Japan: Its History, Arts, and Literature/Volume 6/Index

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Japan: Its History, Arts, and Literature, Volume VI (1902 and 1910)
by Captain F. Brinkley
4055717Japan: Its History, Arts, and Literature, Volume VI1902 and 1910Captain F. Brinkley
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INDEX

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INDEX

  • Abe Masahiro, Shōgun minister, reform administration, iii. 173.
  • Aborigines, i. 35; revolt, 160, 162, 163.
  • "Age of the gods," legend of Japanese origin, i. 27–29; possible transcript from Chinese accounts, 81.
  • Age of the nation, i. 4.
  • Agriculture, ancient products, i. 122; official encouragement, 123; rise of gentleman farmers, iii. 141; conditions in Tokugawa epoch, 151, iv. 97–101, 264, 265; inadequate for home demands, vi. 217. See also Land, Rice.
  • Ainu, aborigines, i. 35; change in nature, 36.
  • Aizu, Chief of, foreign policy, iii. 221.
  • Aki, courtesan, i. 233.
  • Amaterasu Okami, goddess of the sun, legend, i. 27, 28, 57, v. 109, 110.
  • Ambition, national characteristic, i. 13, 18, 90.
  • Amusements, ancient, i. 66; verse-making pastimes, 66, 154, 190, 219, iii. 59–61; hunting, i. 66, 156, 164, ii. 180; of Nara epoch, i. 155; of Heian epoch, 190–195, 218–220; comparing of incenses, iii. 1–9; of Military epoch, 15; of middle classes in Military epoch, 64; plum-blossom fête, vi. 53; five festivals of the season, 61; cherry-blossom fête, 64–67; shell-fish picnic, 67–71; various flower-fêtes, 72; moon fête, 95–98; chrysanthemum fête, 98. See also Dancing, Festivals, Games, Observances, Public story-telling, Tea Ceremonial, Theatre, Wrestling.
  • Ancestral worship, primæval, i. 49; and personal justice, ii. 140; basis of Shinto, v. 115; Bon fête, vi. 74–77.
  • Ando, Shōgun minister, on the ronin, iii. 195; on assassination of Heusken, 201.
  • Ando Sayemon, Hōjō follower, story of his suicide, ii. 190.
  • Animals, character of wild, v. 191.
  • Annals, primæval, i. 26, 80, 247; composition, 30; reliance on Chinese sources, 80–83.
  • Anrakuan Shakuden, founder of school of public story-telling, vi. 103, 235.
  • Ansei era, iii. 190, 254.
  • Arai Hakuseki, Shōgun minister, attempts to check imperialistic tendencies, iii. 139; restores coinage standard, 149; eclectic philosophy, iv. 130; rationalism, v. 112.
  • Archery. See Bow and arrow. ​
  • Architecture, ancient dwellings, i. 62–64, 250; improvements under Chinese influence, 84, 106; plan of Nara, 133; introduction and use of tiled roofs, 137, ii. 64, iv. 19; edicts for better dwellings, i. 138; of Heian epoch, 197; Palace at Kyōtō, 198; noblemen's houses of Heian epoch, 199, 202; interior of nobleman's house, 202–205; plan of Kyōtō, 253–255; military residences of Military epoch, ii. 60–67; fire-proof storehouses, 67, 280, iv. 20; temples, ii. 81–86, 89; mausolea, 86; tea pavilion, 255; pagodas, 281; baronial mansions at Yedo, iv. 11; Shōgun's castle, 12; Nikko mausoleum, 14–17; common dwellings of Yedo, 17, 21–23, 26; gateways and barracks of baronial mansions, 21. See also Decoration, Fortifications.
  • Area of Japan, i. 247.
  • Aristocracy, office-holding, ancient hereditary, i. 51; divine origin, 51; power of patriarchal families, 86, 100; their overthrow, 101, 110; grades and costumes, 107, 108, 141–143, 209, ii. 91, 92; land and rank, 116; freedom from taxation, 118, 170, ii. 125; rebirth of hereditary, i. 158, 161, 167, 168; acquisition of great estates, 161; imperial hereditary, during Tokugawa shogunate, iv. 5; Tokugawa shogunate hereditary, 8, 28, 33, 35. See also Court, Nobility.
  • Arisugawa, Prince, foreign policy, iii. 215.
  • Arisugawa, princely family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • Armour, primæval, i. 47; type, ii. 157; materials, 158; ornamentation, 158; horse, 160.
  • Army, reason for modern augmentation, i. 16, 18; compared with European, i. 9, v. 71–73; efficiency, i. 21–23, vi. 223; organisation and conscription under Taikwa reforms, i. 110; mediæval, ii. 116, 161; ancient, 176; modern military school, iii. 173; nucleus of modern, iv. 196; in Saigo insurrection, 214; conscription, 206, v. 80, 81, 83; strength, 13; foreign depreciation, 68. See also Feudalism, Military class.
  • Art, Chinese influence, i. 124, ii. 109; development in Military epoch, ii. 77, 229; official encouragement, 78, 108–111; influences on development, 155; and nature, 245; influence of Tea Ceremonial, 268–270, 272–275. See also the arts by name and later index.
  • Asamura, famous archer, ii. 131.
  • Ashikaga family, branch of the Minamoto, ii. 16; placed in power by Takauji, 16, 20; principles of power, 24; attitude toward the sovereign, 204. See also Government (Military epoch), Takauji, Yoshimasa, Yoshimitsu.
  • "Associated death," practice of, and revival in military suicide, ii. 223, 225. ​
  • Asukai, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
  • ​
  • Baigan. See Ishida Kampei.
  • Bando soldiers, origin, i. 163; control, 169, ii. 9, 13; moral decline, 25. See also Military class.
  • Banking, mediæval rice exchanges, vi. 180; development, 187–190; early banknotes, 187.
  • Banzan, Kumazawa, on rights of sovereign, ii. 206; political philosophy, iii. 135–137, iv. 130; practical reforms, iii. 136; disciples, 137.
  • Barrows of primæval Japan, i. 40–44.
  • Barter, early, vi. 130; rice as standard of value, 135; in foreign trade, 172.
  • Bathhouses, public, of Tokugawa epoch, iv. 117–119.
  • Beggars, kinds, ii. 45.
  • Benkei, Yoshitsune's follower, iii. 36.
  • Bills of exchange, introduction, vi. 149.
  • Bonin Islands, acquired, i. 3.
  • Book of Changes. See Divination.
  • Bow and arrow, chief weapon, ii. 128; skill in using, 128, 130–133; size and material, 130, 282; method of using, 133; kinds of archery, 134; superstitions, v, 193.
  • Bribery, iv. 250–252.
  • Brigandage in Heian epoch, i. 231.
  • British, accuse Catholic priests of political intrigue, iii. 125; warned off, 160, 162; bombard Kagoshima, 218; and the extra-territorial tribunals, v. 30, 36–38; occupy Wei-hai-wei, 67.
  • Bronze age, represented by barrows, i. 41, 45.
  • Buddhism, introduction, i. 89; reception, 90, 91; original creed, 90, 129, 176, ii. 227, v. 142, 258; armed propagation, i. 92; early zeal of court and nobles for, 92, 93, 97, 134, 181, 251; imperial monks, 94, 184, 251, 257; reason for favourable reception, 90; shares in the administration, 93; results of introduction, 97, 103, 183; and the basis of sovereign power, 94–97, 129; union with Shintō, 96, 129, v. 143, 171, 182; character of priests, i. 97, 189, 235, v. 165, 170; interest in welfare of the people, i. 124, 135, 185; music, 154; temporal and militant power, 159, 161, 163, 184, ii. 6, 12, 13, 31, iii. 110–112, 115, 120; mercenary motives, i. 184; and superstition, 176, 178, 180; Tendai sect, 180, v. 143, 258; Shingon sect, i. 180, v. 144–147; opposition to Christianity, ii. 32; Zen sect and the military class, ii. 61, 227, v. 150; Japanese attitude toward, ii. 173, v. 152–162, 165, 174; and the development of the drama, iii. 23–31, 48; Nobunaga's enmity, 112; denounced, 136; Fuke-shu and the komuso, iv. 51; influence on private opinion, 106; adaptability, v. 140, 151; sects of ​salvation by faith, 147–149, 258–259; Nichiren sect, 149; rites, 162–164, 169; modern influence of Christianity on, 166; relation to the State, 166–169, 174–176, 249; maintenance, 189. See also Religion, Shintō.
  • Bunshi family, educational monopoly, i. 126.
  • Buretsu, emperor, cruelty, i. 85.
  • Bushi. See Military class.
  • ​
  • Calendar, vi. 33, 53.
  • Censors of Tokugawa shogunate, iv. 31.
  • Cha-no-yu. See Tea Ceremonial.
  • Chikamatsu Monzayemon, dramatist, iv. 149, vi. 111.
  • China, claim to Loochoo Islands, i. 3; age of the empire, 4; conditions, 4; decadence, 5, 13; and Japan during period of isolation, 8; hegemony in the Far East, 17, 74, vi. 159, 162; ancient intercourse with Japan, i. 69; influence on Japan, 71, 75, 103, 106, 126, 151, ii. 109; colonists to ancient Japan, i. 75, 83; early references to Japan, 80; renewed intercourse with Japan, ii. 108; Japanese piratical forays, iii. 104; Formosa incident, iv. 209; claim to Riukiu Islands, v. 41–43; attitude toward her buffer states, 43; Boxer insurrection, 67; Japanese hopes for, 75; trade with Japan, vi. 127, 144, 148, 150, 158–162, 171–173, 238. See also Chinese war.
  • Chinese war, approximate cause, i. 17, v. 44–53; ultimate cause, i. 17, v. 54; results, i. 18, v. 62–65; cost, i. 20; conduct, 21; outbreak, v. 53; influence of Japanese domestic politics, 55; progress, 56–59; casualties, 59; treaty of peace, 59; European interference, 60.
  • Chisuga, Prince, foreign policy, iii. 221.
  • Chōnen, a priest, account of a journey to China, i. 72.
  • Chori, officer controlling outcast class, ii. 43, 49.
  • Chōshiu province, anti-foreign agitation, iii. 214; fires on foreign ships, 223; attack on Kyōtō, 225; attacked by foreign ships, 226; shogunate expeditions against, 227, 233; edict against, 234; relation to Satsuma province, 234–237; fief surrendered to the sovereign, iv. 189, 190.
  • Christianity, introduction and early success, ii. 32, iii. 102, 108–110; opposition, ii. 32; attitude of Nobunaga, 33, iii. 113; false methods, 103, 116; suspected of political designs, 113, 117, 119, 125; Hideyoshi's attitude, 113–119; militant spirit, 115, 126; persecution of, 116, 118, 122; quarrel of Franciscans and Jesuits, 117; defiance to secular authority, 118–121; Iyeyasu's attitude, 119–126; growth, 122; extermination decreed, 123; Jesuit monopoly abolished, 123; Japanese attitude toward, defended, ​126; extermination, 127, 136; responsible for closing of Japan, 129; modern influence on Buddhism, v. 166; Christian officials and Shintō ceremonials, 182–185; modern condition, 184.
  • Church and State, ancient union, i. 52, 54, 93; modern relation, v. 166–169, 174–176, 178, 249, 259.
