Niger Delta Ecosystems: the ERA Handbook/Subject index M-Z

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  • M
  • Mackerel
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    104
  • Mahogany
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74, 75, 82
  • Malaya
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    91
  • Malaysia
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    91
  • mammals
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    87, 180, 182, 202, 205, 220
  • Mammals
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    57, 76, 87, 95, 101, 105
  • Manatee
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    87, 95, 105
  • Mangabeys
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    76
  • Mangrove forests
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    89, 90
  • Mangroves
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    89, 92, 180, 181, 221,
  • 222, 226, 227, 228, 229, 232
  • Manihot esculenta
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    134
  • Manis gigantea
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Manis tetradactyla
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Manis tricuspis
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Market Impact
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    193
  • Maxwell's duiker
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Mbe Mountains
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    76
  • Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    72
  • Mendel’s Law of Segregation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    72
  • Methane
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    152, 158, 185, 186
  • Mimusops djave
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Mining
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    149
  • Mining companies
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    150
  • Mitragyna ciliata
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    84
  • Mitragyna stipulosa
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    84, 219, 228
  • Mobil
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    157, 160
  • Modern society
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    47
  • Molecules
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    107
  • Molluscs
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    94, 103
  • Mona monkey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    95
  • Mongooses
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    76
  • Monocotyledons
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    81
  • Morals
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    150
  • Mosquitoes
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    85
  • Mudskipper
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    95, 104
  • Mullet
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    104
  • Murders
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    198
  • Musa spp
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    135
  • Musanga cecropioides
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Mutual Coexistence
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    45
  • Myrianthus arborus
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Myrianthus grandifolia
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    82
  • N
  • Natural ecosystems, Akassa
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    219
  • Natural ecosystems, Anyama
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    212
  • Natural ecosystems, Ogoni
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    201
  • Natural ecosystems, Okoroba
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    227
  • Natural Ecozones
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    192
  • Natural gas , see gas
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    157
  • Natural Gas
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    157
  • Natural gas formation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    157
  • Natural society
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    47
  • Nauclea diderrichii
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    84
  • Nauclea pobeguinii
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    84
  • Nematodes
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    94
  • Nembe
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    50, 55, 93, 117, 145,
  • 187, 211, 217, 219, 220, 225, 226, 227, 228,
  • 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 258
  • Nephrolepis biserrata
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    85
  • New Calabar river
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    49, 51, 118, 129, 222
  • Niche
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    42
  • Nickel
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    188
  • Niger Coast Protectorate
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    194
  • Niger/Benue river system
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    36, 40,
  • 48, 49, 50, 51, 97, 99, 117, 151, 172
  • Nigerian National Oil Company
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    157
  • Nipa palm
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    247
  • Nipa Palm
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    91
  • Nitrogen
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    42
  • NNPC
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    157
  • Noise
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    183
  • Non-associated Gas
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    158
  • Non-renewable resources
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    115, 149
  • Non-timber Forest Products
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    126
  • NTFPs
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    126
  • Nun river
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    86
  • Nutmeg
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Nutrient cycle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    44
  • Nutrients
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    44
  • Nymphaea lotus
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    85
  • Nymphaea micranthus
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    85
  • Nypha fructicans
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    91
  • O
  • Ogbia
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    117, 211, 213, 225, 226, 228, 258
  • Ogbolumabiri
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    117, 225
  • Ogoni
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    139, 187, 199, 200, 201,
  • 202, 203, 204, 209, 210, 228
  • Ogoni and Shell
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    209
  • Ogoni elephants
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Ogoni Plain
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    56, 200, 201, 202, 203, 228
  • Ogoni, economy
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    204
  • Ogoni, modern society
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    203
  • Ogoni, natural ecosystem
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    201
  • Ogoni, soils
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    201
  • Ogoni, topography
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    200
  • Oil
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    151
  • Oil - environmental impact
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    166, 168
  • Oil Blowouts
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    177
  • Oil companies
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    157
  • Oil drilling, noise
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    83
  • OIl flowlines, environmental impact
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    187
  • Oil formation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    152
  • Oil industry, social impact
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    178
  • Oil market
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    157
  • Oil palm
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    81, 143
  • Oil Palm
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    141, 195
  • Oil pipelines, environmental impact
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    187
  • Oil price
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    157
  • Oil Processing
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    155
