Mechling Barge Lines, Inc. v. United States (376 U.S. 375)/Opinion of the Court

by Tom C. Clark

United States Supreme Court

376 U.S. 375

Mechling Barge Lines, Inc.  v.  United States

 Argued: Feb. 18, 1964. --- Decided: March 23, 1964

This direct appeal from a final judgment of a three-judge District Court is but another episode in the long and continued struggle between the railroads and competing barge lines. In 1960 the Interstate Commerce Commission issued an order permitting a departure from the long-and short-haul provision of § 4 of the Interstate Commerce Act. ^[1] 310 I.C.C. 437. This order permitted the New York Central and connecting carriers to inaugurate a rate structure on its Belt Line west of Kankakee, Illinois, to eastern destinations under which lower rates were charged for some long hauls than for shorter ones on the same route. The District Court approved this action by dismissing a complaint to set aside the order. D.C.Ill., 209 F.Supp. 744. We noted probable jurisdiction, 374 U.S. 823, 83 S.Ct. 1865, 10 L.Ed.2d 1049, and now reverse the judgment with directions that the District Court vacate the order of the Commission and remand for further consideration in light of this opinion.

The New York Central operates the Kankakee Belt Line, which extends from South Bend, Indiana, through Kankakee, Illinois, and westward to Zearing, Illinois. That portion of the line west of Kankakee to Moronts, Illinois, roughly parallels the Illinois River in Northern Illinois and is used, in large part, to transport corn toward eastern markets. In the mid-1930's, the Illinois River was developed for barge movement and almost all of the corn traffic was drawn away from the rails to the river, corn being moved to Chicago by barge and then shipped to the East by rail. ^[2] Prior to 1957, barge rates from ports along the Illinois River to Chicago averaged 4.625¢ per hundred pounds of corn. ^[3] From Chicago to eastern destinations, rail rates were 49¢ per hundred pounds of corn and 49.5¢ for corn products, so that the total shipping cost from ports on the Illinois River to the East was 53.625¢ for corn and 54.125¢ for corn products. At the same time, rates for shipping corn via all-rail routes from origins on the Belt Line to eastern markets averaged 72¢ for corn and 72.5¢ for corn products, computed either as through rates or as a combination of a 23¢ rail rate to Chicago and the 49¢ or 49.5¢ rate from Chicago to the East.

The railroads chose to meet the barge competition by establishing a new rate structure on December 15, 1956, with a proportional rate ^[4] for rail shipments of corn to Kankakee which was competitive with the barge rate to Chicago. The railroads continued the regular rates for transportation of corn to Kankakee from points on the Belt Line but allowed credit on reshipment from Kankakee to eastern points which resulted in a net rate of 6¢ ^[5] for transportation from Belt Line points to Kankakee. The 6 proportional rate applies only if the corn is milled in transit and only if it is reshipped to the East. Because of the credit, the resulting rate system favors eastbound shipments of corn from Belt Line points west of Kankakee over similar shipments via the same route starting at Kankakee. For this reason the rate structure violates the long-and short-haul prohibition of § 4 of the Act and the railroads had to apply for authority for fourth-section departures. In 1957 a temporary fourth-section order was entered authorizing the filing and immediate application of the rates but not approving them, 'all such rates being subject to complaint, investigation and correction if in conflict with any provision of the Interstate Commerce Act.' The application was set down for hearing, but the Commission did not exercise i § power to enter into a general investigation of the lawfulness of the rates under § 15(1) or § 15(7) of the Act, 41 Stat. 484-487, as amended, 49 U.S.C. §§ 15(1), 15(7). Nor did the appellants file a formal complaint under § 13 of the Act, 24 Stat. 383-384, as amended, 49 U.S.C. § 13, assailing the lawfulness of the rates.

Subsequently the Examiner denied § 4 relief because Belt Line rates to Kankakee were less than the out-of-pocket cost and were 'lower than necessary to meet the barge competition.' ^[6] The Commission reversed, holding that the proportional rate from origins along the Kankakee Belt Line to Kankakee 'has no independent existence, but is an integral part of the rate which applies on the through transportation from Belt origin' ^[7] to the East. The Commission found that the through combination rate was compensatory and that since the barges attracted the corn grown adjacent to the river and the rails attracted that along the Belt Line, the rates were not lower than necessary to meet the barge rates and did not constitute destructive competition.