  • Civil liberty, right of private opinion, iii. 132; under the Constitution, iv. 239. See also Newspapers, Property.
  • Civil service, ancient examinations, i. 108; character of modern officials, v. 93; grades and rank, 94; pay and number of central government officials, 95; local officials, 99, 286.
  • Civil war, revolt of the aborigines, i. 160, 162, 163; disorders of Heian epoch, 230; strife of the Taira and Minamoto, ii. 5, 6; between imperial and military power, 12, 14–25; feudal anarchy, 28–36, iii. 88; Shimabara revolt, 127; Yeto's insurrection, iv. 208; Saigo's rebellion, 213–215.
  • Civilisation, vigour and power of assimilation, i. 5, 9, 11, 12, 23, 50; period of isolation, 6–9, iii. 129; changes due to renewal of foreign intercourse, i. 9–11, iv. 215–219, 234; points of superiority, i. 13, iii. 246; ambition, i. 13–15, 18, 90; patriotism, 14, ii. 208–210, iii. 170, 178, v. 183; attitude of the Occident, i. 15; faculty of organisation, 21, 50, vi. 192; handicaps to advancement, i. 21, vi. 221–227; dependence on governmental initiative, i. 24, 83, 90, iv. 216; Chinese influence, i. 71, 83, 103, 106; progress of ancient, 83, 105; effect of Buddhism, 97, 103, 183; love of beauty and valour, ii. 76, 77, vi. 13–15; effect of long peace of Tokugawa epoch, iii. 140–145; individual attempts to acquire Occidental, 158, 163; Japan an Occidental nation, 246; conservatism in costume and dwelling, iv. 23–26; conciliation and courtesy, 103–109.
  • Classes, patrician and plebeian, i. 103; ancient, 108, 109, v. 137–140; mediæval, ii. 40, 284, iv. 4; Eta or outcast, ii. 41–46, 49, vi. 232; the "gallant," iv. 145–148. See also Aristocracy, Crime, Military class, Nobility, Serfs, Social condition.
  • Cleanliness, i. 64, 214, v. 126.
  • Commerce. See Trade.
  • Communication. See Trade, Travel.
  • Conciliation, Japanese trait, iv. 103–107.
  • Concubinage, recognition, i. 104, 112, 115, 150; royal, 166, 255; Shōgun, iv. 36–39.
  • Conder, J., on temple architecture, ii. 81–86; on mural paintings, 88; on landscape gardening, 235, 239, 240; on pagodas, 281; on flower arrangement, iii. 13, 14. ​
  • Confucianism, introduction, i. 76, 84; doctrine and influence, 85, 105, 127, 128, 252, ii. 172, 224, iii. 167, v. 131–136, 159, 289; and government, i. 129; and the vendetta, ii. 140; and patriotism, iii. 95; anti-feudal tendencies, 134, 138; preached, 143; political creed, 156; exposition, iv. 131, and divination, v. 221. See also Philosophy.
  • Constitution, promulgated, iv. 234; character, 236, 243; provisions, 238.
  • Cooking. See Food.
  • Costumes, primæval, i. 45, 48; personal ornaments not worn, 48; tattooing, 67, iv. 165; methods of dressing the hair, i. 107, 144, 209, 212, 225, ii. 92–95, 104, iv. 177–179, 183, 218; hats as insignia of rank, i. 107, 108, 141; male, in Nara epoch, 139; footgear, 140, ii. 99, iv. 178; sumptuary laws, i. 140–144, ii. 98, 99, iii. 143, iv. 157–161, 163; and rank, i. 142, 209, 213, ii. 91, 92; colour and rank, i. 143, 209, ii. 92; female, in Nara epoch, i. 143, 253; male, in Heian epoch, 208, 212; female, in Heian epoch, 209–212; treatment of the face, 212, ii. 91, 104, iv. 177–180; staining of the teeth, i. 212, ii. 92, 104, iv. 180; of Military epoch, ii. 91–99; development of the girdle, 95, iv. 179; hats of Military epoch, ii. 97; family badges, 98; and seasons, 103; modern conservatism in female, iv. 23; of Yedo court ladies, 176; feudal soldier's, 177; female, in Tokugawa epoch, 179–183; for various dances, vi. 80–82.
  • Court, imperial, early zeal for Buddhism, i. 92, 93, 97, 134, 181, 184, 251; lack of fixed residence, 131; necessity of a permanent capital, 132; etiquette of Nara epoch, 145; rank classification, 165; effeminacy and immorality in Heian epoch, 187; pastimes in Heian epoch, 190–195; vicissitudes in Military epoch, ii. 14, 29, 51–54, 58, 88; conditions in Tokugawa epoch, iii. 90, iv. 5–8; hereditary accomplishments, 5; Shintō ceremonials, v. 178–185. See also Aristocracy, Emperor, Shogun.
  • Courtesy, national characteristic, iv. 107–109.
  • Courts of law. See Justice.
  • Creation, theory, v. 108.
  • Crime, ancient category, i. 59, 60, 68; ronin, iv. 50; kōmuso, 51–53; modern criminal classes and systems, 79–91. See also Justice.
  • Customs, cleanliness, i. 64, 214, v. 126; hospitality, iv. 25; professional greetings, 87, 264; courtesy and conciliation, 103–109; vagaries, 162; fixity, vi. 32. See also Civilisation, Costume, Etiquette.
  • ​
  • Daigo, emperor, superstition, i. 179. ​
  • Daigo, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • Daihachi, Wada, famous archer, ii. 132.
  • Dancing, beginnings, i. 65; harmony of Japanese music, poetry, and, 154; importance in Heian epoch, 219, 229; development and varieties in Heian epoch, 220–228; the Den-gaku and Sam-gaku and the origin of the drama, 226–228, iii. 21–28; the Nō dance-drama, 28–31; Bon, vi. 76, 83; character, 78, 234; vogue, 79; the honen-odori of Kyōtō, 80; the tanabata dance, 81; the gebon-odori, 82; character of the chaunts, 82; specimen chaunts, 83. See also Geisha.
  • Danjuro, Ichikawa, famous actor, vi. 119, 122; emoluments, 119.
  • Danzayemon Yorikane, made chōri, ii. 43; power and position, 49.
  • Debt. See Loans.
  • Decoration, interior, in Military epoch, ii. 62, 66, 280; mural paintings of temples, 87–89; of Shōgun's palace, iv. 12; for New Year, vi. 36, 49; for the boys' fête, 71; for the Bon festival, 74.
  • Dengyō Daishi, founder of Tendai sect of Buddhists, i. 180, v. 290.
  • Deputies of Tokugawa shogunate, iv. 30.
  • Diet, constitution of national, iv. 238, 242, 265; powers, 239, 240; conditions, 239–241, 267; influence of House of Peers, 254; procedure, 257–260.
  • Disasters, in first part of eighteenth century, iii. 148; fires in Yedo, 149, 153; in second half of eighteenth century, 154; famine in 1833–1835, 162.
  • Divination, early, i. 57, 87; official, 174–176; principle of the Book of Changes, v. 221; methods, 222–228, 230–233; professors, 225; popularity, 228; use, 228.
  • Divorce, ancient conception, i. 104; right of, under Taikwa reforms, 113. See also Marriage.
  • Dokyo, Buddhist monk, conspires to obtain the throne, i. 93, 97, ii. 284.
  • Dolmens of ancient Japan, i. 40–44.
  • Drama, origin, iii. 21–28; development in Military epoch, 28–31, 48; the farce, 31; and the Indian drama, 32–34; and the Chinese drama, 34; specimen of the early, 35–48; morality, 49; early audiences, 50; plots of the farces, 50; specimen farce, 52–59. See also Theatre.
  • Drink, early use of saké, i. 60; in Nara epoch, 146; in Heian epoch, 214, 258; mediæval brewing regulations, vi. 181. See also Food, Tea.
  • Dutch, conditions of exclusive trade, i. 7, 8, iii. 128, vi. 167–171; commercial convention of 1610, iii. 125; accuse Catholic priests of ​political intrigue, 125; advise abandonment of isolation, 164.
  • Dwellings. See Architecture.
  • ​
  • Earthquakes, not mentioned among early evils, i. 60; in Yedo, iii. 149; superstitions concerning, v. 191.
  • Echizen-no-Kamo. See Mizuno Tadakuni.
  • Education, beginnings, i. 125; first schools, 127; curriculum, 127; influence of Confucianism, 127, 128, 252; in accomplishments, 219; lack of moral teaching, 229; schools of Heian epoch, 229; University of Yedo during Tokugawa epoch, iv. 133; schools for military class, 134, 136; popular lectures, 135; elementary, 136–141; Chinese students in Japan, v. 76; modern compulsory, 77; elementary, 77, 78; kindergartens, 79; elementary training-schools, 79; middle schools, 79; high schools, 80; and conscription, 80, 81, 83; training schools, 81; normal schools, 81; universities, 82; pay of teachers, 82; private institutions, 82; athletics, 83.
  • Emperor, divine right, i. 29, 94–97, 129, ii. 22, 37, iii. 88, v. 138, 176–178; royal consorts, i. 158, 167, 253, ii. 15, iii. 96; royal concubines, i. 166, 255; military class attitude toward, ii. 201–207; complete seclusion during Tokugawa epoch, iii. 90, iv. 7; share in the reorganisation, iv. 236; financial condition, 237; powers under the Constitution, 239, 242. See also Government.
  • Ethics. See Buddhism, Morals, Shintō.
  • Ethnography, i. 36–40, v. 252.
  • Etiquette, Shotoku on, i. 99; of travelling, 208, ii. 116; official, of Nara epoch, i. 144; and morality in Heian epoch, 189; delight in the allegorical, 217; table, of Military epoch, ii. 112–114; elaborateness, 114; formalism as a national trait, iv. 109–111; of New Year's calls, vi. 37–39. See also Tea Ceremonial.
  • Extra-territorial tribunals, v. 28–41.
  • ​
  • Family, ancient, i. 61; organisation under the Taikwa reforms, 111; administrative and responsible local group, 112, 119, iv. 92; fealty and consanguinity, ii. 212–214; ambition and consanguinity, 214. See also Marriage, Property.
  • Family badges, use, ii. 98, 99, 102; origin, 100, 101; particular, 100, 101.
  • Fencing. See Sword.
  • Festivals, procession of tutelary deities, vi. 1–5; Sano, of Tōkyō, 5–10; Kanda, of Tōkyō, 10–12; Gion, of Kyōtō, 15–17; Tori-no-Machi, 17–19; fire, of Kyōtō, 19–21; Tsukuma, in Omi, 21; laughing, of Wasa, 22–24; of athletic character, 24–31; and superstitions, 31. See also Observances. ​
  • Feudalism, foreshadowed, i. 161, 165, 169–172; complete establishment, ii. 610, 26, 28; Iyeyasu's measures, iii. 92–94; organisation, iv. 9–11, 188, 263; criminal survivals, 87; overthrow, 187–194, 196–201, 211–215, v. 11. See also Government (Military epoch, Tokugawa epoch), Military class.
  • Filial piety, laws to enforce, iv. 113; and prostitution, vi. 94. See also Ancestral worship.
