Essays in Historical Criticism
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Yale Bicentennial Publications
ESSAYS IN HISTORICAL CRITICISM
Yale Bicentennial Publications
With the approval of the President and Fellows of Yale University, a series of volumes has been prepared by a number of the Professors and Instructors to be issued in connection with the Bicentennial Anniversary, as a partial indication of the character of the studies in which the University teachers are engaged.
This series of volumes is respectfully dedicated to
The Graduates of the University
ESSAYS
IN
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
THE LEGEND OF MARCUS WHITMAN . THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE FEDERALIST . PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR . THE DEMARCATION LINE. THE PROPOSED ABSORPTION OF MEXICO, 1847-1848 . LEOPOLD VON RANKE, etc., etc.
BY
EDWARD GAYLORD BOURNE
Professor of History in Yale University
NEW YORK : CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
LONDON: EDWARD ARNOLD
1901
Copyright, 1901,
By Yale University.
Published, September, 1901.
UNIVERSITY PRESS • JOHN WILSON AND SON • CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.
PREFACE
The first essay in this collection, The Legend of Marcus Whitman, although bearing the same title as the article which I published in The American Historical Review last January, is substantially a new piece of work. In Part II the material contained in that article is reproduced and in addition the testimony of the sponsors of the story and of their supporters has been subjected to rigorous criticism, and the origin of some of its peculiar elements has been brought to light. The distinguishing feature, however, of the essay as published here is the full presentation of the literary history of the legend. It is my hope that this account of the genesis, diffusion, and wide acceptance in the latter half of the nineteenth century of a narrative about a momentous event in American history that is as unhistorical as the legend of the Donation of Constantine will prove to be a serviceable contribution to the literature of historical criticism.
The circumstances of the preparation or publication of these essays are indicated in the footnotes, except in the cases of the short paper on The Federalist Abroad, which formed part of an Introduction to a new edition of The Federalist in the Universal Classics, and of The Beginning of the Seminary Method in Teaching History which was contributed to The Educational Review. All the essays have been revised, and in some cases slight additions have been made.
In venturing to select a title for the collection which is accurately descriptive of only the first three or four essays, I have been influenced by the desire to indicate precisely the character of what is perhaps the most distinctive part of the book. The other papers, too, if not strictly essays in historical criticism, were written in the spirit of it and in conformity to its methods.E. G. B.
CONTENTS
Sketch of Marcus Whitman
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
3 |
His Extraordinary Posthumous Fame
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
4 |
The Legend
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
6 |
Its Source
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
8 |
The Story unknown before 1864
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
16 |
Put before the American Board
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
22 |
The Origin of the Story
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
26 |
Its Diffusion
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
29 |
Shown to be unhistorical
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
36 |
Barrows's Oregon
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
40 |
New Life infused
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
42 |
Systematic Propaganda
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
47 |
Countermining
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
51 |
Whitman Day
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
52 |
Real Cause of Whitman's Journey
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
55 |
The Sponsors of the Legend untrustworthy
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
61 |
Later Variations of the Story
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
64 |
The Affidavit of Cushing Eells
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
69 |
Whitman's Purpose in going to Washington
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
75 |
His Visit without Political Significance
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
79 |
Genesis of the Imaginary Details of the Alleged Interviews with Webster and Tyler
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
82 |
Whitman in Boston; the Primary Objects of his Journey
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
86 |
Whitman and the Emigration of 1843
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
89 |
The Real History of Marcus Whitman
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
99 |
Spalding's Memorial
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
100 |
Earliest Printed Version of the Fictitious Interview between Webster and Whitman
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
101 |
Elwood Evans's Summary of his Conclusions in the Whitman Controversy, 1884
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
104 |
George Catlin's Account of the Visit of the Flatheads to St. Louis
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
105 |
de Saint- Araant on Whitman, 1852
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
106 |
Mrs. A. L. Lovejoy on Whitman's Ride
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
106 |
Mr. A. L. Lovejoy's Account of Whitman's Ride
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
108 |
II
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
113 |
The Problem
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
113 |
The Authorship of Numbers 18, 19, and 20
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
115 |
The Structure of The Federalist
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
117 |
Internal Evidence in cases of Numbers 49-58
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
119 |
Numbers 62 and 63
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
137 |
III
MR. PAUL LEICESTER FORD ON THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE FEDERALIST
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
149 |
His supposed "Syllabus of The Federalist"
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
154 |
IV
THE FEDERALIST ABROAD
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
159 |
In France
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
159 |
In Germany and South America
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
161 |
V
MADISON'S STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
165 |
Early Direction of his Studies
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
165 |
His Authorities
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
166 |
His Use of the Material
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
167 |
VI
PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
173 |
The Significance of his Work
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
173 |
His Aims
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
174 |
His Method
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
183 |
His Activities
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
187 |
VII
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
193 |
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
194 |
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
195 |
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
202 |
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
206 |
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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209 |
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
214 |
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
215 |
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
216 |
VIII
SENECA AND THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
221 |
Seneca misinterpreted by Roger Bacon
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
221 |
By All Subsequent Writers
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
222 |
IX
THE PROPOSED ABSORPTION OF MEXICO IN 1847-1848
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
227 |
The Mexican and the Spanish War
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
227 |
President Polk's Policy
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
229 |
Cabinet Deliberations on the Mexican Question
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
230 |
All of Mexico
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
233 |
The Cabinet Discussion of the Treaty
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
238 |
The Treaty in the Senate
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
240 |
X
LEOPOLD VON RANKE
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
245 |
History in the Nineteenth Century
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
245 |
Ranke's Early Interests
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
246 |
His First Teaching
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
248 |
His Contribution to Historical Criticism
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
250 |
His Work as a Teacher
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
253 |
His Ideal
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
255 |
His Works
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
257 |
XI
RANKE AND THE BEGINNING OF THE SEMINARY METHOD IN TEACHING HISTORY
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
265 |
Precursors of the Historical Seminary
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
266 |
Karl V. Raumer
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
267 |
Ranke on his Seminary
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
269 |
Von Sybel and Waitz on Ranke's Seminary
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
273 |
XII
FRANCIS PARKMAN
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
277 |
The Opportunity for American Scholars in History
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
277 |
Parkman's Early Life
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
279 |
His Self-training
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
280 |
The Oregon Trail
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
281 |
The Conspiracy of Pontiac
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
282 |
His Novel, Vassal Morton
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
283 |
His Series of Histories
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
283 |
His Characteristics as an Historian
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
285 |
His Fame
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
287 |
XIII
JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
291 |
Froude's Environment in Youth
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
291 |
His Devotion to Carlyle
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
293 |
His Views of History
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
294 |
His Characteristics as an Historian
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
296 |
INDEX
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|
299 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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