The Chicago Board of Trade, which had intervened in the proceeding, charged that the rates violated § 3(1) of the Act ^[8] (as well as § 4) because they discriminated against Chicago grain merchants and processors. The Commission refused to pass upon the question as not being relevant to a § 4 proceeding. Nor did the Commission consider Mechling's contention that the rates violated § 3(4) of the Act ^[9] because they discriminated between connecting carriers. Other objections that the rates violated § 1(5) of the Act ^[10] as not being just and reasonable were likewise refused consideration. While the Commission found that the railroad's action was not a competitively destructive practice, it made no direct finding that the action did not violate the National Transportation Policy, ^[11] despite the appellants' insistence that it did.

The District Court approved the Commission's action in all respects and dismissed the complaint, holding 'that the order in question was within the statutory power of the Commission, that it is supported by findings and conclusions based on substantial evidence and that no prejudicial error occurred in the hearings before the Examiner and Commission.' 209 F.Supp., at 749.

We have concluded that there is error in the holding in two respects: (1) The Commission should have passed upon the questions raised and evidence offered that the rates violated other sections of the Act; (2) the Commission erred in failing to specifically consider and pass upon the question of whether the rates violated the National Transportation Policy.

Contentions were made and proof was offered by the Chicago Board of Trade of discriminatory violations of § 3(1) of the Act, especially discrimination against whole corn by the milling-in-transit limitation. Under the conclusion of the Examiner that the fourth-section application should be denied, it was not necessary to pass upon the § 3(1) contention. However, when the Commission took the opposite view on the § 4 application, the claim under § 3(1) was ripe for decision. The Commission found that '(a)lthough the New York Central intends to remove the milling-in-transit limitation, these issues do not directly deal with the fourthsection principles here involved, but are properly matters which may be raised in investigation or complaint proceedings.' 310 I.C.C. 437, 451.

Likewise, appellant Mechling claims discrimination against the barge lines at Chicago in violation of § 3(4) of the Act, which prohibits carriers from practicing rate discrimination between connecting lines, including common carriers by water. The gist of the grievance is the assertion that the New York Central rate structure results in lower reshipping rates for ex-rail corn eastbound from Chicago than for ex-barge corn. Mechling urges that the Commission should have allowed full inquiry into this contention and should have determined whether § 3(4) is being violated.

In defense of its position the Commission says that it does not grant relief under § 4 when the rates proposed result in violations of other sections of the Act. However, the Commission does not believe that this policy requires it to consider and decide, in a fourth-section proceeding, every allegation of rate unlawfulness, no matter how remote. Continuin , the Commission argues that since the attack on the rates was on a proportional factor, the 6¢, and not on the through charge, these other claims of unlawfulness were beyond the immediate § 4 issues. We cannot agree that the mechanism of the rate under attack permits of such easy dismemberment. Indeed, there is a definite tie-in that prevents the compartmentalization of the elements going into the combination. The 6¢ is not a separate charge but is the result of the railroad's combination rate. The shipper is charged 23¢ for the transportation of corn from points west to Kankakee, with milling-in-transit, and is allowed a 17¢ credit on the rate from Kankakee to the East, either direct or via Chicago, on the transportation of the resulting corn products. This combination rate has a real impact on the freight originating along the Belt Line. Further, the rate is not 'remote,' as is shown by the undisputed statement of counsel at argument that the barges have lost 53% of their carriage since it was made effective in 1957.

If the proceeding is splintered, contestants will be obliged to await the conclusion of § 4 proceedings before raising claims of violations under other sections of the Act. Not only would this be poor administration but it would result in manifest inequities and allow potential windfalls to some carriers.

