Early Man in Britain and His Place in the Tertiary Period/Index
INDEX.
A
Abou-el-Cassim, and sale of ivory in the tenth century, 107.
Acacias, 51.
Acheuléen, epoch of the Palæolithic age, 199.
Achilles, shield of, 410.
Acton gravel (fig.) 159, 160.
Adams, Leith, the discovery of mammoth, etc., in Ireland, 152; doubts existence of Irish elk in peat, 258.
Adapis (of the order Primates), 34; classified by Cuvier with the Anoplotheres, 34; Gervais on the same (note), 34.
Africa, River-drift man in, 165.
Agriculture of Neolithic age, 300; of Bronze age, 368.
Alca impennis (auk), 303.
Alders, 51, 125.
Allen, J. A., history of American bison (note), 190.
Almond trees, 51.
Alpine chain in Meiocene age, 62.
Amber necklace, Lake, Wilts (fig.), 357; cup found at Hove, 361; the distribution of, 417; possessed by the Emperor Nero, 418; employed for purposes of ornament in the Neolithic age, 419; rarely used in the Bronze age in Scandinavia, 419; quantity collected in Prussia in year 1770, 418; also obtained from Denmark, France, Spain, and Italy, 418; red variety, 418.
Amphibians of the Meiocene age, 64.
Amphicyon (fox-like animal), 32.
Amphitragulus (deer-like animal), 32.
Analysis of British Bronze articles of Bronze age, 408; of French, 409.
Anchilophus, 30.
Anchithere, 22, 31, 54, 57.
Ancient stone implements, superstitions concerning, 335, 336.
Ancylotherium, 61.
Andros, antler of reindeer found by, at Victoria Docks, 260.
Animal life common to Britain and America, proves connection between, 22.
Animals, evidence from distribution of as to European geography, 109.
Anona (custard apple), 48.
Anoplothere, 22, 143.
Anoplotherium, 32 (fig.), 33.
Antelope (Antilope), 40, 143, 166; cordieri, 80; rupricapra (chamois), 101; (saiga), 96, 98.
Anthracotherium, 54.
Antlers of the deer (figs.), 60, 81, 82, 84, 85; development of; 88, not possessed by deer in the lower Pleiocenes, 89; rod made from (fig.), 185; harpoon heads of (figs.), 201.
Apamasan lake, pile-dwellings, 292.
Ape (mid Meiocene) (fig.) 56; in mid Meiocene forests, 57; in mid Meiocene forests, identified by Rutimeyer with the genus Hylobates, 57; considered by Forsyth Major and Gervais to indicate an extinct genus Pliopithecus, 58; in mid Meiocene forests, Dryopithecus Fontani, Colobus grandævus, Oreopithecus, 58; existed in France during Meiocene age, 68; relation to flint implements of Thenay (note), 68, 69; Macacus, 79; Semnopithecus, 80; appear in Europe and America during Eocene period, 90; disappear from Europe at the close of the Pleiocene age, 90; (Barbary) introduced into Gibraltar (note), 90.
Apples, 48, 293, 302.
Archæology and history in their relation to geology, 1-12; continuity of these three sciences, 3.
Arctic mammalia in mid Pleistocene age, presence of, 138; waters in North Sea, existed in Pleiocene age, 74.
Arctocyon primævus, 27.
Arctomys marmotta (Alpine marmot), 87, 101.
Ardnamurchan, volcano, 45.
Armoricans, the, 327. Arms of the Bronze age, 386; the Iron age, 426.
Arnold, A. E., on the mines of Tuscany, 405.
Arras, barrows at, 429, 430, 431; supposed by Thurnam to be those of Gallic tribes, 431.
Arrow-head, flint, Laugerie-Haute (fig.), 200; heads, leaf-shaped (figs.), 288; straightener, Eskimo (fig.), 238
Art of Cave-men: engraving, 220; sculpture, 223; of engraving common to Cave-men and Eskimos, 239; of Neolithic age, 305; designs in the Bronze age, 378; in the Iron age, 434, 435; survival of the Late Celtic into the Historic period in Britain, 443.
Articles of early Bronze age in Britain, of France, 346; of late Bronze age in Britain, 347.
Arvicola (voles), 87; amphibius (water vole), 98; glarcolus (red field vole), 98; agrestis (short-tailed field vole), 98; arvalis (continental field vole), 96, 98; ratticeps (Russian vole), 99; nivalis (snowy vole), 101.
Ash, 132.
Asia Minor, knowledge of bronze derived from, 412.
Assyria, the influence of, 450.
Assyrian tin, probable source of, 407.
Atlantic coast-line in Pleiocene period, 73.
Auk, 303.
Austen, Goodwin, discovers a fresh- water mussel, 149.
Auvergne, mammalia of the upper Pleiocenes of, 80.
Avebury, a temple of the Bronze age, 372; restored by Ferguson (fig.), 372.
Awl, bone (fig), 185.
Axe, Neolithic, Rhos-Digre cave (fig.), 273, 274; drawings of, as evidence of Neolithic art, 306; in culture, 349; bronze in handles(figs.), 350; palstave (fig.), 350; flanged(fig.), 351; socketed celt (fig.), 351; hammer, East Kennet (fig ), 369; bronze, plated with gold (fig.), 390.
Axeidæ, 89.
B
Badgers, 257, 262.
Baily, on the flora of the Hebrides, 49.
Ball, on River-drift man in India, 166.
Ballybetagh bog, Irish elks' heads in, 258.
Banksia, 52.
Barbary ape introduced into Gibraltar (note), 90.
Barley of Neolithic age, 301.
Barri, Gerald de, on submergence at St. Bride's Bay, 252.
Barrows, Neolithic, at Kennet, 284; Uley, 285; Tilshead Lodge, 287; of Bronze age, disc-shaped, 367; bell-shaped, 368; bowl-shaped, 368; bell-shaped, 370; round Avebury and Stonehenge, 376; in the Iron age, 429.
Barnstaple, flint-flakes in submerged forest of, 251.
Basket-work fossil, supposed, 145.
Basque race, 315; dialects, traces of the Neolithic culture in, 334.
Bat, great (Vespertilio noctula), 40, 98; great horse-shoe (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), 98.
Bateman, articles of early Bronze age found in Derbyshire, 346.
Battle-axe, bronze, Denmark (fig.), 390.
Baume, cavern at, 144.
Beads, gold (figs.), 357.
Bear (Ursus arvernensis), 80; (Ursus etruscus), 83; of Auvergne, 85; (grisly), 97 ; canine of, Windy Knoll, Castleton (fig.), 97; brown (Ursus arctos), 98 ; grisly (U. ferux), 98; cave (Ursus spelæus), 104, 108, 109, 144, 166; brown, 257; grisly, 257, 262.
Beaver (Castor), 40; (Castor fiber), 98; Cuvier's, 104; (Trogontherium), 57, 127, 133, 257, 261; not known in Prehistoric Ireland, 261.
Beche, Sir Henry de la, on submerged forests, 248.
Beechey, on remains found at Eschscholtz Bay, 240.
Belgium, Cave-men found in, proved by Dupont, 204.
Bell-shaped barrow. Bronze age, 368; at Winterslow (fig.), 370.
Benkendorf, mammoth discovered by, 106.
Bertrand, Eugene, on remains of the River-drift man, 167.
Bibra, von, analysis of ancient bronzes, 401.
Bignonia (creeper), 30, 52.
Biological and Physical changes in Britain before the arrival of man—the Eocene period, 13-36; Meiocene period, 37-69; in North-Western Europe, before arrival of man—Pleiocene period, 70-93; Britain at the time of the arrival of man, 94. Birches, 51, 125, 145.
Birds, 6, 7; in Tertiary period, A. Milne- Edwards on the specialisation of, 12; lower Eocene, 28; of the upper Eocene period, 34; of Meiocene age, 54; birds-nest-swifts, 55; mid Meiocene, 59; of the Mediterranean district, Phasianus Archaici (pheasant), Gallus æsculapii (fowl), Grus pentclici (wader), 61; of the Meiocene age, 64; of Neolithic age, 303.
Bison, 97; (Bison europæus), 98; migrations of, 189, in summer; reindeer in winter in the same district, 191.
Blue corn bottle, 302.
Boars, wild (Sus scrofa ferus), 98, 128, 257, 262.
Boats of Bronze age, 395; engraved on rock, Häggeby, Uplande (fig.), 442.
Bone, cut, discovered at St. Prest, considered by J. Desnoyers to be the work of man, 133; opinions on, by Sir Charles Lyell and Sir John Lubbock, 133; needle, awl (notched) (figs.), 185; needle, La Madelaine (fig.), 200; weaving-comb, Fisherton (fig.), 267.
Borer, flint (fig.), 184.
Bos etruscus (ox), 83, 87; (Urus), primigenius (urus), 98; palæindicus, 166; longifrons (Celtic short-horn), 251; frontosus, taurus (oxen), 298.
Boulder clay, origin of, 116; boulder differs from the moraine profonde (note), 117; tough, James Geikie's opinion of, 117.
Bourgeois, Abbé, on discovery of flints as evidence of man's existence, 133.
Bournemouth, mid Eocene forest of, 29.
Bowerbank, reference to, concerning the lower eocene vegetation (note), 25.
Bowl-shaped barrow, East Kennet, 368.
Bovey Tracey, the lignites of, 47.
Brady, Sir Antonio, collection of mammoth bones, etc., 139.
Brandon, Neolithic flint-mines near, 276.
Brandt, on animals from Altai Mountains, 240.
Brass, bronze more ancient than, 410.
Breaks in the succession of living forms, accompanied by geographical changes, 8.
Brick-earths, Uphall, Ilford (fig.), 138; lower, of Stonehams Pit, Crayford (fig.), 141.
Britain, connected with North America, 20; climate of, tropical, 35; estimated temperature of, in the mid Eocene age, by Starkie Gardner, 35; Meiocene fauna and flora of, 38; connected with North America in Meiocene age, 43; in the Pleiocene age, 72; Pleiocene mammalia in, 84; geography of, in late Pleistocene age (map), 150; Neolithic (fig.), 254; occupied by tribal communities in Neolithic age, 283; general conclusions as to Neolithic culture in, 290; tin in, 402; commercial relations of, in the Bronze age, 421; in the Historic Period, 481; explanation of the coast, 481; physical geography of, 482; population at the time of the Roman Conquest, 485.
British geography, Prehistoric age, 248; Isles, Iberic element in, 330; bronze articles of Bronze age, analysis of, 408.
Brixham cave, implement found in, 197.
Broca, on the Basques, 314, 324; on the origin of the present inhabitants of France, 324, 329.
