LATE FELLOW OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, LECTURER IN ANCIENT HISTORY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON
London
T. FISHER UNWIN
ADELPHI TERRACE
NEW YORK: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
MCMXI
First Edition
1905
Second Impression
1911
Copyright by T. Fisher Unwin, 1905
(For Great Britain).
Copyright by G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1905
(For the United States of America).
PREFACE
The "Stories of the Nations" could not be complete without that of Greece. This is one excuse for adding to the number of short Greek Histories. Another is that it was a necessary preface to a second volume designed to sketch the fortunes of Greece after its period of greatness, the interest of which could hardly be intelligible without some account of the life and genius of its people when at their best. I have tried throughout to lay stress upon the political, intellectual, and artistic achievements of the Greeks, rather than on the history of military operations. The latter of course could not be ignored or neglected, but they have not been made the chief feature in the book. My plan was to notice the literary movement in each period as it arose; it was thought better however that a chapter containing a more continuous account of extant Greek literature should be added. It therefore necessarily contains some repetition of what had been said in previous chapters. The amount however of such repetition is not very serious, and may perhaps be
compensated by the convenience to students of
having the information together. For the specimens
of the various poets which are there given the writer
is, except in one instance, himself responsible.
The meaning of Hellas—The Athenian supremacy from B.C. 478 to B.C. 404, followed by the Spartan and Theban supremacies B.C. 404-362—The Macedonian (B.C. 338-197) and Roman (B.C. 197 to the end) supremacies increase the separation of states—The predecessors of the Hellenes: (1) The Cretan kingdom; (2) the Pelasgians; (3) The Achæans or Mycenæans—Homer and the Achæans—Development of Greek religion—Political science—Literature: (1) Homer and the cyclic poets; (2) The lyric, iambic, and elegiac poets; (3) Prose literature—The drama—Greek art.
The Hellenes—Æolians, Ionians, and Dorians—Greek colonisation—The Oracles and great games—First Olympiad, B.C. 776—Objections raised to the games—The Amphicityonic League—The Peloponnesus from B.C. 776—The tyrants of Corinth, Sicyon, and Argos—Sparta—Lycurgus—Spartan education—The Spartan mode of life—First Messenian war, B.C. 745-720—Second Messenian war, B.C. 685-660—Arcadia, Elis, Achaia—Central Greece—Athens—The Synoikismos of Theseus—Draco—Solon—The Seisachtheia of Solon—Pisistratus—The reforms of Cleisthenes—Literary movement at Athens—Island Greece.
The Lydian kings and the Ionian cities—Crœsus of Lydia—Cyrus and the Persians—The Ionian revolt, B.C. 501-495—Darius, B.C. 522-485—Results of the Scythian expedition—Submission of Thrace and Macedonia to the Persian king—The Ionian revolt following the affair of Naxos.
Failure of the first invasion under Mardonius, B.C. 492—The Medizing States in Greece—Quarrel of Athens with Ægina, B.C. 491—Second Persian invasion, B.C. 490—Capture of Eretria—Battle of Marathon—Effects of the battle—The Athenians build a fleet, B.C. 490-480—The coming invasion—Artemisium—Thermopylae—The Greek fleet retire to the bay of Salamis—Will the Greeks fight at Salamis?—Disappearance of the Persian fleet—The Campaign of B.C. 479—Battle of Mykale—The League of Samos, Chios, and Lesbos—The Confederacy of Delos—Aristides—Effect of the Confederacy of Delos—The battles of the Eurymedon, B.C. 466—Western Hellas—The continued rise of Athens.
The success of Athens—The war between Sparta and the Messenian helots, B.C. 464-454—The policy of Pericles—The continental empire of Athens—The Five Years' Truce with Sparta, and the peace of Callias with Persia, B.C. 450-449—Fall of Athenian land supremacy—Bœotia separates from the Athenian alliance—Eubœa and Megara revolt, B.C. 446—The Thirty Years' Peace, B.C. 445—Athens and the members of the Delian Confederacy—The adornment of Athens under Pericles—Athens becoming the home of literature and the drama—Opposition to Pericles and the new culture—Discontent in the confederacy—The affair of Corcyra and the beginning of the Peloponnesian war—Revolt
of Potidæa—The Athenians denounced at Sparta—The Peloponnesian war—General outline—First period, B.C. 431-424—Second period, B.C. 421-415—Third and final period, B.C. 415-404.