  • Oil Production
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    155, 173
  • Oil production, environmental impact
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    184
  • Oil refineries, environmental impact
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    188
  • Oil reserves
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    156
  • Oil revenues
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    171
  • Oil Rivers Protectorate
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    194
  • Oil spills
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    177, 178
  • Oil Spills
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    177
  • Oil terminals, environmental impact
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    188
  • Oil well
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    154
  • Oil, abandoned wells
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    156
  • Oil, drilling, environmental impact
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    181
  • Oil, economic costs
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    188
  • Oil, economic costs and benefits
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    189
  • Oil, economic importance
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    156
  • Oil, environmental impact
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    173, 179, 204
  • Oil, international importance
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    156
  • Oil, Nigerian Light
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    156
  • Oil, seismic prospecting, environmental impact
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    179
  • Okoroba
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    176, 211, 212, 219, 225,
  • 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233,
  • 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240
  • Okoroba, soils
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    226
  • Okoroba, topography
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    225
  • Okrika
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    187, 244, 246, 250
  • Oligophootic layer
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    65
  • Oligophotic
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    86
  • Omnivores
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    43
  • Onchocerciasis
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    118
  • Opobo
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    194, 200, 203
  • Orashi river
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    51
  • Orysa glaberrima
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    135
  • Orysa sativa
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    135
  • Osse
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    51, 97
  • Otter
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    95
  • Otters
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    76
  • Ovia
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    51, 97
  • Oxidation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    53
  • Oxygen
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    53, 120
  • Oysters
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    94
  • P
  • Pachymelania aurita
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    94
  • Palms
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    81, 83
  • Palm-wine
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    91, 232
  • Pan troglodytes
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    76
  • Pandanus candalabrum
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    82
  • Pandanus palm
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    82
  • Pangolin
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Panthera pardus
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    76
  • Parasites
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    71
  • Parkia bicolor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Participation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    165, 166
  • Participation in urban management
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    254
  • Participatory research
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    32, 33
  • Participatory Rural Appraisal
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    33
  • Paspalum
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    85
  • Paspalum vaginatum
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    96
  • Peat
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    83
  • Pembrokeshire
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    178
  • Penaeus notali
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    104
  • Pepper, "European"
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    140
  • Percolation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    67
  • Periophthalmus spp
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    95
  • Periwinkle shells
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    161
  • Periwinkles
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    94
  • Perodicticus potto
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    76
  • Petroleum Hydrocarbons
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    152
  • pH
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    103
  • Pholidota
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Photosynthesis
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    53
  • Phytoplankton
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    103
  • Pigmy Hippopotamus
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    87
  • Pink Shrimp
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    103
  • Pioneer communities
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    90
  • Piper nigra
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    140
  • Piptadena africana
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    84
  • Piptadenia africana
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    73
  • Plankton
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    103
  • Plantains
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    135
  • Plantations, mixed
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    139
  • Pneumataphores
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    81
  • Pneumatophores
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    70, 84, 92
  • Pneumorrhizae
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    202, 213, 228
  • see also peg roots
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    213
  • Polychaete worms
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    94
  • Pongidae
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    76
  • Population
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    213
  • Population, human
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    39, 46, 110, 112,
  • 113, 114, 117, 135, 136, 137, 138,
  • 146, 147, 163, 169, 170, 171, 191,
  • 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199,
  • 200, 201, 203, 205, 214, 221, 222,
  • 229, 231, 240, 245, 246, 247, 248,
  • 249, 252, 253, 256
  • Population, rural
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    138, 140
  • Populations
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    106
  • Port Harcourt
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    49, 50, 55, 62, 90, 117,
  • 118, 151, 159, 179, 188, 189, 196,
  • 198, 199, 200, 207, 209, 211, 217,
  • 222, 225, 229, 231, 232, 236, 237,
  • 238, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248,
  • 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255,
  • 256, 258, 259
  • Port Harcourt, ecology
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    247
  • Potamochoerus porcus
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Poverty
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    31, 138, 171, 197, 198, 249,
  • 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255
  • Prawns
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    95
  • Primates
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    76, 87
  • Proboscidea
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Productivity
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    45
  • Propagule
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    92
  • Protectorate of Southern Nigeria
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    194
  • Protein
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    122