Bronze age, 342; in Britain, its classification, 344; dagger blade, Round Barrow, East Kennet (fig.), 345; dagger blade, barrow, Camerton, Somerset (fig.), 345; articles in early age, 346; in late age, 347; in France, table of articles in early age, 346; axe in culture, 349; axes in handles (Lane Fox, figs.), 350; habitations in Britain, 352; lake-dwelling in Ireland, 353; pottery found, 353; clothing and ornaments, 355; hair-pin, Wandle (fig.), 356; lighting fires and woodcutting, 358; spinning and weaving, 359; agriculture and farming, 360; pottery, gold and amber cups, 360; reaping hook, Tay (fig.), 360; working, 362; celt mould, Heathery Burn (fig.), 362; articles discovered in Dowris Bog, 363; swords, Thurston, Northumberland (fig.), 364; River Witham, Lincoln (fig.), 364; bronze working, 362; weapons and warfare, 364; spear-head, Heathery Burn (fig.), 366; spear and javelin heads, Thurston (figs.), 366; burial customs, 366; barrows of, 367, 368, 370; temples of, 371; artistic designs, 378; France in the, 379; divisions of the, 379; age of transition, or the early age, 380; the late age in France and Switzerland, 381; hoards of bronze merchandise, 383; hoards of bronze-smith, 384; materials for smelting, and implements for working, bronze, 385; arms, 386; ornaments, 38 ; lake-dwellings, 388; in Scandinavia, 389; sculptures in Scandinavia, 392; analysis of British bronze, articles of, 408; of French articles, 409; introduction of, and of bronze civilisation, into Europe, 397; Palstave, tin mine, Villeder (fig.), 404; metallurgy of, 407; more ancient than brass, 410; introduced into Europe from one centre, 410; knowledge of, derived from Asia Minor, 412; implements, the earliest in Europe, 413; industry, development of, 413; local centres of bronze industry in the, 414; duration of, north of the Alps, 420; commercial relations of Britain in the, 421; shield, Giffin Castle, Ayrshire (fig.), 427; head-ring, Stitchel (fig.), 429; Brooch, Victoria Cave, Yorkshire (fig.), 443.
Brooch, bronze, Victoria Cave (fig.), 443.
Bruce-Foote, on River-drift man in India, 166.
Bruzelius on sculpture on rocks of Sweden, 393.
Bryn-yr-Ellyllon cairn, 433
Bubalus namadicus (Buffalo), 166.
Buffalo (Bubalus namadicus), 166.
Bullace plums, 302.
Burial of the dead by Neolithic tribes, 284; customs of Bronze age, 366; customs of the Iron age, 429.
Burnt sacrifice in Isle of Man in the year 1859, 338.
Burton, pile-dwellings, 292; proofs of mining and smelting in the land of Midian, 407.
Busk, on grisly bear, 97; on animals found at Cresswell Crags, 177; on remains of Cave-men, 225; on physique of Neolithic Britons, 310; leg bones of the same, 313; on the Berbers of Northern Africa, 324.
Butler, on migration of bisons, etc., 189.
C
Callitritis (cypress), 26.
Camelopardalis (giraffe), 40.
Cameron, pile-dwellings, 292.
Camphor tree, 51, 52, 53.
Camps of Neolithic tribes, 281.
Canine of cave-bear, Wookey Hole (fig.), 108; upper, of Machairodus, Robin Hood Cave (fig.), 186.
Canis (dog family), 87; lupus (wolf), 98; vulpes (fox), 98; lagopus (Arctic fox), 99.
Cap, golden, Devil's Bit, Tipperary (fig.), 428.
Capellini, specimens of cut bones found in Tuscany, described by, 92 on discovery of ancient tin mines 405; on Italian amber, 419.
Capercailzie, 219, 303.
Capra ibex (ibex), 101; beden, 101; Sibirica, 101.
Caraway seeds (Carum carni), 293, 302.
Carnivores, incoming, of temperate zone, 97.
Carpentry in Bronze age, tools used, 359.
Cartailhac, absence of pottery in French caves, 209.
Carte, incised bones the result of friction, 259.
Carving of Cave-men, 213, 214, 215, 217, 219, 220, 221.
Castleton, Caves, 188.
Castor (beaver), 40; fiber, 98.
Catchfly, Cretan (weed), 302.
Cat-Hole cave, bronze implements in, 55.
Cats, 40, 257, 262; (Felis Christolii), 80; (Caffer) Felis coffer Desm.=Felis caligata Tem.), 103, 111; wild (Felis catus ferus), 98.
Cattle, English breed of, 491.
Cave-bear, canine of (fig.), 108, 109; incised on fragment of schist, Bas Massat (fig.), 216; as food for Cave-men, 216.
Cave-lion, canines of, in Duruthy cave, 216.
Cave-men, 100; and the advance of culture, 174-245; throughout Europe in the same stage of culture, 203; their range compared with that of River-drift men, 204; civilisation of, dwellings, 205; domestic pursuits, no pottery, 208; means of obtaining fire, 210; implement-making, sewing, 210; dress and ornaments, 211; hunting, 212; fowling, 218; fishing, 219; sculpture, 223; their skeletons, 224; their relation to River-drift men, 230; to Eskimos, 233; not represented among present populations of Europe, 242; general conclusions on, 244.
Caves of mid Pleistocene age, 143; existence of ossiferous, 144; two oldest, 144; as habitations of man, 174; exploration of (note), 175; Cress- well Crags, 175; Pin Hole, 176; Robin Hood and Church Hole, 177; Mother Grundy's Parlour, exploration of, by Rev. J. M. Mello and author, 186; Victoria (note), 187; fauna present in Yorkshire, 187; Castleton and Matlock, 188; Pont Newydd, 192; of Somerset, Palæolithic men of, 193; Brixham, 197; of France, River-drift and Cave-men in, 198; Duruthy, 212; remains found in, 211, 212, 213; of Dordogne, sketch of glutton in, 215; Kesslerloch, 220, 221; Duruthy cave, human remains from, 226; section of (fig.), 226; implements and pottery of, 227; used by Neolithic inhabitants, 271; Rhos-Digre, Neolithic axe of, 273; used as sepulchres, 229; rarely used in Bronze age as habitations, 355.
Celastras (spindle-tree), 48.
Celt mould, Heathery Burn (fig.), 362; Celtic invasion of Gaul and Spain in Neolithic age, 315; races in Spain and Gaul, historic evidence of, 317; and Iberic peoples in Europe in Historic period (map), 318; peoples in Britain, historic evidence of, 321; element still in France, 324; invasion of Britain, 342.
Celtis, or nettle tree, 30.
Celts of Ireland, Iberic elements among, 330
Centaurca cyanus (blue corn-bottle), 302.
Cervus (deer), 40; australis (deer), 79; Browni, 97; Carnutorum (deer of the Carnutes), 104, 121, 133; verticornis (thick-antlered deer), 104; cusanus, Cr. and Job., Pleiocene (fig.), 80, 82, antler of, 89; perrieri, issiodorensis, etueriarum, pardinensis (figs.), 81; perrieri, 83; issiodorensis, 83; taivanus, 83; etueriarum, 83; pardinensis, 83, (fig.) 86; tetraceros, 83, (figs.) 82, 86; dicroceros, antlers of, 88; dicranios (Nesti, Val d'Arno, 84, (fig.) 84, 88; elaphus, (stag), 98; capreolus (roe), 98; dama (fallow-deer); issiodorensis, 85; Matheroni, antlers, Gervais (fig.), 60; suttonensis, Red Crag, 85; Falconeri, 85; tarandus, (reindeer), 99; verti- cornis (fig.), 127.
Ceyssac in Cantal, Pleiocene vegetation of, 77.
Chabas, researches on the elephant, 107; cited (note), 107.
Chamois (Antilope rupricapra), 101.
Chantre, articles of Early Bronze age found in chambered tombs, Cevennes, 346; artistic designs of the Bronze age noted by, 378; discoveries in France and Switzerland, 379, 380; on the centres of bronze industry, 415.
Chaplain-Duparc, on human remains of Duruthy cave, 226.
Characteristics of the six stages of the Tertiary period, 9, 10.
Chelone gigas (turtle), 19.
Cherry trees, 51.
Chestnut, 293.
Chillingham cattle, Darwin on, 260.
Chinese custom of burning imitation money to enrich the spirit of the dead, 288.
Chœropotamus (hog-like animal), 32.
Chronological sequence based on mammalia, unsatisfactory, 203.
Church Hole cave strata (fig.), 178; implements, 184, 185.
Cinnamon tree, 48, 51, 52, 78.
Cissbury, flint implement manufactory at, 278; camp, mine-shafts (fig.), 279.
Civilisation of the Cave-men, 205; Neolithic, on the Continent, 290; Neolithic, derived from Central Asia, 306.
Classification of the Tertiary period, 9; of remains from caverns and riverbeds, by de Mortillet, 199; of Bronze age in Britain, 344.
Clematis, 132.
Clichy, human skull and bones found at, 167.
Climatal and geographical changes in Britain, marked by glacial phenomena, 114—No. 1, the first glaciation, a period of elevation; No. 2, the icebergs, a period of depression; No. 3, the depression continued, climate temperate; No. 4, a reversion to a severe climate; No. 5, period of elevation, climate becoming temperate; change on the Continent, and in Asia and Africa, 119.
Climate of Europe more uniform in mid Eocene times than now, 30; of Britain tropical, 35; of Meiocene age, 62, 63; of Meiocene age according to Heer, 66; of Pleiocene age, 78; evidence as to, in Pleistocene age, 112; change of, during glacial period, 114-122; of the Prehistoric period, 255.
Clothing and ornaments of Bronze folk in Britain, 355.
Coast-line (south-eastern) of Britain during the Eocene age, 17.
Cocchi, discovery of a human skull at Olmo, 91.
Codrington, on river deposits, 154.
Cœnopithecus (of the order Primates), 34.
Coffins in the Bronze age, 368.
Coin of Claudius in pile-dwelling of Marin (note), 291.
Coinage, probable origin of, 414.
Coins and commerce in the Iron age, 438.
Colobus (C. grandævus) (ape), 58.
Commerce of Neolithic tribes, 280.
Commercial relations of Britain in the Bronze age, 421.
Continent north of the Alps, Prehistoric Iron age on the, 439.
Continental upper Eocene mammalia, 32; Meiocene flora, 49.
Continuity of Europe with North America in Meiocene age, 43.
Conwell, Eugene, discoveries at Lough Crew, 433.
Cope on the existence of Primates in North America, 34.
Copper, no age in Europe, 397; celts in Ireland, 397; supposed by Pliny to have derived its name from Cyprus, 399; distribution of ores, 399.