The beginning of the Peloponnesian wars, B.C. 431—Revolt of Lesbos—Disorders in Corcyra and Athenian interference in Sicily—Demosthenes in Ætolia—Capture of Pylus, B.C. 425—Battle of Delium, B.C. 424—The campaign of Brasidas in the North and the gradual failure of Athens—The truce of B.C. 423—The Peace of Nicias, B.C. 421—Greek politics from B.C. 421 to B.C. 45—Fresh provocations to Sparta—The Sicilian Expedition, B.C. 415—Alleged profanation of the mysteries—Mutilation of the Herman—The difficulties of the expedition—Siege of Syracuse begun B.C. 414—The Spartans intervene—Failure of the re-inforced Athenian army and navy—Final defeat of the Athenians and death of Nicias and Demosthenes—Effect on the prestige and authority of Athens—The Athenians resist the dissolution of their confederacy—The operations of the restored Alcibiades—Cyrus and Lysander—The battle of Notium, B.C. 407—Battle of Arginusce, B.C. 406, and of Ægospotami, B.C. 405—The occupation of Athens and the destruction of her fortifications and constitution—The Thirty—Thrasybulus restores the democracy, B.C. 405-4—The Sophists in Athens—Condemnation and death of Socrates, B.C. 399—Sparta supreme in Greece, B.C. 403-371—Sparta's efforts to free Asiatic Greeks after the death of Cyrus—Leagues against Sparta, B.C. 396-390—Peace of Antalcidas, B.C. 387—Discredit of the Spartans—New Athenian confederacy, B.C. 378-355—Battle of Leuctra, and beginning of Theban hegemony, B.C. 371—Rise of the Macedonian kingdom—Reign of Philip II. from B.C. 359 to the peace of Philocrates, B.C. 346—Active encroachments of Philip II.—Opposition to Philip organised by Demosthenes, but ended by the battle of Cheeroneia, B.C. 338—Macedonian supremacy secured.
Death of King Philip II.—Accession of Alexander the Great, B.C. 336—Effect of Alexander's Eastern campaigns—Battle of the Granicus and the settlement of Asia Minor—Syria and Egypt B.C. 334-3—In Central Asia, B.C. 331-323—Effect of the death of Alexander, B.C. 323—Formation of independent kingdoms—Consequences to the Greeks—Spartan resistance to Alexander, B.C. 333—The Lamian war and subjection of Greece, B.C. 323-2—The new settlement of Greece—Athens under the successors of Alexander—Determination in Greece—The Celtic invasion, B.C. 280-279—The Greeks in Italy—The Greeks in Sicily—Timoleon in Sicily—Agathocles of Syracuse, B.C. 317-289—Pyrrhus in Sicily, B.C. 278—The Romans in Sicily, B.C. 262-242—The whole of Sicily a Roman province, B.C. 212—Literature in Sicily.
Gradual formation of kingdoms after the death of Alexander—Five kings, B.C. 306—Four kingdoms, B.C. 301—Three kingdoms—Macedonia, Syria and Egypt, B.C. 281—The three kingdoms from B.C. 280 to B.C. 220—Greece and the Macedonians—The Ætolian League—The Achæan League—The Kings of Macedonia and the Achaean League—War between Sparta and the Achaean League—The "Cleomenic War," B.C. 224-222—Philip V. of Macedonia, B.C. 220-179—A state of general warfare, B.C. 220-217—The position of Athens—Ascendency of Philip V.—He joins Hannibal against Rome—The disturbed state of Greece in B.C. 211 to B.C. 200—Philip's agreement with Antiochus to partition the outlying dominions of Egypt, B.C. 205-200—Combination in Greece against Philip, B.C. 200—The Romans intervene—Roman troops in Epirus—T. Quinctius Flamininus in Greece, B.C. 198—Effects of the Battle of Cynoscephalae, B.C. 197—The Roman settlement of Greece—Disturbing elements in Greece—The Ætolians invite the interference of Antiochus—Antiochus comes to Greece—Antiochus is disappointed as to support in Greece—Ætolian war, B.C. 191-189—Battle of Magnesia, B.C. 190—Settlement of Asia after the defeat of
Antiochus, B.C. 189—The kingdom of Pergamus—Subjection of Ætolia, B.C. 187—The Achæan League and Rome—General unrest in Greece—The accession and policy of Perseus, B.C. 179-168—General movement in Greece against Rome, B.C. 171-170—Severe treatment of Greek states by the Romans—Dissolution of the Achaean League, B.C. 146-5—Decadence of Greece under the Romans.
Peaceful state of Greece after B.C. 146—Decay and poverty—Piracy in Greek waters—The kingdom of Pergamus becomes the Roman province of Asia, B.C. 131—The prosperity of the Asiatic Greeks in spite of extortionate Roman magistrates—The disadvantages of the Roman rule—The merits of the Roman rule—Mithradates Eupator—Many Greeks join Mithradates, B.C. 88—European Greece joins the movement against Rome, and Athens accepts the authority of Mithradates—Campaign of Sulla in Attica and the capture of Athens, B.C. 87-6—Sulla's campaign in Boeotia, B.C. 86—Greek cities in Asia return to their allegiance to Rome—The sufferings of the Greeks in Asia—Reforms of Lucullus in the Greek cities of Asia—Pompey's suppression of pirates and settlement of Asia—The Greeks during the civil wars of B.C. 49 to 32—Julius Cæsar's management of Greece—Athens adheres to M. Brutus, and afterwards to M. Antonius—The Greeks in Sicily—Augustus and Greece—The Greek dynasty in Egypt comes to an end, B.C. 30—The second arrangement of Greece by Augustus, B.C. 21-19—Improved position of the provinces under the Emperor.