  • Finances, lack of capital, i. 23, v. 24, 251; embarrassment of Tokugawa, iii. 147–150, 161; conditions at beginning of modern era, v. 2; creation of a surplus, 7; specie reserve, 7; foreign opinions, 9; foreign loans, 10; gold standard, 10, 249; national debt, 11–14, 250; revenue and expenditures, 14–21; national wealth and income, 21; distribution of wealth, 22; gold output, 23; development of resources, 23, 25, 26. See also Banking, Loans, Money, Taxation.
  • Fishing industry, vi. 239.
  • Flags, use, ii. 160, 283.
  • Flowers, love of, i. 194, vi. 65; principles of arrangement, iii. 9–15; receptacles, 14; various fêtes, vi. 53, 64, 66, 72, 98.
  • Food, primæval, i. 49; during Nara epoch, 146; during Heian epoch, 213–217; during Military epoch, ii. 106; culinary art during Military epoch, 111; table etiquette, 112–114.
  • Foreign relations, spirit of expansion, i. 2–4, vi. 167; beginning of modern, i. 9; Occidental attitude toward Japan, 15, v. 69–71; Chinese war and hegemony in the Far East, i. 16–18; ambition as to world power, 17–19; desire for equal status with the Occident, 18, 19; handicaps, 23–25; Iyeyasu ignores, iii. 94; policy of isolation begun, 99, 128; measures to preserve isolation, 159–163; protests against isolation, 163; foreign advice against isolation, 164; arrival of Commodore Perry, 165; reception, 165–168, 172; departure and return, 171; treaty with United States, 172; people deceived as to the treaty, 173, 175, 179; reception of first foreign representative, 174; end of isolation, 175, 179; anti-foreign agitation, 175, 183, 214; parties on question of, 176; foreign policy of the imperial court, 179, 181, 187–192, 213; policy of Ii, 183, 185, 253; public faith of Japan doubted, 185–187, 198–204, 255; real and assumed policy of shogunate, 185–187, 198, 210, 213; military class antagonism to foreign intercourse, 191, 193; assassination of foreigners and liberals, 192, 193, 201, 212; considerations on anti-foreign agitation, 193–197; expulsion of foreigners ordered, 219, 221, 223, 224; results of Richardson murder, 218, 220, 222, 224; Shimo-no-seki episode, ​223, 226, 229, 256; overthrow of anti-foreign faction, 224–227, 233, 242–244; Parkes's Hyōgo expedition, 228–232; policy of the new imperial government, 244; review of change in policy, 244–246; extra-territorial tribunals, v. 28–39; effect of their abolition, 40; rights of foreigners, 32, 37, 39; Russia and Korea, 65, 74; friendship with Great Britain, 66, 75; attitude in the Boxer insurrection, 67–69; Russia and Manchuria, 73; friendship with United States, 75. See also China, Chinese war, Christianity, Korea, Trade (foreign).
  • Formalism and conciliation, iv. 109–111.
  • Formosa, acquired, i. 2, 3, v. 60; military expedition to, iv. 209.
  • Fortifications of the Military epoch, ii. 68–75, 163; Shōgun's castle at Yedo, iv. 14.
  • Fox, superstitions concerning, ii. 47, v. 197–200.
  • France, interference in Chinese war treaty, v. 60, 61.
  • Fujita Tōko, opposition to the guilds, vi. 191.
  • Fujiwara family, rise to power, i. 157–159; divine origin, 159, v. 139; furnish imperial consorts, i. 158, 167, 253, 255; principles of control, 167, ii. 10, v. 139; decline, ii. 2.
  • Fujiwara Seika, expounder of Chuan philosophy, iv. 129.
  • Fuji-yama, eruption, iii. 149.
  • Fukuhara, seat of Taira control, ii. 50, 59.
  • Fukuoko, later Count, bears Tosa memorial to Kyōtō, iii. 239.
  • Fukushima Masanori, Hideyoshi's officer, ii. 204.
  • Funeral customs, primæval, i. 40–45; ancient, 66, 105, ii. 223; architecture of mausolea, 86.
  • Furniture, mats, i. 145, 204, ii. 63, iv. 22; of Heian epoch, i. 204–206; brazier, ii. 104, iv.
  • Furuta, chief of Oribe, master of tea cult, ii. 255, 257.
  • Fushimi, princely family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • ​
  • "Gallant," or otoko-date, iv. 145–148.
  • Gambling, early universality, i. 156; in Heian epoch, 193; military class methods, iii. 17; Tokugawa laws against, iv. 84; modern, vi. 59–61, 233.
  • Games, football, i. 193, iii. 15–17, vi. 54; battleboard and shuttlecock, 39–41; kite flying, 41–45, 232; handball, 54; ranging of sixes, 55; poem shells, 56; card games, 57; go, 58; chess, 58; ken, 234; nanko, 235. See also Gambling.
  • Gardening, landscape, during Heian epoch, i. 199–202; development during Military epoch, ii. 229, 231–233, 246; subjective aspects, 233–235; characteristic, 235–241, 247; miniature, 241; dwarf trees, 242–245.
  • Geisha, prototype, i. 224; laws against, iv. 115, 120; in the ​Kanda festival of Tōkyō, vi. 10–12; character and duties of modern, 84, 87, 97; training, 86; earnings, 87, 88; redemption, 88.
  • Gemmiyo, empress, and plan of Nara, i. 133; interest in welfare of people, 136.
  • Gempei war, ii. 5, 279.
  • Genroku era, character, iii. 146, 147, iv. 1.
  • Gensho, empress, encourages agriculture, i. 123; interest in people's welfare, 136.
  • Geography of Japan, i. 2–4, 247.
  • Germany, interferes in Chinese war treaty, v. 60, 61; seizes Kiao-chow, 63.
  • Giyogi, Buddhist prelate, reconciles Shintō and Buddhism, i. 96; interest in internal improvements, 135.
  • Godaigo, emperor, attempts to rehabilitate imperial power, ii. 14–17; mistake, 17, plot against, 18; war against Takauji, 20–22; flight, 22; submission, 22; second flight, 23; character, 23; exile, 284.
  • Gohei, origin and significance, i. 56, 250, v. 121.
  • Gojo, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
  • Gokyogoku, Yoshitsume, treatise on landscape gardening, ii. 231.
  • Go-Murakami, emperor, ii. 106.
  • Goto family, metalworkers, vi. 138.
  • Goto, later Count, bears Tosa memorial to Kyōtō, iii. 239.
  • Go-toba, emperor, swordsmith, ii. 143, 146; patron of wrestling, iii. 67.
  • Go-tsuchi-mikado, emperor, iii. 60.
  • Government, ancient: patriarchal form, i. 50, 51; functions, 50–53; union of Church and State, 52, 54, 93; hereditary officials, 53; usurpations of office-holding clans, 85, 86, 100; national polity and Buddhism, 94–97; Shotoku on the monarchy, 99; first rehabilitation of imperialism, 101–103; Taikwa Reform, 101, 105; administrative reorganisation, 107; national polity and ethical teachings, 129.
  • Heian epoch: failure of Taikwa reforms, i. 157, 160–165; rebirth of hereditary officialism, 161, 165, 168; principles of Fujiwara regency, 167, ii. 10, 19; independent power of the provinces, i. 168–170; impotence of the central, 230–232, ii. 1, 2; decline of Fujiwara power, 2, 14; second rehabilitation of imperialism, 3; tendency toward delegated authority, 4, 11, 38, iii. 133, iv. 220.
  • Military epoch: control of the Taira, ii. 5, 19; Yoritomo establishes military feudalism, 6; principles of his rule, 7–10, 19; first Shōgun, 8; attitude toward imperial court, 9; power of Shōgun passes to Hōjō vicegerency, 11; Hōjō attitude toward imperial court, 11, 12, 19, 201–204, iv. 8; decline of the Hōjō, ii. 12–14; overthrow, 14–17; third rehabilitation of imperialism, 14, 17–19; Ashikaga control, 19–21; dual monarchy, 23; ​principles of Ashikaga control, 24, 26; monarchy unified, 26; increased power of provinces, 26; administrative power passes to wardens, 28; anarchy, 29; Hideyoshi gains control as regent, 36; characteristics of military, 39; Hideyoshi's administrative organisation, iv. 32.
  • Tokugawa epoch: principles of Iyeyasu's power as Shōgun, iii. 89–91, iv. 6–8; his constitution, iii. 91; manipulation of the feudatories, 92, 93; Iyemitsu's autocracy, 98, 99, iv. 7; power of shogunate passes to premier, iii. 132, iv. 29; tendencies toward revival of imperialism, iii. 134–139, 144, 146, 152, 155, 156, 161, 168–171; effort to counteract the tendency, 139, 145; council of feudal chiefs, 166; reforms after Perry's visit, 173; revival of imperial authority, 179–182, 187; shogunate autocracy reasserted, 183–185; plot against shogunate frustrated, 189; weakening of shogunate power, 210–212, 219; factions at imperial court, 215; shogunate yields to imperial court, 215–217, 219–224; emperor dismisses shogunate officers, 231; coalition against shogunate, 234–237; Tosa memorial, 237; end of shogunate, 239–242; administrative organisation, iv. 28–33, 42–45.
  • Meiji epoch; liberals control ministry, iii. 243; aim of revolutionists, 185–187; steps toward representation, 186, 202, 220, 224–228, 231; overthrow of feudalism, 187–190, 192–194, 196, 198–201, 211–215; ministerial organisation, 193; clan ministry, 195; split in ministry, 207; agitation against clan ministry, 231, 244; reorganisation and measures of ministry, 233; promulgation of Constitution, 234; character and provisions of Constitution, 236, 238; ministry under the Constitution, 242; failure of parliamentary ministry, 248, 252; Ito's ministry, 252–255; restoration of clan ministry, 255; modern relations of Church and State, v. 166–169, 174–176, 178, 249, 259. See also Diet, Emperor, Feudalism, Finances, Foreign relations, Local government, Taxes.
  • Griffin, Mr., on origin of Japanese, i. 36.
  • Guilds, origin, vi. 151, 179, 184; organisation of the fishmongers, 183, 238; development, 184; maritime, 185, 238; money-changing, 186; banking, 188, 189; opposition, 191; dissolved, 191; reëstablished in modified form, 192; final abolition, 192; transportation, 197, 198; pawnbrokers, 202; medicine pedlars, 203.
  • ​
  • Hachiman, god of battles, ii. 128.
  • Hachiroji Iga, devises fire-proof warehouse, iv. 20.
  • Hagiwan Kanetomo and revival of Shintō, v. 172. ​
  • Halberd, form and use, ii. 156; weapon for women and priests, 157.
  • Harris, Townsend, United States minister, reception and influence, iii. 174; treaty, 174; knowledge of Japanese politics, 254, 255.
  • Harumoto, Hosokawa, appeal against Ikko sect, ii. 32.
  • Harunobu, Takeda, unfilial, ii. 214.
  • Hayashi Dōshiu, Confucian, iii. 138.
  • Hayashi Razan, expounder of Chuan philosophy, iv. 124, 129–133.
  • Heian epoch, i. 172; character, 172, 173, 196. See also Government.
  • Heijo. See Nara.
  • Heraldry, no development, ii. 103. See also Family badges.
  • Heusken, Mr., secretary of American legation, assassinated, iv. 201.
  • Hidetata, Tokugawa Shōgun, patron of art, ii. 256.
  • Hidetsugu, Hideyoshi's adopted son, suicide, ii. 215.