Cormorants, 59.
Corselet, golden, Mold, North Wales (fig.), 432.
Corylus grossidentatus (hazel), 49.
Coryphodon, 22, 27.
Crags of Norfolk and Suffolk, the Pleiocene strata of Britain, 71; Red, 71.
Crane, 55; (Grus cinerea), 219.
Crannoges, or Irish lake-dwellings, 353.
Crayford, flint-flake discovered at, 136; brick-earths at Stoneham's Pit (fig.), 141.
Cremation in the Bronze age, 367; various authorities on, 367; carried on in Iron age, 429.
Cro-Magnon, rock shelter of, encampment for Cave-men, 206; detailed section of (fig.), 207.
Croll, on Glacial period of Meiocene age (note), 65; climate and time (note), 115.
Cresswell Caves, oldest fauna in, 186, 187; Pin Hole, 176.
Cresswell Crags, looking east (fig.), 175.
Culture, further development of, 342.
Cups, drinking, 361; incense, 361; gold, 360; amber, 361; for reception of offerings to the dead, 378.
"Cup-stones," 338, 339.
Cuvier quoted on the Adapis, 34.
Cypresses: Solenostrobus, Frenelites, Callitritis, 26, 50.
Cyprus, copper supposed by Pliny to have derived its name from, 399.
D
Dagger-handle, Laugerie-Basse (fig.), 223.
Dahomey pile-dwellings, 292.
Danubian centre of bronze industry, 414.
Darwin, evolution theory of, 7; on hairy Siamese family, 223; on the Chillingham cattle, 260; on the Neolitic dog, 295; on the hog, 296.
Dasornis (bird), 28.
Dawson on the dispersion of the Tertiary floras, 20.
Davies, W., referred to, concerning Eocene mammals (note), 26.
Davis on physique of Neolithic population, 310.
Dead little cared for by Eskimos, 235; burial of the, by Neolithic tribes, 284.
Deer (Cervus, 40, 143, 166; (mid Meiocene—fig.), 56; resembling the muntjak, 59; (Cervus australis), 79; (Cervus dicranios), 84; antlers, development of, 88; (fallow), 96, 98; of the Carnutes (Cervus Carnutorum), 104; thick-antlered (verticornis),104; Sedgwick's, 126.
Definition of Prehistoric period, 247.
Deinotherium (mid Meiocene—fig. ), 56, 59.
Denise, fossil man of, 93.
Denmark, diadem of bronze, 389; battle-axe, 390; axe plated with gold, 390; shield in repoussé, 391; gold cup, 392; shell mounds of, 302.
Denudation since the Meiocene age, 46.
Depression during the Nummulitic age, 17; period of, in Glacial period, 117, 118.
Derivations of Basque names for cutting tools according to Abbé Inchauspé, 334.
Designs of Bronze age in France and Britain (fig.), 378.
Desnoyers, J., on cut bones found at St. Prest, 133.}} Desor, on cup-stones, 339.
Diadem of bronze, Denmark (fig.), 389.
Didelphys (opossum), 26, 40.
Disc-shaped barrow of Bronze age (fig.), 367.
Distribution of animals as evidence of European geography, 109.
Dog family (Canis), first appearance, 87; no trace of dog, or other domestic animals, with Cave-men, 217; sometimes used for food in Neolithic age, 304.
Dogger Bank, collection of bones, antlers, etc., found at, 149.
Dol-ar-Marchnant, plumed hatchet on, 305.
Domestic animals of Prehistoric age, 262; animals of Neolithic age, 295; dog, hog, 295; oxen, sheep, goats, 297; animals not older than Prehistoric age (note), 300.
Dordogne, sketch of glutton found in caves of, 215.
Dormouse, 40, 54; gigantic (Myoxus melitensis), 104, 105.
Dowris Bog, bronze articles found in, 363.
Dress and ornaments of Cave-men, 211.
Drinking-cup, East Kennet (fig.), 361.
Dryandra, 52.
Dryandroides, 48.
Dryopithecus Fontani (ape), 58.
Duck, wild, engraved in la Madelaine, 219, 303.
Dupont, on the caves of Belgium (note), 203; on Cave-men in Belgium, 204; on the mode of obtaining fire by the Cave-men, 210; on the bones of Cave-men, 224.
Duration of Pleistocene and Prehistoric periods, 265.
Dürnten, lignites of, present no traces of man, 145.
Duruthy cave; see Caves.
Dwellings of the Cave-men, 205.
Dyer on the dispersion of the Tertiary floras, 20.
E
Early Bronze age; see Bronze age.
Early Pleistocene age; see Pleistocene, early.
Edentata (fig.), 56.
Edwards, A. Milne-, on the specialisation of birds in Tertiary period, 12; on the lower Eocene birds, 28; birds of the upper Eocene lake of Paris, 33
Eguisheim, cranium found at, 167.
Egyptian tin, probable source of, 407.
Egyptians and their influence, 447.
Elba, tin-stone found at, 405.
Elephants (elephas), first appearance, 87; African (Elephas Africanus), 103; hunting in sixteenth century, 107; Falconer's and pigmy (Elephas Falconeri, melitensis, mnaidrensis), 104; straight-tusked (Elephas antiquus), 104, 126, 145, 187; primigenius (mammoth), 104; (Falconeri) melitensis, mnaidrensis (Falconer's and pigmy elephant), 104; armeniacus, 107; meridionalis, 81, 85, 86, 126; namadicus (Stegodon) insignis, 166.
Elk, Irish (Magaceros hibernicus), 104, 127; sole survivor from the Pleistocene into the Prehistoric age, 257; remains found in Ballybetagh bog, 258; proved to have been hunted, 258; discoveries of, by Ussher, in Ireland, 258; discovered in Berkshire and Ayrshire, 259; their existence in peat doubted by Leith Adams, but recorded by Kinahan (note), 258; Irish, 257; true, 257, 260, 262.
Elliot, Sir Walter, antlers of moose found by, 260.
Ellis on flint-flakes in submerged forest of Barnstaple, 251.
Emys (turtle), 19.
Enamelling, art of, first appearance, 435.
English conquest, 490.
Engraved slab tomb, Kivik, Scania (fig.), 395.
Engraving by Cave-men, 220, 221.
Eocene, the lowest Tertiary strata, 10; classification, 14; Britain part of a great continent, 23; (lower) plants and animals, 25; (lower) mammalia, 26; (lower), birds, 28; (mid) flora, 28; (mid) mammalia, 30; (mid) temperature according to Starkie Gardner, 35; (upper continental) mammalia, 32, 34; south-eastern coast-line of Britain during the, 17; north-west coast-line during the, 1; geography of north-western Europe in the, 18; sea, 17; rich in reptilian life, 19; mountains of the, 23; rivers of the, 25; plants and animals of the, 25; strata divided into three groups:—Pre-nummulitic, nummulitic, post-nummulitic, 15; classification of (table), 16; stage of the Tertiary period, characteristics of, 9. 'Epoque Acheuleen," 199; "Mousterien," 200; "Solutrien," 200; "Magdalenien, " 201 (divisions of the Palæolithic age).
Equus caballus (horse), 98; Stenonis (horse), 83.
Erinaccus (hedgehog), 40.
Erith, flint-flake discovered at (fig.), 136.
Ermine (Mustela crminca), 98.
Eschscholtz Bay, remains found at, 240.
Eskimos, models of implements placed in tombs of, 288; scraper (fig. ), 236; spear (fig.), 237; identification with the Cave-men, 233, 245; Lyon on the, 234; their little care for the dead, 235; implements of, 236; arrow-straightener (fig.), 238; hunting scene (fig.), 239; portion of implement (fig.), 239.
Etruskans, relation of Iberians to, 322; worked tin-mines of Tuscany, 405; influence of, in Iron age, 436; their influence, 462; trade-routes to amber coasts, 466; influence north of the Alps, 469; downfall of the trade, 471.
Etruskan tombs, jewels placed in, 288.
Eucalyptus tree, 30.
Euphrates valley, elephants in, in sixteenth century B.C., 107.
Europe of Meiocene age compared with the present day, 69; divided into three distinct zones in Pleistocene age, 112; bronze introduced into, from one centre, 410.
European population, Cave-men not represented among, 242.
Evans, John, discoveries of implements in Gray's Inn Lane (note), 158; on a flint implement found at Olmo, 91; on gravels near Salisbury (note), 161; on de Mortillet's divisions of the Palæolithic age, 202; on implements of Cave and River-drift men, 231; on burial of dead in the crouching posture, 287; classification of Bronze age in Britain, 344; on use of pyrites (note), 358; thinks that no copper age existed in Europe (note), 399; on Greek coins, 437; earliest British, 438.
Evolution theory explains the specialisation of the mammalia, 11.
f
Falconer on Meiocene Europe, 66; (Bos etruscus of), 83; on the mammoth, 106 ; on the Thibetan mastiff and goat, 108; on the age of river deposits in Thames valley, 142; on the caves of Palermo, 205.
Fallow deer, 98.
Farming in Bronze age, 360.
Faudel, on remains of the River-drift man, 167.
Faunas, Secondary and Tertiary, 9; important characters of, 86; of forest bed; table of, 128; of the Narbadá belongs to the late Pleistocene age in India, 167; the oldest, in Cresswell caves, 186; present in Yorkshire caves, 18 ; of Europe the same from Pleistocene age to present day, 232.
Felis (cat), 40; Christolii, 80; leo (lion), 102; pardus (leopard), 102; pardina (African lynx), 102; caffer Desm.= caligata Tem. (caffer cat), 103; lynx (lynx), 98; catus ferus (wild cat), 98.
Fellenberg, von, analysis of ancient bronzes, 410, 411.
Ferguson (note), 305, 377.
Filhol on the Necrolemur (note), 34.
Fire-lighting and wood-cutting of Bronze age, 358; means of obtaining by the Cave-men, 210.
Firs, spruce, Scotch, 125, 145.
Fisher, Rev. Osmond, discovers a flint flake at Crayford, 136.
Fisherton, Late Pleistocene strata at (fig.), 161; "hut circles" at, 267; weaving-comb found at, 267.
Fishing of Cave-men, 219.
Fitzstephen, William, his "tauri sylvestres," 259.
Flake, 162, 163; quartzite, Robin Hood Cave (fig.), 180; in Robin Hood Cave (figs.), 183, 184; worn, cave earth. Church Hole (fig.), 184; trimmed, cave earth, Kent's Hole (fig.). 196.
Flanged axe, Arreton, Isle of Wight (fig.). 350.
Flax, 301.
