming again evident in a narrow band about one-half the distance to the pseudoraphe. L. 50-120 µ.
Along the coast. More common southward.
Pl. 35, Fig. 1.
SURIRELLA FEBIGERII LEWIS
Valve ovate-lanceolate; costæ about 2½ in 10 µ with punctate interspaces extending half the distance toward the median hyaline area, which is divided longitudinally on each side of the narrow pseudoraphe by two longitudinal bands composed of short, transverse, irregular, punctate lines.
Along the coast.
Pl. 36, Fig. 3.
Section 4 (Stenopterobia)
SURIRELLA ANCEPS LEWIS
Frustule linear, straight or nearly so; valve sigmoid with rounded apices; costæ marginal, nearly obsolete; striæ distinct, about 15 in 10 µ; pseudoraphe wide. L. to 320 µ.
Hammonton Pond and Tom's River, N. J.
Pl. 34, Fig. 2.
SURIRELLA INTERMEDIA LEWIS
Frustule linear, straight, widened at the truncate ends; valve linear, sigmoid, tapering to the sub-acute ends; costæ about 5 in 10 µ; striæ about 20 in 10 µ. L. variable.
Hammonton Pond, N. J.
Pl. 34, Fig. 3; Pl. 39, Fig. 9 (zone view).
This, perhaps, is forma sub-acuta Fricke.
Fig. 7, Pl. 34, is probably a small form of S. intermedia, from Willistown, Pa. It resembles a Nitzschia.
SURIRELLA DELICATISSIMA LEWIS
Frustule linear, rounded at the ends; valve linear-lanceolate, sometimes very slightly constricted in the middle, with acute apices; costæ, 5 in 10 µ; striæ about 20 in 10 µ; pseudoraphe well defined, lanceolate. L. to 90 µ.
Fresh water. Newtown Square.
Pl. 34, Figs. 5 and 6 (small forms).
SURIRELLA ARCTISSIMA A. S.
Valve linear, tapering to the sub-acute ends; costæ marginal, 5 in 10 µ; striæ, 18 in 10 µ; pseudoraphe not evident. L. 184 µ.
May's Landing, N. J.
Pl. 34, Fig. 4.
Fig. 10, Pl. 39, is a small form from Newtown Square, Pa., in which the length is 86 µ, the costæ 5 and the striæ 16 in 10 µ.
Podocystis KUETZ. (1844)
(pous, a foot, and cystis, a bag)
Frustules cuneate, similar to Surirella, but attached by short stipes to other algæ; valve obovate.
PODOCYSTIS ADRIATICA KUETZ.
Valve nearly symmetrical, obovate, with transverse costæ about 4 in 10 µ, alternating with double rows of coarse puncta; median line distinct, linear. L. 43 µ.
Podocystis americana Bail.
Hell Gate, N. Y.
Pl. 40, Fig. 6.
Cymatopleura WM. SM. (1851)
(cuma, a wave, and pleura, a side)
Valve elliptical; surface transversely undulate, with short, marginal costæ. Frustule in zone view linear, with undulated sides.
Auxospore formation as in Surirella.
CYMATOPLEURA SOLEA (BRÉB.) WM. SM.
Valve oblong, with cuneate apices, constricted in the middle; costæ about 6 in 10 µ; striæ, 10 in 10 µ; pseudoraphe scarcely visible. L. 50-300 µ.
Blue clay. Common in the Hudson River.
Pl. 34, Figs. 8 and 9.
CYMATOPLEURA ELLIPTICA (BRÉB.) WM. SM.
Valve elliptical; marginal costæ short, 3 in 10 µ; striæ delicate, 18 in 10 µ; undulations four or more. L. 70-140 µ.
Blue clay.
Pl. 37, Fig. 1.
Forma spiralis.—Valve ovate, swelled into curved ridges at the lower end, with a contraction of the valve.
Port Penn, Delaware River.
Pl. 37, Fig. 2.
CYMATOPLEURA MARINA LEWIS
Frustule linear, with numerous undulations, ends apiculate; valve linear-lanceolate, with acute ends; striæ transverse, punctate at unequal intervals, from 16-18 in 10 µ. L. 43 µ.
East River, N. Y.
Pl. 37, Figs. 3 and 4.
Lewis states that the ends are more or less truncate. I do not find them so.
Campylodiscus EHR. (1841)
(campulos, curved like a saddle)
Valve orbicular or sub-orbicular, with costæ or punctate rays converging from the circumference toward the hyaline centre, which sometimes appears like a pseudoraphe. Frustule of two saddle-shaped valves at right angles to each other. The zone view may be of almost any shape according to position.
Endochrome consists of two bands, each lining the inner surface of each valve. Auxospore and conjugation unknown.
CAMPYLODISCUS ECHENEIS EHR.
Valve sub-orbicular, saddle-shaped; costæ indistinct, short, marginal; rows of round or elongated puncta converge toward the lanceolate, hyaline median space. Diam. 80-140 µ.
Campylodiscus argus Bail.
Blue clay. Reservoir at Thompson and Twenty-sixth Sts., Phila.
Pl. 37, Fig. 6.
This form, usually considered as brackish and marine, is occasionally found in fresh water. According to Deby, it is fossil in the "Champlain deposit of N. A."
CAMPYLODISCUS HIBERNICUS EHR.
Valve irregularly orbicular; costæ, 40-60, about 2 in 10 µ, wide at the margin and attenuated toward the centre which is somewhat quadrate; the radials rough with minute apiculi.
Pensauken, N. J., artesian well.
Pl. 37, Fig. 5.