  • Hideyori, Hideyoshi's son, Iyeyasu's treachery, iii. 87; aided by Christians, 124.
  • Hideyoshi, Hashiba, Tōkaidō chieftain, called the Taiko, ii. 30, 279; career and character, 34–37, 279; his Osaka castle, 69–73; his Palace of Pleasure, 79, 110; patronage of art, 110; fiscal policy, 124; attitude toward the sovereign, 204; generals, 204; cruelty, 215; immorality, 217, 219, 220, 285; great Tea Ceremonial, 267; and the drama, iii. 30; patron of wrestling, 68; and Iyeyasu, 87; and Christianity, 113–119; administrative organisation, iv. 32; deified as Toyokuni, v. 260; attitude toward trade, vi 165; invasion of Korea, vi. 164, 237.
  • Hikoyemon, Kōda, his mother's sacrifice, ii. 213.
  • Hinin, outcast class, duties, ii. 43.
  • Hirata Atsutane, political philosophy, iii. 169; on true revelation, v. 114; apostle of pure Shintō, 172; on immortality, 256.
  • Hirohata, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • History, ancient annals, i. 26, 80, 82, 247; early Chinese references to Japan, 80; divisions, 158, 173. See also Government.
  • Hitotsubashi, Tokugawa house, hereditary privilege, iv. 8, 35.
  • Hiyei-zan, Buddhist monastery, purpose of foundation, i. 181, iii. 111, v. 227; destroyed by Nobunaga, ii. 33; stronghold of monk-soldiers, iii. 111, v. 258.
  • Hizen, feudal clan, fief surrendered to the sovereign, iv. 189, 190.
  • Hōjō family, control, ii. 11, 12, 24; decadence, 12; uprising against, 15; fall, 17; taxation policy, 121; attitude toward the sovereign, 201–204.
  • Honami family, skilled in sword lore, ii. 144.
  • Honami Kōsetsu, judge of swords, ii. 144.
  • Honda, Tokugawa house, hereditary privilege, iv. 28. ​
  • Honen Shonin, founder of Pure Land sect, v. 147.
  • Hongwan-ji, Buddhist monastery, destroyed, ii. 33.
  • Horses and equipment of primæval Japan, i. 47; small, ii. 159.
  • Hoshi Tōru, character, iv. 249; political control, 249, 251, 254; assassination, 256.
  • Hospitality, iv. 25.
  • Hostage, mother as, ii. 213.
  • Hotta, chief of Bitchiu, Shōgun minister, foreign policy, iii. 174, 182.
  • Hyde-Clarke, Mr., on origin of Japanese, i. 36.
  • Hyōgō, foreign men-of-war at, iii. 230; opened to foreign commerce, 234. See also Fukuhara.
  • Hypnotism and Shinto miracles, v. 233.
  • ​
  • Iba Sōtaro, assassin of Hoshi Tōru, iv. 256.
  • Ibaraki-ya Kosai, rich merchant, iv. 154.
  • Ichijo, emperor, immoral, i. 233; interest in people's welfare, 235.
  • Ichijo, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5, 35.
  • Ichikawa Tatsumaro, rationalist, v. 112, 254.
  • Ideographs, adaptation of Chinese, to Japanese language, i. 26, 76, 250; introduction, 75; effect on Japanese language, 77–80; principles, 257.
  • Ideguchi Yenka and revival of Shintō, v. 172.
  • Ii, chief of Kamon, Shōgun minister, iii. 182; reasserts Shōgun autocracy, 183, 184, 189; foreign policy, 183, 185, 253; punishes anti-Shōgun conspirators, 189; assassination, 192, 255.
  • Ii, Tokugawa house, hereditary privilege, iv. 28.
  • Ikenobo, Buddhist priest, master of flower arrangement, iii. 11.
  • Ikko sect of Buddhism, military power, ii. 31.
  • Immigration, successive periods of primæval, i. 30, 35, 42, 44, 45; Chinese and Korean colonists, 75, 83, 252.
  • Immortality, ancient belief in, i. 49, 54, 55, 58; Shintō belief, v. 124–126; Japanese Buddhist belief, 142–147, 151.
  • Iname, Soga no, prime minister, embraces Buddhism, i. 91.
  • Incenses, comparing of, origin, iii. 1–3; practice, 3–9.
  • Industry, dependence on governmental initiative, i. 24, 83, 90, iv. 216. See also Manufactures, Trade.
  • Ingyo, emperor, i. 66, v. 232.
  • Inheritance. See Property.
  • Inns in Tokugawa epoch, iv. 171. See also Travel.
  • Inouye, later Count, member of Chōshiu clan, reformer, iii. 236; leader in Revolution of 1867, iv. 204.
  • Insurance, mediæval marine, vi. 198.
  • Intellectual awakening in eighteenth century, iii. 143–145, 155.
  • Iron age, represented by the dolmens, i. 41, 45.
  • Ise, great shrine, v. 115.
  • Ishida Kampei, popular lecturer, iv. 135. ​
  • Ishida Katsushige, Hideyoshi's officer, ii. 204.
  • Ishimaru Sadatsugu, governor of Osaka, interest in commercial improvement, vi. 189.
  • Isolation, period of. See Foreign relations.
  • Itagaki Taisuke, later Count Itagaki, leader in Revolution of 1867, iv. 204; resigns from ministry, 208; agitation for representation, 222–224; organises the Liberals, 228; ministry, 248.
  • Itō Hirobumi, later Marquis Itō, member of Chōshiu clan, reformer, iii. 236; leader in Revolution of 1867, iv. 204; premier, 233; frames the Constitution, 235; constructive statesman, 236; power and political position, 237, 252; resigns, 255.
  • Itō Jinsai, Confucian, iii. 143, iv. 131.
  • Iwakura, court noble, foreign policy, iii. 215, 221; leader in Revolution of 1867, iv. 185, 204.
  • Iyeharu, Tokugawa Shōgun, iii. 153.
  • Iyemitsu, Tokugawa Shōgun, cruelty, ii. 216; patron of tea cult, 257; cements supremacy of his house, iii. 97; administrative autocracy, 98, 99; policy on isolation, 128.
  • Iyenari, Tokugawa Shōgun, character, iv. 2; power, 29; reforms, 116; declares Chuan philosophy orthodox, 132.
  • Iyenobu, Tokugawa Shōgun, autocracy of his administration, iii. 139.
  • Iyesada, Tokugawa Shōgun, witling, iii. 182.
  • Iyetsuna, Tokugawa figure-head Shōgun, iii. 132; one authoritative act, 133; prison reforms, iv. 64–66.
  • Iyeyasu, Tokugawa Shōgun, Tōkaidō chieftain, ii. 30; achievements, 37, iii. 87; superstition, ii. 46; castle at Yedo, 74; patriotism, 205, iii. 94–96; cruelty, ii. 215, 216; immorality, 219; and Hideyoshi, iii. 87; genius, 88; administrative problems and measures, 89; constitution, 91; treatment of feudal question, 92–94; as an organiser, 94; attitude toward Christianity, 119–126; judicial measures, iv. 64; deified as Tosho, v. 260.
  • Iyeyoshi, Tokugawa Shōgun, virtual abrogation, iii. 166, 168, 169; reforms, iv. 3.
  • Izanagi, supreme being, v. 108.
  • Izanami, supreme being, v. 108.
  • ​
  • Jimmu, legendary first mortal ruler of Japan, i. 29, 31–33.
  • Jimyoin, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 5.
  • Jingo, empress, legendary invasion of Korea, i. 72; actuality, 73.
  • Jingoro, Hidari, carver, ii. 280.
  • Jito, empress, orders conscription, i. 110; encourages agriculture, 123; edict against gambling, 156.
  • Jō-ō, master of tea cult, ii. 255.
  • Ju-jutsu. See Pliancy.
  • Junnin, emperor, exile, ii. 284.
  • Justice, ordeals, i. 87, v. 231; vendetta, ii. 140, iv. 143; vicarious punishment, 55, 92; punishments, 56, 63, 68, 264; ​publicity of punishment, 57; procedure, 58–60, 63; punishment of military class, 65, 76; informers and king's evidence, 60; torture, 61, 72; modern bench, 75, v. 254; modern procedure, iv. 76–78; unofficial arbitration in civil disputes, 101–104; civil procedure, 104–106, 109–111; extraterritorial tribunals, v. 28–41. See also Crime, Laws, Police, Prisons.
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  • Kagekatsu, Uyesugi, adopted son of Kenshin, ii. 192.
  • Kagemori, Obata, treachery, ii. 197.
  • Kagoshima, Satsuma capital, bombarded, iii. 218, 222.
  • Kamakura, military capital, ii. 7, 9; police and trade regulations, vi. 149.
  • Kamatari, founder of Fujiwara family, i. 157.
  • Kampfer, Engelbrecht, on origin of Japanese, i. 36.
  • Kanagawa, foreign settlement, iii. 199, 255.
  • Kano, K., revives art of "pliancy," iii. 84.
  • Karafuto. See Saghalien.
  • Karasumaru, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
  • Katakiri, chief of Iwami, master of tea cult, ii. 255.
  • Katsura, princely family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • Katsuyori, Takeda, and Suneyemon, ii. 193.
  • Kazan-in, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • Keiki, son of Rekkō of Mito, candidate for Shōgun heirship, iii. 182; foreign policy, 182; punished for conspiracy, 189; Shōgun minister, 216; promises to expel foreigners, 221; policy as Shōgun, 233; resigns, 239; secret edict against, 240; attacks Kyōtō, 241; surrenders, 241.
  • Kenshin, Uyesugi, Tōkaidō chieftain, ii. 30; as a tactician, 168; regulates punishment of bushi, 186; and Masakage, 191.
  • Keramics, primæval, i. 41, 49; beginning of porcelain manufacture, ii. 108. See also later index.
  • Kibi no Mabi in China, ii. 170.
  • Kidnapping, i. 243, iv. 111.
  • Kido, member of the Chōshiu clan, reformer, iii. 235; leader in Revolution of 1867, iv. 204.
  • Kiheiji, stone-thrower, ii. 135.
  • Kii, Tokugawa house, hereditary privilege, iv. 8.
  • Kikutei, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • Kimmei, emperor, and Buddhism, i. 90.
  • Kinokuniya Bunzayemon, merchant, iv. 152, 153.
  • Kinoshita Junwan, eclectic philosopher, iv. 130.
  • Kisen, anchorite and poet, iii. 6.
  • Kishu, Tokugawa house, origin and privilege, iii. 137.
  • Kiuchi Heizayemon and the demon, v. 209.
  • Kiyō, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • Kiyōmasa, Kato, regulations for bushi, ii. 180; Hideyoshi's officer, 204. ​
  • Kiyōmori, Taira, principles of his autocracy, ii. 5; immorality, 218.
  • Kōbō Daishi, founder of Shingon sect of Buddhists, i. 180, v. 146.
  • Kobori, chief of Yenshu, master of tea cult, ii. 255, 257.
  • Kōbun, emperor, suicide, ii. 284.
  • Kōgyoku, empress, patron of wrestling, iii. 67.
  • Kōkaku, emperor, iii. 156.
  • Kōken, emperor, superstition, i. 176.
  • Kōken, empress dowager, separate religious government, i. 93; zeal for Confucianism, 252.
  • Kōkō, empress, verse-making parties, i. 190.