Flint arrow-head (fig.), 200; javelin-head (fig. ), 200; borer, breccia, Robin Hood Cave (fig.), 184; flake discovered at Crayford, evidence of the presence of man in the mid Pleistocene age, 136; at Erith (fig.), 136; hâche, Hoxne (fig.), 171; implement found at Olmo of Neolithic type, 91; implements found at Bemerton and Fisherton, 161; shape of, 162; Evans, Ancient Stone Implements (note), 162; implements in Somme Valley, 164; in Spain, Italy, and Greece, 164; Africa, 165; Palestine, 166; India, 166; implements found at Grenelle, 168; implements, Wookey Hole, near Wells (figs.), 193; implement manufactory at Cissbury, 278; mines, Neolithic, near Brandon, 276; river-drift implement, Gray's Inn Lane (fig.), 157; found at various places (note), 160; scraper, Robin Hood Cave (fig.), 182; splinters, found in Meiocene strata, put forward as evidence of existence of man, 68.
Floras, Secondary and Tertiary, 9; mid Eocene, 28; of American continent in Meiocene age identical with that of Europe, 43; of Bovey Tracey, 48; identified with lower Meiocenes of France and Switzerland, 49; of the Hebrides and Ireland, 49; Meiocene, on the Continent, 49; the Pleiocene, 77, 78; floras of the Polar regions (note), 22. See Forests.
Flower, on the implements of the Somme Valley, 164.
Food of Neolithic man, 273, 274.
Forbes, Edward, on geographical continuity in Pleiocene age, 74.
Forests in early Pleistocene age in Britain, 125; (mid Eocene) of Bournemouth, 29; bed, fauna of, 128; bed, physical relations of, 129; bed, physical relations of (fig.), 130; early Pleistocene, in France, 131 submerged in the Prehistoric period, 248; submerged. Sir H. de la Beche and Godwin-Austen on, 248; of Neolithic age, 304.
Fossil and living forms, percentage of, in the Tertiary strata, 10, 11.
Fowling, 218.
Fox (Canus vulpes), 98; arctic (Canis lagopus), 99; arctic, 100, 257, 262; implements found in Acton gravel, 158.
Fox, Lane, on flint mines of Cissbury, 278; on camps of Neolithic tribes, 283; on existence of a Copper age in Europe (note), 398.
Fraas, on the ape species Colobus, 58; on Cave-men of Germany, 204.
France, Cave-men found in, 204; opossums in, 33; birds around the upper Eocene lake of Paris, 33; upper Eocene forests of, inhabited by Primates, 34; table of Meiocene classification of, 39; inhabited by man in middle of Meiocene age, 67; lower Pleiocene mammalia of, 79; upper Pleiocene mammalia of, 80; River- drift man in, 164; caves of, River- drift men preceded Cave-men in, 198; in the Bronze age, 379; in the late Bronze age, 381; origin of present inhabitants, according to Dr. Broca, 325; physical characters of the people, 326; cremation and inhumation practised in Bronze age, 381; tin mines in Bronze age, 403.
Franks, on red amber, 418; on designs of the prehistoric Iron age, 438.
Freeman, E. A., on race and language, 323.
French bronze articles of Bronze age, analysis of, 408; mid Eocene mammalia, 30.
Fruit of lower Eocene period, 26; of the Neolithic age—apple, 293; raspberry, strawberrv, blackberry, sloe, 294.
Fruits cultivated by Neolithic inhabitants, 300.
Future state, belief in, by Neolithic tribes, 287.
G
Gallus æsculapii (fowl), 61.
Gardner, Starkie, on the dispersion of the Tertiary floras, 20; on the tropical vegetation of the lower Eocene period, 26; on the temperature of Britain in the mid Eocene age, 35; on the Hempstead beds (note), 41.
Gastaldi, on the Glacial period of Meiocene age, 65; on height of Alps in Pleistocene and Pleiocene age, 120.
Gaudin, on the Pleiocene forests of Italy, 77.
Gaudry, on classification of Eocene strata, 16; on the Necrolemur (note), 34; on the Eocene mammalia of France (note), 27; on the Meiocene classification in France and Germany, 39; on the flint flakes of the Meiocene age at Thenay, 68.
Gaul and Spain, Celtic invasion of, in the Neolithic age, 315.
Gazelle (gazella), 40.
Geese, 59, 303.
Geikie, James, 115, 117; on climate of Britain, when forests now submerged were living, 255; Palæolithic river-strata are interglacial, 171.
Genera (living) in Meiocenes of Europe, 40. Geographical changes in Britein marked by glacial phenomena, see Climatal and geographical changes; and climatal changes in Pleistocene Europe, 111, 112; changes in the Meiocene age on the Continent, 61.
Geography of north-western Europe, during the Eocene age (map), 18; in the Meiocene age (map), 41; of Europe in Pleistocene age. 111; of Britain in Pleiocene age, 72, (map)) 73; of Britain in the Prehistoric period, 248; late Pleistocene, 148.
Geology, archæology, and history, continuity of these three sciences, 3.
Germany, table of Meiocene classification of, 39; Cave-men found in, 204; tin in, 402.
Gervais, classification of Eocene strata (table), 16; on the French Eocene opossums, 83; on the Meiocene strata, 42; on climate of Pleiocene age, 79; on mid Meiocene apes, 58; remains of animals found in cavern at Baume, 144.
Giraffe (Camelopardalis), 40.
Glacial period in Meiocene age, no evidence of, 65; use of the term in this work, 114; phenomena, climatal and geographical changes in Britain marked by, 114; the first glaciation a period of elevation, 115; the icebergs a period of depression, 117; the depression continued, climate temperate, 118; reversion to a severe climate, 119; period of elevation, climate becoming temperate, 119; climatal change on the Continent, 119; variation of climate in the Alps, 120; relation of mammalia to glacial phenomenon, 121; Pleistocene mammalia in Britain before, during, and after the Glacial period, 123.
Glacial changes, effect upon migration of Pleistocene mammalia, 153.
Glacial phenomena, relation of River-drift man to the, 169.
Glove on perforated canine of bear, Duruthy cave (fig.), 211.
Glutton (Gulo luscus), lower jaw of, Plas Heaton cave (fig.), 99, 100; sketch of, found in caves of Dordogne, 215.
Goat, 262; of the Neolithic age, 297.
Godwin-Austen, on submerged forests, 248; on climate of Prehistoric age, 257.
Gold, beads (figs. ), 357; cup, found at Rillaton, of Bronze age, 360; cup, Denmark (fig.), 392; distribution of, in Europe, 416; tinstone frequently associated with, 400; cap, Devil's Bit, Tipperary (fig.), 428; corselet, Mold, North Wales (fig.), 432.
Graving tools of Cave-men, 222.
Gray, Asa, on the dispersion of the Tertiary floras, 20.
Greece, Palæolithic implements found in, 164; (ancient) influence of, in the Iron age, 436.
Greek bronze-founding, oldest seats of, 410; commerce, existence of, 437.
Greeks and their influence, 473; trade-route; from Olbia, 473; trade-route from Massilia, 475.
Greenwell, Rev, W., flint mines near Brandon explored by, 276; on articles of early Bronze age in north of England, 346; on clothing of Bronze folk in Britain, 355; on barrow near Arras, 429.
Grenelle, human remains and flint implements found at, 168.
H
Habitations in Britain in Bronze age, 352.
Hâche, 163; (fig.), 165; (flint) Hoxne (fig.), 171; flint, breccia, Kent's Hole (fig.), 194; quartzite, Robin Hood Cave (fig.), Narbada (fig), 165, 181.
Hacket discovers quartzite hâche in India, 166.
Hair on bodies of men in the late Pleistocene age, 222; pin, bronze, Wandle (fig.), 356.
Hammer-stone, cave earth, Kent's Hole (fig.), 196.
Hamy, on existence of man in mid Meiocene age in France, 67; on human remains (note), 167; on human remains of Cave-men, 225, 228; on age of human skeletons, 242.
Hare (Lepus timidus), 98; common, 257, 261; not known in Prehistoric Ireland, 261; varying (Lepus variabilis), 99; Alpine, 257.
Harpoon heads, cave-earth, Kent's Hole (fig.), 196; La Madelaine (figs.), 201; Gorge d'Enfer (fig. ), 201.
Hart, on perforated rib of elk in Dublin Museum, 259.
Hatchet, plumed, 305; stone, Robenhausen (fig. ), 274.
Head-dress of Bronze age, 356; headrests, 356.
Head-ring, bronze, Stitchel (fig.), 429. Heer, the lower Eocene vegetation, 25; on mid Eocene flora in Lombardy, 30; on the Meiocene classification in Switzerland, 39; on the Meiocene plants age, 42, 43; on the Meiocene Atlantis, 43, 44; on flora of Bovey Tracey, 47, 49; on Meiocene flora of the Continent, 49; on the insects of Meiocene Switzerland, 61; on geographical changes in the Meiocene age (note), 62; on the climate in the Meiocene age, 63, 66; on the forest-bed vegetation, 125; on the lignites of Dürnten (note), 145; on the cereals of Neolithic age, 301.
Helix labyrinthica (snail), 22.
Herodotus, on pile-dwellings of Lake Prasias, 292 ; on quantity of gold in northern Europe, 429.
Hesiod, on the use of iron, 425.
Hicks, on submergence at St. Bride's Bay, 252.
Highlander, small dark, Iberian characteristics of, 330.
Hippopotamus, 83, 81; (H. Pentlandi), 104, 109, 205; African, 126; palæindicus, Hexaprotodon, 166; present with man in cave of Pont Newydd, 192.
Historic period belongs to the Tertiary period, 262; characteristics of, 10.
History, the overlap of, 446.
Hoards of bronze merchandise, 383; of bronze-smith, 384.
Holmberg on sculptures on rocks of Sweden, 393.
Hog (sus), 40, 80; Strozzi, 83, 262.
Hollies, 51.
Homestead, the Neolithic, 271.
Hooker, Sir Joseph, on the dispersion of the Tertiary floras, 20.
Hordeum hexastichum densum (compact six-rowed barley), sanctum (small), 301.
Horn worts, 125.
Horns, probable origin of, 87.
Horses incised on antler, La Madelaine (fig.), 220; on rib in Cresswell cave, 220; in Kesslerloch cave, 220; (Equus Stenonis), 83; (Equus caballus, 98; upper cave-earth, Robin Hood Cave (fig.), 185, 257, 262.
Howorth, on supply of tin, 404.
Human remains in Duruthy cave, 226; skeletons in river-deposits, 167; skeletons, age of, in various caves, 242; skull found at Olmo, supposed to be of the Pleiocene period, 91.