Moreover, such splintering appears to be contrary to the consistent policy of the Commission in fourth-section proceedings. Over 50 years ago the Commission said:

'(T)he proviso authorizing this Commission to permit exceptions to the general prohibition of * * * (Section 4) is not a grant of arbitrary or absolute power, but its exercise must be limited and conditioned upon the presence in special cases of conditions and circumstances which would make such exceptions legal and proper and in no wise antagonistic to other provisions of the act.' Railroad Comm'n of Nevada v. Southern Pac. Co., 21 I.C.C. 329, 341 (1911).

In at least 10 subsequent cases, ^[12] as well as in its annual reports, the Commission has re-emphasized the same principle. See 34 I.C.C.Ann.Rep. 47. Furthermore, the application of all of the Act's prohibitions against discrimination 'as a whole' furthers the purpose of the Congress in its enactment. The Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce once stated it this way:

'The provisions of the * * * (Interstate Commerce Act) are based upon the theory that the paramount evil chargeable against the operation of the transportation system of the United States as now conducted is unjust discrimination between persons, places, commodities, or particular descriptions of traffic. The underlying purpose and aim of the measure is the prevention of these discriminations, both by declaring them unlawful and adding to the remedies now available for securing redress and enforcing punishment * * *.' S.Rep.No. 46, 49th Cong., 1st Sess., 215-216 (1886).

In accordance with this policy, this Court declared in New York v. United States, 331 U.S. 284, 296, 67 S.Ct. 1207, 1213, 91 L.Ed. 1492 (1947), that '(t) he principal evil at which the Interstate Commerce Act * * * was aimed was discrimination in its various manifestations.' In the Intermountain Rate Cases, 234 U.S. 476, 485-486, 34 S.Ct. 986, 991, 58 L.Ed. 1408 (19 4), the Court held that the Commission's power to relieve carriers from the requirements of § 4 depends upon

'the facts established and the judgment of that body, in the exercise of a sound legal discretion, as to whether the request should be granted compatibly with a due consideration of the private and public interest concerned, and in view of the preference and discrimination clauses of the 2d and 3d sections.' (Emphasis added.)

The fact that the long-and short-haul prohibition of § 4 is particularized does not require any different interpretation. The Congress might well have concluded that such a practice was so pernicious that it required specific condemnation. ^[13]

Finally, by hearing and determining, in a single proceeding, all charges of discrimination bearing upon the formal § 4 application, the Commission would further the legislative purpose as declared by the National Transportation Policy. It directed that the Interstate Commerce Act 'shall be administered and enforced with a view to carrying out' its purpose 'to encourage the establishment and maintenance of reasonable charges for transportation services, without unjust discriminations, undue preferences or advantages, or unfair or destructive competitive practices * * *.' 54 Stat. 899, 49 U.S.C., note preceding § 1.

We do not say that such a rule of consolidation is an absolute. Many of these applications are filed each year and the Commission summarily disposes of the majority of them. Certainly where issues are not raised or brought to adversary position there is no need to consolidate. Likewise, where consolidation would inordinately delay the § 4 proceeding, good administration would require its denial. However, in the instant case, we see no practical reason why the merits of the several contentions should not have been reached. ^[14] To require the parties to begin anew and thus spawn several cases, all of which might have been easily disposed of in the § 4 proceeding, needlessly subjects appellants' claims to the rigors of circumlocution so deadly to effective administrative and judicial processes. This proceeding is now in its seventh year-during all of which period the rate under attack has been in force-and, still, basic questions as to the validity of the rate have not been considered by the Commission.