  • Kōmei, emperor, foreign policy, iii. 179.
  • Kōmon (Mitsukuni), chief of Mito, work on imperial power, iii. 138, 155.
  • Komyo, empress, legend of her piety, i. 251.
  • Kōnin, emperor, severity, iv. 63.
  • Konoye, Prince, foreign policy, iii. 215, 221.
  • Konoye, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5, 35.
  • Korea, and causes of Chinese–Japanese war, i. 17, v. 44–55; ancient intercourse with Japan, i. 69; ancient customs common to Japan and, 69; raids on Japan, 70; ancient Japanese invasion, 72; colonists to Japan, 75, 83, 252; Japanese piratical expeditions, iii. 106; attitude toward new government of Japan, iv. 203; threat of war, 207; expedition against, 211; opened to foreign trade, 211; Japanese mediæval trade, vi. 162–164, 173; Hideyoshi's invasion, 164, 237; mediæval diplomatic intercourse, 174.
  • Kose no Kanaoka, painter, i. 201.
  • Kotoku, emperor, i. 125, 147.
  • Kuga, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • Kūmoso, origin and characteristics, iv. 50–53.
  • Kunimune, Saionji, plots to kill Godaigo, ii. 18.
  • Kwammu, emperor, transfers capital, i. 159; attempted reforms, 163–165.
  • Kwanami, Nō dancer, iii. 30.
  • Kwan-in, princely family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • Kwanyei era, iv. 145.
  • Kwazan, emperor, effeminacy, i. 212.
  • Kyōhō era, character, iii. 145–147.
  • Kyōtō, Imperial capital, i. 159; plan and adornment, 196, 253–255, ii. 54–57; shogunate capital, 24; vicissitudes during Military epoch, 50–52, 57–59; character in Tokugawa epoch, iv. 148; regulation of its markets, vi. 145.
  • ​
  • Labour, forced public, i. 118, ii. 120, 124; building the Nikko mausoleum, iv. 14–17; increased remuneration, v. 19, vi. 241.
  • Land, ancient Crown right and patriarchal control, i. 115; Crown control under Taikwa reforms, 116; allotment system, ​116, 121, 134; as substitute for money, 117; beginning of private ownership, 135; rise of great estates, 161; seizure for debt, 161, 163; measurement, ii. 117, 281; crop measurement, 117, 281; selling of, forbidden, iv. 99–101; modern agricultural ownership, v. 16; deeds of sale, vi. 140. See also Agriculture, Taxation.
  • Language, effect of introduction of Chinese ideographs, i. 77–80; possibilities, ii. 148.
  • Laws, severity of ancient, i. 68; ancient codes, 105; principles of early feudal, iv. 53; Tokugawa reforms, 54, 137; modern codes, 69–72. See also Diet, Sumptuary laws.
  • Lawyers, prototypes, iv. 73; modern, 73–75.
  • Legends, origin of Japan, i. 1; origin of the race, 6, 27–35, 81; origin of worship, 57; piety of empress Komyo, 251; origin of the five festivals of the seasons, vi. 61, 233. See also Superstitions.
  • Legislation. See Diet, Laws.
  • Light, artificial, in Heian epoch, i. 206, in Military epoch, ii. 105; Japanese lanterns, 105.
  • Literature, borrowings from China, i. 151; satire of Military epoch, iii. 61–64; revival of native, 143–145, 155, 156. See also Drama, Poetry.
  • Loans, ancient regulations, i. 121, vi. 141; forced public, ii. 122, iii. 161; mediæval regulations, ii. 122, vi. 150, 155, 199, 239; governmental annulment of private debt, ii. 123, vi. 200; to feudal lords, 179, 180. See also Pawnbroking.
  • Local government, responsible group of families, i. 112, 119, 231, iv. 48, 92; duties of the shogunate magistrates and deputies, 30; of Yedo, 47, 93; provincial, 48; changes in modern times, 193, 196, 224; elective assemblies, 227; modern administration, v. 96–101, 253, 254. See also Feudalism, Police.
  • Loochoo Islands, acquisition, i. 2, 3; claims to, v. 41–43.
  • Loyalty to sovereign, ii. 201–206, 211, 284. See also Patriotism.
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  • Mabuchi, political philosopher, iii. 169; and "pure" Shintō, v. 172.
  • Macleod, Mr., on origin of Japanese, i. 36.
  • Magistrates of Tokugawa shogunate, iv. 30.
  • Manners. See Customs, Etiquette.
  • Manufactures, early influence of China, i. 81, 106; early official encouragement, 117, 236; development of lacquer industry, 125; modern development, vi. 217–221; difficulties of inexperience, 225–227, 241. See also Trade.
  • Marriages, ancient conception, i. 61; incestuous, 104; marriageable age, 112; procedure under Taikwa reforms, 113; betrothal customs in Nara epoch, 150; of serfs, 242, ​260; of outcasts, ii. 50; modern lower class conditions, vi. 21. See also Concubinage, Divorce, Morality.
  • Masa, Hojo, Yoritomo's wife, character, i. 234; seizes administrative power, ii. 11.
  • Masakado, Tairo-no-, rebel and tutelary deity, ii. 284, vi. 12, 14.
  • Masakage, Nagao, and Kenshin, ii. 191.
  • Masamune, Date, chief of Sendai, and Iyemitsu, iii. 98.
  • Masashige, Kusunoki, imperial general against Takauji, ii. 18; character, 21; death, 22; deified as Minatogawa, v. 260.
  • Masatoki, Tsuruta, famous archer, ii. 132.
  • Masatoshi, Hotta, Shōgun minister, political philosophy, ii. 207, iii. 135; foils conspiracy against shogunate, 133.
  • Masayuki, Shintō revivalist, iii. 138.
  • Masayuki, Sanada, and his sons, ii. 212.
  • Matsu, Yoshinaka's mistress, ii. 218.
  • Matsudaira Sadanobu, Shōgun minister, attempts to enforce Chinese philosophy, iii. 154, iv. 2, 132; patron of the Yedo University, 133.
  • Mayeda, chief of Kaga, wealth, iv. 9.
  • Measure, mat as unit, i. 258; units, ii. 117, 281, vi. 128; Hideyoshi's reforms, 154, 237.
  • Medicine, and religion, i. 178; early efforts to learn Occidental knowledge, iii. 158. See also Superstitions.
  • Meiji epoch, i. 173. See also Government.
  • Mencius. See Confucianism.
  • Miai Ganyemon, wrestler, iii. 72.
  • Michinaga, Fujiwara noble, foundation of his fame, i. 179; power, 255.
  • Michizane, Sugawara no, career, i. 178, 256; legend, v. 206; deified as Temman, 260.
  • Military class (samurai or bushi), development, i. 161, 163, 169, ii. 1, 2, 116, 178–180; ancient metrical precepts, 174–176; rules of conduct, 180, 181; contempt for money, 182, 183, iv. 142; pay and advancement, ii. 182; courage, 183, 193; suicide, 184; motives of suicide, 185–192, 225; punishments, 186, iv. 65, 76; loyalty to chiefs, ii. 187–190, 192, 194, 222; disloyalty and treachery, 194–197; ethics, 197201, iii. 18; patriotism, ii. 201–211, 222; fealty and consanguinity, 212–214, 222; ambition and consanguinity, 214; cruelty, 215–217, iv. 144; vice, ii. 217–221; guiding principles, 221–228; "associated death" forbidden, 225, 285; decline, iii. 140, 142, 148, 151, 152, iv. 144, 150; attempt to restore character, iii. 145; antagonism to foreigners, 191, 193; judicial privileges, iv. 65, 76, 142, 145; vendetta and duels, 142–145; extravagances of character, 145–147; ​attitude toward trade, 155–157, vi. 154, 172; and the surrender of the fiefs, iv. 191–193, 196; abolition, 191–201, 211–215; and modern conscription, 206; and Zen sect, v. 150; special New Year's observances, vi. 49; lack of literature of, 100.
  • Military epoch, i. 173; character, 173, ii. 39. See also Government.
  • Minamimura Baiken, school of philosophy, iv. 129.
  • Minamoto family, administrative control, i. 158; divine ancestry, 159; creation, 171; sphere of control, ii. 5; overpowers the Taira, 6; lose reality of power, 11; skilled archers, 129. See also Yoritomo.
  • Mineral wealth, vi. 239.
  • Mito, Prince of. See Rekkō.
  • Mito, capital of Hitachi province, school of political philosophy, iii. 137–139; hereditary privilege of the house, iv. 8.
  • Mitsuhide, Akechi, and Nobunaga, ii. 213.
  • Mitsukuni. See Komon.
  • Miyakoji Bungo, musical reciter, iv. 155.
  • Mizuno Tadakuni, Shōgun minister, warns off foreign ships, iii. 162–164; called Echizen-no-Kami, iv. 3; drastic measures, 3; edict against hairdressers, 266; dissolves guilds, vi. 191.
  • Mommu, emperor, edict on the monarchy, i. 102.
  • Money, old unit, ii. 282; debased coinage, iii. 148, 149, 161; foreign drain, 149; arbitrary ratio, 161; complications in foreign trade, 205–207; feudal paper, v. 3; imperial paper, 4–7; resumption of specie payments, 8; gold standard, 10, 249; introduction, vi. 130; early coinage, 130; laws to enforce use, 131; religion and coinage, 133; native and Chinese cash, 133, 134, 137; feudal silver and gold coins, vi. 138, 237; modern standard, 139; exchanges and guilds, 186; fixing value of gold and silver in terms of copper during feudal period, 187, 238; influence of resumption of specie payments on foreign trade, 209. See also Banking, Barter, Finances.
  • Mongol invasion, ii. 13, 163–167.
  • Mononobe clan, power destroyed, i. 251; ancient "imperial tribe" family, v. 138; divine origin, 138; present representation, 139.
  • Morals, in ancient times, i. 60, 85, 87, 104; lack of code of ethics, 61; introduction of Analects of Confucius, 76, 84; doubt of its early influence, 85; Shokoku's ethical code, 98–100; ethics under Taikwa reforms, 115; in Heian epoch, 188; and etiquette, 189; position of courtesans, 232–236, ii. 48; unnatural vices, i. 235, iii. 142; of literature and early drama, i. 188, 192, iii. 49; ethics and vice of military class, ​ii. 197–201, 217–228, iii. 18; commercial probity, ii. 198, vi. 212–214, 220; of Yedo, iii. 142; Tokugawa conditions and reforms, iii. 153, iv. 115–123; prostitution and filial piety, 114, vi. 94; conception of modesty, iv. 117; vice and religious worship, vi. 2; modern attitude toward the social evil, 89–95, 235. See also Concubinage, Geisha.
  • Mori, chief of Chōshiu, leads anti-Shōgun faction, iii. 221; fires on foreign ships, 223; exiled from court, 224; shogunate expeditions against, 227, 233. See also Chōshiu.
  • Mori, Viscount, minister for education, assassinated, iv. 234, vi. 13.
  • Morinaga, Prince, commands Godaigo's army, ii. 18; delivered to Takauji, 18.
  • Moriyoshi, Prince, intrigue, ii. 17.
  • Moronao, Konō, Ashikaga captain, attitude toward imperial court, ii. 204; immorality, 219.