Hunting of the Urus, Duruthy cave (fig.), 213; of bisons and horses. La Madelaine (fig.), 214; of reindeer, 215; by Cave-men, 212; scene, Eskimo (fig.), 239.
"Hut circles," of the Neolithic age, 266; in use at time of Roman occupation, 267.
Huxley, on Anchitheres, 31; on physique of Neolithic population, 310; classification of human skulls, 310; ethnology of Britain (note), 330.
Hyæna (Hyæna), 40; crocata (spotted hyæna), 103, 111; striata (striped), 103, 111; perrieri, arvernensis, 83.
Hystrix (porcupine), 40; dorsata (porcupine), 102.
I
Iberians, their relation to Ligurians and Etruskans, 322; element still in Spain, 323; in France, 324; in British Isles, 330; identification of Neolithic aborigines with, 314; and Celts in Europe in Historic period (map), 318; races in Spain and Gaul, historic evidence of, 317; in retreat, 320; the older, 321; peoples in Britain, historic evidence of, 321.
Ibex (Capra ibex), 101.
Icebergs, see also Glacial period; evidence of Pleiocence, in North Sea, 75.
Implements, flint, etc., Robin Hood Cave, 180-185; Church Hole Cave, 184, 185; oval, cave-earth, Kent's Hole (fig.), 195; of Wookey Hole, 193; of Kent's Hole, 194, 195, 196; Brixham, 197; making by Cave-men, 210; in Duruthy cave, 227; of Eskimos, 236, 237; from Veyrier (fig.), 238; from Laugerie-Haute (fig.), 230; flint, manufactory at Cissbury, 278; for various purposes in the Bronze age, 386; the earliest bronze in Europe, 413. See Flint implements, Palæolithic implements; Neolithic; Bronze.
Incense cup, Bulford, Wilts (fig.), 361.
Inchauspé, Abbé, on derivations of Basque names for cutting tools, 324.
India, River-drift man in, 165.
Interments, none proved to be of Palæolithic age, 229.
Interval between the Pleistocene and Prehistoric periods, 263.
Ireland, log-houses, in Neolithic age, 269; lake-dwellings in, 353.
Irish elks; see Elks. Iron age, Prehistoric; see Prehistoric Iron age.
Iron, its introduction into Europe, 423; superseded bronze among the Greeks, 424; first discovery of, 424; used in Britain in the days of Cæsar, 425.
Ironstone implement, Robin Hood Cave (fig.), 182.
Italy, table of Meiocene classification in, 39; river-drift implements found in, 164; upper Pleiocene mammalia of, 83.
Ivory of mammoth used by Cave-men, 224; used in tenth century, 107.
J
Jamieson, on the Voluta Lamberti shell in Red Crag, 73; Glacial period (note), 115, 116; mammoth in Scotland before Glacial period, 152.
Javelin-head, flint, Laugerie-Haute (fig.), 200; javelin-heads, Winterbourne Stoke (figs.), 365.
"Jockey Cap," stalagmite, 264.
Jones, on stone scrapers used by the Shoshones, 180.
Judd, on the volcanoes of the Eocene age, 24; of the Meiocene age, 44; on the volcano of Mull, 45; on the volcanoes of the Western Islands in the Pleiocene age, 75.
K
Kainozoic strata; see Tertiary.
Kew, reindeer and bisons found in deposits at, 156.
Keller, Lake-dwellings cited (note), 291, 292; on Lake-dwellings of Bronze age, 388; on bronzes from western Switzerland, 411.
Kellett, on remains found at Eschscholtz Bay, 240.
Kent's Hole, discoveries by Rev. J. MacEnery, 291; Palæolithic men of, 194; implements in (figs.), 194, 195, 196.
Knotted-rope pattern, Fordoun Church, Kincardineshire (fig.), 444.
Kesslerloch cave, 220, 221.
Kinahan and Close, glaciation of Ireland (note), 116; on existence of Irish elks in peat (note), 258; on lake-dwellings, 353.
King, on River-drift man in India, 166.
Kennet, long barrow at (fig. ), 285.
Kits Cotty House, 287.
Kivik, tomb at (fig. ), 395.
Königsberg, amber region of, 417.
L
Lalande, absence of pottery in French caves, 209.
Lake-dwellings, Neolithic, 291; of the Bronze age, 352, 388; in Ireland, 353.
Lancashire coast, submergence of, 252.
Lancecolate flakes, breccia, Robin Hood Cave (figs.), 183.
Land mammalia and birds of upper Meiocenes, 59.
Language, the witness of, 331.
Landesque, Abbé, on sketch of antler from Laugerie-Basse, 222.
Larnand, bronze-hoard found at, 384.
Lartet, E., on the ape, Dryoypithecus Fontani, 58; on the mammoth, 106; on cut bones from St. Brest (note), 133; remains of animals found in cavern at Baume, 144; on remains of African elephant in Spain, 164; on the Palæolithic age, 199.
Lartet, L. , on age of human skeletons, 242; on human remains from La Madelaine, 225; from Duruthy, 226.
Late Bronze age, 381; articles of, in Britain, 347. See Bronze age.
Late Pleistocene; see Pleistocene, late.
Leaf-shaped arrow-heads found in chambered long barrows (figs.), 288.
Lemming, Norwegian (Myodes torquatus), 99; arctic (M. lemmus), 99
Lemuroid, upper Eocene mammal, (fig.), 33.
Lemurs appear in Europe and America during Eocene period, 90.
Level not an absolute test of age, 142.
Lignite bed, lake of Zurich, 120; of Dürnten presents no traces of man, 145.
Ligurians, relation of, to Iberians, 333.
Living and extinct forms, percentage of, in the Tertiary strata, 10, 11.
Log houses in Ireland, Neolithic age, 269.
Long barrow at West Kennet restored by Thurnam (fig.), 284; barrow at Uley, Gloucestershire (fig.), 285.
Lower Eocene; see Eocene.
Lower Meiocene; see Meiocene (lower).
Luard, fossil mammals remains found at Windsor by, 155.
Lubbock, Sir John, on cut bones found at St. Prest, 133; on rarity of human remains (note), 167; on Avebury, 371. Lucretius on the use of iron, 425.
Lukis cited (note), 289.
Lyell, Sir Charles, Antiquity of Man quoted on division of Tertiary strata, 10 (note); on the Glacial period of Meiocene age, 65; evidence as to icebergs in Pleiocene age, 76; on the spruce, 12 ; on cut bones found at St. Prest, 133; relation of River-drift man to the glacial phenomenon, 170; on shell-mounds of Denmark, 303.
Lyon, on the Eskimos, 233.
Lyons, forest near, in Pleiocene age, 77.
M
Macacus, 60, 79, 86, 87.
Machairodus, remains at Baume, 126, 144; upper canine of, Robiu Hood Cave (fig.), 186.
MacEnery, Rev. J., discoveries at Kent's Hole, 291.
Magdalenien, epoch of the Palæolithic age, 199.
Major, Forsyth, on mid Meiocene apes, 58; classification of Pleiocene mammalia in the forests of the Val d'Arno, 83; on Pleiocene mammalia of Tuscany, 92.
Mammalia, specialisation of the, explained by the theory of evolution, 11, (fig.) 12; lower Eocene, 26; mid Eocene, 30; British upper Eocene, 31; upper Eocene of the Continent, 32; upper Eocene (fig.), 33; extraordinary character of, during the Eocene period, 35; of Meiocene age in Europe, 39, 40; common to both Europe and America in Meiocene age, 43; lower Meiocene, 53; mid Meiocene, 55, (fig. ) 56; (land) and birds of upper Meiocenes, 59; no living specimen in the Meiocene fauna, 67; of France (lower Pleiocene), 79; of France (upper Pleiocene), 80; upper Pleiocene of Italy, 83; in Pleiocene Britain, 84; upper Pleiocene (fig.), 86; of Pleistocene period, 94; survivals from Pleiocene, living and extinct species, 95; of Pleistocene age, incoming living species, 96; incoming Arctic species of Pleistocene age, 99; of Pleistocene period, incoming species now restricted to cold mountainous regions, 100; of Pleistocene age, incoming species now found in hot climates, 102; range of northern and southern in Pleistocene Europe, 111; Pleistocene, distribution of, regulated by climate, 113; relation of, to glacial phenomena, 121; the three divisions of the Pleistocene age, 122; Pleistocene mammalia in Britain before, during, and after the Glacial period, 123; inhabiting early Pleistocene forests, 126; mid Pleistocene, 134; table of, 135; late Pleistocene, 146; table of, 147, 148; late Pleistocene, range of, over Britain and Ireland, 152; existing with River-drift man in India, 166; chronological sequence based on, unsatisfactory, 203; of Prehistoric age in Britain, wild group, 257, 261; domestic group, 261, 262; Prehistoric, 257, 261; of Neolithic age, 304; Eocene, of Britain, 501; Eocene, of France, 502; lower Meiocene of France, 505; mid Meiocene, of France, 506; upper Meiocene, of the continent, 509; lower Pleiocene, of France, stage of Montpellier, 511; upper Pleiocene, of France, stage of Mont Perrier and Issoire, 512; Pleiocene, of Italy, the upper Val d'Arno, 513.
Mammoth (Elephas primigenius), 104; engraved on ivory by Cave-men, La Madelaine (fig.), 105; E. Lartet and Falconer on the, 106; discovered by Benkendorf, 106; remains in Russian Asia, 107; and its relation to the Indian elephant, 108; in Scotland, 152; in Caithness, 152; in Ireland, 152; in Scotland before Glacial period according to Jamieson, 152; charging, Laugerie-Basse (fig.), 215.
Man, not present during the Eocene period, 36; in Europe in Meiocene age, no proof of, 66, 67; evidence as to presence of, in France and Italy in Pleiocene period unsatisfactory, 90; reputed traces of, founded on a series of cut bones from the Pleiocenes of Tuscany, 91, 92; River-drift, 99; in early Pleistocene strata, doubtful evidence of, 133; presence in mid Pleistocene age, evidence of, 136; lived in the Thames Valley in late Pleistocene age, 156; near Salisbury, 160; on the Continent, 164; pre-Glacial and Glacial in Europe, and post- Glacial in area north of the Thames, 171; contemporary with hippopotamus, etc., in the valley of the Ouse 172; the River-drift, 124-173; present with hippopotamus in cave of Pont Newydd, 192; in Pleistocene age, general conclusions as to, 244; Neolithic, 265. See also Neolithic inhabitants, River-drift man. Cave-man.
Manne-er-h'Roek, drawings of axes at, 306.
Maps; see Figures.
Marmots (arctomys), first appearance, 87; pouched (Spermophilus citillus), 96, 98; (alpine), Arctomys marmotta, 101; pouched (Spermophilus erythrogenoides), 104.