  • Protoxerus stangeri
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Protozoa
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    94
  • Pterocarpus santaniloides
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    82, 84
  • Pterocarpus soyauxii
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Pterygota macrocarpa
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Putty-nosed monkey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    76
  • Pycnanthus angolensis
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Q
  • Quaternary
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    49, 50, 151
  • R
  • Raffia palm
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    81, 91, 142,195
  • Raphia gigantia
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    81
  • Raphia hookei
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    81
  • Raphia vinifera
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    81, 91
  • Rattan palms
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    82, 84
  • Reclamation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    117
  • Red Mangrove
  • see Rhizophora racemosa
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    220, 227
  • Red River hog
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Red-flanked duiker
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Reduction
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    53
  • Relief
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    49
  • Renewable Natural Resource Sector
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    171
  • Renewable resources
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    115
  • Reptiles
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    87, 95
  • Resource cycles
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    45, 106, 46, 108, 109,
  • 115
  • Resource Demand
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    170
  • Resource management
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    115
  • Rhizophora harrisonii
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    90
  • Rhizophora mangle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    91
  • Rhizophora racemosa
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    90, 91, 92, 93,
  • 161, 227
  • Rhizophora spp
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    94
  • Ribbon fish
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    104
  • Rice
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    135, 142, 143, 145
  • Risonpalm
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    143, 214, 215, 216
  • River Blindness
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    118
  • River Deltas - other
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    48
  • Rivers
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    86
  • RNR
  • see Renewable Natural Resources
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    171
  • Roads, environmental impact
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    175
  • Rodents
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Roots
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    69, 83
  • Royal Niger Company
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    221
  • Rubber
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74, 194, 206, 232
  • S
  • Sahel, the
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    109
  • Salt
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    161
  • Saltiness
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    89
  • Salvina
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    85
  • Sanaga Estuary
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    89
  • Sand
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    160
  • Sand Bars
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    97
  • Sand-barrier Islands
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    97
  • Sanga river
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    50
  • Sangana
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    217
  • Sardine
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    104
  • Saro-Wiwa
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    198, 208, 209
  • Satin Wood
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Sawfish
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    105
  • Schistosoma haematobium
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    119
  • Schistosomiasis
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    119
  • Sciophile plants
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    65
  • Sclater's guenon
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    229
  • Sea
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    93
  • Sea Empress oil spill
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    178
  • Sea levels, rising
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    172
  • Seawater
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    89
  • Seaweed
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    103
  • Secondary Forest
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Sedges
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    85
  • Seismic prospecting for oil
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    153, 172
  • Seismogelite
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    153
  • Settlement
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    195, 214, 248
  • Sewage
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    119
  • Shell Oil
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    124, 153, 157, 160, 176, 187,
  • 208, 209, 210, 230, 232, 233, 234,
  • 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242,
  • 245, 246
  • Shifting agriculture
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    138, 195
  • Shiny-nose
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    105
  • Shot-holes
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    153
  • Shrimps
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    95
  • Silk Cotton
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    73
  • Silk Cotton tree
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    71
  • Silk Cotton Tree
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    84, 202, 213
  • see also Ceiba
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    213
  • Siluriformes
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    121
  • Slave trade
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    146, 147, 194, 203, 213,
  • 214, 220, 221, 229
  • Slots
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    120, 175
  • Snails
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    119
  • Snakes
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    87
  • Snapper
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    104
  • Social Discontent
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    179
  • Society
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    38, 39, 46, 47, 74, 110, 133,
  • 138, 146, 147, 150, 162, 164, 166,
  • 174, 179, 191, 194, 195, 196, 202,
  • 208, 209, 213, 214, 215, 216, 220,
  • 221, 224, 228, 234, 251, 254
  • Soil
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    37, 38, 51, 52, 53, 56, 63, 133
  • Soil catenas
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    54
  • Soil horizons
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    52
  • Soil profiles
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    52
  • Soil, as a resource
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    133
  • Soil, common types
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    54
  • Soils of Ogoni
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    201
  • Soils,
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    83
  • Soils, ‘Hydromorphic’
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    55
  • Soils, Acid Sulphate
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    55
  • Soils, Akassa
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    218
  • Soils, and human activity
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    56
  • Soils, Anyama district
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    212
  • Soils, Cat-clays
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    55, 92
  • Soils, Chicoco
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    55, 90, 92, 93, 95, 145
  • Soils, colluvial
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    54
  • Soils, eluvial