  • Motoori Norinaga, encourages revival of native thought, iii. 155; political philosophy, 169; on the inscrutable, v. 113; and "pure" Shintō, 172; reputation, 255; on Confucian ethics, 257.
  • Mototsune, Fujiwara noble, treason, ii. 284.
  • Munemori, Taira officer, fortifications, ii. 68.
  • Muragaki Sadayu, chief detective for Shōgun, iv. 45.
  • Muromachi, capital of military power, ii. 26; era, 26, 28.
  • Music, beginnings, i. 65; instruments, 66, 155, 188, 220, 223, 250, 257, 259; harmony of dancing, poetry, and, 154; Buddhist, 154; importance in Heian epoch, 219, 229; dance chaunts, 222, 224–226; musical recitative of Military epoch, iii. 18-21. See also Dancing, Drama, Poetry.
  • Mutsuhito, present emperor, accession, iii. 243; share in reorganising the government, iv. 236; financial condition, 237.
  • Mutsuru, famous archer, ii. 131.
  • Mythology. See Legends, Shintō.
  • ​
  • Nakamura Kuranosuke, rich merchant, iv. 154.
  • Nakatomi, ancient "imperial tribe" family, v. 138; and the Fujiwara, 139.
  • Nakaye Tōju, expounder of Wang philosophy, iv. 124, 126, 130.
  • Nakazawa Dōjin, popular lecturer, iv. 136.
  • Nambu, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
  • Names, ancient official, i. 53; substitute for family, 53; posthumous, 82, 249, 257; personal and family, 247–250; origin of trade, vi. 153.
  • Nara, first stable capital, i. 131; plan, 133.
  • Nara epoch, i. 131; character, 133, 173. See also Government.
  • Narimichi, imperial minister, skill in football, i. 193. ​
  • Nasu no Munetaka, famous archer, ii. 131.
  • National characteristics. See Civilisation, Customs.
  • Navy, naval school organised, iii. 173; Tokugawa, iv. 174; strength and efficiency of modern, v. 13, 250, vi. 224.
  • New Year's observances, vi. 34–52, 232; preparation, 123.
  • Newspapers, prototypes, iv. 116, v. 84; first, 85; censorship, 86–88; freedom, 88; character of writing, 89; success, 90, 253; slander in, 90.
  • Nichiren, founder of a Buddhist sect, v. 149.
  • Nijō, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • Nintoku, emperor, libertine, i. 85; capital, 132.
  • Nishino Buntaro, assassin of Mori, iv. 234; worshipped, vi. 13–15.
  • Nobility, the new, iv. 233, 266; divine ancestry, v. 139. See also Aristocracy, Classes.
  • Nobumasa, Okudaira, and Suneyemon, ii. 193.
  • Nobunaga, Oda, Tōkaidō chieftain, character, ii. 31; conquests, 33; and Christianity, 33, iii. 110–113; reforms, ii. 34, vi. 157; death, ii. 34, 213; patron of art, 78; immorality, 217, 285; patron of Tea Ceremonial, 254; patron of wrestling, iii. 68, 72; political aim, 109.
  • Nobuyuki, Sanada, and his father, ii. 212.
  • Nomi no Sukane, wrestler, iii. 66.
  • ​
  • Oath, form of, iv. 78.
  • Observances, Shintō Court ceremonials, v. 178–185; New Year's, vi. 34–51, 123; various, of second month, 52; doll's festival, 61–63; washing of Buddha, 63; boy's fête, 71; dispersal of evil influences, 73; marriage of the stars, 73; Bon fête, 74–77, 83; various, of last month, 122–124. See also Festivals.
  • Ogura Sansho, philosopher, iv, 129.
  • Ogyu Sorai, ethical teachings, iii. 143, iv. 131.
  • Oi-no-mikado, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • Ojin, emperor, i. 126.
  • Okubo Toshimitsu, Satsuma reformer, iii. 235; leader in the Revolution of 1867, iv. 204; effect of his assassination, 226.
  • Okuma Shigenobu, leader in the Revolution of 1867, iv. 204; resigns from ministry, 229; organises Progressist party, 229; ministry, 248.
  • O-Kuni, temple dancer, and origin of the theatre, vi. 107.
  • Okusa, cooking academy, ii. 111.
  • Ono no O-tsu, originates variety of musical recitative, iii. 19.
  • Ono Riushihei, book against isolation, iii. 159; punished, 159.
  • Onoye Kikugoro, famous actor, vi. 122.
  • Ooka Tadasuke, judge, iii. 146.
  • Oozutsu Manyemon, champion wrestler, iii. 71.
  • Organisation, faculty of, i. 21, 50, vi. 192. ​
  • Origin of Japanese race, legendary divine, i. 6, 27–33; analysis of legend, 29, 33–35, 44, 80; successive waves of immigration, 35, 42, 44; opinions on, 36–40, 43.
  • Ōsaka, character in feudal times, iv. 148.
  • Ōsaka castle, description, ii. 70–73.
  • Oshima Sekibun, diviner, v. 228.
  • Oshio Heihachiro, rebellion, iii. 162, 253.
  • Ouchi family, patron of Christianity, overthrown, ii. 33; monopoly of Chinese trade, 59, iii. 107, vi. 159, 160, 162.
  • Owari, Prince of, antagonises the shogunate, iii. 184; plots and is punished, 189.
  • Owari, Tokugawa house, origin and hereditary privilege, iii. 137, iv. 8.
  • Oye-no-Hiromoto, Yoritomo's adviser, ii. 8.
  • ​
  • Painting, Chinese influence, ii. 109. See also Decoration and later index.
  • Parkes, Sir Harry, British minister, plan to gain further concessions, iii. 228–232.
  • Patriotism, modern, i. 14, ii. 208–210, v. 183; feudal, ii. 201–209; awakening under threat of foreign intercourse, iii. 170, 178.
  • Pawnbroking, during Military epoch, vi. 156; regulations during Tokugawa epoch, 201.
  • Pedlars of Tokugawa epoch, vi. 202.
  • Perry, M. C., American commodore, arrival in Japan, iii. 165; departure and return, 171; treaty, 171.
  • Pescadores Islands, acquired, i. 3.
  • Petition, right of, during Taikwa reforms, i. 115; during Tokugawa epoch, iv. 43, 264; collective, forbidden, 100.
  • Philosophy, introduction of Chinese, i. 126; awakening in eighteenth century, iii. 143, theories of Chu and Wang Yang-min, iv. 124–126; their influence, 126–129; schools, 129–131; rivalry, 132; Chuan, declared orthodox, 132. See also Confucianism, Tea Ceremonial.
  • Piracy on coast of China and Korea, iii. 104–107, vi. 159.
  • "Pliancy," art of, history and method, iii. 81–84; training, 84–86.
  • Poetry, beginnings, i. 65; verse-making pastimes, 66, 154, 190, iii. 59–61; and state affairs during Nara epoch, i. 151; system of versification, 152, 153; of Heian epoch, 190–192, and immorality, 188, 192; dance chaunts, 222–226, vi. 82–84.
  • Police, of Heian epoch, i. 230; firemen organisation in Yedo, iv. 18; responsible groups of families in Tokugawa times, 92; town guards, 93; powers of the individual, 94; official Tokugawa, 95; provincial inspectors, 95; modern force, v. 93, 254; regulation of feudal, at Kamakura, vi. 249. See also Crime, Justice. ​
  • Politics, the stalwart or rough, iv. 87–90; agitation for representation, 222–224, 226, 228; Liberal party, 228; Progressist party, 229; character, 229, 249–253, 256; agitation against clan control of ministry, 231, 244–246; conditions during Chinese war, 247; Constitutional party, 247; split, 248; Itō's party, 252–255. See also Government (Meiji epoch).
  • Population, in eighth century, i. 241; present, vi. 20.
  • Portuguese, introduce Christianity and firearms, ii. 32, 69; expelled, iii. 127.
  • Postal system, beginnings, iv. 172; conditions, vi. 240.
  • Pottery. See Keramics.
  • Premier of Tokugawa shogunate, control, iii. 132, iv. 28, 29.
  • Prisons, old system, iv. 61; Tokugawa system, 64–68; modern reforms, 68. See also Justice.
  • Private opinion, right, iii. 132; lack, iv. 106–109.
  • Property, inheritance in ancient Japan, i. 61; wife's rights, 114, 120; inheritance under Taikwa reforms, 119–121; complications due to illegitimacy, ii. 220; rights in Tokugawa epoch, iv. 95.
  • Public opinion, inoperative, v. 91.
  • Public story-telling, origin of the war story, vi. 100; development, 101; delivery, 102; character, 102; value, 103; school of lighter stories, 103–105; cost of the entertainment, 105, 236.
  • Public works, forced labour on, i. 118, ii. 120, 124, iv. 14–17; in Nara epoch, i. 134, 135; riparian, iv. 97, 264, v. 13, 250; extent of modern undertakings, 5, 12, 13.
  • Punishments. See Justice, Prisons.
  • Pyöng-yang, Korea, battle, v. 56.
  • ​
  • Railroads, first, v. 101; statistics of state and private, 102; system, 103; construction, 104; conditions, vi. 240.
  • Raisai, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
  • Regent, establishment and power, i. 167, ii. 2, 14, iv. 5; Hideyoshi as, ii. 36.
  • Rekkō, Prince of Mito, heads anti-foreign agitation, iii. 175, 183–185; antagonises the shogunate, 184; plots and is punished, 189; sentiment of his retainers, 191; abandons radical anti-foreign party, 192; effect of death, 210.
  • Religion, primaeval, i. 49; union of Church and State, 52, 54, 93; not taught in old university, 128; Japanese attitude toward, 172, 173, 183, v. 152; freedom in mediæval times, v. 112. See also Ancestral worship, Buddhism, Christianity, Festivals, Observances, Shintō, Superstitions.
  • Renjo, Buddhist preacher of Ikko sect, ii. 31.
  • Renshi, imperial concubine, intrigue, ii. 14.
  • Representation, extent of, in old Japan, iv. 219; first modern assembly, 221; agitation for, ​222–224, 226, 228; local assemblies, 227, 239, v. 96, 98; promise of national, 231; establishment of national, 238, 241. See also Diet, Suffrage.
  • Revolution of 1867, work of men of lower rank, iii. 237, iv. 184; progress, iii. 237–242. See also Government.
  • Rice, early culture, i. 122; scarcity in Togukawa epoch, iii. 162, iv. 264; as standard of value, vi. 135; marketing the fief income, 177–180; mediæval exchanges, 180; fixing the standard, 181; inadequate modern supply, 217.
  • Richardson, C. L., murdered, iii. 217; effect, 218, 220, 222.
  • Riukiu Islands. See Loochoo.
  • Roads. See Travel.
  • Ronin, origin, i. 163, 255, iv. 50; character, iii. 131; plot against Tokugawa power, 132; assassinate Ii, 192, 255; policy of assassination, 195; conspiracy against foreigners, 199; assassinate Heusken, 201.
  • Russia, first contact with, iii. 156, 159, 160; interference in Chinese war treaty, v. 60, 61; seizes Liao-tung peninsula, 64; and Korea, 65, 74; and Manchuria, 73.
  • ​
  • Sadayuki, chief of Nojiri, loyal sacrifice, ii. 192.
  • Saddles, mediæval type and ornamentation, ii. 160.
  • Saga, emperor, bestows land on nobles, i. 171.