Marsh, on birds with teeth (note), 7; on the ancestors of the horse, 31; on the Eocene Lemuroids of North America, 34; on Coryphodon (note), 27.
Marten (Mustela martes), 98, 257, 262.
Martin, Emile, discoverer of human remains at Grenelle, 168.
Massenat, absence of pottery in French caves, 209; on remains found in Duruthy caves, 212; human skeletons discovered by, 225.
Mastodon, 56, 59, 80, 143; arvernensis, 80, 83, 85; brevirostris, 80.
Matlock, cave, 188.
Maunsel, Archdeacon, on discovery of elks' heads, 258.
Merchandise, hoards of bronze, 383.
Medlicott on River-drift man in India, 166; on fauna of the Narbadá, 167.
Megalithic tombs, Boyne, near Drogheda, 433.
Meiocene stage of the Tertiary period, characteristics of, 8; group of the Tertiary strata, 10; period, 37; classification of strata in Britain, 39; in Switzerland according to Heer, 39; in France and Germany according to Gaudry, 39; in Italy according to Forsyth Major, 39; period, biological and physical changes in Britain before the arrival of man, 37-69 ; age, sea of the, 40; geography of north-western Europe in the (map), 41; age, denudation since, 46; age, mountains and volcanoes of the, 44-46; forests of Britain, 47; rivers, 47; forests, 47; flora of Hebrides and Ireland, 49; on the Continent, 49; climate, 62; geography on the Continent, 61; age, no evidence of a Glacial period in, 65; age, no proof of man in, 66; (lower) mammals, 53; birds, 54; (lower) vegetation, 62; (mid) mammalia, 55; birds, 58; (mid) forests, apes in the, 57; (upper) land mammalia and birds of, 59; (upper) vegetation, 63.
Meles taxus (badger), 98.
Mello, Rev. J. M. , discoverer of Cresswell caves, 175.
Mendip Hills, remains in caves of, 193, 194.
Merk, excavations at Kesslerloch, 221.
Mesopithecus (ape), 60.
Messikomer, on pile-dwellings, 293.
Metallurgy of bronze, 407.
Meyer, on the reptilia of the Meiocene age (note), 43.
Mid Eocene; see Eocene.
Mid Meiocene; see Meiocene (mid).
Mid Pleistocene; see Pleistocene (mid).
Migration of bisons and reindeer, 189.
Migration of animals in Pleistocene period, 114.
Millet of Neolithic age, 301.
Milne-Edwards, A., on lower Meiocene birds, 54; on mid Meiocene birds, 57; on remains of birds from central and southern France, 218.
Miner's pick. Grimes Graves (fig. ), 277.
Mine shafts, Cissbury (fig.), 279.
Mines, of Tuscany worked by Etruskans, 405; tin, 403; method of working in Neolithic age, 276.
Models of implements, etc., custom of burying with the dead, by the Eskimos, 288.
Mohrya, lake, pile-dwellings, 292.
Mole (Talpa), 40, 54, 98.
Monkeys in Pleiocene forests of Val d'Arno, 84.
Montelius, Scandinavian bronze swords (note), 415; on division of Bronze age in Scandinavia, 389; on sculptures on rocks of Sweden, 392.
Moose of Prehistoric Britain in bogs of Northumberland and Yorkshire, Hawick, Berwickshire, and Walthamstow, 260.
"Moraine profonde," 117.
Moret, forest of, 132.
Moss, Arctic (Hypnum turgescens), in Britain, 130.
Moss, E. J., on Irish elks' bones, 258.
Mother Grundy's Parlour, cave, 186.
Moulds used for casting in the Bronze age, 362.
Mortillet, de, on existence of man in France in middle of Meiocene age, 67; on flint implements found at Grenelle, 168; subdivisions of the Palaeæolithic age proposed by, 199-202; on the Cassiterides of the ancients, 404.
Mountains in the Eocene age, 23; Pennine range, 24; of Somerset, Devon, Ireland, Scotland, 24; Meiocene age, 44; of Pleiocene age, 74.
Mouse (Mus musculus), 98.
Moustérien, epoch of the Palæolithic age, 199.
Mudge on Irish log houses (note), 269.
Mull, base of the volcano of, 45.
Muntjak, the nearest living analogue of the Meiocene deer, 89.
Mus musculus (mouse), 98.
Musk sheep skull discovered by author at Crayford, 99, 100, 136; musk shrew, 96.
Mussel (Unio pictorum), 149.
Mussels, 303.
Mustela (genera of beasts of prey), 40, 54.
Mustela martes (marten), 98; erminea (ermine), 98; putorius (stoat), 98.
Mygale moschata (musk shrew), 98.
Myodes torquatus (Norwegian lemming), 99; lemmus (arctic lemming), 99.
Myogale (water-shrew), 40.
Myoxus (dormouse), 40; Melitensis (gigantic dormouse), 104.
N
Nathorst on flora of Norfolk cliffs, 130.
Navigation, Neolithic, 281.
Necklace, amber, Lake, Wilts (fig.), 357.
Necrolemur (of the Primates order), 34.
Needle, bone (fig), 185; La Madelaine (fig.), 200.
Neolithic, Cro-Magnon race supposed to be, 229; pottery, 229; survivals from age, 385; general conclusions, 340; Britain (fig.), 254; civilisation, 246; culture, traces of, in Basque dialects, 334; inhabitants of Britain and Ireland, 265; hut circles, 266; knowledge of spinning by, 267, 275; pottery, 267, 275; as farmers, 268; hunters and fishermen, 268; Irish, log-houses, 269; homestead, 271; axe, Rhos-Digre cave (fig.), 273; food of farmers, 273; flint mines near Brandon, 276; manufactory and camp at Cissbury, 279; commerce, 280; navigation, 281; warfare and camps, 282; tribal communities, 283; burial of the dead, 284; tombs, 284; human sacrifices, 287; belief in a future state, 287; general conclusions as to culture in Britain, 290; civilisation on the Continent, 290; food, 293, 294; domestic animals, 295; dog, 295; hog, 255; oxen, sheep, and goats, 297; animals probably derived from central Asia, 300; cultivated seeds and fruits, 300; shell-mounds of Denmark, 302; birds, 303; forest-growths, 304; mammalia, 304; art, 305; civilisation derived from central Asia, 306; general conclusions, 307; inhabitants of Britain of Iberian race, 309; skulls, 312; population in Britain and Ireland, their physique, 309; range on the Continent, 313; identification with Iberian race, 314; Celtic invaders of France and Spain in Neolithic age, 315.
Nesti, Cervus dicranios of, 84.
Nero obtains amber from the Baltic, 418.
Nilsson, on oxen, 297, 298, 299 ; on sculpture on tomb at Kivik, 393.
Nordenskiold, on Eskimos in Siberia, 233.
North polar region in connection with the dispersion of the Tertiary floras, 20.
North Sea of Pleiocene age, 72, 73.
Norwich Crags, 71.
Nummulitic group of Eocene strata, 15, 16; age, one of depression, 17.
Nuts, chestnut and walnut, 293; beechnuts, 294.
O
Ober Meilen harbour excavation, 291.
Opossum (Didelphys), 22, 32, 33, 40, 54.
Ore, tin, mode of reducing, at Zamora, in Spain, by J. A. Phillips, 401.
Oreston, cavern at, 144.
Oreopithecus (ape), 58.
Ornaments of Bronze folk in Britain, 355; of the Bronze age, 387; of the Iron age, 428.
Osmunda regalis, ferns closely allied to, 26, 125.
Ossiferous deposit at Windy Knoll (fig.), 188.
Otter (Lutra), 40, 57, 98, 257, 262.
Ouse, section through the valley of the (fig.), 170.
Overlap of history, 446.
Ovibos moschatus (musk sheep), 99.
Owen, on turtles in London clay, at mouth of Thames, 19; on Eocene mammals (note), 26; on the lower Eocene birds, 28; on the ape, Dryopithecus Fontani, 58.
Owl, snowy, 219.
Ox (Bos etruscus), 83; (Bos), first appearance, 87; (Urus), 127; (Bos palæindicus), 166; wild, 257; of the Neolithic age, 297, 298.
P
Palæolithic tribes, 5; implements in the Thames valley, 156; implements found at Battersea and Hammersmith, 159; implements in the late Pleistocene river beds, 163; Inter- glacial (note), 171; man in the Victoria Cave (note), 187; men of the caves of Somerset, 193; of Kent's Hole, 194; age, subdivisions of, proposed by de Mortillet, 199. See also River-drift man and Cave-man.
Palermo caves, flint flakes, etc., found by Falconer, 205.
Palestine, River-drift man in, 165, 166.
Palms, Meiocene, 50; dwarf fan, 50; feather, 51; Palmacites, 25, 48; Flabellaria, 26; Nipadites, 26.
Palstave, Nettleham, Lincolnshire (fig.), 350; bronze, tin mine, Villeder (fig.), 404.
Panicum miliaceum (common millet), 301.
Papaver somniferum antiquum (poppies), 301.
Parroquets, 55.
Parrot, M. J., on the Grotte de l'Eglise, 198 ; researches into the caves of the Vezère (note), 202.
Parry, on the Eskimos and their dead, 235.
Partridge, gray, 219.
Paton, on the discovery of mammoth in Caithness, 152.
Pears, 302.
Peas (Pisum sativum), 301
Pengelly, on the lignites of Bovey Tracey (note), 47; exploration of Kent's Hole, 194; conclusions as to two sets of implements representing two social states, 198; on submerged forest of Torbay, 251; on stalagmite (note), 264.
Pennington, Rooke, specimens of bones, etc., from Windy Knoll, 188.
Personal ornaments in the Iron age, 428.
Perthes, Boucher de, researches in strata of the Somme valley, etc., 163.
Pharaoh, Thothmes III., hunts elephants in 16th century B.C., 107.
Pheasants, 59, 61; introduced by the Romans, 489
Philip of Macedon, gold staters of, 437.
Phillips, J. A., on a mode of reducing tin ore at Zamora, Spain, 401; analysis of ancient bronzes, 410.
Phœnicians and their influence, 451; possessed no art of their own, 455; in the west, 456; spread of commerce in Britain, 457.
Physical relations of forest bed (fig.), 130; characters of the French people (map), 326.
Physique of Neolithic population in Britain and Ireland, 309; of Bronze-folk in Britain, 315.
Pick, miner's, Grimes Graves (fig.), 277.
Pierson, W., history of amber (note), 417.
Pika (Lagomys), 40, 96, 98.
Pike incised on canine of bear, Duruthy cave (fig.), 219.