The Examiner entered a finding, which is uncontested, that the proportional rate here under attack did not cover the out-of-pocket costs of the railroad. In spite of this finding, the Commission gave little, if any, consideration to any resulting violation of the National Transportation Policy. There is no economic analysis, no expert testimony, no supporting data. Instead, the Commission found that the through rate, which it thought compensatory, rather than the Belt Line proportional rate, was controlling. Viewed in this manner, the Commission determined that the rate was not a destructively competitive practice. However, it supported this conclusion only with passing references to the first-year experience under the rate of two Illinois elevators and 10 Illinois River ports. One of the elevators had experienced no adverse effects from the rate while the other had lost some grain grown closer to the Belt Line. The 10 ports experienced about a 23% larger corn shipment to Chicago but the proportion of this increase to the whole grain movement is not shown. N vertheless, the Commission concluded from this 'that while corn grown adjacent to the Belt was attracted to the rails, that grown adjacent to the river remained with the barges. Thus, it is evident that the proposed rates are not lower than necessary to meet the barge competition.' 310 I.C.C. 437, 452. In contradiction to this we have the undenied statement of counsel at argument, quoting statistics of the Chicago Board of Trade, that much corn traffic has been diverted from barge to rail since the rate went into effect, so that the barge lines carried 53% less corn to Chicago in 1963 than they did in 1957. The finding that the through rate was compensatory does not answer the question of whether the direct effect of the below-cost proportional rate on the Belt Line traffic is wholly at odds with the National Transportation Policy. Prior to the establishment of the rate, the barge lines enjoyed practically all of the traffic. However, the combination rate appears to have diverted appreciable traffic from the barge lines without any apparent profit to the railroad. Indeed, the Commission has not indicated whether any additional traffic resulted on the rail haul between Chicago or Kankakee and New York. We, therefore, do not believe it sufficient for the Commission to approve such a rate simply n a finding that the through rate is reasonably compensatory and no lower than necessary to meet competition. In light of the facts present here, the claim of violation of the National Transportation Policy, raised and insisted upon by the appellants at all stages of the proceedings, must be specifically considered.

The judgment is, therefore, reversed and the cases are remanded to the District Court with directions to vacate the order of the Commission and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

It is so ordered.

Judgment reversed and cases remanded with directions.

Notes

1. 24 Stat. 380, as amended, 71 Stat. 292, 49 U.S.C. § 4(1):
2. Reshipment of a commodity which has previously been shipped by barge is termed 'ex-barge.' When prior transportation is by rail, reshipment is termed 'ex-rail.'
3. Raised to 4.825¢ in December 1957.
4. A rate which covers only a portion of the total transportation and is therefore only a portion of the total transportation charge.
5. The net rate was 5¢ when the plan was established, later 5 1/2¢, and now 6¢.
6. Proposed report, sheet 26.
7. 310 I.C.C. 437, 450.
8. 24 Stat. 380, as amended, 54 Stat. 902, 49 U.S.C. § 3(1):
9. 24 Stat. 380, as amended, 54 Stat. 903-904, 49 U.S.C. § 3(4).
10. 24 Stat. 379, as amended, 41 Stat. 475, 49 U.S.C. § 1(5):
11. National Transportation Policy, 54 Stat. 899, 49 U.S.C., note preceding § 1:
12. Transcontinental Cases of 1922, 74 I.C.C. 48, 71; Commodity Rates on Lumber and Other Forest Products, In Carloads, From South Pacific Coast Territory To Points In Central Freight Association Territory, 165 I.C.C. 561, 569; Differential Routes To Central Territory, 211 I.C.C. 403, 421; Bituminous Coal to Buffalo, N.Y., 219 I.C.C. 554, 560; Pig Iron To Butler, Pa., 222 I.C.C. 1, 2; Iron and Steel to Minnesota, 231 I.C.C. 425, 428; Iron and Steel from Minnequa to Kansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota, 278 I.C.C. 163, 168-169; Coal and Coal Briquests in the South, 289 I.C.C. 341, 376-377; Passenger Fares, Hell Gate Bridge Route, New York, N.Y., 296 I.C.C. 147, 153; Nepheline Syenite from Ontario, Canada, to the East, 308 I.C.C. 561, 564-565.
13. Friendly, The Federal Administrative Agencies: The Need for Better Definition of Standards, 75 Harv.L.Rev. 863, 884.
14. On Mechling's claimed violation of § 3(4), proof on cross-examination was offered before the Examiner and refused as being relevant only in a 'division case.' The report of the Commission is silent on the point. It was stated before the Examiner that the record 'made fairly plain' the contention which, if true, should permit the Commission to proceed on remand to pass upon it; if not, then the record should be supplemented by stipulation or by additional evidence before the Examiner, if necessary.