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    54
  • Soils, Higher levee
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    56
  • Soils, hydromorphic
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    82
  • Soils, illuvial
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    54
  • Soils, Inceptisol Aquept Gley
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    82
  • Soils, Inceptisol Aquepts
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    54
  • Soils, Okoroba
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    226
  • Soils, Saline Sandy
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    55
  • Soils, Sulphaquepts
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    55
  • Soils, Udic Oxisols
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    55
  • Soils,'Gley'
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    55
  • Sombreiro
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    49, 50, 51, 55
  • Spathodea campanulata
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • SPDC
  • see Shell
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    187
  • Species
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    41
  • Spit
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    93
  • Sprat
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    104
  • Squirrels
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    87, 95
  • St. Nicholas river
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    217
  • Starch
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    135
  • Sterculia oblonga
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Stomata
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    66
  • Strand vegetation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    42
  • Strategic Environmental Assessment
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    113, 166
  • Stress in urban areas
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    254
  • Strombosia postulata
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    75
  • Sulphaquept soils
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    133
  • Sunfleck
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    65
  • Sustainable development
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    33
  • Swamp vine
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    84
  • Swamps
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    82
  • Symbiosis
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    68
  • Symphonia gabonensis
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    84
  • Syncerus caffer
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • T
  • Terminalia superba
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    71, 84
  • Termites
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    106
  • Terrestrial Animals
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    43
  • Tertiary
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    49, 151
  • Texaco
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    147, 157, 221, 222
  • Threadfin
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    104
  • Thryonomys swinderianus
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Tidal step
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    93
  • Timber
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    126
  • Toads
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    85
  • Topography
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    36
  • Trade
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    32, 140, 146, 147, 193, 194, 203,
  • 213, 216, 220, 221, 223, 229, 231
  • Tragedy of the Commons
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    194
  • Tragelaphus scriptus
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Transpiration
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    66
  • Tree crops
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    139
  • Tree hyrax
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Trichechus senegalensis
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    95
  • Trichilia heudelotica
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    82
  • Triplochiton scleroxylon
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Tropical Rainforest
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    60, 83
  • Tropical rainforest, LEM
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    68
  • Tropical rainforest, Light
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    62, 65
  • Tropical Rainforest, Montane
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    61
  • Tropical rainforest, Soil
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    62
  • Tropical Rainforest, Temperature
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    62,65
  • Tropical rainforest, Water
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    66
  • Tropical rainforests, Nutrients
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    67
  • Tubers
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    135
  • Typhoid
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    118
  • U
  • U.A.C.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    147, 221
  • Uapaca guineensis
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    84
  • Uapaca spp
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    82
  • Udic-oxisol soils
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    134
  • Umbrella Tree
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Ungulates
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • United Africa Company
  • see UAC
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    221
  • Urban environment
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    253
  • all Chapter 20
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    243
  • V
  • Vegetation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    37, 38, 53, 54, 56, 84
  • Vegetation, climax
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    57
  • Vertebrates
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    57, 58, 75, 95
  • Viability
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    43, 46
  • Viable society
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    47
  • Vivera civetta
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    76
  • Volta
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    200, 202, 211, 217, 220, 229
  • Vossia cuspidata
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    85
  • W
  • Walnut
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Warri river
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    50, 51, 55
  • Warri town
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    50, 51, 90, 117, 135, 147,
  • 188, 189, 220, 238, 247
  • Water
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    108, 117
  • Water hyacinth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    53
  • Water In Plants
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    66
  • Water lilies
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    85
  • Water pollution
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    118, 172
  • Water Pollution
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    118, 119
  • Water Processing
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    155
  • Water-cabbage
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    85
  • Whales
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    105
  • White Afara
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    71
  • White-bellied pangolin
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • White-throated monkey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    76
  • White-water
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    50, 86
  • Whitewood
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • With and Without Scenarios
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    163
  • World Bank
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    117, 168, 172, 175, 176,
  • 177, 183, 185, 188, 196, 198, 246
  • Y
  • Yams
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    135
  • Yellow-backed duiker
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  • Yoruba uplands
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    64
  • Yoruba Uplands
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    51
  • Z
  • Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    74
  • Zooplankton
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    94