Pile-dwellings, 291, 292; in Bronze age in Britain, 352.
Pin Hole, Cresswell Crags, superstition connected with, 176.
Pinus abies (spruce fir), 145; plutonis (fir tree), 49; sylvestris, montana, 145.
Pisum sativum (peas), 301.
Placental mammals, invasion of Europe by, the starting-point for inquiry into the ancient history of man, 14.
Pleiocene stage of the Tertiary period, characteristics of, 9; group of the Tertiary strata, 10; period, biological and physical changes in north- western Europe before the arrival of man, 70-93; strata of Britain, 71; grouping of, 72; age, geography of Britain in the, 72; (map), 73; mountains, 74; rivers, 75; (lower) mammalia of France, 79; flora, 77; climate, 78; mammalia in Britain, 84; (upper) mammalia of France, 80; of Italy, 83; (upper) mammalia (fig.), 86; man, evidence of, in France and Italy unsatisfactory, 90.
Pleistocene period, stage of the Tertiary period, characteristics of, 10; definition of, 94; survivals from Pleiocene period, 9; incoming living species of temperate habit, 96; incoming Arctic species, 99; incoming species now restricted to cold mountainous regions, 100; incoming species now found in hot climates, 102; incoming extinct species, 104; Europe, showing range of northern and southern mammals (map). 111; mammalia, distribution of, regulated by climate, 113; period—animals, evidence from distribution of, as to European geography, 109; climate, evidence as to, 112; climate in the Alps, variation of, 120; mammalia, their relation to glacial phenomena, 121; their presence in Britain before, during, and after Glacial period, 123; (early) age, Great Britain in the, 124; forests in the, 125; mammalia inhabiting forests in, 126; forests in France, 131; evidence of existence of man in the strata of, doubtful, 133; (mid) mammalia, 134; table of, 135; man present in (mid), 136; (mid) physical relations of strata, lower brick-earths, Uphall, Ilford (fig. ), 138; caverns, 143; (late) mammalia, found in river strata and caverns in Britain, 147; geography, 148; geography of Britain in (map), 150; range of mammals over Britain and Ireland, 152; migration of mammalia, 153; (late) river- deposits, 154; man present in (late), 156; (late) strata at Fisherton (fig.), 161; (late) caves, 174; cave-man present in, 177, 230; age, of vast duration, 232; and Prehistoric periods, magnitude of interval between, 263; comparative duration of, 265; mammalia, seventeen species represented in Prehistoric period, 262.
Pliny, on relation of Aquitaine to Brittany, 320; on tin-stone and gold, 404; on the supposed derivation of word copper from Cyprus, 399.
Pliopithecus (ape), 58.
Plums, bullace, 302.
Plumed hatchet on roof of Dol-ar-Marchnant (fig.), 305.
Plutarch on the Ligures of Gaul, 330.
Pont Newydd cave; man present with hippopotamus in, 192.
Poppy, 293, 301.
Porcupine (Hystrix), 40; (dorsata), 102, 103.
Post-nummulitic group of Eocene strata, 15, 16; additions to Britain during, 17.
Pottery, of Neolithic age, 275; not used by Cave-men, 209; opinion of Dupont upon, 209; found in the cave of Kuhlock, 209; absence of, in French caves, 209; in Duruthy cave, 227; of Engis and Trou de Frontal, identical with Neolithic, 229; made by Neolithic inhabitants, 267; of Bronze age in France and Switzerland better than that of Britain, 389.
Prehistoric stage of the Tertiary period, characteristics of, 10; farmer and herdsman, arrival of, 246; geography of Britain in the, 248; period, definition of, 247; climate, 255; submerged forests, 248; mammalia in Britain and Ireland, 257; table of, 261, 262; mammalia, survivals from Pleistocene, 257; runaways, 261; domestic animals, 261, 262; periods belong to the Tertiary, 262; and Pleistocene, magnitude of interval between, 263; comparative duration of, 265; Iron age north of the Alps, 423- 445; definition, 423; introduction of iron into Europe, 423; in Britain, 426; arms and equipage, 426; personal ornaments, 428; burial customs, 429; art, 434; Etruskan influence, 436; influence of ancient Greece, 436; coins and commerce, 438; on the Continent north of the Alps, 439; in Scandinavia, 440.
Pre-nummulitic group of Eocene strata, 15, 16, 17.
Prestwich, on the Norwich Crags, 71; on the Mollusca of the British Pleiocene strata, 75; on age of river-deposits in Thames Valley, 142; on river- deposits, 154; relation of River-drift man to the glacial phenomenon, 170.
Primates in the upper Eocene forests of France, 34; in North America, 34.
Ptarmigan, 219.
Pyrenees during Meiocene age, 62.
Pyrus communis (pears), 302; malus (apples), 302.
Pytheas, voyage of, 477.
Q
Quadrumana, retreat of, from Europe, 90.
Quartzite hâche, Narbadá (fig.) 165; flake, Robin Hood Cave (fig.), 180; hâche (fig.), 181; oval implement (fig.), 181.
Quatrefages, on age of human skeletons, 242. R
Rabbit, 257, 262.
Ramsay, A. C, on the pre-glacial mountains, 24; on the post-meiocene age of the river Thames, 25, 47.
Range, De, on "moraine profonde," 117; on submerged forest of Lancashire, 252.
Range of living genera in Meiocenes of Europe, 40; of the River-drift and Cave-men, 232.
Réallon, bronze merchandise found at, 383.
Reaping-hook, bronze (fig.), 360.
Reboux, discoverer of fragments of human remains, 168.
Red Crag mammals, 85; strata, 71, 72.
Red Indians, skeletons of, 313.
Red oxide of iron used by Cave-men for painting their faces, 211.
Reindeer (Cervus tarandus), 99, 160, 257, 262; in Scotland, 152; ford at Windsor, 155; found at Kew, 156; in London, 156; migration of, 189; Admiral von Wrangel on, 190, 191; remains of young, scarce, 191; sinew used for sewing by the Cave-men, 210; group of (fig.), 215; incised on an antler, Kesslerloch (fig.), 221; tendon used as thread by Eskimos, 236; of Prehistoric Britain, 260; rare in England, abundant in Scotland, 261; in Caithness in A.D. 1159, 494.
Relation of geology to archæology and history, 1-12; of Cave-men to the River-drift men, 230.
Rhinoceros, 40, 54, 57, 80, 109; megarhinus, 79; etruscus, 84; megarhinus (fig.), 86; woolly, tichorhinus, 104; small-nosed, leptorhinus, 104; etruscus, 133, and megarhinus, 126; megarhinus, upper true molar of (fig.), 140; upper milk molars of (fig.), 140; remains at Oreston and Baume, 144; merkii (big-nosed), 145.
Rhinolophus ferrum equinum (great horseshoe bat), 98.
Rib (cut), fragment of, from the Tuscan Pleiocenes (fig.), 91; fragment, with figure of horse, Robin Hood Cave (fig.), 185.
Richard, Abbé, discovery of stone implements in Palestine, 166.
Richardson, Sir John, on calving-time of reindeer, 191.
Rigollot, researches in strata of the Somme Valley, etc., 163.
River-deposits, late Pleistocene, 154; in Thames Valley, Falconer on the age of, 142; Prestwich on the age of, 142.
River-drift hunter of the Pleistocene age and his surroundings, 124-173; belongs to temperate division of mammalia, 99; near Salisbury, 161; social condition of, 163; range of, on Continent, 163; in Africa, Palestine, and India, 165; bones of, in river-deposits, 16 ; relation of, to the glacial phenomena, 169; general conclusions as to, 172; Faudel, on discovery of his remains, 167; on the same by Eugene Bertrand, 67; preceded Cave-men in British caves, 197; in French caves, 198; their relation to Cave-men, 230; range of Cave-men compared with, 204.
Rivers of the Eocene period, 25; of Meiocene age in Britain, 47; of Pleiocene age, 74.
Robenhausen pile-dwelling, 292.
Robin Hood and Church Hole Caves, 177; strata in (fig.), 178.
Robinson, discovery of bronze articles in Dowris Bog, 363; on manufacture of bronze, 407.
Rod of reindeer antler, Church Hole Cave (fig.), 185.
Roe, 257, 262; (Cervus capreolus), 98.
Rolleston, on Neolithic swine (note), 297.
Roman Britain, 488.
Roman coins in the tidal alluvium on coast of Lancashire, 252.
Rum, volcano on, 45.
Rütimeyer, quoted concerning the Cænopithecus (note), 34; on mid Meiocene apes, 57; on the presence of man in the lignites of Dürnten (note), 145; on the Neolithic hog, 296; oxen and other domestic animals, 297, 298, 299.
S
Sacrifices, human, supposed to have been offered in Neolithic age, 287.
Saiga antelope (Antilope saiga), 98.
St. Bride's Bay, submergence at, 252.
St. Kilda, volcano, 45.
Salisbury, River-drift man in the neighbourhood of, 161.
Salix polaris (polar willow), 130.
Salmon, 257.
Samland, amber region, 417. Sansan and Simorre, animals found at, represent mammalia of Europe in middle stage of Meiocene period, 53.
Saporta, de, on the north polar region and the dispersion of Tertiary floras, 20; on the climate of Pleiocene Europe, 89; on temperature of Pleiocene age, 78; on the flora of Meximieux, 77; on the zones of forest growth in Pleiocene age, 78; on the Pleistocene forests of France, 131.
Sayce, on the witness of language, 322.
Scandinavia, Bronze age in, 389; Prehistoric Iron age in, 440; tin in, 402.
Schmerling, Recherches sur les Oss. foss. (note), 103.
Schmidt, Waldemar, on centres of bronze industry (note), 415.
Schwendauer on Supposed existence of man in lignite beds of Dürnten, 145.
Scotch firs in submerged forests, 256.
Sculptured rock at Tegneby (fig.) 394.
Sculptures of the Bronze age in Scandinavia, 392; of Cave-men, 223.
Scraper (flint), Robin Hood Cave (fig.), 182; of Eskimo (fig.), 236.
Sea, Eocene, reduced in the Meiocene age, 42; Meiocene, 40; Pleiocene, 72; Pleistocene Europ, 109-112; late Pleistonic Britain, 148-151; Prehistoric Britain, 248-255.
Seal incised on canine of bear, Duruthy cave (fig.), 217.
Seeds and fruits cultivated by Neolithic inhabitants, 300; of wild plants of lake-dwellings identical with those of present time, 302.
Selkirk, Earl of, on polled cattle (note), 87.
Semnopithccus (ape), 60, 80, 87.
Sepulchres, caves used as, 229.
Sequoia, 48, 49, 53.
Setaria Italica of Neolithic age, 301.