  • Saghalien Island, acquired by Russia, i. 3.
  • Saigo, Satsuma reformer, iii. 235; leader in Revolution of 1867, character, iv. 205, 207; resigns from ministry, 208; insurrection, 208, 209, 213.
  • Saimei, empress, i. 137.
  • Saionji, noble family, furnish imperial consorts, ii. 15, 18; hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • Sakai, Tokugawa house, hereditary privileges, iv. 28.
  • Sakai, trade centre under Hideyoshi, vi. 166.
  • Sakakibara, Tokugawa house, hereditary privileges, iv. 28.
  • Saké. See Drink.
  • Salvage, mediæval law on, vi. 198, 239.
  • Samurai. See Military class.
  • Sanjo, emperor, superstition, i. 180.
  • Sanjo, court noble, radical anti-foreigner, iii. 215; converted to liberalism, 235, 243, 256; leader in Revolution of 1867, iv. 185, 204.
  • Sanjo, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • Sanu, Jimmu's life name, i. 32.
  • Sanzaemon, Nagoya, originates the theatre, vi. 107.
  • Satire, characteristic, iii. 61–64.
  • Satsuma, province, anti-Shōgun agitation, iii. 214, iv. 185; capital bombarded, 218, 222; relation with Chōshiu, 234–237; breach with new government, 209, 210, 213. See also Shimazu.
  • Seals, origin and use, vi. 157, 237. ​
  • Seami, Nō dancer, iii. 30.
  • Seinei, emperor, cruelty, i. 85.
  • Seirin, Shiga, famous wrestler, iii. 69.
  • Seiwa, emperor, bestows land on nobles, i. 171; becomes Buddhist monk, 257.
  • Sen-no-Rikiu, death, ii. 219; master of the Tea Ceremonial, 255, 256, 258.
  • Serfs, conditions, i. 68, 231, 237–240; value, 240; number, 240; classes and treatment, 241; manumission, 242; marriage, 242; kidnapping, 243. See also Classes, Slavery, Social condition.
  • Servants, hiring, vi. 52, 233.
  • Shidachi, T., on ju-jutsu, iii. 85.
  • Shiganosuke, Akashi, famous wrestler, iii. 68.
  • Shigehide, Hagiwara, Shōgun minister, debases coinage, iii. 148.
  • Shigeuji, famous archer, ii. 132.
  • Shijo, emperor, amusements, ii. 202.
  • Shijo, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
  • Shijo, cooking academy, ii. 111.
  • Shimabara revolt, iii. 127.
  • Shimazu Samuro, chief of Satsuma, policy, iii. 214, 215, 223, 225; slighted, 217; surrenders his fief, iv. 189, 190; position in the new ministry, 195; conservatism, 209.
  • Shimizu, Tokugawa house, hereditary privilege, iv. 8, 35.
  • Shimizutani, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 5.
  • Shimo-no-seki Strait, foreign ships fired upon, iii. 223; foreign attack, 226, 256.
  • Shinano Zenji Yukinaga, Buddhist priest, originates the musical recitative, iii. 18.
  • Shingen, Takeda, Tōkaidō chieftain, ii. 31, 34; as a tactician, 168; immorality, 217, 285.
  • Shino Sōshin, and the comparing of incenses, iii. 2.
  • Shinran, founder of Spirit sect of Buddhists, v. 147, 259.
  • Shintō, creed and pantheon, i. 54–57, 86, 250, v. 116–120, 186, 259, 260; rites, i. 58–60, v. 117, 255, vi. 13; doctrine of defilement, i. 58, 87, 186, iv. 17, v. 126; deficiencies, i. 88; basis of sovereign's power, 94, 129, iii. 156, v. 112; union with Buddhism, i. 96, v. 144, 171, 182; continued control as state religion, i. 186; dance worship, 221; opposition to Christianity, ii. 32; human sacrifice before battle, 161, 168; a cult, 173; "pure," iii. 134, 170, v. 172, 259; theory of creation, 108–111; belief in the inscrutable, 113; a revealed truth, 114; basis in ancestral worship, 115–124; shrines, 115, 120, 186–188, 255, 260; trances, 121; ethics, 122; on immortality, 124, 256; attitude toward women, 127–129; and suicide, 129–131; origin, 131–136; and caste, 137–140; influence on lower classes, 173; modern relation to the State, 175–178, 259; Court ceremonials, 178–185; step toward monotheism, 185; hierarchy and income, 188; human sacrifice, ​192–196; hypnotic miracles, 233. See also Religion.
  • Ships, ancient, i. 60; destruction of sea-going, iii. 128; type of mediæval coasting-junk, iv. 174; pleasure boats, 175; modern merchant marine, v. 106; foreign construction, 106; mediæval merchant marine, vi. 197, 198, 239. See also Navy.
  • Shirakawa, emperor, zeal for Buddhism, i. 182; abdication and power behind the throne, ii. 3; measures, 3–5; superstition, 129.
  • Shirakawa II., emperor, story of his nightmare, v. 196.
  • Shishi family, educational monopoly, i. 126.
  • Shishi-o, Prince, foreign policy, iii. 215.
  • Shisuka, dancer, i. 259, ii. 218.
  • Shobutsu, Buddhist priest, musical reciter, iii 19.
  • Shōgun, origin of office, ii. 8; succession restricted to branches of Minamoto family, 37; progresses, 115, iv. 172; succession houses, iii. 137, 153, iv. 8; income, 10; castle, 12; cabinet and other officials, 28–32, 42, 44; household, 33–40; daily life, 41–45; guards, 45. See also Government (Military epoch, Tokugawa epoch).
  • Shōmu, emperor, zeal for Buddhism, i. 96, 134; edict on houses, 138; becomes a monk, 251; patron of wrestling, iii. 67; abolishes capital punishment, iv. 63.
  • Shotoku, Prince, ancient annals, i. 80, 81; embraces Buddhism, 91; upholds assassination of emperor, 95; constitution, 98–100; reforms, 101.
  • Shukō, Buddhist prelate, originator of the Tea Ceremonial cult, ii. 252; and comparing of incenses, iii. 2.
  • Silk industry, encouragement, i. 117; development of foreign trade, vi. 208–210.
  • Slavery, conditions in Tokugawa epoch, iv. 111–115; and prostitution, vi. 92. See also Serfs.
  • So family, monopoly of Korean trade, iii. 107, vi. 163.
  • Soami, artist-priest, on landscape gardening, ii. 232; and the tea cult, 253; and comparing of incenses, iii. 2; and flower arrangement, 11.
  • Social condition, of the lower classes in ancient times, i. 68, 86, 101, 103, 230; Taikwa reforms, 115; interest of the Court in people's welfare, 123; Buddhist priests' interest in people's welfare, 124, 135, 185; advancement of the mercantile class, ii. 41, iii. 141–152, iv. 151–157, vi. 165–167, 190; advancement of middle classes, iii. 64, iv. 3; agricultural class during feudal period, iii. 141, 151, iv. 97–101; growth of cities, iii. 150. See also Classes, Education, Serfs.
  • Soga family, embrace Buddhism, i. 91; last of ancient office-holding clans, 101, 251.
  • Sogoro, farmer, heroism, ii. 216. ​
  • Sōkei, master of tea cult, ii. 256, 259.
  • Soseki, priest, on landscape gardening, ii. 232.
  • Sōshi, or stalwarts, origin and use, iv. 87–90; prototypes, 145–148.
  • Sono, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
  • Spaniards in Japan, iii. 117.
  • Spear, form and use, ii. 156.
  • Spies, Shōgun's, iv. 44.
  • Spiritualism, v. 234.
  • Suffrage, for local assemblies, iv. 227, v. 97; national, under the Constitution, iv. 238, 240, 241.
  • Suicide, method and motives, ii. 184, 185, 225, 284; forbidden, 226; and Shintō, v. 129–131.
  • Suiko, empress, zeal for Buddhism, i. 92; on official etiquette, 144.
  • Suinin, emperor, edict against "associated death," i. 105.
  • Sujun, emperor, assassinated, i. 95, ii. 284.
  • Sukegoro, organises fishmongers' guild, vi. 183; called Yamatoya, 238.
  • Sumptuary laws, on dwellings, i. 138, 205; on costumes, 140–144, ii. 98, 99; of Tokugawa epoch, iii. 140, 143, iv. 157–162, 166; abolished, 163.
  • Suneyemon, Torii, story of his loyalty, ii. 193.
  • Superstitions, early, i. 87, 173–180; food, 214, ii. 112; in Military epoch, 46; dog, 47, v. 203; fox, ii. 47, v. 197–200; sword, ii. 148; basis of military regulations, 172; flowers, iii. 12; animals, v. 190–192, 243; nightmare, 196; badger, 200; demons, 201–203, 207–212; cat, 204; trees, 205; tombstones, 207; divine punishments and miracles, 212; ghosts, 213–215; wild-men and ogres, 215; mountain genii, 216–218; ignis fatuus, 218–220; demon's gate, 227; spiritualism, 234; unlucky years, 235; presages of good and evil, 236; dressmaking, 236; children, 236; charm cures, 238; exorcism, 239; love messages and charms, 241; dreams, 242; bringing desirable events, 244; professional demon propitiators, 245; spells, 245; extent of belief, 246; and festivals, vi. 31; invisible birds of ill omen, 45, 48. See also Divination.
  • Susun. See Sujun.
  • Sutoku, Prince, and origin of Taira–Minamoto strife, i. 259.
  • Swords, right to carry, i. 110, 161, ii. 153; distinctive Japanese, 136; art of fencing, 137, 141, 142; influence, 142; famous smiths, 143, 282; identification, 143; construction, 144–147; value, 147; vocabulary, 148; superstitions, 148–151; origin, 151–153; customs in wearing and use, 153; size, 154; mountings, 155; famous, 283.
  • ​
  • Tadanobu, Sato, loyal sacrifice, ii. 187–189.
  • Tadahira, Fujiwara noble, effeminacy, i. 187. ​
  • Taiho. See Taikwa.
  • Taiko. See Hideyoshi.
  • Taikwa Reform, i. 101, 105, 251; failure, 157, 160–165.
  • Taira family, administrative control, i. 158, ii. 5; divine ancestry, i. 159; origin, 171; sphere of control, ii. 5; fall, 6. See also Kiyōmori.
  • Tairō. See Premier.
  • Takakiyo, Sakai, Shōgun minister, attempts to secure administrative power, iii. 133.
  • Takakura, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
  • Takatoki, last Hōjō vicegerent, character, ii. 12; defeat and suicide, 17, 190; attitude toward Imperial Court, 203.
  • Takatsuka, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • Takauji, Ashikaga Shōgun, rise to power, ii. 16–19; principles of power, 19, 24, 284; war against the Emperor, 20–24; fiscal policy, 122; treachery, 194.
  • Takeda Izumo, dramatist, vi. 111.
  • Tamabuchi, dancer, i. 233.
  • Tametomo, Minamoto, skill in archery, ii. 129.
  • Tamichi, prehistoric general, i. 57.
  • Tamura-no-Maro, ancient general, i. 255.
  • Tariff, treaty regulations, v. 29, 37, 252.
  • Tatebito, archer, ii. 131.
  • Tatewaki family, hereditary jailers, iv. 64.
  • Tattooing, i. 67, iv. 165.
  • Taxation, responsible group of families, i. 112, 119; ancient, 117–119; burden in Heian epoch, 164, 231; exemption of office-holders' lands, 170–172, ii. 125; in Military epoch, 121, 122, 124–127; local, in Yedo, iv. 47; in Tokugawa epoch, v. 1; modern direct, 14; indirect, 15; land, 16, 17; income, 17, 251; burden, 17–20; local, 99, 253.
  • Tayema no Kehaya, wrestler, iii. 65.
  • Tea, introduction, i. 146, ii. 249; trade during Tokugawa epoch, vi. 203–205; development of modern foreign trade, 208–210, 215. See also Tea Ceremonial.
  • Tea Ceremonial, early form, ii. 249; and pagoda rings, 251; conception of the cult, 251, 254; and Free Masonry, 252; history, 253–258; famous expounders, 255; principles, 258; practice, 260–267; influence, 267–270, 272–275; famous utensils, 270–272; filling the Shōgun's tea jars, vi. 204.
  • Temmu, emperor, organises army, i. 110; capital, 132; and sumptuary laws, 141; zeal for Buddhism, 251.
  • Temples. See Architecture.
  • Tenchi, emperor, reforms, i. 102, 162; remits taxes, 123; capital, 132.
  • Theatre, abuses and reforms in Tokugawa epoch, iv. 120–123; origin, vi. 106–108, 236; early immorality, 108; men in female parts, 109, 236; women's, 110; history, 111; ​development of building and stage, 112–114, 116, 121; entrée of actor, 112, 114; choragic element, 115; plays, 116–118; social status of actors, 118, 122; pay of actors, 119; their ostentation, 119; financial condition, 120. See also Drama.
  • Tōan, Teshima, popular lecturer, iv. 135.
  • Toba, emperor, and Toku, i. 259.
  • Tōkaidō district, develops strength during feudal anarchy, ii. 30.
  • Tokihira, Fujiwara chief, and Michizane, i. 179, 256.
  • Tokiyori, Hōjō vicegerent, fiscal policy, ii. 121.
  • Toku, imperial concubine, power, i. 259.
  • Tokudaiji, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
  • Tokugawa epoch, character, i. 158, ii. 37, iv. 3. See also Government.
  • Tokugawa family, branch of the Minamoto, administrative control, i. 158; divine ancestry, 159. See also Government (Tokugawa epoch), Shōgun, Iyeyasu and other Shōguns by name.
  • Tōkyō, imperial capital, iv. 196. See also Yedo.
  • Tomonobu, Kamiyama, fealty, ii. 192.
  • Tomoye, Yoshinaka's mistress, ii. 18.
  • Toribe-no-Yoroza and his dog, ii. 46.
  • Torii, significance, v. 120.
  • Tōru, Minamoto chief, famous villa, i. 201.
  • Torurihime, Yoshitsune's mistress, ii. 218.
  • Tosa clan, fief surrendered, iv. 1 89, 190; agitation for representation, 222–224. See also Yōdō.
  • Toyasu, Tokugawa house, hereditary privileges, iv. 8, 35.
  • Trade, domestic, ancient, i. 106, vi. 125, 126; condition of the mercantile class, ii. 41, iii. 141–152, iv. 151–157, vi. 165–167, 190; commercial probity, ii. 198, vi. 212–214, 220; signboards, iv. 26; and the military class, 155–157, vi. 154, 172; mediæval transportation service, iv. 169–171, 196; modern mercantile marine, v. 106, regulation of prices, vi. 126, 135; ancient conditions of sale, 139; regulations in Kyōtō, 145; changes in Military epoch, 149, 153; licensed monopolies, 151, 179, 184; Ashikaga oppression, 151–153, 166; enforced transfer of shops, 176; improvements under Hideyoshi, 165–167; marketing fief income rice, 177–180; rice exchanges and speculation, 180; branch houses, 193; distribution on credit basis, 194, 195; mediæval merchant marine, 197, 198, 239; mediæval laws against fraud, 199; pedlars, 202; tea, during Tokugawa epoch, 203–205. See also Banking, Barter, Guilds, Manufactures, Money, and next title.
  • Trade, foreign, early continental, i. 69–75, 106, vi. 127, 148; ​conditions of mediæval Oriental, iii. 107, vi. 150, 158–164, 173; conditions of mediæval Occidental, iii. 100–102; interdicted, 102, 128; monetary complications of renewed, 205–207; conduct of foreign traders, 208; governmental interference, 209, vi. 207; conditions of exclusive Dutch, vi. 167–171; conditions of Chinese, during era of isolation, 171–173, 238; Korean, during era of isolation, 173–175; smuggling during era of isolation, 175; appreciation of prices with renewed, 206; modern development, 208; foreign middlemen, 210–214; future, 216, 220.
  • Travel, early intercourse with continent, i. 69, 72, 74, vi. 144; improvements in early epochs, i. 135, vi. 143, 147; hardships of early, 135, 232; vehicles of Heian epoch, i. 207; etiquette, 208, 212; vehicles in Military epoch, ii. 114; Shōgun's progresses, ii. 115, iv. 172; ordinary escort, ii. 116; vehicles in Tokugawa epoch, iv. 163–168; condition of the roads, 168; establishment of inns, 171; dangers, 172, 175; posting system, vi. 143, 147, 150, 196; toll barriers, 157; Nobunaga's reforms, 158; Tokugawa reforms, 196. See also Railroads, Trade.
  • Treason, instances, ii. 284.
  • Trusts and mediæval guilds, vi. 184, 185.
  • Tsunayoshi, Tokugawa Shōgun, character, iii. 134, 146, 147, iv. 1, 131.
  • ​
  • Uda, emperor, i. 225, 233; becomes Buddhist monk, 257.
  • Ujiyasu, Hōjō captain, ii. 84.
  • Umako, Soga no, ancient prime minister, annals, i. 80, 81; embraces Buddhism, 91; causes assassination of Emperor, 95, ii. 284.
  • United States, first contact with, iii. 165; treaty, 172; and the extra-territorial tribunals, v. 30, 35, 37; friendship, 75. See also Harris.
  • Utensils, of the Nara epoch, i. 147–149; table, of the Heian epoch, 216; table, of the Military epoch, ii. 107; Tea Ceremonial, 261, 271.
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  • Vehicles. See Travel.
  • Vendetta, ii. 140, iv. 143.
  • Vicegerent, Hōjō control through office of, ii. 11.
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  • Wardens, Ashikaga administrative power passes to, ii. 28.
  • Warfare, signals in battle, ii. 160; preliminaries of battle, 161; method, 161, 163, 169; adoption of Chinese maxims, 170–172, 283; lack of grand tactics, 171; repelling invasion, 163–167; ethics, 197. See also Fortifications, Weapons.
  • Weapons, primæval, i. 46; of Nara epoch, 149; introduction of firearms, ii. 32, 69; various, 135, 138. See also Bow and arrow, Halberd, Spear, Sword. ​
  • Weights, units, vi. 129; regulations during Tokugawa epoch, 195.
  • Women, as rulers, i. 92, 123, 133, 136; ancient property rights, 120; political power, 232–235, 259, ii. 11, 14; Shintō attitude toward, v. 127–129. See also Concubinage, Costumes, Marriage, Morals.
  • Wood-carving, development in Military epoch, i. 78–81.
  • Wrestling, brutality of early, iii. 66; later development, 67; military class pastime, 68; championship, 69, 71; umpires, 70; training, 72, 75; tournaments, 73; pay, 74; method, 76–80, 253; cult, 80; and "pliancy," 82.
  • Writing. See Ideographs.
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  • Yalu River, Korea, naval battle near, v. 57.
  • Yamada Sōkō, philosopher, iv. 131.
  • Yamaga Soto, tactician, ii. 169.
  • Yamagata, Marquis, political policy, iv. 154.
  • Yamaguchi, seat of Ouchi power, i. 59.
  • Yamasaha Ansai, and revival of Shintō, v. 171.
  • Yamashina, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
  • Yamatake, prehistoric hero, i. 57.
  • Yasutada, Fujiwara noble, effeminacy, i. 187.
  • Yasutoki, Hōjō vicegerent, fiscal policy, ii. 121; constitution, 202; attitude toward the Imperial Court, 202.
  • Yedo, capital of Tokugawa shogunate, iii. 93; prosperity, 142, vi. 176; immorality, iii. 142; disasters, 148, 149, 153, iv. 18; growth, iii. 150; adornment, iv. 11–13; appearance, 20–22; local government, 47; influence, 141; effect of intercourse with Kyōtō, 149.
  • Yeto Shimpei, resigns from ministry and leads a revolt, iv. 208.
  • Yodo, Hideyoshi's mistress, devotion and death, iii. 88.
  • Yōdō, chief of Tosa, foreign policy, iii. 221; memorial, 237; character, 237, 238; surrenders his fief, iv. 189, 190.
  • Yodoya Tatsugoro, merchant, iv. 152.
  • Yoritomo, Minamoto chief, and Masa, i. 234; overthrows the Taira, ii. 6; establishes feudalism, 6; character and policy, 7–11; first Shōgun, 8; taxation policy, iii. 121.
  • Yoshida, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
  • Yoshida family, wrestling umpires, iii. 70.
  • Yoshida Shingu, and revival of Shintō, v. 172.
  • Yoshiiye, famous archer, ii. 128.
  • Yoshimasa, Ashikaga Shōgun, extravagance and patronage of art, ii. 108, 109; financial measures, 122, 123, vi. 152; patron of Tea Ceremonial, 251, 253; patron of comparing of incenses, iii. 2; patron of the drama, 30.
  • Yoshimitsu, Ashikaga Shōgun, restores monarchical unity, ii. 26; character and policy, 26–28; ​Golden Pavilion, 54; extravagance, 108; reduces taxation, 122; apes Imperial Court, iv. 8; restores Chinese trade, vi. 159.
  • Yoshimitsu, Murakami, loyal sacrifice, ii. 189.
  • Yoshimune, Tokugawa Shōgun, reforms, iii. 139, 145; recognises imperial prerogatives, 146; character, iv. 2; power, 29; law reforms, 54, 59, 137; prison reforms, 66; encourages filial piety, 113.
  • Yoshinaka, Kiso, Minamoto general, ii. 8; attitude toward Imperial Court, 201; immorality, 218.
  • Yoshisada, Nitta, imperial general, captures Kamakura, ii. 16; war against Takauji, 20–22; death, 23; immorality, 219.
  • Yoshitaka, Murakami, fealty, ii. 190.
  • Yoshitoki, Hōjō chief, vicegerent of Shōgun, ii. 11.
  • Yoshitoki, Ouchi, Nagato chief, short rule, ii. 29.
  • Yoshitsune, brother of Yoritomo, military genius, ii. 8, 69, 187, iii. 35; flight from his brother, ii. 187, iii. 35; immorality, ii. 218; drama on his flight, iii. 37–48.
  • Yozei, emperor, imprisoned, ii. 284.
  • Yukimasa, Sanada, and his father, ii. 212.
  • Yukinaga, Konishi, Hideyoshi's officer, ii. 204.
  • Yoriiye, Yoritomo's son, deposed, ii. 11, 16, 279.
  • Yuraku, emperor, cruelty, i. 85.
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  • Zeniya Gohei, rich merchant, iv. 152.

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