Sheep, 262; musk (Ovibos moschatus), 99, 100; of the Neolithic age, 297, 299.
Shell mounds of Denmark, 302.
Shield, bronze, in repoussé, Denmark (fig.), 391; bronze, Giffin Castle, Ayrshire (fig.), 427.
Short-horn, 262.
Shoshones, implements used by the, according to Captain Jones, 180.
Shrew, musk (Mygale moschata), 40, 54, 98, 128; common (Sorex vulgaris), 98, 128; water (myogale), 40.
Silene cretica (Cretan catchfly), 302.
Simpson, Sir James, cited (note), 289; on cupstones for reception of offerings to the dead, 378.
Skeletons, human, in river-deposits, 167; of Cave-men, 224, 225, 226; in caves of Cro-Magnon, Frontal, Furfooz, and Mentone, 242.
Skertchley, on the relation of the River-drift man to the glacial phenomena, 169.
Skull, Neolithic, 310, 311, 312; long, of Neolithic age, long barrow, Rodmarton (fig.), 812; of Bronze age, round barrow, Gristhorpe (fig.), 312.
Skye, volcano at, 45.
Smelting, materials for, and implements for working bronze, 385.
Smith, G. A., on the moose, 260; on the reindeer, 261.
Smith, William, cited, on the Iberic and Celtic races, 319.
Socketed celt, Thames, Kew (fig. ), 351.
Solinus, Julius, on amber possessed by Emperor Nero, 418.
Solutrien, epoch of the Palæolithic age, 199.
Somerset, caves of, 193.
Somme Valley, researches in the strata of, 164.
Sorby, H. C, on marine currents, 19.
Sorex (shrew), 40; vulgaris (common shrew), 98.
Southall, J. C., on French pottery, 209.
South-eastern coast line of Britain during the Eocene age, 17.
Southern seaboard, Meiocene age, 40.
Spain and Gaul, Celtic invasion of, in the Neolithic age, 315; Iberic races in, 317; River-drift man in, 164; tin mines in Bronze age, 403; the Iberic element in the present population of, 323.
Spear of Eskimo (fig.), 237.
Specialisation of mammalia in Tertiary period (fig.), 12.
Spencer, Herbert, evolution theory of, 7.
Spermophilus citillus (pouched marmot), 98; erythrogenoides (pouched marmot), 104.
Spindle-trees, 132.
Spinning and weaving in Bronze age, 359; knowledge of, by Neolithic inhabitants, 267, 275.
Spitzbergen, Meiocene plants of, 63.
Spruce, its arrival in Europe, 125; Heer on, 125; in Grinnel Land, etc., 125; at Dürnten, 145.
Squirrel (Sciurus), 40, 54, 128.
Stag (Cervus elaphus), 98, 127, 145, 257, 262. {{hi|Stalagmite in Kent's Hole, 197, 264; in the Ingleborough Cave, 264.
Stanley, W. Owen, discovery of mining tools, 399.
Stanley, H. M., on pit habitations of African tribes, 268; voyage down the Congo, 283.
Steenstrupp, on shell mounds of Denmark, 302.
Stevens, on "hut circles" at Fisherton, 267; on Stonehenge (note), 372.
Stillingfleet, Rev. E. W., exploration of barrows at Arras, 429.
Stoat (Mustela putorius), 98.
Stolpe, on the use of amber, 419.
Stone age, late, superstitions handed down from the, 338; axe-hammer, East Kennet (fig.), 369; axes, superstitions concerning, 335; hatchet, Robenhausen (fig.), 274. See also Neolithic.
Stonehenge a temple of the Bronze age, 372; ground-plan as it probably was (fig.), 373; as it probably was (Brown), (fig.) 374; ground-plan of, as it is (Stevens), (fig.), 375; restored (Long), (fig.), 375.
Strike-a-light, Seven Barrows, Lambourne, Berks (fig. ), 358.
Strozzi and Gaudin, on the Pleiocene forests of Italy, 77.
Submarine Prehistoric forest, 248.
Sus (hog), 40; palustris, scrofa, domesticus (hogs), of the Neolithic age; scrofa ferus (wild boar), 98; Strozzi (hog), 83.
Superstitions, Neolithic, 338.
Survivals from the Neolithic age, 335.
Swan, 303.
Switzerland, table of Meiocene classification in, 39; was inhabited in the Meiocene period by plants now widely spread, 52; Cave-men found in, 204; Neolithic age in, 290; late Bronze age in, 381.
Swords of Bronze age, 364.
Sycamore, 132, 145.
T
Tacitus, amber not valued by natives, 420; on the Silures, 322.
Tanning in Neolithic age, 294.
Tegneby, sculptured rock at (fig.), 394.
Temples of Bronze age, 371; Avebury, 372; Stonehenge, 373.
Tertiary life, its history ended with man, 9; period, its classification, 9; or Kainozoic strata, 10; Eocene group, 10; Meiocene group, 10; Pleiocene group, 10; strata, percentage of extinct and living forms in, 10, 11; period, Milne-Edwards on the specialisation of birds in, 12.
Thames, river, came into being after the Meiocene age, 25; valley of, early existence of man in, 137; river deposits in valley of, age of Falconer and Prestwich, 142; probably excavated in Pleiocene age, 143; changes of level in the valley of, 143; valley. River-drift implements in the, 156.
Thor's Cave, bronze implements in, 355.
"Thor's Hammers," 335.
Thurnam, on Neolithic tombs, 284, 285; on sacrifices, 287; on physique of Neolithic population, 310; classification of human skulls, 310; articles of early Bronze age found in Wiltshire, 346.
Tiddeman on Palæolitliic man in Victoria Cave (note), 187.
Tilshead Lodge, barrow at, 287.
Tin used in Bronze age unalloyed, 402; in Scandinavia, Germany, and Britain, 402; mines worked in France and Spain in the Bronze age, 403; mines of Tuscany, 405; probable sources of Egyptian and Assyrian, 407.
Tin-stone frequently associated with gold, 400.
Tombs, Neolithic, 284.
Tools for working bronze, 384.
Tooth of cave-lion, Duruthy cave (fig. ), 212.
Torbay, submerged forest of, 251.
Tribal communities in Neolithic age, 283.
Triticum vulgare antiquorum (lake-dwelling wheat), turgidum (Egyptian wheat), dicoccum (two-rowed wheat), monococcum (one-rowed wheat), 301.
Trogontherium (beaver), 127, 133; Cuvieri (Cuvier's beaver), 104.
Tuscany, mines of, 405.
U
Uley, long barrow at (figs.), 285, 286. Uralian centre of bronze industry, 414.
Ursus arvernensis (bear), 80; etruscus (bear), 83; arctos (brown bear), 98; ferox (grisly bear), 98; spelæus (cave bear), 104.
Urus, 145, 257, 259, 262; (Bos (Urus) primigenius), 98; hunting, sketch on antler, 213; in the Bronze age, 259; remains at Barton Mere, 259; wild, not known in Prehistoric Ireland, 261; in Britain in Bronze age, 353.
Usher, R. J., on discovery of Irish elks, 258.
V
Val d'Arno, mammalia inhabiting the Pleiocene forests of, allied to the fauna of Auvergne, 83; monkeys in forest of, 84.
Valley of Thames; see Thames.
Vegetation, 6, 7, 20, 21, 25, 28-30, 43, 47, 48, 63, 77, 78, 124, 125, 132, 145, 249, 250.
Vespertilio noctula (great bat), 40, 98.
Vezère, section across the valley of the, through the rock-shelter of Cro-Magnon (fig.), 206.
Vibraye, de, human jaw found in Grotte de Fées by, 224.
Victoria Cave, Palæolithic man in the (note), 187.
Virchow on skulls of Neolithic men, 314; on the Iberian race in Germany, etc., 314.
Voles (Arvicola), first appearance, 87; water (Arvicola amphibius), 98; red field (A. glareolus), 98; short-tailed field (A. agrestis), 98; Continental field (A. arvalis), 98; Russian (Arvicola ratticeps), 99; (snowy), Arvicola nivalis, 101.
Volcanoes in British Isles, 45; of present time compared with Meiocene age, 46; developed during upper Meiocene age, 62; in the Pleiocene age, 75.
Voluta Lamberti (shell), 73.
W
Wales, land surface of ancient times, now covered by the sea, 253.
Walnut, 51, 293.
Warfare of the Bronze age, 364; of Neolithic tribes, 282.
Welsh people principally Celtic and Iberian, 330.
Weapons of Bronze age, 364, 365.
Weaving in Bronze age, 359; in Neolithic age, 275; comb found at Fisherton (fig.), 267.
Weeds introduced in Neolithic age, 302.
Whale (Cetodon macrocephalus) incised on antler from Laugerie-Basse (fig.), 218.
Wheat of Neolithic age, 301.
Whidbey discovers remains of rhinoceros in cavern at Oreston, 144.
Wild animals of Prehistoric age, 261; extinction of the larger, 493.
Wilde, Sir W., on Irish log-houses (note), 270; on Irish dwellings, 354; stone moulds in Ireland, 363.
Willett, Ernest, discovery of urns at Cissbury, 259, 274; on flint mines of Cissbury, 278.
Williams, Rev. D., Mendip Hill remains, 194.
Willow, polar (Salix polaris), 130; gray and crack, 132.
Wilson on cup-stones, 289; on Neolithic skulls, 310; on iron spear-head covered with bronze, 425.
Wily, in valley of, 160, 161.
Windsor, reindeer-ford at, 155.
Windy Knoll, ossiferous deposit at (fig.), 188; exploration of, by Rooke Pennington and author, 188.
Winwood, Rev. H. H., examination of forest bed of West Somerset by, 249.
Wolf (Canis lupus), 98, 257, 262.
Wood, Rev. J. G., figures of recent whales (note), 218.
Wood, Searles V., on the mollusca of the British Pleiocene strata, 75; on Glacial period (note), 115.
Wood-cutting in the Bronze age, 358.
Wookey Hole, near Wells, flint implements in (figs.), 193.
Worsaae on Neolithic civilisation, 304; on axes found in Scandinavia, 352; on division of Bronze age in Scandinavia, 389; opinion on the introduction of bronze, 412.
Wrangel, Admiral von, on reindeer, 155.
Wyatt, man and the Glacial period, 171.
X
Xiphodon, 32, (fig.) 33, 54.
Y
Yews, 125, 145.
Yorkshire caves, oldest fauna in, 187.
Z
Zamora, mode of reducing tin ore at, 410.
Zinc, first appearance of, 410.
Zones of forest growth in Pleiocene age, 78.
Zones of Pleistocene Europe marked by range of mammals, 112.